!"#$%#&'() *+
MONOGRAPH OF THE CEPHALOPODS AND ECOLOGICAL STUDIES FROM CONTINENTAL SHELF AND SLOPE WATERS AROUND TAIWAN
NSC 87-2611-B-110-007 86 8 1 87 7 31 85 8 1 88 7 31 * ** * !"#$%&'()*+ ** !"#,%&-*&.
ABSTRACT :
/01 234'56 7/89:;554<=>?9@14>15 ABCD=EF6'89:G HI12@24>63AJKLMNOPQ=R ST# 32 AUIVWXYZUIT[A :/junior synonym (A\])ZUTCE F/^_`abc=defIEFg89 :BhDg?EF4'567/89:i bW/I14@29>65A=T#A:jk/ @Ilm@(Family Sepiidae)16A=no@ (Family Loliginidae)7A 5pq@ (Family Octopodidae )23ABNOPQIEF 4'567/89:rs34AtH5 A=T#Auvwxy#=?4z {|B C)}&/~=K .Bid*%? 89:ZUlm 1 U H5B ¡¢£¤¥Morphmetry¦ §¨ 89:^:5©ªR«¬NOBh Di®#¯°±²³Outline 5´;Landmarkµ¶BA total of 554 specimens comprising 15 species of coastal and inshore cephalopods belonging to 14 genera in 9 families has been collected during the second year of this study. Prior to this study, 63 species belonging to 24 genera in 12 families of inshore cephalopods had been recorded from Taiwan. After a
detailed study, it is concluded that among them, 32 species should not be considered as occurring in Taiwanese waters. They were either the result of a misidentification or were junior synonyms of other species, or that their presence in Taiwanese waters cannot be confirmed. At the present time, 65 species of coastal and inshore cephalopods belonging to 29 genera in 14 families can be confirmed as occurring in Taiwan. The more speciose families are the family Sepiidae with 16 species, the family Loliginidae with 7 species and the family Octopodidae with 23 species. Thirty-four species, either new records for Taiwan or new to science have been added to the records of the coastal and inshore cephalopods of Taiwan as the result of this study to date. Descriptions of these new species are being prepared for publication.
We have succeeded in setting up a computer-based image processing system for capturing either two or three dimensional video picture. The system is able to record images of beaks, statoliths and cuttlebone as dada file. It is now possible to extract information concerning outline and landmarks of these hard parts, upon which the theory of morphometry may be applied for taxonomy and population analysis of the cephalopods.
BACKGROUND :
As a top-level predator, cephalopod plays an important role in the biological economy of the sea. They consume a large
quantity of prey such as crustaceans and fishes, and due to its vast numbers, cephalopods are in turn fed on by many predators such as tuna, seabirds, seals, dolphins, and whales. The importance of cephalopod as a major human food resource, as a material for biomedical research, and in the ecology of the sea has long been recognised. Accurate identification and inventories of biota are fundamental to ecological and physiological studies and in establishing biological baselines against which subsequent changes may be compared (Russell & Smith, 1993). A scientific understanding of biodiversity is indispensable for advancing sustainable conservation and management of marine systems and their living resources (Lesserre, et al., 1994). In China and Taiwan, cephalopod is traditionally used and prized as a food item with high market value, however, little has been published on this animal of the region. The cephalopod fauna of China has only recently been reported on, and that of Taiwan had never been studied systematically prior to 1995. The advances in the systematics of cephalopods in recent years have rendered many of the earlier results questionable. Many species names used have been synonymised. The accuracy of occurrence of some species in Taiwanese waters cannot be ascertained. There are undoubtedly many species of cephalopods in Taiwanese waters that remain to be recognised and described. A systematics study of the cephalopod fauna of Taiwan with the aim to publish a pictorial guide to their identification is urgently needed. The result will serve as the basis for further research in systematics, ecology, physiology and fisheries involving Cephalopoda.
OBJECTIVES:
1. To determine and describe the composition of the cephalopod fauna of the waters of Taiwan.
2. To determine and describe distributional patterns of component species of this fauna.
3. To prepare and publish a pictorial identification guide to the cephalopoda from the continental shelf and slope waters around Taiwan.
4. To continue developing the cephalopod collection in the National Museum of Natural Science, and to develop an additional collection with fishery emphasis to be lodged in the Taiwan Fishery Research Institute to function as the main reference collections for cephalopod research in Taiwan.
5. To organize a hardware-software system for image-capture and morphometrical analysis of beaks, statoliths and cuttlebones as tools for systematic and ecological studies.
RESULTS:
1. SAMPLES COLLECTED:
During the year, a total of 554 specimens, 15 species of cephalopod belonging to 14 genera in 9 families has been collected. All specimens were fixed in 10% buffered formalin and preserved in 70% ethanol. Data on all specimens are computerized. All type specimens and the bulk of studied material will be lodged with the National Museum of Natural Science. Additionally, one set each of reference/ voucher specimens which will be lodged with the Taiwan Fisheries Research Institute, the Institute of Marine Biology, National Sun Yat-Sen University and the Department of Zoology, National Chung Hsing University.
The present study records 65 species belonging to 29 genera in 14 families. Genera newly recorded from the Taiwanese waters are: Abraliopsis, Chirotuethis, Liocranchia, and Cistopus. Thirty-four species are newly recorded from the Taiwanese waters: Sepia foliopeza Okutani & Tagawa, 1987, Sepia madokai Adam, 1939, Sepia cf. mestus Gray, 1849, Sepia pardex Sasaki, 1913, Sepia (Doratosepion) sp. TW 1, Sepia (Doratosepion) cf vietnamica Khromov,
1987, Abralia astrostica Berry, 1909, Abraliopsis lineata (Goodrich, 1896) , Eucleoteuthis luminosa (Sasaki, 1915), Chiroteuthis imperator Chun, 1908, Liocranchia reinhardti (Steenstrup, 1856) , Octopus aegina Gray, 1849 (previously recorded as O. granulatus), Octopus fangsiao Orbigny, 1835, Octopus cyanea Gray, 1849 (previously recorded as O. marmoratus), Octopus exannulatus Norman, 1993, Octopus marginatus Taki, 1964, Octopus ornatus Gould, 1852, Cistopus indicus (Rapp, 1835), Hapalochlaena cf. fasciata non Hoyle, 1886 (previously recorded as Hapalochlaena maculosa), Hapalochlaena cf. maculosa non Hoyle, 1883, Octopus sp. TW 1, Octopus sp. TW 5, Octopus sp. TW 6, Octopus sp. TW 7, Octopus sp. TW 8, Octopus sp. TW.9, Octopus sp. TW 10, Octopus sp. TW 11, Octopus sp. TW 12, Octopus sp. TW 13, Tremoctopus violaceus delle Chiaje, 1830 and Argonauta hians Solander, 1786. Sepia (Doratosepion) sp. TW 1, Hapalochlaena cf. fasciata non Hoyle, 1886 (previously recorded as Hapalochlaena maculosa), Hapalochlaena cf. maculosa non Hoyle, 1883, and Octopus species TW 1, TW 5, TW 6, TW 7, TW 9, TW 10, TW 11, TW 12, and TW 13 are new to science. Preparation of manuscripts to describe those species with sufficient material is underway. Further studies, with additional material, are needed to properly describe and name those species with few specimens.
2. PRESENTATION OF RESULTS: At the invitation of the organizers of the 8th International Workshop/Congress of the Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) (18-22 August 1977, Hua Hin, Thailand), a keynote paper entitled "Diversity of Cephalopoda from the Waters around Taiwan, a Case of Underestimation of Biodiversity" was given. This paper has been re-written as "Diversity of Cephalopoda from the Waters around Taiwan". It has been refereed and accepted for publication in the
Proceedings of the Congress. An oral presentation entitled "Diversity and Fisheries of Cephalopoda from continental Shelf and Slope Waters around Taiwan" was also presented by C.C. Lu (self-funded) in the International Symposium of Cephalopod Biodiversity, Ecology, and Evolution held in Cape Town, South Africa in September, 1997. All these presentations gave the preliminary results of this project.
3. EXTENSION STUDIES:
A PC-based system was set up allowing images of samples be captured through a video recorder or a CCTV camera hooked up to a microscope. The image file uses a 8-24 bit-windows-bitmap format which is easily analysed through a software named WinDig. The above program as well as other softwares for morphometrical analysis were downloaded from (http: //life.bio.sunysb.edu /morph/morph.html). Data extraction includes outline of statolith and cuttlebone, coordination of 3-dimentional landmarks of beaks. Future analysis of these data follows that of Marcus et al (1996).
DISCUSSION:
The result of the second year further confirms that the cephalopod fauna of Taiwan is speciose as the study only covers those species that are obtainable in fish markets. Those species that are not sold in market place and those in offshore waters are not included. The fauna is complex. It includes species of temperate affinity and species of tropical affinity. Further studies with additional material will prove to be fruitful. Sepia (Doratosepion) spp. are abundant and speciose. Specimens belonging to several species of this group have been collected. Members of the Doratosepion-group exhibit strong sexual dimorphism resulting in the confused state of the systematics of group. The abundance of this material in Taiwan should help to sort out
some of the problems.
REFERENCES:
Berry, S.S. 1912. A catalogue of Japanese Cephalopoda. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 64: 380-444, pls. v-ix & 4 text-figs.
Chaitiamvong, S. 1993. Identification of cephalopods found in the Gulf of Thailand. Bangkok Marine Fisheries Development Centre, Marine Fisheries Division, Technical Report, (23): 1-78. Chang, K.H. & Chen, Y.H. 1992.
Seashore organisms of the North East Cape. Managing Bureau of the North East Cape Scenic Special District: Taipei. 240 pages.
Dong, Z.-z. 1963. A preliminary taxonomic study on the Cephalopoda from the Chinese waters. Studia Marina Sinica, Beijing, (4): 125-157, 4 plts.
Dong, Z.-z. 1978. On the geographical distribution of the cephalopods in the Chinese waters. Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica, 9(1): 108-116.
Dong, Z.-z. 1988. Fauna Sinica. Phylum Mollusca. Class Cephalopoda. Science Press: Beijing. 201 pages.
Ho, T.-y. 1959. A list of edible mollusks of Taiwan. Report of the Institute of Fishery Biology of Ministry of Economic Affairs and National Taiwan University, 1(3): 42-47. pls. 1-8.
Hsueh, P.-W. & Lu, C.C. Unpublished Manuscript, October,1995. Systematics and biogeography of Cephalopoda of Taiwan - a report to the National Science Council. Project No. NSC 84-2311-B-178-005. 49 pp.
Khromov, D.N. 1987. "Classification and phylogeny of the cuttlefish family
Sepiidae (Cephalopoda)".
Zoologichesky Zhurnal, 66(8): 1164-1176. (In Russian).
Khromov, D.N., Lu, C.C., Guerra, A., Dong, Zh., & Boletzky, S.v. 1998. A synopsis of Sepiidae outside Australian waters (Cephalopoda: Sepioidea). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, (586): 77-139.
Lasserre, P., McIntyre, A.D., Ogden, J.C., Ray, G.C., & Grassle, J.F. 1994. Marine laboratory networks for the study of biodiversity, function and management of marine ecosystems. Biology International Special Issue, 31: 1-31.
Li, F.-h. 1983. Studies on the cephalopod fauna of the Taiwan Strait. Taiwan Strait, 2(1): 103-109.
Lu, C.C. 1998. A synopsis of Sepiidae in Australian waters (Cephalopoda: Sepioidea). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, (586): 159-190.
Lu, C.C. & Phillips, J.U. 1985. An annotated checklist of the Cephalopoda from Australian waters. Occasional Papers from the Museum of Victoria, 2: 21-36.
Marcus, L.F., Corti, M., Loy, A., Naylor, G.J.P., & Slice, D.E. (eds.) 1996. Advances in morphometrics. Plenum: New York. 587 pages.
Norman, M.D. 1992. Ocellate octopuses (Cephalopoda: Octopodidae) of the Great Barrier Reef, Australia: description of two new species and redescription of Octopus polyzenia Gray, 1849. Memoirs of the Museum of Victoria, 53(2): 309-344.
Norman, M.D. & Hochberg, F.G. 1994. Shallow-water octopuses (Cephalopoda: Octopodidae) from Hong Kong's territorial waters. In "The Malacofauna of Hong Kong and Southern China III" (ed. B. Morton). Proceedings of the Third International Workshop on the Malacofauna of Hong Kong and Southern China, 141-160.
Norman, M.D. & Sweeney, M.J. 1997. The shallow-water octopuses (Cephalopoda: Octopodinae) of the Philippines. Invertebrate Taxonomy,
11: 89-140.
Okutani, T. 1995. Cuttlefish and squids of the world in color. National Cooperative Association of Squid Processors: Tokyo. 185 pages.
Okutani, T., Tagawa, M. & Horikawa, H. 1987. Cephalopods from continental shelf and slope around Japan. Japan Fisheries Resource Conservation Association: Tokyo. 194 pages.
Roper, C.F.E. & Hochberg, F.G. 1988. Behaviour and systematics of cephalopods from Lizard Island, Australia, based on color and body pattern. Malacologia, 29(1): 153-193. Roper, C.F.E., Lu, C.C. & Hochberg, F.G.
(eds) 1983. Proceedings of the Workshop on the Biology and Resource Potential of Cephalopods. Memoirs of the National Museum of Victoria, (44): 1-311.
Russell, S. & Smith, R.I.L. 1993. New significance for antarctic biological collections and taxonomic research. Polar Biology, 6: 152-165.
Sasaki, M. 1929. A monograph of the dibranchiate cephalopods of the Japanese and adjacent waters. Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido Imperial University, 20, Supplementary number, 357 pages.
Shao, K.C. & Lin, S.T. 1993. Taiwan Nature Observation Atlas No. 23. Poisonous aquatic animals. Tu-Chia Publications Ltd.: Taipei, 194 pages. Tung, I.H. 1975. Squid and its resource
development. Joint Commission on Rural Reconstruction: Taipei. 56 pages. Tung, I.H. 1977. An artificial key to the
squid (Cephalopoda: Teuthoidea) of Pescadores Islands. Bulletin of the Malacological Society of China, 4: 5-11.
Tung, I.H. 1978. A list of decapodous cephalopods in Taiwan. Report of the Institute of Fishery Biology of Ministry of Economic Affairs and National Taiwan University, 3(3): 65-67.
Voss, G.L. 1963. Cephalopods of the
Philippines Islands. U. S. National Museum Bulletin, (234): 1-180.
Voss, G.L. & Williamson, G.R. 1972. Cephalopods of Hong Kong. Hong Kong Government Press: Hong Kong. 138 pages.
Wu, C.-C., Jean, C.-C. & Kuo, C.-L. 1989. Study on Cephalopoda and Crustacea in the northern waters of Taiwan. Bulletin of Taiwan Fisheries Research Institute, (46): 35-51.
