美國國會的外交權

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(5) New York Times, October 5, 1987, p. A32. Henkin, Ibid., p. 131.. t\l@J Henkin, Ibid., pp. 71 & 320.. ~. :i©. ~\' ~4!iI~1~_~~S.g:~~~ 0. 11~mll <~<.l:!:I-~lIOO"+H"il!i~ o~~111lIN ~ ~~il!i~~*iEtUt~+H ..:t"*<. 0. ~t--.~E~.j;ij~:ilii*1Ilf\:ifl. ~1lilllOO":t"*<.~*1Ilf\4:ti 11 }m~.l:!:I-:ifl.~-tt,(.J..1 ~ :§lII~li!~~~~~:ifl~~ ~.j;ij.~ ( Thomas M. Franck ) ~~ft $ (Edward Weisband) $'.HII!li${~:ifl.~ ~ I <111-\-1»+1 1<K 1 .l:!:I-'~ 1 <K~mll <~-\-1.l:!:1-" 1 ~ I <mil 111(.l:!:I-~ ~ 1 ~-\-1111.l:!:1-~.~~~lIOO"+H"il!i~ o@»+1~+tn'~( Da:p.iel S. Cheever) ~~~.( H. Field Haviland, Jr.) ili£~~ I r ~~N"iffl. J mW. <. '1II.:Wi.*~~• •. ~~~~lIOO..:t"*<.~~:ifl+H~~~N:t"~lIOO"~~~.-~~lIOO~~~~~:ifl~~$'-~mW~~:ifl~:t"4:ti~.o. I. ~:\nKtr:!1if.~~:ifl$l~. I. 0. 0. lIOO"*~mW~~.rm::ifl_4[I. - ~~ 1 ~:ifl.Hlm ~ CI(~~$~~~iE~~:ifl~~~~+<~.#>(~:ifl~. ~~~1,tIJ:¥t1l~~ , $~rm:"+Hil!E:~~~.rrm($'1lil"li95~ ~1,tIJ~iI--<If~!IIIj(.~--<-It$!l1 ~ lEo:q4:ti~!el.J..1~!IIIj(~iI!t'~. $l~~~~ • • ~~• • li95~ 0. ~KO.l:!:l-~~.~lll!!JIl!lIlj(~.-R:ifl~.~:t"*<~rrm("+Hil!E:$.. ~~~iE:~'f+1iii~HJl(~~~_. -R -. 4:ti{n;J~II.. ( Edward Kennedy ) ~.rrm(:l1m.~~~lIOO"li95~. 0. ~*:i? ( J. William Fulbright ) ~.rrm( ~ ~~~.\:t!:ifl:j:rr~~. rrm(:ifl~.N~~1lil"~:t"*<~_~.t--.l~:ifl~.-R°. ~1E~~*1lil".l:!:I-~~~~mWI~.~o~:\nKmWr*~~*J~~~~~~.*~il!E:~:ifl~~~~~:ifl~+H • •rrm(~~. ~~.~~--<:!1if..W.~~=~~~:ifl~.ft~iE:~~~m+H:ifl~~~~~.~if.~~~• • • lIOO"li95~:ifl#>(~~~~if. '1lilt)~• • (Congressional. Budget Office). ~ ~~~~~. (. Office of Tech. ~o.~.rrm(~$!l1"iffl.~~~+H":t"*<~_:ifl."o~t--.~~~~N~~~1lil.*1Ilf\~~t--.~~~~#>(~• • ~~lIOO.~~.. ( Congressional Research Office). Thomas. M. Franck and Edward Weisband, ForeilJi. Policy by Congress, (New York: Oxford University Press, 1979), p. 357. Daniel S. Cheever and H. Field Haviland, American Foreign Policyand the SeJXlration of Powers, (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1952), p.. ~. ~. I$t.l.( llRlit<+.li:I-1 m::+ 1 ml-1+1+1!m). 0. 0. 244. l;@ 1-1+11 ~< -\.l.li:l-\l1i'~:l:I\-\l!=1($l!tKIIiUI~~ '~$iimflt~~+~$Iit~i!:iJ1I~mj!/:t:~~IIIiI(..:g;;~1IIiI( Richard G. Lugar, Letterts to the Next President (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1988), p. 51. ;u:;mr~P.::I:Il· I ~<Ol;ll-:1;:'@~.~:t:~~IIIiI(.Nl$t~ J *1I!l,(~i!-«I$~~l!tKIit-?<~I$~$~:::iN r l!tK1it1it.. 1!ll<~~ ..~:;t*<iI!.

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(8) ~~~~~. D.Ii~. ~~~. , 1lIIIl-.~f¥ '. ~~~. !iI~iiPiW. '. ~~~~N~. d~IlIIIl-.:t:*<~tl!*~:!ii~. 1(1. l!!~~tI!II(. ( Appropriations Committee). :t:*<Ili~~II1lI1;. ( Foreign Relations Committee ) ~. ~~.~~tI!II(. ( Government Affairs Committee). ?;I:g~~tI!II(. ( Judiciary Committee). im:~~"'*<~~tI!II(. ( Commerce, Science and Transportation Committee). 1lIIIl-.~II1lI1;. ( Armed Services Committee). ~tr~W~~:t:*<Ili~~II1lI1;.~d:t:~'~~'~~~d~~~~_~~@~m·~~~~IlIIIl-.~ • • ~• • ~~~~~ .. ~~~~~t!41l~~tI!II(.~.4\~~~~~l!I$tmt!; ~ .m:r~~4l1. ~-NIlIIIl-.l!I$tmt!;. ~1lIIIl-.:t:*<l!I$tmt!;W-K: ··~~~~~II1lI1;.iEl(~.~M!tl!K:t:*<.~~=~m~~~~.~W~ ··:jnj(~S(m)Q~WlII:ttil@i;~~tE~~. 1 ' ~_ffil(~K«:lfi.g~~t\. ~II1lI1;.o. 1. J....t!SIiIlHBKgf• •~ ( Resolutions and Policy Statements). 0. ®~~~.~*1llR. !iI.~tl!K:t:*<~tl!*~~.~~~-Nl ~~m)Q~~l~~#~~W~~~~~~~:t:*<~tl!*~_~o~d~~+<~~.. ~~ ~ *K~11+gr~~W~~.~ ~ d~111+k=l~:j:K~~.~tl!K:t:*<~tl!*~= ~ cr:q~~~~~~::C~~:ii. ~~~~~~~m)Q~~~W:tti.o~~~~~*~~~~.~.*1llR~.~~tl!*~~~~I~~~.~o~~-N:t:~~(~ ~. 0. ~ ~.~~«lIl~~IIIII("i!ll(I!-tJ~-E-!llil1K!>;IIIII("·. ~ij1111t1l!i!l!~flI; • 3D(1Ilij; ·lI!!m:~.~-E-~(Subcommittee on International Economic Policy, Trade, Oceans and Environment) • ~:Ijii!:+I1 • • •1l!l~II!i!l!H:!i:':-E-~ ( Subcommittee on Terrorism, Narcotics and International Operations) ·l!ll*~I!!!I~Ili-H:!i:': 1iI!.t$-E-~ ( Subcommittee on Western Hemisphere and Peace Corps Affairs) • #f£.t$-E-~ ( Subcommittee on African Affairs) .1I!<:){)j1!!!l+<:1li-m: .t$-E-~ ( Subcommittee on East Asian and Pacific Affairs) ·lii£.t$-E-~ ( Subcommittee on European Affairs) • ~1I!<:~illE){)j.$-E-~ ( Sub committee on Near Eastern and South Asian Affairs) Congressional Yellow Book, Vol. 15, No.2 ( Summer 1990 ) ,pp. III-34, III-35.. pt. 1, Washington, G.P.O., 1984, pp. 175-227.. ~ William. Gibbons, The U.s. Government and Vietnam War, Executive and Leg.slative Roles and Relationshi[.6. Part 1. 1945-1961, Senate Print 98-185,. ••. ~~.~~~~.~~~o. 0. ~.~~:$l~HI.tl!K:t:HlIil!:.~~ijm~o~~~+<Im!HI • •~.1&.m~~~Ili$4#l=~.~• •~~J;!Sol~Kk=l.ijt-.:llll<~~ ~1lIIIl-.S-<*,~~~#~llIit ~ ~.~~~k=l1(O~~.~-tP{~~~~tr:llll<*i~~tl!* 1 ~<gr.ijt-~-tJ+gr~~~~.~ ~ ~.~.~-<~.

(9) - .. :W®l pt. 1, Washington, G.P.O., 1984, pp. 175·227.. 0. committee on Near Eastern and South Asian Affairs) Congressional Yellow Book, Vol. 15, No.2 ( Summer 1990 ) , pp. III·34, III·35. William Gibbons, The U.S. Government and Vietnam War, Executive and LeiJslative Roles and RelationshiJB. Part 1. 1945-1961, Senate Print 98·185,. ~M~~~~~.~~~~.~~~~o~~~+<~~.~~~.~~~.~~~.~• •~~~ol~1(~~~~~~. ~11E~~~~~.t;::~.. BSl~~~~t'->z.t;::~1(n~.N~ ~ ~.~~~1:::1:l;t;1~11E~~_~. '. 0. 0. :BiS{nl:~~1:::1:l;t;1~~iPi*~~~~~~~1:::1?;tgiPi*:$J:. ~.pJ:l;t;1~~m!:!Ntr ~ ~.M!JlIl(.~.~4~H.t;::~~. ~ • •S~~~~~~~~~~~M~~~~KO~~M~~~~~~tr~~~~~ol~<§~~~+§~~~~M~~. ~.~.~~~ • •~~.5~~*.~~*o. 11 ;.::t#!!I!. ( Legislative Directives). 0. ~.~~~.~1:::1?;1Hl:\tA~~*<~~~{1:;ttm. m:~_~. o~l~~~~~~~~~W~.~~~N~tr~~~~~~ • • ~~o~~~l~~<~~~.~?;tgiPi*~~~~.~~*<. .~~!JlIl(.~~M~~*<~~~!JlIl(.~~~$~~~~~~~~~~o ill;.::t#!!~. ( Legislative Restrictions). 0. ~.~tf{~.t;::~~m:~~. 1 .~~~_~ ~. tf{~~~~1lI*~tA~~. 0. 0. ~{te~.~~~~.~~~f::\:l;t;1N 1 ~W~.~~~~1:::1?;tg~~~~~~ ~ ~~.~~~;l;l;1~.t;::~1(n~. ~~~~~N 1 ~ ~~ 1 ~~111 1 m::l1 l11m~~~WaJ~~ti~1t-~M~ ~1*~~W~-mE.~~ • •S~ ~ijm~~ ~ ~.m-W1*~{ljUIi1 1 ~~1:1~<m::+~m~~~\Ilt:~~~.~#lE~ ,. ••:e: ( Informal Advice). ~~'~~~1*~~~l~• • ~~o. 0. 0. 1 ~~§~::ti~~~~In~~1(ns~tr#lE*HIll§,.~~~.M!JlIl(~(~~~. 0. .~.~1i!.M!JlIl(W~~~~~~~~~~i!. ~*<~~~~~~¥~~~~.~~{nl:.~.~.~~~~(~BSl~N~o~~~~~~l~.~~_~~~~*~tA~. ~~P-:lt{WIH'I. iIllltM 111tI -33 UK. :0:m.iiQli!DII ( Oversight of Policy). ~!JlIl(.~• •~1i!~~~~. ·~~iF~!JlIl(.~• •tr«!:iF1IIa~~. 1i!.M!JlIl(~~~~~~!JlIl(• •~.~~.~~~~~~!JlIl(~~~~_~~~~~~M~~*<~~~!JlIl(.~~~M~~*<. ... 1(. IlR 1 .~.~tA~~*z.t;::~,f.fttm:~~ • •III~~~iF:!lII ~ ~~.iF:!lII , .$~~~~.~-!4u1iF:!lII ' ~~.~~*~. .H~o~~1i!~-33~.~~{1:;tfE~~l~KO~~O~~~.~~~~M~~*<~!JlIl(.~~~t'->=Sll:t!:!~4K:.taJo. .~~!JlIl(. ~ ~~~~~~~~• •~~ti~.~~ .~. ~~ ~. $<!Ii[!Ii[.~~*<..

(10) ~~~II~ 0. 3S.~.. J!i[.~).1tHI;:i. ~~~$~. I. ~~~. ~N~. Legislative Prodding ). ~~~~N~. ~4JH=l.ijt-'illtJ!i[~~-<.~~~~!lBf1- ~ ~'iIIt~~~~:&i~~. (. 0. 1(§. ~{te~~~J!i[.Ia'~~~"~~~ '!i.~~5$1!~ ~ ~~~i$U ,~*,*,,, '~~~$!*~~~t(.Ml. I'. ~~!iI~~~~1~~~~tt~. ~~'$J~~'H!~~~t:~~~:&i~~ ~ ~~J!i[.hiS~~~m.W~.~:&i~~.g..*~l$~~~. 0. ~l11IIN ~ ~it. J!i[.Ia'~~~~m.~.~~.~.~~~ • • ~~~~~o.~.:&i.~.~I~<O.ijt-~J!i[.~ • • ~~.~• •*r I!!:ati~~ J ~ r i!i!J:t~tti{:;-< J ( Constructive engagement) ~~~~*<:&i~m ~ HSItE~mlf$~~~ • •* • • :It.~~~~ o@. :&i-l:::1m ~. $. ' ilml-. 1 .!$2~~rgrel. 0. ~{IlI:III.Ia'~~~~~t(~=Ht:~.~~lIi~*<:&i.~~. ~ it~~m~~~::Bmn~~. 8?I'iIIt• • .J...j H=l}m I I 1+ H=l;$!III. ~~• •~~~*<~~.~:&i.~~~hiS~:&i • • ~~~~~~~:&i.~~~~~~.o~tE~~J!i[~~~~*~~~~~ ( single-issue lobbies) ,1t1:::1.Jm#1:&i~rill ~ ~~~g~~:&i~~tlIt.:R(llli:~~:g;*,I~. *,m::~~~rgrel. ~.o~~~~.~~~~:&i~~~III.~• • • I~.~~~~~o®~~~~J!i[~ • • ~~I!!:ati'~~~~~~llli:~~N !l!::&i$lBItK~-$J~~:R(.~~1Il!!1~o. 0. 0. 0. ~~~~hiS~~III.:&i.~~**,~~~~~ • •~~~~ • • ~~~~III.~~~.g..o~*<.m~~.~*'~~tti~~ ~~~llli:~ • • ~.~~~• •~~~~~~~~.eI~o~~~~*~:It~ • • J!i[rill~~:&i~~~• • ~~~~I~-<~ ~~~{J~*<~~ J!i[• • • *~~~~-<~~~~~*,~~~lIi'~J!i[-R:~~ ~.~~$'~.ijt-~~ I -£;$ ~ ~m~m«~~~.:&i ~$.Hl!E~#1. ( parochialism) ~~O(~W~*<.~*~ • •~.'\#:~.~Ii!ii~hiS.~EW~~-R: • • ~~~~~~~~it ~ -k'• •~*<~~~~ii1(fi1o@. ~~~~~:&i.~*~~J!i[ • • • ~~llli:it*.-R:~~~*<~~~~~m~~~~~.~l~.m~~*<.mo~*,~. ~. <. 0. ~1Ii!1(.. - .I;::I~-K. Charles W. Kegley & Eugene R. Wittkopf, American Foreil!fl Policy, Pattern and Process, (Basingstoke, Hampshire: Macmillian Education, 1982),. r ~lilllil!.~!5_~1I!1!~.-NIJ. J - li!1I!.1a~ - ( 4u*i'- .. lIiI!5l'!.~ltH~::~·~ - Dnllil!-tJHR!l!-+ 11 m::) ~. W. p.273.. David J . Voger, Politics ofCongress, (Boston: Allyn and Bacon, cl988), pp. 299-300.. 0. ~. • ~~n¢.lt*<~Ifi:&i• • • • ~ ~~~~~!lI1:::1mitMl ~ HSI~*-<1:i:I~mK.~it.t-<~.*,*~.~ 0. .I><h~nmrJlimlii:-?'w.;hlll{rrmr_M..:.U-.+I=fJl.l.lb\l.Jl.l:ilml!:> ~ ~~IIi!1IJsrrr.rr!'l!-.dI.tJll!.IlIii1l1i!l..mmT~.b<' _. ,.,11= U.::i'J.<i",sm;.,."., ,_. =4>1~mi,. 1. _"-'. .~III.-R:.~.~.~~Ia'~~~~~~*<~~:&i~~~~~it8?I~~ • .g..~~~~:&i~I!!~~.~~*~~~~~ ~.~ltit~~1IIlHi!I.

(11) l:I~. vnarles W. Kegley & J!;ugene R. Wittkopf, American Forei!1! Policy. Pattern and Process, (Basingstoke, Hampshire: Macmillian Education, 1982), p.273.. __••. ~~~~~~~1~~~~~~~*~~~~.~~~~.~~.~o. ~ David J, Voger, Politics ofCongress, (Boston: Allyn and Bacon, (1988), pp. 299.300,. ~~~~~*~~~~. ~~~~~~~~~.~~~~~~~~*~~~~~~~~~~~~~~tr~.~~~~~~.~~~*~~~~~. ~l§~.. 1. ~.~~~~.o~~~.~~~~~.~*~m~m~~~~~.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.~~~~~l~ ~~~~~*~~~~~.~~~.o. ~g. Edward S. Corwin) ~~$ ~ ~J;tg~*~.~Ht.,l'~iW~~. ~ ~*gf:1fia\~:jllj(jIHI:&~ ~ :jllj(~m::. (. ~,.~ ~.MI.~. ~~~~~~I~l§~~~:jllj(~~~~.~~~~~~~~~~~o®*~~~~I@~.~~~~~~~@~~~tr~~. 1'H4~. 0. .l:P. 0. ~~-N* ~ ~~~mJj(Ef. ••~•• ~ ••~~~••*~~~••~~ ••~~D~~. .~:jllj(t::~~~'M~~~~'M ~ ~~J;tg~t::~~~>iStt~~11.[J~~~~.~*~~. ~"1li1l~ ~ ~~~if,1-N*~++1~.~~~~-~iW~~.~~-~~~~~~m. ~~~~~~:jllj(.~.~~~~~~J;tg~~~~~~~~.~.~~~~~.~~~gf:l~~~~~~~.~~~l~.~. ~ $t.l;::*~~~~~*~~ .~ ~~.~~.l;::~ •. ~tr~~~O~~~~.~~ •• ~ •• R~**~~~~. *. *. ·1<: H=l. J;tggf:~~~~~~-N*~~~r~~~~~J~~~.~~.~=~~~~~ •• ~~~~~~~.~~~~.~~~~o. *. ~. J;I;l® Edward S. Corwin, The President, Office and Powers, 1787·1957, (New York: New York University Press, 1957), p. 171. :\lll(1iI1iI<$m~~*<..

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