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英、美政府再造經驗對我國的啟示

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(2) ~-~.~~~±.~m~"~Xff5. •. ~~i'./. 1£. It ·. tIHf~*,1.J~iJm;z'i§'?i. · fllD. rM~~Jl~ifjIJJ I¥J~~~~. · g,l!. r. ·. J ~tl~. h05~I=j:I~iE~rn: ~ gB;z~*'tlifjIJ. · fM]'. r *I~~~ J 1i~. ·R0•••• ~•• ffTm~~tI~g~ · ~flmmTa~jfii' ~:JH~fI]~'80:tUIH~fiii1* · ~ii~~ · iE~rn:*a.fI]~.{;:~;z~~~fi] · 11l1~~~~a~II~' ~$fI]IJJ*~~* · i~1~ r 0~ft J l¥JiE~rn: · ~~,I!~rn:;zii~ft*3t~mmg. 0~~~ • .$j. Ii '. ~MIltp.jij. rH~sl:ft,l;) II:!:p.jij. ~~~iJ:&:mI:p}. ... r----=------~ ..I---·-·-~-~~··~-·-m-;z-.~m-·----­ )(8~.. lJllti••I{)*14:••zllft$MW · ·. Jt~iE~gB. .~*jJi. }#§lU~i~j:. --­. iE~rn:Jt~.~!~. ~rn:1~HIfij. · ~'Ht. :. OECD, 1997: 284. ~I EI.~.fE.. '. ~87 : 27-8. ~U~MlU9.HM II~. , !lZ~~rl. ~. ffiHi!IfJ ~. 0. ~#mH~~J. -fttft~~.~D~~~~.~m~ ~~$~ft. M~~¥m~~. , lW~m!IfJ. 'j:fDjJ rtu. '•. l-$r~EI1T~. ~ :::E ~m!IfJ. ••• Mtt~Ah•• §.'~~~$.A .~~~Z=+~0.Aha-ftA=~~. Service. ~.- (the first initiative). If *J~Jt RX 15- ~ ~. (value for money, VFM) ,. h~lli,ft-fttft~~AA~~+~~'. .'H~Jt~~li~~~~:. rtr~*. 1. l&*l¥J){<:\(~. *Ji. ~D~w~.~rMB~~~¥$J'.fi. r !l:tB~~~¥$ J (Financial Management Initiative, FMI) W r. J!E. *1t. J. (Top. Management. Information System, MINIS). a=;Ti!it~. RX;$:r:pJl> '. , fi~IJ:::E~~B~m:Jf. 1!iB~~H~. fft5HI ' 1'F. CFry,. 1988; Metcalfe and Richards, 1990). 0. fSJl¥'~~~J.fiH'\**1Hllim~r:p:9c~*u (central ~ 7~cilJ:~~. .~MOO~-fttft~~-ftAA~o~M. control). rd1~~t.:!i~~ftr~M;iJ:&:mIW!.. ¥'0.A•• ~ml¥J~~ft.1!i'~~iJ:&:. '. ~~0BA.RX*~~fi~'~~~~~ffl. 0. mInJE~J]:[wlI~~t.fq]?t.~. 0. .A.$Fl'flj m30~m2M 174 •. 5. 1.

(3) ~t.= (the second initiative) lttg;t~1\f::f;1¥J. r ~[9'~iIT. J (the Next. Steps Initiative)' ~4-. .1iffi.W=lra'~-f1J\J\£F.. iITii~t~1n--f1/\/\£F.EERobin. Ibbs ~ iIilI: Jff ~ * t~ ~ I¥J -- M IJ\ *Jl (Efficiency Vnit) , ~tilill:H~.1iffi.~:E!I!a5e1P: 0. document) IDlHAlta.ElM ' lit@~tJa. l¥J~ts1\f (Jordan, 1994; 1iffi.fig~, ~86 ) : 1. th1T~EEti~~:¥1n0fffl§l!'¥I¥J~~f±i\lJ ' [l;;]lttPIfigEE*§~p~BR*tef±. -~~I¥J~*"Jf±W=l I¥Jr.kJ~. ~*~~MID~fi~~~~·~~~~1n­. jl../\ -t;£F.t:lE:te ' ffl1.~ r fttIWWT~~ J (Ibbs. report) , §. JiI-¥fl ' 86). ~77. -·f1/\/\£F.-=:J=Jlffl~E7.til!i. ;. til!ifig~. ,. ~86. I¥JM.tt.1P:iITii-. MRWil • ~jHlL~A.~:E!I!3i13F~ If1='. ~. rWMWT~~Jm.~. •. ~J'~$~~a.I¥JI~EI.'PIml¥J 0. .~n~o~aTft~ff~.rJ:lI¥J~:E!I!~~. ~;f<~~~¥JI:--'r~*JTI¥J:UiIll;H~~¥Mm.~. Q. lt~WJlU1g,tI5*'~~.. 2. EE1n~1Taffi!m£F.~J'l¥Mff~.n~ r If1='~. (ill. ; $fiSt,iE '. '. ' il1ft1\f. 0. 3. ~1T~g;ta.rJ;;J$MRWA.itll~W1\ff§. ~-@~ffa.,rr~$.MDI¥J-m~:Ui. • • ttl¥J§~m • •. &W.I~.~*. 1¥J~~*JI~rtJtil)~~.. ff~Jffl¥Jfiilill:~~. ,m~mf;tI~.~ 0. ~ffa.~WMWT~~~~*,~mfi. (Efficiency Unit, 1988: 9) -jL/\J\£F. 0. ~4-'B~~~N~~fia.H.m~N~. ~JM.~mH~~1±filJ1T~'!Jfft. ~-t;+lil¥J~.0RAa=+~.-~Arr. unit) , [l;;]Jtt~~~fij~~1nilill:Jf~arm.~~'!J ill (part of government and public s e r vic e ) , itt PI tJ ~ r ~F ~ JfJ arm J (outside government) , x~ltmU~f~1'f~. ~iIT • • ~~I~;~.~JffiIT.~Mrr$. .~r~~~BJ.~li.A'ffi.1n-f1 OO£F.~. 134). 0. mm. (Theakston, 1995:. ~[9'~~tii Ell¥Jrrt~~iIilI:H~~:E!I!¥M0. ~URI¥J.~'~~~~JffaM~M~~. (executive. *·~W.~~ffI¥JM*,m.1n~JffaR. .[1]­. r § ~~.1ft J (free-standing units) , R!J~ff aTft EE~arm~1':f~ (Agency Chief Executives, ACE) ][f:&f;H5~~~ •• ~a. 1ft ' ~ iIilI: Jff ~~ R ~ ~g .:y tJ ~tl ~ (Fragmentation) , t'£fLA:1t.ffffl~~A. .~fi~n~~aI¥JM~&UR~.ElM'. a'&~~0RA. .EE~~M~·~.·A.~:E!I!§~*~~. ~,~~rr~Jffarm~PI~.~I¥J.m~~. ElM (OECD, 1993) f;t~1Ta.l¥J3i 131" ~ It, 1Il!t f* ~ fl ~ fP), ~ *"J (pseudo contract) I¥J~:E!I! • m--tt\1Tafft. PI~°ltt*'.~*ii~~~Jff~.~.~. 0. 0. EEa.tt\ff~~~~~~~~.'~ffa.. 5lJi. I~.~i'I"J~ftt. (a framework. ~~iIT.~~~Jff~~~-~• •~te ~ Il$l. A.~:UiW~WMw. ~:E!I!·UR~.W0RAal¥J~*.~~. jJ. 0. _·gt_m&~~~b~-+m~~ l"S l:t m.:'fl){ CJ T}){ "'-' IlJri~ hi~ ·lrl'<O -.~ 1!:... j'f\W I=l "J. ~. r ~WT~~ -. Jm**ttJ!~~' J. (Northcote. ,.

(4) Trevelyan Report, 1853) (Bogdanor, 1993 ~ Jordan & O'Toole, 1995; Theakston, 1995) Jt~*@J:E~?2J~ , i&. 1Ti&1tl~px::>tg~JjfiE)atl1t. ' iE~JFfW::>tglHl. -==t, i'i :. ••. %L~.J:E°~ffij~~ • • m~. m~J~xJ'L= 1ill\lC5/:$/J\. m~. Tn. i&.~n'~-~.R.~~n,~~~n. r 0.E'£J~'f!f/J\*,Rj' r ~~/J\~,R j (~ .. m:tDi~g~Jt) , ,l:)JtElJ'L¥ ~. 0f:. ~~~'~.ffo. ri&.jill~$~'.ffi. ~o01% • • lft.~~~~m~El3~~m~. at. ~{.\::>t'gm~~~. ; ffij r .~IH~.~ j. • • ~AL~~.¥m• • WL.R&.' § B'g~mfi'Uij~R~* ' ,l:)J~ji.~m!~mB'g. *~. ~i. a*~Mo~01%.~i&W.IHl~m.~~. IJJ. '4f. F (consumers and clients)'. ~. 0. w~n~~~~=. ••~~~~~.'-~ ~Um:fj1'. , i1riJn§ft(rm~~* (Commercial. ff~fir:9~. Criteria) ijllJ (Bogdanor,1993). 0. ~DlIt~. r.U~$. , ~~i&JFfJJJfiB~/N¥ti~fiBPX~. r:9~. ~i&W. j (contract-out government)' &'. ~~~fWmA±tfti.W. (Chapman, 1992; Bogdanor, 1993; O'Toole, 1995; Il*~ ~ , 1%86) lIt~tft~IJ~1I5: r %~.-~B'g. (Theakston, 1995). 0. ~,R~115 r.~/J\~,Rj'. ~~'ftftij~fM~lJ~~IJ. JtFJT~J5E. ' .~R W000 (information and openness)' ~ '. ~t15ij~R~*. (0]. ff~1. ~W~rm'~~W~~'K~~I~n$'. 1%"'. ~R.$~m~a*~M~~~o. r01%8. ~rt. 'm~. ijlIJ~. ~H~.RWm.~.~'1%~~~.~.. R;. *1%:±W.ffUUia j (Bogdanor, 1993) ; r::>tg8~~~Jt0~m~~~ • • j (Inglis, 1993) ; r::>t 8r~*? j. R~~R. (01. ( Chapman, 1992) ; r ~~J!~fU*~i¥':J ~*fi~? j (O'Toole, 1995) ~~ -iLiL -~liRtliLB,~~ • • • ::>tg.~.~. • j'mWt• • • n~'~1I5~~ 1%;g ; tllJ j~H!fi ¥ tli4 ~ ~f; :9 ~ ~ ; *I ~ $IH;JH itilj (PRP) ; §~R~*)[liUI~.~RB'g W~ ; J!,U. l.l1J~Hh~-~liJHl1* ' El3.~:W:*~fHf~lft. ~13;.tu.~*~. .~~.~.tft~-.,m~*5*~-iLiL. *i¥:J1Lli!7:lIJ~K~. li~~Iiitl:UtN~:w:tI. 1991 ;. 0. 0RA$itiUJjf~~IILI!I 1~4). ;. j (Norton-Taylor,. r$$~J:E~~'~~~M§A~. 0. 1995). (O'Toole & Jordan,. j~.0~.R~rffl.~J. 1993). 'lii**a~K~ntt:. (OECD,. ~ffI. 0. -nn-~tRi&~W~r01% • •i&. ; ~~~~$mitiUJjf ; fi~R~. .fiB~. (Prime Minister's Office, , 1%86) ~¥-~iLnli~ 0. 0. .jl~'4f.. ~til- (The third initiative). (British Rail passengers)'. 1%U~§~RfflUttmA. Itt~--iLn-~OO~El• • ~ r. m. (NHS Patients)' *P:J. 01%JI. j (Prime Minister's Office, 1991). mA8.'.~*~8. o~~m~. 1%JI.lft.~~fl,~n*ji.~'*~0. 0. -nn. (Mayjor) i§H§gtfff&' ~~~ ~~I{~~A r &lIitiU j (anti-system) L* 8 •. J..JJlJHU. §ll"30i!U~2ml. 174. :9H:!. ,.~mF.~. ~o~ • • ~lft.R~~~fl • • ~.*0 RA¥!&~}Jo. Mtt Rot quit. *,. ijlrJ~. 199. •.

(5) /,:x:: 'i5't=i. ~ Elil ' f"1. fIt'! 19I1J. ~.[g (the fourth initiative). I c~iJ m;OOi. :1m! a1I: iJIJ\. :/J\*J::J.J' .MJ'[:!f:J!. ~-1L1L=1:f.1L~~-1L1Lt1:f.+~'. r ~1!lEl.~tWli~~. J. ~-1L1L-1:f.0~.~~maJb~.~. (NPR). ~~t[5]~.. mlliliN±~I¥:J1:f.~.5&~~'~&~+*. fJ!:¥f.-nli (Competing for quality) (HM Treasury,' 1991) *i'lf~mtf:H;lt:¥f.-0Sfz:w. ffiImI¥:JD.~&~~·~li*±~I¥J1:f.~~. 0. 0~.~hl¥J~*'~~*m~~~.~~. E1J¥t1[;~ itU. a~Jb~I¥J~m'~~~M~~~Jtj~~~. ~~Jb~. , iitJji'iji!Jtj I¥J. *5&Mo~M.-$.&~fi • • ~.~fi. ~A.~~:~~.iUi~*,mff5&. ~a5Tttg~m~mU~A. fi~B"J~M}. "J7f!j.~~. .,~~~m.~~.~~*5&M~g·ffi. (-),. r m;t1!tJ!ti~A J ' it< r ~~i~if'F'l:Im~*J::J.. J (OECD) I¥:JJE~ ,t*:t~:tEt5B.~rtf• •ImP9 • • ;OOiI¥J-~.~tt7§.,~.7§.m~:w. less) , [1'FJn~. ,. ~[5]Wra~~'ft. '. .~~~fi'. ~*. (make or buy). a ~ 1M. ( OECD,. (OECD, 1995) ~m.~. 0. ~~m~. •• •• ~. ~~tgmw.~'. *tg~~J'[~fi • • ~o~-1L1L=1:f.~. =:. JflltL ' j;J~f1. r ; ij~~~. R. FJJ '. -=. ;i; [9 'T/\B frn!. ~~,~~a~iJ~.~~tli~m~iftU~A1&.:y 0. J:il!t[9Jj~tlil¥J~JU[J. ,. ~P~fr]{:£*~P9. 's Office,. OO~~:R~X'§. tr.1L li1:f.. Robin Butler) rtf quiet revolution) fffi If:t~cj(iJImf;5j*~. tg:j{f~~. ers) , ~ nts) , iW:I. fJ:l.p tffl.jf*0 , !flt5fti0. *'. -1L1L[91:f.1L~ +[9 B'. .. B¥-f'.i1~±. (Sir B"J r $ijJiJtfP J (a. 1!lU~:wm.mmI f'F. (Cabinet Office, 1994; Cabinet Office, 1995) 0. (li) ,. -1L1Lt1:f.+~'. Olmt1i:j£.I¥J~fi). (The Businesslike Government) ~.fffit3- , NPR• • llili1:f.B"J/:iJG~~.tt Q. .~*~ffimMI¥J~m'~M~~n.~* tzD-®:A~~~ g~. (cynics) rMMflJB"J '. ••~~I¥JD.o~.(~re)±~~. I¥JNPR '. '~fpfjfi tf(J M!1t. <~W~M:. .iUi ~* ' mff5&~~} (Common Sense Government: \Vorks Better and Costs ); ([9) , -1L1LA1:f.1L~ B' {~fiB"Jfi ~fpg~ > (The Best Kept Secrets In Government) ;. 0. *~~fi~tli~fi]l!~B"JW.g1t ' m~. {tlU~§Jt;iUi. ' mff5&fi~l¥J~fi : £JU.5t~~} (Creating A Government That Works Better and Costs Less: Status Report) ; (-=:.) '-1L1L.1i1:f.1L~tB'. ~~~. 0. <~~x~iUi. ~*. • • Im~ • • mfi.~m~.. ~ A' ~ JE 1Jo .L:J ~ ]I!. ~~~mij~. §:t§1Jo;l! :5& ¥~ ~ flitJ jJt& ; ~JD. C=) ,. ~~ffi~7§.~fitt.'~~~~~fi~M. , r 0.1X;11. '. (From Red Tape To Results: Creating A Government That Works Better and Costs Less) ;. (market testing) 1¥J7§. ~. !!i* t:r\..!...f= . .. -1L1L-=:'1:f.1L~tB. 1J§J¥~~!t!ri:f!Jr 7. -. ~.ijJiJtfP. '. ~.~5&m.7.n~fil¥Jm.ID~~7m. .~*·~. ••. n~W0.A~~.-~' ).JIIFltlJ GG30*GG2M 174 • 9.

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(7) r~m. ' ifjIJJEA'§::?ff~~m. ' Jj;jNE~~HJI¥J$.. m·. 2, ~~mm~{!HIRnJEfIj;§:~IH9jI¥'.1f~~ ;. 3,~~mm~M~~~'§::OO~*~~~~I¥J~. -l1l1=fF.i\)'j ,. iu*.'~*ft~m~JJiiit~. 5 ' lW:S:MzOOliJijIH9j.~~ffE/;j~mm:¥Oi}f:JjA. ~~~~.I¥J~M~w.~afi~al¥J~.. , • • ~m®.~A-~~R-~.m: Ill;§:.¥J:. (Put the customer first) m11 • • I¥J~A,~m~~~~afi~a~.1¥J ~.JJjU!U~- , [5]~iEJ~~-~fra)l:ft1j[ ~1¥J • • ,.nafi~~mm~m • • n~. ;§:~f:Jj.~'~~~H~~ • • R.;§:~f:Jj 0. ( 1i) ilffl jt~Rf4:f5tL:).#ij~f:Jj~. ~:t: +fF. ' ~ ~ A'§::~ §t$U i}i't5r~ Jl'1Irn ;§: I¥J n~ f:Jj * ~ tm:¥k i't5 r~ , ffif J1t - ~li§ ~ *'~.~ilJJ~~.~.~JI'a~~~~1¥J. 1¥J~.'M.M.;§:.~I¥Ji}~~f:Jj·~~. :f1t1U .na~~\@iC&~JI' A'§::l¥Jij~f:Jj~~ (service delivery) **ft ' m~fii~~':fi*. m~.§::a~'.na~I¥J~~Hm-l1l1~. m'~~-:fi~ml¥Jfi.'~~$J:.~@im. fF.m{ti7¥.Jm~§iyA'§::JI'~a~ij~f:JjI¥J~*. Wffi~~1ia~~~I¥J.tt'R;ftB~~.. M~~a~.ff~f:Jj~.I¥J~.o ~7F. '. • • R~. ~~A.§::g,~~~f..&l¥Ja~n~f:Jj~g~~. iifiL:)r1'f:~:. ?ff;. '. (1) ~.m-~~A'§::~fi*17'1. (2) ~~mm~~m~*f:Jj~Jt;. ~1i!!1\1i1lmt. '. ,. ~~l¥Jg~f:Jjrt.~~;. (3). 0. m~. ••;§:~§t~I¥J.~~*;~~'J1!.. ~~~H~~a~~MOOl¥Jm~H~'Ml?z. ilffljt~~:f5t*C&~~f:Jj~~**ft'M.~ A'§::tfa~ij~f:JjI¥J1i¥i~~. (4). .A'§::~?ff~~i}f:JjAa'~M• • ~'.. ( i\). ffil.J?Z.~~J:.1~$U;f§mml¥Jg~f:Jj;. ..~.I¥J~w~. fitpJf~~~Wl?z.~A/;jtihilJJ. 0. (5) ~A'§::.. ... ~fjgaIA/;j$~1j. m.*ft.m:~. (Gore, 1995) • • J:._I¥J~f:Jj~*_'M#• •*ft.. ~ftI• • ~m~&~a~'1i~~~I¥J~. OO.~fia.~'.*~.m~.~H~fIj. ~~.ml¥Jjt_·~~ • • •nafiJ1!g.. ;§:~~f:Jj.~. ; NPRMz~-l1l11ifF.+=t3 ~. ~A~jt.l¥J~jt~%~I¥J~~'M~.I. BW~(.;§:'¥J:.:l11ifF.~f:Jj~~'§::~1¥J. 1¥J§#'.ftI• •m~,~~a~~z~. (Putting Customers First '95: Standards for Serving the American People) , 1'f:~.#.;f~afin~f:Jj~.S/;jfEt .1i~ , ;ft17'1?ff5mR (Gore, 1995) : 1 ' ~~mmJ1!~~~r~':¥oftI~A'§::I¥J§=g: ;. ft~;ft~;~~,afi~afi.m~aI~. .~}. 12 •. Aitl=ltlJ. ~30~~2JJ:1. 174. 0. .~~m~MI¥J.~~,~J1t'J1!~ftI~. iEA/;j15.tA ' rm~Ffii?~Wi!r~Jis/;jAJiI!mW~ 1I'iCliil¥J D ~1E1f,t'EfJL:)~J1T 'Mf.t ' JI'~~~fJ1~:¥Da,I&$F~rmEf ' ~~g~~1ii<:aIl¥JilJa~"'&~F~$ , ~~~ 0. ~ ~.

(8) ~~I¥J~. m~~. ;. .MI¥J.~~,ftl!~I¥JW.W~b.~.. ~~.~.M~~·W#.jEj{JffW~.fi~. ~-.ftI·.~.~:fm~~*M.~.ft. ~~. Il¥Jm.'~m~~.ff~~re.m.~~. ~~.~-fLn=~~~rjEj{Jff.~~px*. j!~U~Ji~JZfl:il5<:~I¥J~ffl. ~*. 0. •• jEj{Jff.~ •• l¥Jm_tt,~~,~ J . IlifiRP~}\t3. B Ei3it&M0:f1iW.. 0. m~~*I.tEmft-.~I¥J ••MN'EE. 10~A. ( -t) G5<:~jEj{J1~WjjI±liIHDZEA. ~~~~t!li#tlfji:A. .mjEj{Jff~.~ffijEj{Jff~~~~I¥JI~. ~~tijEj{,IM.jEj{px*B9.. •• ,&~.~~~~~'. (controlling inputs). q. (measuring. results) , mEi3J;jpx*~~rPJI¥J.omftl!. ·. ,W. ~A'~~~.~. ;r~w~. ~~~~EjEj{Jff~~.mI¥JEAm*jEj{Jfffij. R~.ruJZjEj{.E.~~.~ffpx*px~~. ~Jf8~. &1¥J~*'~Tfij~m~~~ •• ffl~I¥JI. .1¥J•• ~I¥J,~~~~ •• jEj{JffWA~.. til!1¥J. ~m~o;ft~X~mft.mW~EI¥J.bti. *1¥J@.~bo~~M. .~~~. ~R~·~~~liI~Il¥Jpx*.~~§o.. T~.~~~.T.RI¥J.ff·~~EE~ft. -:fml¥:. njEj{JffW~EjEj{Jffmft7-s~~.bti~. ~~m~. &\~JU~. ~~·Ei3~E~liIl¥Jg~~ti~~.~.m. ~·~7~~~~jEj{Jff.R.~~J;b~,&.. )J~m:. WI¥J~. •• ff.~,jEj{JffRft.MjEj{M~' mFfft.W~~mJtl . ~ffI'l9I~. .;ft._I¥J.ff,~.~jEj{Jff.Rq~~~. 'H!~ , j;j'& j;jm:~. 1¥J.~~'~M.mDW~_~ff.HIft. jEj{Jfffij~fl§i!fpxJ;b ,;ftruJ.tE~~i!ffl§. tr11'191E. N;NffiffiruJI¥JA$jEj{.E*~ffl~*_~. T~~RI¥JA$m.·~~W~.R~.ff mAftZ~.,.~.mjEj{Jff.m~.M. ·.~~.R~ffm~.~ftl!W.MM. ~~tE. 0. _*IltfiftiliJt*rilf. ~~lli~*mltJjEj{Jff~~I¥JE.~~A~ . . fL-~~m!pgl'iJl¥J r 1TjEj{~~E. J fU-fLLjL A~.pgl'iJl¥JrjEj{Jfffij~~~J'~~.~. NI¥J.m·~~~.~T~*~.AftZ.. ;ft jEj{ mpg I¥J m! • tE ' 1J:lJltlt pg ?Ii! ~. .~rE''&5~ft0~A)JWI/*i. rjEj{Jfffij~~~J~~~~lli§~~0~ftl!. 0. ~w~. ffl~'. ~iHrr~J!f~~*9 (Gore, 1994, 1996). M.TE~~ff~~fij~E*·~~'.M w~.~m~~ft~ffD*~ft~I¥JJZ,§M. ~~~. I. , 5fJ!t1waUWrI'l9JZ'§ft* ' fl§. ~:Ei3. Ifff~m 1L!i~)..V'";.~. •• ~~~~mft i#U ' j;jpx*lW.~f-~~fjE •. NPRtE~.. ~~JZ'Bi#U.~. H~ -M~~. •• ~B.H.~Z~~·.~~. .~~~.l¥Jm.·~~. 0. (/\). ffjEj{~~I¥JE.'. ~l!~,~.pgMl¥JrjEj{Jfffij~~~J~~. (fL). mft.~~iE5<:Jff. ~~N~-.~~I¥J. •• MN,ft~$. ri}1.1E*ftl!mlll$ , ft-M~~·5fJ!tt'~ •• ~bl¥JjEj{Jff'~ ~B9.§fJJE~:. MW0~~.~E.jEj{JffI¥J~~·~jEj{Jff~. ).JJ,ElflJ. gg30~gg2w.1 174 •. 13.

(9) mIT~*~~hOJ~~~h~±~~~= *$~:. (-)m.M~'. (-)Ah&m. BM~m(=)m~M~oU~~~~·. jiJlJ~il&JN'M~~~~m1;!t. ml;=hOO~F.&~. .~~~M~~~~o~~~~WB~~ ~~~h,.ft~MM~h~m~~. ••. ~g,~U~.o. 3.IU'~~Jft&iUI~'~~*J:l.ilJij]~mJtEh. i&JN'm.IDijJ~~B~fi·~~.~MM~ frm.M~hOO'~~il&M~§~~. l¥J~+*&'~~~h~m.~.·ffiM. F.&: r51 :iiJt*~I!lH'ffjjl$ , IDijJ~iEj(JN' .tmW ~ts ' ~r[lNm~~l¥J~JN' ' t)mfH~*~~. ~.~~gr~~~·Hm.~.~m.o. hOJ~.~I~~§~m:. 1*. (-)fl. frillhOO'.~:ii-~~~~~.*~~ 0. r cp::*~M~IDJ*J:l.~~r:t J & r CP::*~Jft~ 1DJ• • EmJ; (=)cp::*fiil&~lDJm.IDijJ . ; (=) ••~il&JN'& ••~~.m.IDijJ .: (1!9) JtEhil&JN'*J:l.~~; (li)~:rz.. ••• m,mITfii&~ 1m ; 5Im§IH;1!itJM~z: ' H:UW.J¥~H~Bg .·~.~I~~§~m: (-):iifiA$. *J:l.&.E~.~~a*Ugr. ~gr~OOM~;. 0. •• ~u'~~il&JN'm.M~l¥Jm.h ~~~~~~~.~'~OOfr •• ~3~. ~~fHfllm~t) ~~I'i. :. frAh&nBM~hOO'~.~M~§ ~~~:mMAh. (=)~oo.~·.m·. •. mA$mm; (=)m.~~fii&.-mo ft•• ; (1!9) ~:rz.m:-1-1ti&JM& (1i) ~ OOmITH~Bg.. 1. i&Jftm••*J:lB"J~fnj § ~fr:tn1Y!*J:l.~g~'PJ. 0. ~~*&'Wml;1i~I~'~7m~~. ••m•• ,U&~~ l¥J.~*ftmffBoU~fi ••••. m.. ~$~~*~a.~F.&°~~·~~~~a. M~l¥Jrcp~i&fi~~m.~~mJ&. MAhM~F.&~~Z.~ffBoOOfrnHW. ~~~l¥J.tt*~. rcp::*i&JN'~IDJ. •••mJ~3*&'~m. ~.~ffi~~'Uft.ft~~o~~fr~ ~l¥J.h~m~~~ff.o~~. ••@M. .fi~.-.D~. •• l¥J.~m~,oo~~.~ •• ~l¥J.:rz.••. ~hOO'Wml;~·~~~~F.&fii&~~ ::f~o. fr$~M~hOO·~.i&M~§~~. ~.l¥J~$OO'~~'~~~.~~OO~ ~.·~~~.?~~F.&~.OO~.?. 2. r cp~iEj(M~~*J:l.~~r:t J fi~IDJ. & r rp9<!:i&. •• EmJ~rp9<!:fii&~lDJm.IDijJ. ••• F.&a.~z~,~. F.&:U.~·.i&·~~~~~·.~. B,.:rz.m~~'~~*l¥Jm~.~o~. ~I~~§~m:. (-)ilJij]~i&M~ts;. ~l¥JX$~'§WjiJlJmill~W~fr:rz.m~. (-)~~.*.B~N;. ~A~.~rp,~~*.~.~~~*. AD. , :rz.m. ill ~,Ift ~J€~, fi ~ ~ fi l/:UJi *I ' illB!f<J!~ •• Jli&flhB"J~h ' B~F 14 •. A_FlflJ. M30~M2ltJl. 174. (=).~~~~. ~mhOO'~~~~.::ffr~~l¥Jm .·~fr~~m.l¥JM.~fiD~.frm..

(10) ~~~~.~~~,~~~~ti~E*. ... h~ •• ~~. ·m~. ••. ·~~m~.m~.~*. &.~~~.~~·~.m.. ~~~T~mm*~mho.~E®~'~. ~~* § A~:fl1~.~~h~:f~1!J. ?. IDti. ji:. E~mHJR0. r. (Cabinet Office) ~~1¥1ltlJ~ J. ~flJ' m-+~~m=~, ~~A+~~. ~~~~~m~w~·.*~~~*§~~. G(. Na. =~o i*~~ (~87). •• ·~.R~m~n~Eftm~~~. A.. '. ~&m~lt~iiJf~. ,. ~m1'J~¥ifJift. , f'J~~iiJf~.J.m:1J~. ~~i!l$lijEIJo. the Ed. 19~. ~~~~*~m.~,~~~~¥~.~m Dh~~·®~~m~~.~~~ffl~~~. ~J<::;:§. Ad. ~~~~o§nE~~.~fflw~k~A~. Bogdanor, V.(1993), 'Mardet. ver;. n~~fflr~&tiJ·.fi~¥~a·~~. must not sell democracy short', The. ~.fi.~~~.o~~~E*~~m~~. Times, 7 June.. ~~~um.'ftm~¥~~~*ftffl.~ ~~~'W~:f~.A~~~ftffl~~o. 'ftm~~~7~ffl~~§~*'~.~ fi."W~.¥~~.tt'-OO.~H~. ~a"JiEt~~f~;;fmA~Jifft~*~. (19. Cabinet Office(OPS)(1997), Civil Service. Staffing,. January. mel. 1997,(London: Cabinet Office). Chapman, R. (1992), 'The end of administration, vol, 7, No, 2, PP.1-5. Fry, G.(1988), The changing Civil Service(London: George Allen and Unwin). Gore, Al.( 1994), Creating A. ~J<:.§. r i:i:fl~I~t:)Cgc~¥ J. I. A. .~fl'm=+~~m=~'~~A+~ ~=~o. m~f;l: r~mA.W~&1}~1'J~. .~~~~J'A.~fl,m~~m­ ~,~m1::;+1::;~=~o. : ihmW ~E1'J~~i!l1'J~~figiiJflMi!l '. ~fH~~:. ~~.B '. Ii' ll:~~f'J~c~¥. ~mA+~~-=::~ABo. 16 •. },J.FlfIJ m30~m2ltll 174. (La]. the Civil Service?' Teaching Public. 0. ( f'F~f*~:lL~iEt*~1}~1'J~~*~t5l). *~,k:. Mal. Government That Works Better and· Costs. Less:. Status. Report.. Washington D. c.: USGPO. (1995),. Common. Sense. Government: Works Better and Costs Less. Washington D. c.:USGPO. (1996), The Best Kept Secrets In Government. c.:USGPO.. Washington. D.. Tra.

(11) ~0~. 'A$. \+7\i¥­. Gore, A., (1997), Businesslike Government,. Washington,. Reform in OECD Countries(Paris: OECD).. D.C.:. 0' Toole, Barry J, & Jordan,. National Performance Review. Inglis, F.(1993), 'So farewell. Grant(1995), Next Steps: Improving. iJ?ffim. them, citizen servant!', Times Higher. Management. ~Jm~~. Education Supplement, 6 August. Government?(Aldershot: Dartmouth). 0' Toole, Barry J, (1995), Next. 1993. Jordan, Grant(1994), The British. v1ardet. t', The. anuary. 0'. versus Practice(London: Routledge).. Grant(1995), Next Steps: Inproving. Metcalfe, L. and Richards, S.. Public. JP.1-5.. Improving. Public. Country. &. Jordan, in. Civil Service Since 1945(Oxford:. Profiles. Blackwell). Treasury,. OECD(l995), Governance in Public. J,. Theakston, Kevin(1995), The. (London: OECD). Transition:. Barry. Government?(Aldershot: Dartmouth).. OECD(1993), Public Manage­ OECD. Toole,. management. Management. (2nd ed.), CA: Sage. ment:. end of. Steps:The end of Whiteleyism?' from. Administrative System: Principles. (1990),. ), Civil. in. Competing. Hm. 1730(1991),. for Quality(London:. London: HMSO).. Management. angmg Allen .£..X~B~~1T. mg A. er and ~eport.. ~ 19 ~. --­. J.f. B~ ¥if.$:1.~i. ~f~6"1'F~~M~~~ lFri,ff~6"1'Fffj~~1~. Sense Costs. ~5J.§I~e~~~~H&~ ~:£,IM ~iJJ ~ r!--1'. ~:£,IM ,~. M r!--1'. prJ fa!, Jt1r., ii~ ~ • prJ fa!, 'lI:t;r~ ~. ).. rets In D.. J!.X~B~~1T­. '~ " ~1g~"l -----"----_.­. *,~M!tllitli:. : Elit-m~iWJ~77§JJE. =:~3*J!!tm. : 2311-8811 .A.~Flflj ~30~~2Jt1l 174 •. 17.

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