چઔߒ ร48ཚ اഏ97ڣ5ִ
Journal of Geographical Research No.48, May 2008
ଯύӦࣽӄౚ௲ػޑჴ፬Ǻ
ٿ ۞ Ꮲ ғ ᆛ ၡ ӝ բ Ꮲ ಞ ޑ ௲ Ꮲ ी ਢ ٯ
Fulfilling Global Education in High School Geography
Curriculum
Ǻ
Ǻ
Ǻ
Ǻthe Teaching Design Case of Internet Cooperative
Learning for Students on Both Sides of Taiwan Strait
ڬγ൏
aഋণሎ
bShih-Yao Chou Che-Ming Chen
Abstract
Owing to the impacts brought by globalization, global education training the students to become global citizens that adapt to the future and promoting a fair and everlasting world. Global education is the common goal among different subjects, but geography is beneficial to the realization of global education because it contains a characteristic of a global view. Moreover, the 2009 curriculum outline of senior high school for geography also indicates “Students should show their concerns toward global issues actively” as the ultimate goal. However, the geographic teaching in senior high schools in Taiwan has long laid emphasis on cognition. It’s more difficult to sharpen learners’ acquisition of global vision only by means of lecturing.
To fortify the teaching goal of teaching geography in global education, this study consults the experience of Online Center for Global Geography Education (CGGE) in America, and develops a global education teaching model for geography teaching in senior high schools. To create the learning situation of global conflict and cooperation, we chose the Taiwan ant Mainland China trade issue, similar language culture, depend but compete mutually, after referring the internet cooperative learning experiments. In response to the purpose of global education, the teaching model applied cross-strait Internet cooperative learning and issue-based strategies to lead students to investigate and discuss the world through the perspective of geography and to facilitate students’ ability in cooperation, critical thinking, respecting multicultures and facing confrontation. XOOPS offers a free learning platform. The research adopts quasi-experimental design worked out by two ordinary high schools in Mainland China and Taiwan,
a ഏمࡵᥞ్խᖂچඒஃ
including 102 students. Through the analysis of course quality discussion and the attitude inventory, students really improve their academic performances in global education. 67% of the learners agree that the course is worth popularizing to other schools and implementing. However, due to the differences of the Internet learning environment for senior high school students between both sides of Taiwan Strait, applying curriculums with “open” learning devices in teaching is recommended.
KeywordsŘŘGlobal Education, Internet Cooperative Learning, Issue-based Learning ŘŘ
ၪ ⣬
ط࣍٤֏ऱᓢᚰΔ٤ඒߛഛ塄ᖂسګᔞᚨآࠐऱֆاΔאআၞֆؓፖةᥛऱΖ ٤ඒߛਢլٵઝؾऱ٥ٵؾᑑΔ܀ڂچᖂࠠ何ٽࢤᔆΔࠀץොլٵΔڶܓ٤ඒߛऱ ᘜԵΖࠏڕڇ 98 چᓰ࿓ጼխΔ༉ਐנψᖂسᚨᗨᄕ।ሒኙ٤ᤜᠲऱԳ֮ᣂᡖωऱ᜔ؾᑑΖྥ ۖխچඒᖂ९ཚೣૹव౨Δڇඒᖂऄᆖൄאᝑ૪ऄൣݮՀΔለᣄ֏ᖂس٤ီມऱᏝଖ ᖂΖൎ֏چඒᖂऱ٤ඒߛؾᑑΔءઔߒەભഏ٤چඒߛխ֨ΰOnline Center for Global
Geography EducationΔ១ጠ CGGEαᆖ᧭Δઔ࿇ԫᔞش࣍խچઝऱ٤ඒߛᑓิΖᛜທ٤
֏Հᓢડፖٽ܂ࠀژऱᖂൣቼΔڇەጻሁٽ܂ᖂᆖ᧭৵Δᙇᖗߢ֮֏ᣊۿΕઌյࠉᘸথ Ծᑅኙᤁञऱࠟࡾᆖ၉Δ܂࿇୶٤ඒߛऱሀٽ܂ᠲΖڼඒᖂᑓิאࠟࡾጻሁٽ܂ᖂ֗ᤜ ᠲխ֨ඒᖂฃΔ֧ᖄᖂسຘመچᨠរၞ۩൶ߒፖಘᓵΔ࿇୶ٽ܂ΕޅܒΕڍց༇ૹፖ૿ኙᓢડ ౨ԺΔࡅᚨԱ٤ඒߛऱؾऱΖઔߒመ࿓ආᄷኔ᧭ૠΔࠌش XOOPS ਮీ࿓ڤ܂ᖂؓΔ ץܶՕຬ֗ٺԫࢬխ 102 ۯᖂسΔၞ۩նଡִऱඒᖂኔ᧭Ζኔ᧭࣠᧩قኔਜࠟࡾጻሁٽ܂ ᖂऱᖂسڇ٤ඒߛऱवᢝΕൣრፖݾ౨ऱؾᑑᖂګயઃڶࣔ᧩ၞޡΔ२ 7 ګᖂृٵრءඒ ᖂᑓิଖංᐖࠩࠡהᖂீኔਜΖ܀ط࣍ࠟࡾխسጻሁᖂයٙڶᆵΔ৬ᤜආشψၲ࣋ڤωऱ ᖂᓰ࿓ࠐၞ۩ඒᖂΖ 〦⼫ŘҚᄞ⋀Ȯℐ⭰̳ણ∳Ȯ⩀㆛ʑൔᄞણ
Ԋ ⤵
ڕٵཏم౿ᑻึߪေᐉऱ٤ႨՕஃྏጆཎ.۵ߺ(Thomas L. Friendman.)ࢬߢΔإ࣍ ٤֏ 3.0 ऱழזΔ໌ᄅΕݾΕԳթΕ၉࣐ऱሀഏੌ೯Δআࠌᆖᛎݶຒګ९(Friendman, 2005)Ζ ྥۖڼጟᆖᛎऱګ९ΔথՈףԱຆ༄ऱ၏ΔᏺףޓڍऱᛩቼᖜΔᖿದޓڍऱኙمፖᓢડΖ૿ ኙ٤֏ऱംᠲΔ܂ഛ塄آࠐརᑚऱඒߛΔ۞ྥՈᚨᇠຘመߓอऱᓰ࿓ፖඒᖂૠᓳᖞڂᚨΖ٤ ඒߛ༉ਢڂᚨ٤֏ऱਗᖏΔഛ塄ᖂسࠠڶ٤ᤜᠲऱ໌ທ৸ە౨ԺΔא֗ڍցᨠរᇞהԳ֮ ֏ΕᏝଖऱψ٤ီມωΔאআၞֆؓፖةᥛऱΰ៷॑Δ2005αΖឈྥൕᓵՂࠐᎅ٤ඒ ߛᔞٽຘመᖂઝၴٽ܂อᖞԫଡᄅऱᖂઝΔ܀אመװऱኔ೭ᆖ᧭ࠐᎅΔԫᖂீऱ٤ඒߛᓰ࿓ ለࡵආ࠷ψԫᖂઝᘜԵڤω࿇୶Δല٤ඒߛᓰ࿓ڶᖲچ᠏֏ᤜᠲΕ೯ࢨඒᖂฃΔᘜԵٺ ᖂઝᅝխΰᠱࠕڕΔ2003αΖط࣍چඒᖂץොլٵ
Δ
ԫֱ૿ױא᧯լٵฆΔԫֱ૿Ո౨ጵٽၴऱઌ յࠉژᣂএΔઌᅝᔞٽᘜԵ٤ඒߛऱᖂઝΖᜤٽഏඒઝ֮ิ៣༉མਐנچኙ٤ඒߛڶૹ ՕಥΔچඒߛऱഏᎾᖆີ (International Charter on Geography Education) ٍࡅᩃچᖂઝڶഛ塄 ֆاऱૹՕຂٚ(IGU, 1992Δ֧۞႓ཛΔ2002)Ζڂڼڇխچᄅᓰ࿓ጼऱޏᇙΔ༉ ܑףԵڍ٤֏ऱᨠរࡅᚨᖆີኙ٤ඒߛऱૹီΰ༡ْΔ2006αΖڕچඒᖂխΔ༼֗ψԱ ᇞڇ٤֏ᑪੌՀऱ࿇୶ᚌႨፖૻࠫΔवሐڇ᧯ߓխࢬऱچۯ֗ᚨފዝऱߡۥωΖڇ ு֨౨Ժຝ։Ո༼נψԱᇞᅝছፖխഏڇ᧯ߓՀऱյ೯ᑓڤΔࠀ౨ၞԫޡ։࣫ࠟࡾآ ࠐ࿇୶ऱױ౨ֱٻωΖ٤ඒߛݦඨᇞዌڶऱගᆢچሶᎶΔ܀ࠀॺቔܬྤഏ୮ᆠΔۖਢലഏ୮ ԵᖞଡψωਮዌՀΔ৬مةᥛ࿇୶ፖ٥ژ٥ዊऱ٤ਮዌΰᠱࠕڕΔ2005αΖኙ௧ࠟࡾۖߢΔ ᘜԵ٤ඒߛऱچඒᖂ֧ᖄᖂس։࣫ࠟࡾڇ٤ऱյ೯Δഛ塄ᖂسյॾٽ܂ࢬᏁऱڍց৸ፂΔၞ ۖআၞԱࠟࡾآࠐऱࡉؓፖةᥛګ९Ζ ឈྥچᖂऱ࿇୶༼ࠎᓤᠧ૿ᎎऱߓอᇞΔڶܗ࿇୶٤ඒߛΖ܀ڍխچऱ ඒޗփ୲ኙ٤֏ऱᎅࣔೣᏅլ٤Δڍೣٻႚอᆠፖ༟ᨠ٤ᆠΔૻࠫԱڍցፖؓᘝᨠរऱ ᇞ (ޕ৬ؓΔ2004)Ζڼ؆ඒᖂऄԾᆖൄאඒઝऱᝑ૪ऄൣݮՀϐኣತࡐΔ2006Ι༡ْΔ2006αΔ ᓤᠧ୲࣐១֏ګԫඖ૪ΔওૻԱᖂسڍցᨠរऱޅܒ৸ەΔຑՈ૾܅Աچඒᖂ࿇୶ ٤ඒߛऱפ౨Ζڂᚨ٤֏৵Δچඒᖂޓᚨൎ֏٤ඒߛऱפ౨Δભഏچᖂ୮ᜤٽ࠰ᄎ ΰAssociation of American GeographersΔ១ጠ AAGα࿇୶٤چඒߛᒵՂխ֨ΰOnline Center for forGlobal Geography EducationΔ១ጠ CGGEαᇠխ֨אሀጻሁٽ܂ᖂฃૠԫඒᖂᑓิΔ
ץਔԳՑΕᆖᛎ֗اගᠲ༼ࠎՕᖂچඒᖂᚨش(SolemΔ2003)ΖCGGE ऱඒᖂૠਢലࠟଡլ ٵഏ୮ᖂس։ิኙΔၞ۩ٽ܂ᖂΔܓشಘᓵठΕဠᚵඒΕሽॾᒣΔػࣨᓰ࿓༼ࠎᒵՂᖂ ፖٽ܂ಘᓵΔൕᓰ֮ઔߒΕ܂ᄐઔಘΕூࠏ։࣫ΔCGGE ຟૠᖂسؘႊڇਬழၴٵழፖΔ٥ ٵٽ܂ݙګΖCGGE ຘመሀጻሁٽ܂ᖂΔࠨᖿᖂسڼኙᇩፖٽ܂ΔڶயআၞԱൣრऱഛ塄 ፖݾ౨࿇୶Ζૉױല CGGE ᆖ᧭᠏֏ഏփچઝऱඒᖂᑓิΔਢܡױൎ֏ᅝছխچඒᖂڶ ऱ٤ඒߛפ౨Λءઔߒᚵຘመඒᖂኔ᧭ࠐေ۷ഏփխچඒᖂኔਜሀጻሁٽ܂ᖂऱګயΖ ࠠ᧯ऱઔߒംᠲץਔΚ ڕ۶ૠױൎ֏٤ඒߛऱխچඒᖂᑓิΛ ڼඒᖂᑓิऱඒᖂګயڕ۶Λ آࠐխچᓰ࿓ኔਜڼᑓิழΔඒஃ֗ᖂسױ౨ᔡሖऱܺᣄፖᇞެֱऄ۶Λ
Қᄞ⋀᱿ᄞણᾋᯆ
ൎ֏چඒᖂኙ٤ඒߛऱؾᑑګயΔءઔߒڃ٤ඒߛऱઌᣂඒᖂᓵፖᆖ᧭Δᙇᖗψጻ ሁٽ܂ᖂωፖψᤜᠲխ֨ඒᖂωฃΔૠءඒᖂᑓิΔאՀ։ܑ൶ಘࠟႈඒᖂฃڇ٤ඒߛ ऱሎشΖņɺŇℐ⭰̳ણ∳
ڶխچᓰ࿓ऱᒳඈΔڍאٺցאܓ༛ݧᖂΖڂڼႚอᝑ૪ऄࢬ࿇୶נऱ٤ඒߛΔຏൄ٣։ܑඖ૪լٵऱցᄗ࢚Δ٦ല։໊ऱցิٽګ٤ඒߛᖞ᧯Ζڼጟאඒஃ խ֨Δᝑඒஃ֏৵ऱᄗ࢚Δ୲࣐ᖄીᖂسׂۖೣᏅऱᨠរΖԱଫլٵऱمፖॾ࢚Δ ٤ඒߛᓰ࿓ᚨൎᓳอᖞࢤૠΔթڶܗܧڍցড়ᨠऱᓵរΰޕ৬ؓΔ2004αΖڇඒᖂֱऄՂΔ٤ ඒߛױሎشᇷಛઝݾፖሀගᆢٽ܂ࠐܧڍցᨠរΔࠏڕ֨։ࠆΕᓵޅܒΕٽ܂ᖂඒᖂ ೯(ᠱࠕڕΔ2003)ΖࠡխጻሁᖂᖞٽאՂڍጟᖂ೯ΔԾਢ൷گ٤ᇷಛऱ່ࠋጥሐΔ່൷ २٤ඒߛऱᖂءᔆΰ۶م֨Δ2005αΖൕچඒߛࠐΔጻሁٽ܂ᖂၞԫޡ౨࿇ཀچᨠរऱ ψڍᑌࢤ/ฆࢤωࡉψอᖞࢤωۥΰຫୃᎮΔ2003αΔൕۖൎ֏٤ඒߛխψ༇ૹڍցωࡉψ٤ ီມωऱഛ塄Ζ ᧭ᢞጻሁٽ܂ᖂڇچඒᖂऱګயΔCGGE ലጻሁٽ܂ᖂऱᓵ᠏֏ඒᖂᑓิΔኔ᧭ ٤ඒߛګயΖᇠૠॣཚ٣אԳՑᠲΔၞ۩ભഏΕᖾፖףஞՕऱሀഏٽ܂ᖂ٣ᦀઔߒΔ ࣠᧩قᖂسڇ٤ඒߛኪ৫ڶࣔ᧩ޏ᧢ΖᖂسᎁٵഏᎾၴऱฝاኙ٤ࠐᎅਢૹऱچᤜᠲΔ ࠀٵრຘመڼጟඒᖂڶܗڔଚޓԱᇞഏᎾฝاऱءᔆΰSolemΔ2003αΖ2004 ڣፖ 2005 ڣխഏקࠇ ஃᒤՕᖂՈ։ܑፖᐚഏᠿףᤴՕᖂΰWeignartenαፖཕܓࢮሼ(La Serena)Օᖂၞ۩ٽ܂ᖂΔ ᖂسڇᖂ৵ऱवᢝፖኪ৫ຟڶՕ༏ၞޡΔፖ۔ஃຟᎁଖංᐖᚨشΰSchleicher, 2006Ιᓉࣟ Ε׆اΔ2007αΖ ط࣍ CGGE ૠא܂ᄮຏՠࠠΔኔਜڇᖂس࿓৫ለΔᓰ࿓ᐘࢤለՕऱՕᖂᛩቼᇙΔ ྤऄऴ൷ᚨشڇഏփխچඒᖂխΖ܀ࠡᘜԵچ֗ጻሁඒᖂऱૠΔױխඒᖂᑓิૠ ەΔڕܓشس֏ऱኔᎾூࠏ܂ᓰ࿓ైޗΕ፦ႃچᇷಛࠀᢄ፹چቹ।Εᇢ൶ࢤऱംᠲ֧ᖄಘ ᓵΖ֠ࠡڇ CGGE խૠڍ٥ٵٽ܂ٚ೭ΔᏁຘመچݾ౨፦ႃΕ։࣫ᇷಛΔൕچऱᨠរ ᇞᤩࠀಘᓵ٤ऱᤜᠲΖᖂسڇݙګሀᖂ೯ऱመ࿓խΔٵழՈಝᒭԱ٤ٽ܂ፖᇞެംᠲ ऱ౨ԺΔ৬مڍցᨠរऱ٤რᢝΖឈྥ CGGE ऱૠڇՕᖂኔਜࠠڶઌᅝګயΔ܀᠏֏խچ ඒᖂᑓิኔᔌ৵ऱګயڕ۶Λൕመװऱઔߒ࿇Δጻሁٽ܂ᖂຍႈᄅऱඒᖂฃࠀլঅᢞᖂس ऱᖂګயᄎᚌ࣍ႚอऱԫኙڍΕ૿ኙ૿ඒᖂΖۖጻሁٽ܂ᖂለႚอඒᖂᏺףڍګءΔࠏڕ ፖඒஃڇࠃছၞ۩ऱᜤᢀ࠰ᓳΕᆖ၄֭Εᖂீ۩ਙٽΕᖂسຌ࿏᧯ਜא֗ඒஃऱᠰ؆ ழၴבנΰຫୃᎮΔ2003αΖאጻሁٽ܂ऱᖂֱڤڇഏփխၸኔਜ٤ඒߛΔඒᖂګயፖױ౨ ࢤڶৱኔᎾඒᖂૠፖኔ᧭ࠐေ۷Ζ
ņʷŇ⩀㆛ʑൔᄞણ
ᤜᠲխ֨ඒᖂ༉ਢאञᓵࢤᤜᠲᓰ࿓ு֨Δאࠠञᤜࢤऱֆ٥ᤜᠲ܂ᓰ࿓ऱփ୲Δڇඒᖂ ऱመ࿓խΔլ༼ࠎإᒔூΔ܀ൎᓳᖂس౨ᛀီംᠲΕ৫ᖂΕ֘ઊޅܒΰOchoa-Becher,1992Ι Hahn,1996Δ֧۞ඕᚊΔ2002αΖᤜᠲඒᖂऱ່ึؾऱլႛڇ࣍ኙᤜᠲऱᎁवΔۖਢထૹ࣍ࣔػञ ᤜऱࠟᣄΔࡉኙٺጟᢞᖕऱေ۷ࡉլٵᨠរऱ᠖堚ΔڂڼଫԱᎁवΕݾ౨ࡉൣრԿֱ૿ऱඒᖂؾ ᑑΖᤜᠲխ֨ඒᖂ२ࠐൄᚨش࣍षᄎ֗ֆاᖂઝΔڂᖂسڇᓢડऱᨠរಘᓵխขسᎁव؈ᘝΔլ ឰૹ৬ᏝଖᨠΔՈ࿇୶נإᒔኪ৫֗ޅܒ৸ە౨ԺΰޕᙩڕΔ2003ΙᏥભᐝΔ1998αΖط࣍٤ඒ ߛऱუڇഛߛֆاΔؾऱڇ࿇୶٤ီມऱᏝଖኪ৫Δॺൄᔞٽሎشᤜᠲխ֨ඒᖂฃᘜԵ ᨠΰMerryfiedϟWhiteΔ1996αΖᤜᠲխ֨ඒᖂመ࿓խޣᖂسᖂ፦ႃΕ։࣫ᇷಛऱ౨ԺΔ ฤٽ٤֏ழזΔ֧ᖄᖂس࿇୶ᇞެ٤ംᠲऱ౨ԺΖઌኙ࣍ԫठءऱඒઝΔటኔऱᤜᠲᇞެࠀڶᑑᄷூፖᇞެֱऄΔຘመٵᕦઌյಘᓵፖᇷಛᔹᦰΔഛ塄ᖂس٤ီມऱޅܒ౨ԺΖ ڇᤜᠲխ֨መװඒᖂᆖ᧭ᇙΔᔞᅝऱխ֨ᤜᠲެࡳԱඒᖂګඓΰᏥભᐝΔ1998αΖխ֨ᤜᠲऱᙇᖗᏁ ڶ٤ᒤᡱ܀ڶᑑᄷூΔ൷२ᖂسسڶךߩەᇷறܓಘᓵΖڇኔਜඒᖂᑓڤՂዌڤञᓵ ୲࣐ᆵԵႚอඒᖂऱᆍ۠Δᤜᠲխ֨ऱᓰ࿓ᔞٽאψެࡳᑓڤωኔਜΰفႁफΔ2002αΖ ឈྥᤜᠲඒᖂࠠڶڍႈᚌរΔ܀ᤜᠲᖂᏁߩജऱழၴΔ༼ࠎ٤᧯ٵᖂך։ٌੌ֗ᔹᦰΕ፦ ႃᇷறΔթڶለړய࣠(ࣥᖫᜢΔ2004)Ζႚอڇඒփၞ۩ऱᤜᠲխ֨ඒᖂΔ࠹ૻՂᓰழၴፖඒ ़ၴૻࠫΔྤऄך։ಘᓵΔ۔ஃՈྤऄᨠኘޢۯٵᖂᖂൣݮΖڇᖂسՂጻֲዬཏ֗ՀΔڕ࣠ܓش ጻሁၞ۩ಘᓵΔല৬ዌޓᐘࢤΕڍց֗ၲ࣋ऱᛩቼΔױ౨ڶܓᖂسၞ۩ሀΕԵऱಘᓵΖ܀ؾ ছᤜᠲխ֨ඒᖂࡸኙܓشጻሁᖂᛩቼ࿇୶ऱԵ൶ಘΔᖂسਢܡڶߩജऱයٙՂጻፖಘᓵ? ඒஃڇጻሁՂ֧ᖄᤜᠲಘᓵലڶୌࠄܺᣄፖਗᖏΛઌᣂګயԾڕ۶?ઃڶৱඒᖂኔ᧭ࠐေ۷Ζ
૪㊹⥑⤺
ņɺŇ૪㊹ᑂ
ط࣍ઔߒؾऱڇ৬مױൎ֏٤ඒߛऱچඒᖂᑓิΔאཚ౨ኔᔌ࣍ඒᖂΖڇጻሁٽ܂ᖂ ऱᓵխΔٽ܂ᖂኙွᙇᖗฆყՕऱ٤ࠡהچᖂسၞ۩Δյ೯ᆖ᧭ყᄅ࡛ΔᨠរᓢડՈ ყڍΔಘᓵய࣠ՈყړΖ܀ሀഏጻሁٽ܂ᖂᆖ᧭থՈ᧩قߢᎽᡶΕழૻࠫΔᏺףጻሁٽ܂ऱ ᣄ৫(Schleicher,2006)ΖڇەᐞխᖂسรԲߢܓش౨ԺൣउՀΔᙇᖗٵᑌߢΔ܀Ծࠠڶچᨠ រฆऱՕຬچᖂسٽ܂ΔለڶܓԵऱಘᓵፖٽ܂Ζ ࠌኔ᧭࣠൷२ኔᎾΔءઔߒ࣍ጻሁՂ೯ᝮᓮڶრᣋٽ܂ऱՕຬᖂீΖઔߒृܓشཔ ΰ2006 ڣ 8 ִαຕ۟Օຬچඒᖂጻీ࿇֮ᐛޣٽ܂ඒஃΖ֮ີ࿇܉ԫၜ৵ΔڇՕຬ K12 ऱچ ઝಘᓵठa ༈ބࠩڍۯڶრᣋٽ܂ऱඒஃΔ٦ᆖመԫଡִऱ MSN ֗ E-MAIL ኔᎾาᆏಘᓵ৵Δᙇ ᖗٽ܂რᣋለऱڜᚧতਬխ۔ஃΔܓشֲ״ႃ۞ᣋᖂسፖΖᆖᓳࠟچᖂسऱᑇۯᆵ ՕΔՕຬᖂسڇ୮ᇙՂጻऱᖲᄎլΔᇷಛᖂፖಘᓵݾ౨ՈለլߩΖຘመፖٽ܂ඒஃ࠰ᓳ৵Δપ ԿၜႃٽԣڻΔᨃᖂس۟֟٥ٵՂጻ 2 ՛ழΔؓழঞط୮խڶሽᆰऱٵᖂᖜٚᜤԳΔຂຑᢀࠡ הิΖ ءઔߒऱഏփኔ᧭ኙွࡵᥞਬഏمխᖂسΔᇠீԫषীᖂீΔᖂسైᔆխΔԵᖂ ഗྒྷؓ݁։ᑇ 240 ։ΖᆖॣޡᇷಛᓳΔኔ᧭ఄ్ႛપ 5%୮խྤሽᆰፖጻᎾጻሁΔྤࣔ᧩ᑇۯ ᆵΔᔞٽၞ۩ඒᖂኔ᧭Ζڇኔ᧭ᖂسڣ్ऱᙇᖗՂΔءኔ᧭լᙇᖗፖᓰጼխ٤֏ඒᖂ່ઌᣂऱ ԿኔਜΔਢݙᖞඒᖂኔ᧭क़၄ழၴለ९ΔԿᖂس࠹ૻ֒ᖂᚘԺྤऄݙ٤ٽΖڇەၦԲ چඒᖂؾᑑፖ٤ඒߛؾᑑઌ२ΔԲᖂسᓰ؆ઔߒऱழၴለך։ΔءઔߒᙇᖗڇԲچ ᙇଥᓰ֗༃ழၴၞ۩ΖᇠீԲኔ᧭ิఄΕኙᅃิఄ٤ຝᖂسຟڶᙇଥψچᖄᓵωԫᖂ ։ऱچᙇଥᓰΔאᇠᆏᓰऱඒᖂփ୲אԲψ֮֏چωඒઝփ୲ऱۼፖᇖךΔ ቔᚐᖂسދԵڼᓰ؆ᖂ೯Δٚᓰඒஃֆܫڼ೯ᖂګ࣠ലᖂཚګᜎ 50%ေ։ֺࠏऱࠉ aጻܿΚhttp://sq.k12.com.cn/bbsᖕΖ ઔߒૠආᄷኔ᧭ઔߒऄΔᝩ܍ᑌءᎄΔ٥ܓش AΕBΕC Կଡఄ్ၞ۩ኔ᧭Δޢఄඒᖂ ழၴೈᓰഘழၴքᆏᓰ؆Δࠡ塒ᖂسᓰ৵۞ᖂΖࠡխ AΕB ࠟఄኔ᧭ิԳᑇ։ܑ 28 ֗ 35ԳΔፖՕຬڜᚧٽ܂ᖂீၞ۩ጻሁٽ܂ፖᤜᠲխ֨ᖂΔඒᖂૠאᖂسխ֨Δඒஃߡۥ༼ ࠎᘬᇬፖ֧ᖄᖂΖط࣍ኔ᧭ิᖂسڶ 63 ۯΔՕຬᖂسڶ 49 ۯΔە CGGE ᆖ᧭৵Δආࠟچ ᖂسٽᒳิٽ܂ᖂΔޢิ᜔Գᑇ 7 ࢨ 9 ټΖᒳิመ࿓խኔ᧭ᖂسאլሀఄፖݳᣋঞΔ AఄޢิԳᑇ 4 Գჸ 3 ټՕຬᖂسΔB ఄޢิԳᑇ 5 Գჸ 4 ټᖂسΖC ఄ൳ࠫఄԳ ᑇ 35 ԳΔඒஃലᓰ࿓փ୲ףאᒳᙀᖞ৵Δၞ۩ڍ᧯ᝑ૪ඒᖂፖറᠲܫਐᖄΖኙᅃิٵᑌሎ شٽ܂ᖂฃၞ۩റᠲܫઔߒΔ܀ႛڇఄփኔਜᒳิΔޢิ 5 Գٽ܂ၞ۩ᖂፖઔߒΖኔ᧭ছΔ Կఄઃၞ۩वᢝ֗ኪ৫ऱছྒྷΔছྒྷ࣠Կଡఄڇኪ৫Ղڶ᧩ထฆΔױאၞ۩ᖂ৵ऱኪ৫ֺ ለΖ܀ڇवᢝছྒྷխΔႛኔ᧭ิ B ఄፖኙᅃิ C ఄڶฆΔױၞ۩ኔ᧭৵ኙᅃֺለΔኔ᧭ิ A ఄದរवᢝለ BΕC ࠟఄࠋΔױၞԫޡ։࣫ದរवᢝฆኙኪ৫ᖂऱᐙΖط࣍ઔߒழၴ९ሒն ଡִΔ։ګࠟၸၞ۩Δรԫၸኔ᧭ิຘመ CGGE ᠏֏ऱᑓิࠐኔਜጻሁٽ܂ᖂΖԼԲִٝร ԫၸޔ৵Δጵٽኔਜܺᣄ࿇୶ݮګࢤေ۷ΔଥإรԲၸऱඒᖂΖ່৵ઔߒृ፦ႃ৵ྒྷം࠴Ε ඒᖂؤಖΕᖂسᖂᖵ࿓ၞ۩։࣫Δࠀ៶طઔߒृΕᨠኘඒஃΕᖂسၞ۩ԿߡٌՐᛀီԿଡఄ్ᖂ سڇኪ৫ፖݾ౨ऱฆΖ
ņʷŇᄞણ⥑⤺
CGGEऱጻሁٽ܂ᖂᆖ᧭ፖᤜᠲխ֨ඒᖂ࢚Δױאૠچඒᖂᑓิࠀଫ٤ඒߛխऱ ᎁवΕൣრፖݾ౨ؾᑑΖ܀ CGGE ऱ࢚ਢิٽڍଡለࠠዌࢤऱᖂցΔፖᤜᠲխ࢚֨ԫ ᠲၲ࣋ࢤऱᖂֱڤլٵΔࠟृྤऄٵழၞ۩Ζڂڼءᓰ࿓ڇૠՂە MerryfiedϟWhiteΰ1996α ᤜᠲխ֨ᘜԵᨠऱᆖ᧭Δ٣ۭຑچᖂፖ٤ᤜᠲᣂএΔ٦࿇୶ᖂسኔᎾ᧯᧭Δലඒᖂੌ࿓ ։ࠟଡၸΖรԫၸਢᄷໂᤜᠲಘᓵऱഗ៕Δە CGGE ᆖ᧭ലඒᖂੌ࿓᠏֏ցڤऱዌࢤ ٽ܂ᖂ೯ΖรԲၸၞ۩ᤜᠲխ֨ڤᖂΔඒᖂૠࠉᖕᤜᠲխ֨ऱψެࡳᑓڤω࢚ΔႿ ທլٵمᆬۥΔຘመጻሁᑓᚵֆᦫᄎΔআګቸ᧯ٽ܂ऱڍցಘᓵΖඒᖂᑓิૠᚨشᑇۯᖂൄ شऱૠᑓڤ ADDIEΔץਔ։࣫(Analysis)Εૠ(Design)Ε࿇୶(Development)Εኔਜ(Implementation)Ε ေ۷ፖଥإ(Evaluation)ΔאՀ១ᎅࣔᓰ࿓։࣫ΕૠΕ࿇୶Εኔਜፖଥإऱੌ࿓Ζ 1.ᓰ࿓։࣫ᓰ࿓։࣫ᓰ࿓։࣫ᓰ࿓։࣫ ڇጻሁٽ܂ᖂऱ࢚խΔլٵऱගᆢٽ܂ױא༼ࠎޓڍցऱᖂಘᓵΖ܀ᓰ࿓ૠႊ٣ ։࣫۞ߪፖٽ܂ኙွฆΔ৸ەڼऱٽ܂ᖂฤٽୌࠄ٤ඒߛऱൣቼΔڕ۶ൕچඒᖂᨠរ֊ ԵΔ֧࿇ޓڍցᨠរऱࠨᖿΖխഏՕຬچፖ᥆֮࣍֏ઌ२Δለᣄၞ۩ሀ֮֏ऱٽ܂ᖂΔ܀ ڇ٤ᆖᛎ᧯ߓխΔࠟࡾފዝլٵ։ՠߡۥΔ૿ኙ٤֏ऱمլٵΔױא࿇୶ڍցᨠរಘᓵΖڼ ؆ࠟࡾ၉࣐ࠉژ৫ΔথڇਙएՂ৫ᓢડؿએΔࠟࡾᆖᛎᤜᠲ֘ᚨԱ٤ඒߛՀᓢડፖٽ܂ࠀژ ऱઊ৸Δࠟࡾऱᆖ၉յ೯༉ਢ٤֏ऱᜍᐙΖ ڇᤜᠲխ֨ඒᖂऱ࢚ᇙΔᤜᠲऱᙇᖗᏁڶ٤ᒤᡱ܀൷२ᖂسسΔڶᑑᄷூΔ܀ڶ ך։ᇷறױࠎٵᖂ፦ႃፖಘᓵΖ։࣫ࠟࡾᆖᛎᤜᠲฤٽխسऱ٤ᨠ֨࿇୶Δط२ΕՕ ຬດዬឩՕࣟࠅΕΖൕچᖂઝ֊Ե൶ಘΔࠟࡾ၉࣐ࠠڶΕᇷ८ፖسขऱ़ၴᨠរፖچյ೯ऱᨠរΔٵழՈឆܶԱ٤֏ᆖᛎֆؓፖةᥛ࿇୶ᓰᠲΖڂڼຘመچᨠរ։࣫ࠟࡾᆖ ᛎᤜᠲΔՈٵழ֊ԵԱ٤ඒߛऱփොΔլ܀༼֒ᖂسऱ٤ီມΔՈڶܗ࿇୶ٽ܂ᇞެࠟࡾംᠲ ऱ౨ԺΖਚءઔߒᙇࡳψؾছࠟࡾ၉࣐ެࠩࢍᚨਢףൎၲ࣋ࢨૻࠫω܂ψެࡳᖂᑓڤω ऱխ֨ᤜᠲΖ 2.ᓰ࿓ૠᓰ࿓ૠᓰ࿓ૠᓰ࿓ૠ ᆖመᖂृፖᤜᠲ։࣫৵Δءઔߒە CGGE ᆖᛎ٤֏ඒᖂᑓิؾᑑΔᘜԵඒߛຝૡࡳऱچ ᓰ࿓ඒᖂؾᑑΖڂኔ᧭ཚၴᔞນ៱ᓰ࿓ᑑᄷኔਜऱ່৵ԫڣΔڇەၦآࠐඒᖂऱᚨشࢤΔ֗ᖂ سᖂᥛࢤլᐙՀΔءኔ᧭ᘜԵᄅᓰጼխઌᣂऱ٤ඒߛඒᖂؾᑑΔ៶אૠอᖞࢤऱඒ ᖂᑓิΔᖂؾᑑڕՀΖ (1)ᎁवؾᑑᎁवؾᑑᎁवؾᑑᎁवؾᑑΚΚΚᇞ٤֏ፖଡԳऱᣂএΕᎁᢝ٤࿇୶ฆፖ၉࣐ऱ࿇سऱᣂᜤΕ౨։࣫Κ ٤ᆖ၉᧯ߓՀၴᓤᠧۖյᘸऱᣂএΕᇞᆖᛎ٤֏ऱॴᡶፖૻࠫΕ౨ᇞᤩᆖᛎ٤ ֏ՀឩՕऱᆖ၉ᓢડፖംᠲΖ (2)ݾ౨ؾᑑݾ౨ؾᑑݾ౨ؾᑑݾ౨ؾᑑΚΚΚ౨ၞ۩ሀऱಘᓵፖٽ܂Ε౨ၞ۩ሀऱᄮຏࠀ৬م٥ᢝΕ౨ሀ፦ႃᇷΚ றፖ։࣫ᇷಛΖ (3)ൣრؾᑑൣრؾᑑൣრؾᑑൣრؾᑑΚΚΚᎁٵᖂ૿ኙ٤֏ऱૹࢤΕᦟፖլٵԳا൷ᤛፖٽ܂Εᣋრࢤ৸ەΚ ΕխഏፖऱᣂᜤΕ౨֘ઊ٤֏ऱֆؓ၉࣐ፖةᥛ࿇୶Εࣲᓾ٤֏ऱڍցᏝଖΔ ౨ڶ༇ૹฆऱኪ৫Ζ ࠌψࠟࡾᆖ၉ᤜᠲωᠲ౨何ٽ٤ඒߛऱڍցᨠរΔءઔߒەᖂؾᑑ֗٤ඒߛඒᖂ ᆖ᧭ΰᠱ۩ॽΔ2004αΔૠඒᖂᄗ࢚ቹڕՀቹ 1 Ζࠡխ່փഎψࠟࡾ၉࣐ωᓰ࿓ᤜᠲு֨Δ່ ؆എ٤ඒߛᖂؾᑑऱઌᣂᄗ࢚Δല٤ඒߛፖᓰ࿓ᤜᠲᄗٌ࢚ႃ৵Δױ᠏֏รԿഎऱᖂ փොΔၞԫޡױូנรԲഎऱԿଡցᠲΔԿଡցऱᓰ࿓೯ૠኴڕ। 1Ζᖞଡඒᖂ ᄗ࢚ቹאႽݮᛩ៥࿇୶ΔฤٽطଡԳΕषᄎΕࠟࡾΕࠩ٤ऱ٤ᨠ࿇୶ႉݧΔ່ۖ৵٤ᄗ࢚Ո ౨ຘመ٤֏ެڃᚨ٤֏ኙଡԳऱᐙΔ֧ದᖂسኙᆖᛎ٤֏ऱᣂ֨ፖૹီΖ ߧ 1 ᄞણʙ㆛⥑⤺⎞Қᄞ⋀Ꮥ൳ߧ
ᓰ࿓ᠲፖᖂփොᒔࡳ৵Δ༉ױە CGGE ᆖ᧭ૠᓰ࿓೯Δ࿇୶ٽ܂ऱچᖂ೯Ζ ᓰ࿓೯ٽඒᖂᄗ࢚ቹऱԿଡᠲΔᏁᘜԵᓰ࿓ு֨ᄗ࢚Δࠀܓشٽ܂ᖂኙွऱฆᨠរၞ۩ ኙᇩᖂΖ। 1 ᓰ࿓೯ኴ।Δ։ܑ٨נᇠᠲᓰ࿓ு֨ᄗ࢚Εٽ܂ኙွऱฆᨠរΔݦඨຘ መچٽ܂ᖂٚ೭Δ࿇୶ޓڍցऱऱ٤چᖂΖڇᓰ࿓փ୲ֱ૿Δە CGGE ֗ᤜᠲխ֨ ࢚ૠጻሁᓰ࿓Δᓰ࿓ऱิګץਔΚ (1)֧ದ೯ᖲ֧ದ೯ᖲ֧ದ೯ᖲ֧ದ೯ᖲΚΚΚΚܓشس֏ऱኔᎾூࠏ܂֗ᓰ࿓ైޗΖ (2)࿇୶೯࿇୶೯࿇୶೯࿇୶೯ΚΚΚΚᎲ൷ٽ܂ᖂ೯ᏺףᖂسࠨᖿፖ᧯᧭Ζ (3)֧ᖄಘᓵ֧ᖄಘᓵ֧ᖄಘᓵ֧ᖄಘᓵΚΚΚΚૠᇢ൶ࢤऱംᠲ֧ᖄಘᓵូᖂૹរΖ (4)ូ֘ઊូ֘ઊូ֘ઊូ֘ઊΚΚΚΚܓشᤜᠲإ֘ᨠរ࿇୶ޅܒ৸ەΔຘመᓢડፖ֘ઊૹ৬ᏝଖΖ ⠧ 1 ȵҚջʁқ୮⫈ȶ⦩ỄᙙՒၪ⣬⠧ 3.ᓰ࿓࿇୶ᓰ࿓࿇୶ᓰ࿓࿇୶ᓰ࿓࿇୶ ءઔߒەࠅ࠱֛ᖂೃऱᇷಛᘜԵषᄎઝඒᖂඒޗᆖ᧭Δආጻሁ܍၄ XOOPS ۞೯ਮీ࿓ڤ ࿇୶ᖂؓΰᠱᜨଥΔ2003αΔᖂؓ૿ڕቹ 2ΖXOOPS ٤ټਢ eXtensible Object Oriented Portal
SystemΔਢԫଡױ፹܂೯ኪढٙᖄٻຌ᧯ΰObject OrientedαΔᔞٽ܂ۼढٙᖄٻऱԵՑጻీߓ
อΖඒᖂؓߓอࢬᏁפ౨Δڍᑇຟױڇ XOOPS ֭གᑓิጻీބࠩΔլ܀܍၄ࠌشۖڜᇘ១ Ζ܀ڇྒྷᇢࠡၴ࿇Օຬچኙᖂጻሁऱ᙮ᐈለాΔᐙՕຬٵᖂᖂრᣋΖᆖᖂؓ ᔢฝ۟ኙഏ؆᙮ᐈለՕဠᚵᖲ৵Δթࣔ᧩ޏՕຬچᖂسՂᖲრᣋΖ ᠲ ᠲᠲ ᠲ ၉࣐ፖس၉࣐ፖس၉࣐ፖس၉࣐ፖس ࠟࡾ၉࣐ऱ࿇سࠟࡾ၉࣐ऱ࿇سࠟࡾ၉࣐ऱ࿇سࠟࡾ၉࣐ऱ࿇س ࠟࡾᆖ၉ެࠟࡾᆖ၉ެࠟࡾᆖ၉ެࠟࡾᆖ၉ެ ᓰ࿓ ᓰ࿓ᓰ࿓ ᓰ࿓ փ୲ փ୲փ୲ փ୲ ኴ ኴኴ ኴ ຘመࠟࡾ৬م՛ิᚾூ ೯࿇୶ٽ܂ᖂᚈৈፖጻ ሁؓᄮຏݾ౨ ፦ႃࠟࡾ၉࣐ᇷಛΔࠀބנᔞ ٽࠟࡾၴၞ۩၉࣐ऱढΔࠀ։ ࣫ࠟࡾ၉࣐ڕ۶յܓΔԾڶୌࠄ ᎽᡶΖ ࠟࡾᖂسൕࠟࡾլٵᨠរ൶ಘᆖ၉ၲ࣋ऱ إ૿ᐙΖ ᖂسᏁ፦ႃᇷறΕፖಘᓵΔࠀנࠟࡾ ᆖ၉ᚨᚌ٣ψၲ࣋ωࢨψጥωऱެΖ ு֨ ு֨ு֨ ு֨ ᄗ࢚ ᄗ࢚ᄗ࢚ ᄗ࢚ ࿇୶ࠟࡾᄮຏΕಘᓵፖٽ ܂౨Ժ ࠟࡾ၉࣐ऱ࿇سڂፖᆖᛎՂ ऱઌյࠉژΖ ٤֏Հࠟࡾᆖ၉ၲ࣋ऱڍցᨠរΖ ฆ ฆฆ ฆ ᨠរ ᨠរᨠរ ᨠរ ࠟࡾᆖᛎ࿇୶լٵΔᆖᛎ سֱڤլٵ ޢڣኙՕຬڶՕၦႉΔڶ യ֊ᆖᛎᤁञፖࠉᘸᣂএ ࠟࡾऱጥࠫᠾᆙ৵Δٞᄐ؆ฝΔױ౨ ທګขᄐ़֏ΖՕຬঞڂၲ࣋৵֧ၞ؆ ᇷፖݾΔᆖᛎݶຒګ९Ζ ٽ܂ ٽ܂ٽ܂ ٽ܂ ᖂ ᖂᖂ ᖂ ೯ ೯೯ ೯ ՛ၷ܂ᄐ 1-1Κ ࠟࡾิઌյᜤᢀ ՛ၷ܂ᄐ 1-2Κ ಘᓵൄߠऱࠟࡾ ՛ၷ܂ᄐ 2-1Κ ࠟࡾ၉࣐ᑓᚵ ՛ၷ܂ᄐ 2-2Κ נࠟࡾ၉࣐چቹ ࠟࡾᖂسၞ۩ጻሁᑓᚵֆᦫᄎ
ߧ 2 ણ∳౹ש⦩Ễᯉㄇ( ㋤ᯉㄇ) ࠌᖂؓױא᎖ܗᖂسၞ۩ጻሁٽ܂ᖂΔᖂؓܓش XOOP ؆ऱᑓิפ౨Δᛜທጻ ሁٽ܂ፖᤜᠲಘᓵᖂൣቼΖՀ। 2 ኴᙕᖂؓለૹऱߓอפ౨Δ֗ᇠפ౨ܓشऱ؆ᑓิΔ אܓ৵ᥛᚨشृەΖb ⠧ 2 ણ∳౹ש⸅⣬₇⃥Լ⋱⦦ᆙ⠧ ႈؾ ႈؾ ႈؾ ႈؾ פ౨տฯפ౨տฯפ౨տฯפ౨տฯ ᠏ངڗ᧯ ᠏ངڗ᧯ ᠏ངڗ᧯ ᠏ངڗ᧯ ڼႈפ౨ᨃᖂسڇፖಘᓵழΔױऴ൷ᙁԵ᧯ڗΙՕຬᖂسױऴ൷ᙁԵ១᧯ڗΔߓอᄎ۞೯ ᒳᒘإᒔऱڗ᧯᧩قΔڶܓࠟࡾٵᖂၞ۩ٽ܂ಘᓵΖᆖլٵठءऱڍڻྒྷᇢΔආ XOOPS 2.013 ១ ᧯ठءΔࠀڜᇘψXlanguage3.0ω១᧯᠏ངፖψXconv1.63ωڗᒘ᠏ངᑓิ৵Δ១᧯᠏ངפ౨່ ࡳΖ ᖂ֫ם ᖂ֫ם ᖂ֫ם ᖂ֫ם ܓش XOOPS ऱ Tiny ᑓิΔᒳᙀᓰ࿓હནտฯΕඒᖂؓᖙ܂Ε՛ิՠ܂։Εᓰ࿓ՕጼΕඒᖂؾᑑΕ ᖂݾ؏ΕඒஃᜤᇷಛΕ༼ࠎᖂسᒵՂەࢨᠦᒵՀሉΖ ՛ၷᇷಛ ՛ၷᇷಛ ՛ၷᇷಛ ՛ၷᇷಛ ڼຝٝ༼ࠎٺ՛ၷᖂᇷಛΕၷᙇᖗፖ՛ၷګᜎᇬΔၷ९ױڶய༳༽ޢۯิऱၞ৫ፖኙ՛ၷऱ ಥ৫Ζڼຝٝܓشψmemberlistωፖᗨ։ඈ۩ऱ֭གᑓิิٽۖګΖ ᓰ࿓փ୲ ᓰ࿓փ୲ ᓰ࿓փ୲ ᓰ࿓փ୲ ڼຝ։ٍܓش Tiny ᑓิᒳᙀΔە CGGE ᆖ᧭Δܓشس֏ऱኔᎾூࠏΔ֧ᖄٵᖂᖂፖಘᓵΖ ᤜᠲಘᓵ ᤜᠲಘᓵ ᤜᠲಘᓵ ᤜᠲಘᓵ ڼפ౨ܓش XOOPS ऱ CBB ᑓิΔ࿇୶ጻሁֆᦫᄎΕംᠲಘᓵፖ՛ิٽ܂Ζڇڼٵᖂױಾኙઌյ ࿇।ऱ֮ີױေ։ΔՈױ۞۩ૡᔹტᘋᔊऱᠲΔ֮ີڶڃᚨࢨޓᄅழᄎ۞೯࿇ಛஒຏवଡܑᖂسΖ ֭གՠ ֭གՠ ֭གՠ ֭གՠࠠࠠࠠࠠ ᖂ۩ࠃᖟΕᒵՂܛழಘᓵΕ՛ิಛஒᆢ࿇ᑓิ༼ࠎᖂ֭གՠࠠΖ ඒஃጥ ඒஃጥ ඒஃጥ ඒஃጥ ܓش uservisit ᑓิ֗ Mysql ၲ࿇ඒஃጥߓอΔ༼ࠎඒஃಳ᠋ᖂسᖂणउΔࠀױᖂृፖ՛ၷף ։Ζ b ءኔ᧭ᖂؓऱጻܿۯ࣍ http://dgesiow.com/xoop/Ζ
4.ᓰ࿓ኔਜᓰ࿓ኔਜᓰ࿓ኔਜᓰ࿓ኔਜ ඒᖂኔ᧭ऱၞ۩ΔطઔߒृᖜٚඒᖂृΔኙᅃิ C ఄक़၄քᆏᓰழၴΔܓش PowerPointΕ ᐙׂΕ೯ࡉᖂඒᖂΔޢցޔ৵ޣᖂृᢆٌց܂ᄐΔ່৵࣍ඒփၞ۩ᤜᠲխ֨ඒ ᖂΖኔ᧭ิऱၞ۩ੌ࿓ڕ। 3Δೈքᆏإᓰ؆Δࡸܓش֑ٖழၴಝᒭٺิ՛ၷ९ᖂؓऱᖙ܂Δ ܀ࠟृඒऱழၴΕփ୲ፖ৫ጐၦԫીΖڇኔᎾඒᖂመ࿓խΔኔ᧭ิڇԼԲִᔡሖࠟࡾᖂழၴ ྤऄٽऱૻࠫΔലૠψࠟࡾ၉࣐چቹωᖂց࠷Δࠀᓳᖞψࠟࡾ၉࣐ᑓᚵऱ೯ωց ९۟ 96 ڣ 1 ִٝΔၞ۩Ζڇψࠟࡾ၉࣐ᑓᚵऱ೯ωց೯ޔ৵Δઔߒृ࿇୶รԫၸऱݮ ګࢤေ۷Δ܂รԲၸጻሁֆᦫᄎऱኔਜଥإΖ ⠧ 3 ૪㊹⦩Ễ૪もⳖ⠗ᙟỄ ழၴ ழၴ ழၴ ழၴ ၞ۩փ୲ၞ۩փ୲ၞ۩փ୲ ၞ۩փ୲ รԫᆏᓰ รԫᆏᓰรԫᆏᓰ รԫᆏᓰ 95/10/2 ۔ஃشދᐙׂ֧ದᖂ೯ᖲΔࠀᎅࣔᖂੌ࿓ ٌངࠟࡾᖂس emailΔၞ۩ॺٵޡյ೯൷ᤛ ۔ஃਐᖄᖂؓऱഗ៕ᖙ܂Δࠀٌז۞۩ၞ۩ጻሁᓰ࿓Ζ ร รร รԲᆏᓰԲᆏᓰԲᆏᓰԲᆏᓰ 95/10/5 ࠟࡾᖂسٵழႃ᧯ՂጻΔᑵ൜ᖂؓऱᖙ܂ፖࠟࡾᖂسऱ ಘᓵΖ ጻሁ۞ᖂ ጻሁ۞ᖂጻሁ۞ᖂ ጻሁ۞ᖂ 95/10/6 ~ 95/11/1 ጻሁ՛ၷ۞۩ၞ۩ψ၉࣐ፖسωցᓰ࿓ รԿᆏᓰ รԿᆏᓰรԿᆏᓰ รԿᆏᓰ 95/11/3 ၞ۩ցψ၉࣐ፖسωܫΔ۔ஃូᓵ ጻሁ۞ᖂ ጻሁ۞ᖂጻሁ۞ᖂ ጻሁ۞ᖂ 95/11/4 ~ 96/1/1 ጻሁ՛ၷ۞۩ၞ۩ψࠟࡾ၉࣐ᑓᚵωցᓰ࿓ ร ร ร ร ԫ ԫ ԫ ԫ ၸ ၸ ၸ ၸ ᤜ ᤜ ᤜ ᤜ ᠲ ᠲ ᠲ ᠲ ᄷ ᄷ ᄷ ᄷ ໂ ໂ ໂ ໂ รᆏᓰ รᆏᓰรᆏᓰ รᆏᓰ 96/1/3 ၞ۩ցψࠟࡾ၉࣐ᑓᚵωܫΔ۔ஃូᓵ รնᆏᓰ รնᆏᓰรնᆏᓰ รնᆏᓰ 96/1/25 ᎅࣔցψᑓᚵֆᦫᄎω೯ऱၞ۩ֱڤࠀ༼ق՛ᓵ֮ऱᐷ ᐊֱऄ ጻሁ۞ᖂ ጻሁ۞ᖂጻሁ۞ᖂ ጻሁ۞ᖂ 96/1/26 ~ 96/2/27 ጻሁ՛ၷ۞۩ၞ۩ցնᓰ࿓ ร ร ร ร Բ Բ Բ Բ ၸ ၸ ၸ ၸ รքᆏᓰรքᆏᓰ รքᆏᓰรքᆏᓰ 96/3/2 ᖞ᧯ᓰ࿓ऱ֘ઊፖ՛ิಘᓵ 5.ᓰ࿓ଥإᓰ࿓ଥإᓰ࿓ଥإᓰ࿓ଥإ ط࣍ઔߒृࡸآڶࠟࡾխၞ۩ሀீٽ܂ᖂᆖ᧭Δᓰ࿓ॣཚૠ۷ࠟࡾᖂسٽ܂ᖂයٙΔ ᖄીรԫၸᖂسፖ࿓৫լԫΖᆖݮګࢤေ۷৵Δଥإᖂسᗨ։ૠጩΕ՛ၷᐘࢤᒳิፖቸ᧯ٽ܂ ࠨᖿऱฃΔޏٵᖂՂጻᖂൣउΖאՀᇡ૪รԫၸޔ৵ऱᓰ࿓ေ۷ፖଥإΚ (1)ૠ։ֱڤଥإૠ։ֱڤଥإૠ։ֱڤଥإૠ։ֱڤଥإ ᓰ࿓ॣཚە CGGE ေၦֱڤΔආڍցऱֱऄေၦᖂسګ༉ΖྥۖጻሁՂڍցေၦΔլ܀ᏺף ۔ஃေ։ፖอૠऱૹᖜΔٵᖂՈৰܺ༝ᓤᠧऱૠ։ֱڤΖط࣍ءኔ᧭ऱᖂመ࿓ڇጻሁՂ ऱಘᓵյ೯Δေ۷৵ലૠ։ֱڤଥޏګጻሁՂऱ࿇।֮ີᗨ։Ζᗨ։ਢٵᖂጻሁെᇆऱଡԳᇷಛऱ ԫႈΔޢڻ࿇।ԫᒧಘᓵழΔ༉ᄎܛழᏺף 1 ։ΖೈԱ֮ີᑇ؆ΔઔߒृଥإףԵಘᓵ֮ີᓵ૪ ৫ፖٵᕦऱ֭৫ຟᖞٽၞᗨ։խΔڕՀቹ 3 ऱࢅܛଡԳᗨ։Ζᗨ։ኙᖂس១ऴ൷Δޓૹ ऱਢױאຘऴ൷։ᑇऱڃ墅ΔܛழቔᚐٵᖂᤉᥛፖΔ᠏֏ᖂ೯ᖲΖ
ߧ 3 א≙ᄽὁᛖಙ㆜कԽӠߧ (2)ᖂسऱᐘࢤᒳิᖂسऱᐘࢤᒳิᖂسऱᐘࢤᒳิᖂسऱᐘࢤᒳิ ᓰ࿓ૠհࡨΔە CGGE ऱᆖ᧭Δٽࠟࡾၷᒳګࡐࡳ՛ၷΖྥۖࠟࡾᖂسऱᑇۯᆵՕΔ ᓰ塒ழၴྤऄٽΔឈྥᆖመԱࠟࡾิऱտฯፖյ೯ᓰ࿓Δথսآݮګױയ֊ٽ܂ऱᣂএΖ؆ ิ९լᛵᇞၷणउΔՈྤऄᜤᢀ։ՠፖᏆᖄΖەၦጻሁᖂऱ᧯ਢଡԳ(ᔤڌੴΔ2002)Δઔߒ ृଥޏᒳิֱڤΔᨃଡԳڶᐘࢤڇጻሁՂ೯ኪᙇᖗิܑΔ܀ิ९ڶᦞԺᙇᖗਢܡ൷࠹ิΖຍᑌऱ ᒳิૠิᄎ।ጠאޣิ९൷Δิ९ՈᄎጐԺ।אޣޓڍᚌߐऱิףԵΔאঁ౨ᏺף ิऱ᜔ᗨ։ΖඒஃڇଈՂ೯ኪܧޢԫิ।ΔץਔࢵႥऱၷᑇፖၷऱ᜔ᗨ։ڕՀቹ 4Δ ፖऱᖂױ౨ڂ՛ၷᜎயᙇᖗለࠋ՛ၷΔၞۖቔᚐ।ለࠋऱ՛ၷΖൕٽ܂ᖂऱߡ৫ࠐΔޢ ԫଡ՛ၷފዝᑓᚵֆᦫᄎլٵऱߡۥΔڂࢬمլٵΔ۞ྥڇᤜᠲऱ൶ߒՂנڍցऱֱٻፖ ᠲΖ ߧ 4 ଅぶ⫏⤻⎞ΤːỬӠ⠗ㆴḻᯉㄇ (3)ቸ᧯ٽ܂ऱࠨᖿቸ᧯ٽ܂ऱࠨᖿቸ᧯ٽ܂ऱࠨᖿቸ᧯ٽ܂ऱࠨᖿ ڇૠ։ֱڤଥޏଡԳᗨ։৵Δ༼ٵᖂଡԳՂጻ೯ᖲΖ܀ڂᗨ։ᏁଡԳՂጻ࿇ߢܛױᛧΔ ቸ᧯սઌյٽ܂ऱᏁፖ೯ԺΖઔߒृڇรԲၸऱጻሁᑓᚵֆᦫᄎଥإᤜᠲܒࡳऱᖲࠫΔ ຘመጥٵᖂ֮ີऱψᑑᠲছጺωΔ֧ᖄቸ᧯ᤜᠲऱၞ۩Δڕ। 4 ֗Հቹ 5Ζٵᖂ࿇ߢऱᤜᠲڕ࣠ڶ ٵิၷࢨृઌٵمऱࠡה՛ิګ֭Δ౨ᑢ堚ኙֱᨠរᔆጊΔ۔ஃᄎܒࡳቸ᧯ᗨ։Δᤜᠲᛧ ֱऱ່ࠋᓵၷലף 20 ։Δ։ᑇਢଡԳ֮ີ࿇।ᗨ։ऱ 20 Ζઌኙऱڕ࣠ኙֱم༼נൎԺ
֘ᓵංڶᓵ૪്Δঞط֘ኙֱऱ՛ิ९։ቸ᧯ᗨ։Δ۔ஃᄎࠉ֘ᓵऱ৫ፖᒧᑇղף։ ऱေࡳΖٵᖂ।قຍᑌऱᤜᠲᖲࠫΔআၞቸ᧯ၴऱٽ܂ፖᤁञΔᔊ࠺֏س࿏ऱᖂಘᓵΖլ܀ ࿇୶Աቸ᧯ٽ܂೯ᖲΔՈআၞᖂࢤ൶ߒಘᓵ۩Ζ ⠧ 4 ⤽⧄ᄽὁ᱿ᐻ㆛Ԋℑ⎞ר⋱ᄓኞ⠧ ᑑᠲছጺټጠ ᑑᠲছጺנයٙ ᑑᠲছጺנױ౨ய࣠ [ݮګᤜᠲխ] ࿇।ԳຘመᄅፊΕଡԳᆖ᧭Εཚעܫ ༼נଖԵ൶ಘऱᤜᠲΖ ٵᖂ౨ለݶ༳༽ለࠋऱᤜᠲ֮ີΔࠀױ א֧ದࠡהၷ֖ኙڼᠲऱᣂ֨Ζ [ᤜᠲբګم] ࿇।Գ༼נฤٽࡳऱ֮ີΔڇߩജၷ ֖֭ᓵរፖڃՀΔ۔ஃᄎףՂڼছ ጺΖ ञ࠷ޓڍቸ᧯։ᑇΔᥒֽף։ऱ۩ ૾܅Δ᠏֏Եઔߒፖᖞऱ֮ີ ᠲΖ [ၲ࣋۾ᚌႨ] ࢨ [ጥ۾ᚌႨ] ڕ࣠ᇠᤜᠲ֭ਬֱᓵរمբ၌መ 50 ऱழΔ۔ஃᄎ༼قڼᑑᠲΖ ط࣍ᤜᠲ່৵ܒࡳ࣠ऱழၴৰ ९Δመݮګࢤေᦸղڃ墅Δআၞᤜᠲ ᥛಘᓵΖ [ܛലܒࡳ] ᠲբڶ 3-5 ֚ڶ൷ᥛಘᓵΔࢨਢಘ ᓵመ࿓բڶॺൄᚌႨᨠរנΔ۔ஃ༼ قڼᑑᠲ༼ᙌᠨֱࣹრ ᅝᤜᠲ။ࠐ။ڍΔڼছጺױፋྡྷٵᖂऱ ಘᓵΔࠨᖿޓᖿ௺ऱإ֘مᓵΖ [ጥمᛧ] ࢨ [ၲ࣋مᛧ] բנฤٽܒࡳঞऱಘᓵ֮ີ ৵Δஃᄎمܛ᠙ࡳᠲ֮ີΔլւ٦ ڃಘᓵ. ਬࠄᤜᠲᆖመ९ழၴऱᑢ堚ፖᓵ૪৵Δ բᆖດዬݮګਬԫمऱ٥ᢝΖ ߧ 5 ℐ⭰ҝ⊝ሳʑ೧ߨ㋤⩀㆛ଃ༾᱿ȵᐻ㆛Ԋℑȶ
૪㊹ኞӠኔ
ņɺŇ⦓ᵧᲿᐻໞᄓӠኔ
Ա։࣫ءඒᖂᑓิኔਜ৵ኙᖂسᖂګ༉ऱޏ᧢Δઔߒृൕඒᖂؾᑑ࿇୶۞ૡᖂګ༉ྒྷ ᧭Δە᧭ኔ᧭ิፖኙᅃิڇছ৵ྒྷऱᖂګயΖᖂګ༉ྒྷ᧭٥ 25 ᠲᙇᖗᠲΔא९֮ᠲิΕቹ।ፖ ।ᑇᖕە᧭ᖂृऱᐋڻऱ։࣫ፖං౨ԺΔޢᠲ 1 ։Δየ։ 25 ։Ζط࣍ᠲؾᣄ৫ለΕ ᒤለᐖΔ࠷ޗࠀॺࠐ۞ඒޗփΔᖄીᖂسؓ݁։ᑇೣ܅Ζছྒྷڇ 95 ڣ 9 ִኔਜΔޔழآᛀಘ ࠀڇઌٵඒᖂؾऱፖᣄ৫ঞՀଥޏຝ։ᠲؾ৵ྒྷᇢᠲΔࠀڇ 96 ڣ 2 ִࢍඒᖂ೯ޔ৵ၞ۩৵ ྒྷΔ࣠࿇ٺఄऱ৵ྒྷؓ݁ᑇઃ࣍ছྒྷؓ݁ᑇΖԱᛀ᧭ٺఄᆖመլٵᖂٺఄवᢝګ༉ၞޡ ൣݮΔݺଚ٦ຘመٺఄছ৵ྒྷᇷறΔګኙᑌءᑇ T ە᧭Δᛀࡳٺఄऱছ৵ྒྷऱၞޡਢܡሒࠩ᧩ထΔ ࣠ڕՀ। 5Ζڇګኙᑌءᑇ T ᛀࡳխΔኔ᧭ิ A ఄፖ B ఄऱ᧩ထࢤຟ՛࣍Ա 0.05 אՀΔሒࠩ᧩ထΔ ܀ኙᅃิ C ఄऱၞޡথآሒࠩ᧩ထΔױאංᓵኔ᧭ิڇᎁवऱᖂၞޡՂለኙᅃิڶ᧩ထऱၞޡΖ ⠧ 5 Ⳗ⠗ણ∳ໞଔໞଃᑂ T ᒑહӠኔԊരᛵ׳ⳖᔎഐӠኔ⠧ ิܑ ᑌءᑇ ছྒྷ ؓ݁ᑇ ৵ྒྷ ؓ݁ᑇ ګኙ᧢ᑇ ᑑᄷ ઌᣂ t ᧩ထࢤ (ݠ) ኔ᧭ఄ A 28 12.46 14.42 2.38 0.881 -4.2 0.0001** ኔ᧭ఄ B 35 8.65 10.11 3.68 0.62 -2.3 0.021* ൳ࠫఄ C 35 9.62 9.77 1.62 0.93 -0.52 0.570 ط࣍ছྒྷழኔ᧭ิ B ఄፖኙᅃิ C ఄࠀྤ᧩ထฆΔڇ৵ྒྷޔழΔױၞԫޡᛀࡳࠟఄ৵ྒྷऱ ګᜎਢܡڶ᧩ထฆΔၴ൷ංᓵኔ᧭ิඒᖂᑓิኙᖂګ༉ऱᐙΖՀ। 6 ࠟఄ৵ྒྷ৵٦ԫڻ ᗑمᑌء T ᛀࡳΔ࣠᧢ฆᑇڶࣔ᧩ฆ(p ଖ>0.05)Δ᧩ထࢤ 0.833>0.05Δڶ᧩ထฆΖឈ ྥ B ఄڇᎁवؾᑑऱᖂၞޡለ᧩ထΔլመױ౨ᖂၞޡऱ༏৫ለ֟Δڇᗑمᑌءᛀࡳխྤऄݮګ ᧩ထऱฆΖຍᑌऱڂױ౨ፖ B ఄᓰ৵۞ᖂऱፖ࿓৫լԫΔᖂګ࣠נᠨऱွڶᣂΖ ᨠኘඒஃᎁኙ۞ݺ൳ࠫΕิ៣౨ԺለऱٵᖂۖߢΔጻሁ۞ᖂऱᖂګயۿլ֗ᆖመิ៣ ᖞᓰഘփᝑ૪ඒᖂΖ ⠧ 6 Ⳗ⠗ણ∳ໞଔ᩸Ἴᑂ T ᒑહӠኔരᛵኞӠኔ⠧ ิܑ ᑌءᑇᑇ ؓ݁ᑇ ᑑᄷ F ᛀࡳ P T ᧩ထࢤ (ݠ) ኔ᧭ఄ B 35 10.11 4.59 ൳ࠫఄ C 35 9.77 4.48 0.12 0.72 -0.2 0.823ņʷŇาᲿᐻໞᄓӠኔ
Աवඒᖂኔ᧭ছ৵Δൣრඒᖂؾᑑਢܡሒࠩ᧩ထֽᄷΖઔߒृܓشޕ܌ڤնរڤၦ।Δ ૠം࠴ە᧭ඒᖂኙᖂسኪ৫Ꮭଖऱႜٻ᧢֏Ζਜྒྷݙฅ৵٦։ܑૠጩޢఄޢۯٵᖂছ৵ྒྷऱኪ৫ၦ।᜔ؓ݁ΔലԿଡఄ్ছ৵ྒྷऱ٤᧯ٵᖂऱኪ৫ؓ݁ฆᛀࡳΖط࣍ኔ᧭ิፖኙᅃิၦ।ऱؓ݁ ଖฆຑᥛ᧢ᑇΔਚױܓشᗑمᑌء T ᛀࡳ։࣫Δᛀࡳ࣠ڕ। 7ΔࠡխছྒྷխԿఄࠀྤ᧩ထኪ ৫ฆΰ᧩ထࢤઃ>0.05αΔ܀ڇ৵ྒྷ৵ኔ᧭ิ AΕB ఄፖ C ऱฆᛀࡳઃܧ᧩ထΔ܀ AΕB ࠟኔ ᧭ఄฆլ᧩ထΔᛀࡳ࣠ױאංᓵඒᖂኔ᧭᧩ထޏ᧢Աᖂسऱኪ৫Ζ ⠧ 7 Ⳗ⠗᩸Ἴᑂ T ᒑહӠኔԊരᛵ׳๗ಙదᯌӠኔ⠧ ㆴ┮ඖ (܈ଜ) ছྒྷᗑمᛀࡳ ৵ྒྷᗑمᛀࡳ ิܑ ᑌءᑇ ছྒྷ ؓ݁ᑇ ৵ྒྷ ؓ݁ᑇ ኔ᧭ఄ A ኔ᧭ఄ B ኔ᧭ఄ A ኔ᧭ఄ B ኔ᧭ఄ A 28 2.95 3.64 0.7 0.895 ኔ᧭ఄ B 35 2.87 3.62 0.7 0.895 ൳ࠫఄ C 35 2.90 3.14 0.86 0.894 0.009** 0.01** ຘመፖࠟࡾᖂسٽ܂ᖂऱᖵ࿓։࣫Δኔ᧭ิڇᖂؓփऱಘᓵխܧԱࠟଡൣრᖂऱۥΚ 1.ᖂृޓᣂ֨ࠡהچԳاऱუऄፖ࿇୶उᖂृޓᣂ֨ࠡהچԳاऱუऄፖ࿇୶उᖂृޓᣂ֨ࠡהچԳاऱუऄፖ࿇୶उᖂृޓᣂ֨ࠡהچԳاऱუऄፖ࿇୶उΔΔΔΔ࿇୶আၞֆؓፖةᥛൣᡖ࿇୶আၞֆؓፖةᥛൣᡖ࿇୶আၞֆؓፖةᥛൣᡖΚ࿇୶আၞֆؓፖةᥛൣᡖΚΚ Κ אՀኴᙕኔ᧭ิڇᖂؓऱಘᓵΔױאנᖂृຘመጻሁٽ܂ᖂऱյ೯ٌੌΔტ࠹ࠩլ ٵऱمΔၞۖሂๅڇچስᨠរΔ࿇୶ֆؓ֗ةᥛऱ٤ီມᣂᡖΖ ε ഌ A ӕ ᏢǺך Ր ӧ ూ ࠄ ,೭ ٚ ࢂ ख़ ा ޑ ྡ ғ ౢ Ӧ , ...ך ޑ Ꮲ ਠ ӧ ϯ π ቷ ߕ ߈ ,ޜ ࡐ ৡ ,ך ག ډ ᓐ ว ҉ ᇻ ࢱ ό υ ృ ,ৎ ٚ ޑ Ϫ Ψ ᕴ ࢂ Ԫ ᆾ ᆾ ޑ .ε ഌ ޑ ᔮ ޑ ࢂ ࡌ ҥ ӧ ੁ ၗ ྍ ک ઇ ᚯ ᕉ ნ ޑ ! Ѡ A ӕ ᏢǺ(ӣ ᔈ ε ഌ A ӕ Ꮲ )ך ॺ ᕴ ᇥ ӧ ε ഌ Ԗ ϙ ሶ ރ ݩ Ǵӵ Ֆ ӵ Ֆ ǻ ᗋ ࢂ գ ॺ Ր ӧ ε ഌ ω Ԗ ӵ Ԝ ޑ Ϫ ጥ ϐ ภ Ǵ ഖ Ծ ρ ϙ ሶ ރ ݩ ᗋ ࢂ Ծ ρ ന Α ှ Ƕ (Ꮲ ಞ ѳ Ѡ ፕ ) Ѡ B ӕ Ꮲ Ǻ ך ॺ ӧ ࡰ р ځ д Γ ޑ Ԧ ࢉ ྍ ࡕ ό ा ע ୢ ᚒ ҧ ๏ ٗ ঁ ୯ ৎ ा д б ӄ ೢ ...ي ࣁ ၸ ٰ Γ ך ॺ ό ૈ ჴ ሞ Ԗ ᔅ շ ޑ ၉ Կ Ͽ Ψ ๏ ᗺ ှ ، ޑ ཀ ـ Ƕ ഖ д ॺ Ԧ ࢉ Α ࢂ ך ॺ ޑ Ӧ ౚ Զ ך ॺ ҅ ٬ Ҕ ӭ д ॺ Ԧ ࢉ Ӧ ౚ ܌ ඤ ٰ ޑ ౢ ࠔ ... (Ꮲ ಞ ѳ Ѡ ፕ ) ε ഌ B ӕ Ꮲ Ǻ ֎ Ї Ѡ ӣ Ѡ ࡐ Ѹ ा փ .ᅰ ᆅ ך ࢂ ε ഌ Γ ,ӧ ೭ ٤ В η ޑ Ꮲ ಞ ύ ך ᅌ ᅌ ว Ѡ ӧ ε ഌ ޑ ၗ ჹ Ѡ ҁ Ӧ ٰ Α Ѯ ε ޑ ཞ Ѩ .Ѡ ע ӧ ε ഌ ᖺ ډ ޑ ၗ ߎ ᙯ ډ ε ഌ ܈ ୯ Ѧ ࢂ Ѡ ߈ ൳ ԃ ٰ ჹ Ѧ ຩ ܰ ৡ ෧ Ͽ ,ၗ ߎ Ѧ ࢬ ޑ ख़ ा চ Ӣ .வ Ѡ ޑ ف ࡋ ࣮ ࢂ ࡐ ᆙ ࡚ ޑ , ձ Ⴝ Ў ύ ග ډ ޑ ٗ ኬ ,Ѡ ᕴ ό ׆ ఈ Ծ ρ Ԗ Չ р ᅅ ࢰ ,ؒ Ԗ ፔ ׆ ఈ Ծ ρ ޑ ѱ ౢ ࠔ ֹ ӄ ٩ ᒘ Ѧ Ӧ α . (Ꮲ ಞ ѳ Ѡ ፕ ) Ѡ C ӕ ᏢǺߏ ය ٿ ۞ ຩ ܰ ৡ ٰ ޑ ό Ϧ ѳ ……ຩ ܰ ٩ Ӹ ࡋ ଯ ٠ ό ࢂ ൂ Б य़ ޑ ୢ ᚒ ǴԶ Ӛ ᅿ ኧ Ᏽ ׳ ࡰ р Ǵϸ Զ ࢂ Ѡ ՞ ᅰ ε ഌ ᓬ ༈ Ǵև ߏ ය р ຬ ޑ ຝ ǻ (Ꮲ ಞ ѳ Ѡ ፕ )
2.ᖂृ᠖堚ೣߠࣴီᖂृ᠖堚ೣߠࣴီᖂृ᠖堚ೣߠࣴီΕᖂृ᠖堚ೣߠࣴီΕΕΕᑢ堚ࠃኔᑢ堚ࠃኔΕᑢ堚ࠃኔᑢ堚ࠃኔΕΕΕ࿇୶ڍցᨠរ࿇୶ڍցᨠរ࿇୶ڍցᨠរ ࿇୶ڍցᨠរ ຘመሀऱઌյᄮຏΔڶܗ࣍ᑢ堚ࠃኔΔ᠖堚ೣߠΖאՀኴᙕኔ᧭ิڇᖂؓऱಘᓵΔױ אנࠟࡾऱمլٵΔױאڍցᇞᦰᜲᇷֺለ।ऱᆖᛎᑇᖕΖՕຬٵᖂᨠኘנऱᆖᛎೖዩլ ছΔࠀᑢ堚אભ८ࠐՕຬᆖᛎ୲࣐܅۷Օຬऱ࿇୶ΔچٵᖂঞאኔᎾᑇᖕਗᖏՕຬٵᖂऱ ࠥࣨٱွΔࠀ౨א٤ࠡהᆖ᧭ޅܒՕຬᆖᛎऱ࿇୶ΖឈྥڇಘᓵॣཚΔࠟࡾٵᖂٺ۞რᢝীኪऱ ీڇաֱمᥨΔ܀່৵Օຬٵᖂս։ࠆՕຬՠᇷऱࠃኔΔᨃٵᖂޓ౨ࠥ᧯ᄎՕຬᆖᛎ࿇ ୶ऱฆፖउΖ ε ഌ C ӕ Ꮲ :ൔ ၰ ᇥ ᆵ Ӧ Γ ҇ ᖼ ວ Κ ᗋ ό Ϸ ੇ ǵ ܼ Ԁ ...ᆵ ε Ꮲ ғ Д ԏ Ε 20000 ཥ ᆵ ჾ ൩ ࡐ ό ᒱ Α Ƕ …… Ѡ D ӕ Ꮲ Ǻ ……Π ߄ ࣁ ٿ ۞ ᇙ ѳ ֡ ԃ ᖒ ၗȐ ऍ ߎ ȑပ ৡ Ǵၗ ᄔ Ծ ԙ ݹ Ȑ ε ഌ ਓ В ᔮ Ꮲ ৎ γ ೯ २ ৢ ࣴ ز ȑ ε ഌ D ӕ Ꮲ :ε ഌ ޑ ᇙ ӧ ғ 㰗 ૈ Κ ᆶ ᆵ ࣬ К Ψ ᗋ ࢂ Ԗ ৡ ຯ ޑ Ƕ ӧ ѱ ᗋ ࢂ К ε ഌ ޑ ा “Դ ၗ ”Ƕ Ҿ ճ ዎ ۓ ݩ Π ، ۓ Α ځ ᖒ ၗ ଯ ե Ƕ ε ഌ E ӕ Ꮲ :ٿ ۞ ޑ ჴ ሞ ᖼ ວ ૈ Κ ࢂ ό ࣬ ӕ Ǵ ӕ ኬ ऍ ߎ ё а ӧ ε ഌ ᖼ ວ ׳ ӭ ࠔ Ǵ ѝ ൩ ᖒ ၗ К ၨ ٠ ό Ϧ ѳ Ƕ ε ഌ F ӕ Ꮲ :ё а ࣮ р ,ε ഌ ѳ ֡ ޑ π ᖒ Н ѳ Ԗ ԃ ϲ ޑ ᖿ ༈ ,Զ ᆵ ࠅ ό ܴ ᡉ . Ѡ E ӕ Ꮲ Ǻ ε ഌ ᔮ ว ז ೲ ࢂ ҹ ӳ ٣ ^^..ՠ ࢂ ၸ ܭ ז ೲ Ψ ό ۓ ࢂ ӳ ٣ ೭ ኬ ܰ ԋ ೦ ৡ ຯ ׳ ε ,Զ Ъ В ҁ ϐ Ψ ࢂ ᔮ ז ኧ ԋ ߏ Ǵ Զ Ꮴ ठ ࡕ ٰ ޑ ݰ ݣ ᔮ Ƕ ε ഌ G ӕ Ꮲ :……൩ ᆛ ๎ ذ р ޑ π ၗ చ Ǵ ࡪ Ӧ ٰ ϩ Ԗ Ѥ Ǻ Ǻ ੇ ǵ ч ٧ ǵు ӥ ǵቶ ܿ ǵԢ ǵੈ Ԣ ೭ ٤ ޔ ᗄ ѱ ک ᔮ ว ၲ ࣪ ѱ Ǵѳ ֡ Д ԏ Ε ᔈ ӧ 3000 ϡ а ǹ Β Ǻ ᒩ ჱ ǵ ੇ ࠄ ǵ ӓ ݅ ǵ ཥ ᛒ ǵ ଧ Ջ ǵ ෫ ч ᔮ ၨ ว ၲ ࣪ ܈ ޣ ୯ ৎ ๏ ᜐ ᛒ ံ ຠ ǵ Ջ ໒ ว ံ ຠ ޑ ࣪ ҽ Ǵ ѳ ֡ Д ԏ Ε ӧ 1800 ϡ Ѱ ѓ ǹ …… Ѡ F ӕ ᏢǺচ ٰ ε ഌ Ӛ Ӧ ޑ ނ ሽ Н ѳ Ψ Ԗ ӵ Ԝ ε ޑ ό ӕ Ǵӧ Ѡ Ӛ ࠤ ѱ ໔ ޑ ނ ሽ ٠ ؒ Ԗ ೭ ሶ ε ޑ ৡ ౦ ǴѠ Ҿ ჹ ܭ ӭ ᓬ ذ ޑ Γ ω ૈ Ҕ ׳ ե ޑ ԋ ҁ Ҕ ฅ ࢂ ε ֎ Ї Κ Ǵ ᚈ Б ϕ ڗ ܌ ሡ Ծ ฅ ࢂ ӳ ٣ Ƕ (Ꮲ ಞ ѳ Ѡ ፕ )
ņɿŇ༬⋱ᲿᐻໞᄓӠኔ
ڣז ፕ խഏؓ݁ Ղ௧ ᐖࣟ ۂᤕ 1990 9821 433 600 631 455 1995 14736 1062 1062 945 678 2000 14910 1057 2076 1512 1109 2002 13269 1329 2688 1776 1392ઔߒኔ᧭ิڇᖂመ࿓ױא۴ᙟ࿇୶ٽ܂Εޅܒ৸ەݾ౨Δຘመྡྷរቸ᧯ᓫፖಘᓵփ ୲ေ۷৵Ζ࿇ኔ᧭ิऱᖂृ࿇୶ԱאՀጟݾ౨Κ 1.ᖂृ༼Աٽ܂ፖᄮຏ౨Ժᖂृ༼Աٽ܂ፖᄮຏ౨Ժᖂृ༼Աٽ܂ፖᄮຏ౨Ժᖂृ༼Աٽ܂ፖᄮຏ౨Ժ ᤜᠲڤጻሁٽ܂ᖂΔܓشߡۥފዝऱֱڤၞ۩ቸ᧯ऱֆᦫᄎᓵΔ༼ࠎᖂسٽ܂ಘᓵऱᖲᄎΖ ᓫ࣠᧩قڍᑇᖂسٵრᖂመ࿓ױאআၞٽ܂ፖᄮຏኪ৫౨ԺΔᖂृऱ֘ᚨڕՀΚ Ѡ I ӕ Ꮲ Ǻ ፕ ය ໔ ᜐ ໒ MSNǴ ᜐ ৾ ႝ ၉ Ǵ פ ډ ჹ Ћ Ў ക ޑ ୢ ᚒ Ǵ ൩ ๏ ໗ ϶ ଆ ว ଆ ი װ ǹ ჹ Б װ ᔐ ਔ ǴΨ ҥ څ Ѻ ๏ ໗ ϶ ڐ շ Ƕӕ ኬ ҥ ޑ ໗ ϶ Ԗ ਔ Ψ ӕ ࿉ ଆ ӝ բ Ǵ ፕ ჹ Б ፕ ᗺ ޑ ୢ ᚒ Ǵ ൩ Ⴝ ጕ ᡏ ၯ ᔍ Ƕ (ข ᗺ ი ᡏ ೖ ፋ ) ۭ ۭ ۭ ۭᖂृᏺף૿ኙᓢડፖ࠰ᓳᓢડऱ౨Ժᖂृᏺף૿ኙᓢડፖ࠰ᓳᓢડऱ౨Ժᖂृᏺף૿ኙᓢડፖ࠰ᓳᓢડऱ౨Ժᖂृᏺף૿ኙᓢડፖ࠰ᓳᓢડऱ౨Ժ ط࣍լٵߡۥፖࠟࡾյฆऱمΔᖂመ࿓ᆖൄ૿ኙᖿ௺ऱᓢડፖސΔᏺףڍ࠰ᓳᓢડፖ ৬م٥ᢝऱᖲᄎΖូጻሁֆᦫᄎऱᖂسಘᓵխΔᖂृױ౨ຘመូڼ٥ٵរΕᓳᔞաֱᨠរ ࢨਐנฆΖאՀᆏᙕٵᖂಘᓵ֮ີΥ Ѡ G ӕ Ꮲ Ǻ ɍ ɍ ӕ Ꮲ ޑ ᇥ ݤ ς Ԗ ӭ Γ ӣ ᔈ Ǵ ܌ а ό ӭ ᙧ ॊ Ǵ ډ Ҟ ε ৎ ޑ Ӆ ࢂ Ǵ ך ॺ ܍ ᇡ ᔮ ว ٰ ᕉ ნ ޑ ઇ ᚯ Ǵ ೭ ࢂ ค ё ᗉ խ ޑ (Ꮲ ಞ ѳ Ѡ ፕ ) Ѡ H ӕ Ꮲ Ǻ ɍ ɍ գ ޑ ཥ ӣ ᔈ ࢂ Ԗ Κ Ǵך ࡘ Ե ၸ Α ኩ ਔ ᗋ ค ݤ གྷ р Ԗ ਏ ޑ ӣ ᔈ Ψ פ ᗺ ၗ ω Ԗ ᔅ շ Ѓ Ǽ ό ၸ ӧ ೭ ϐ Ǵ ך ा ׯ ᡂ ҥ Ǵ ך ᇡ ࣁ գ ޑ ᇥ ݤ ᔆ ѳ Α ϐ ޑ ኳ ጋ Ӧ (Ꮲ ಞ ѳ Ѡ ፕ ) Ѡ I ӕ Ꮲ Ǻ ך ள ך ᆶ ɍ ɍ ӕ Ꮲ ޑ ᢀ ᗺ ό ӕ ӧ ܭ Ǵ ӧ у ז ໒ ܫ ٿ ۞ ຩ ܰ ࢂ ց ӝ ە Ǵ ჹ ୯ ϣ ۘ ҂ ֹ ޑ ౢ ԋ ޑ ؑ ᔐ ࢂ ց ၸ ε (Ꮲ ಞ ѳ Ѡ ፕ ) ۮ ۮ ۮ ۮᖂृᏺףޅܒ৸ەऱ౨Ժᖂृᏺףޅܒ৸ەऱ౨Ժᖂृᏺףޅܒ৸ەऱ౨Ժᖂृᏺףޅܒ৸ەऱ౨Ժ ᖂൣቼޣٵᖂش֨ᔹᦰܑԳ֮ີΔࠀ֧شᇷறٽᓵ૪Δ༼נޅܒΔၞ۩ᤜᠲᓵኙݼΖ ຍᑌऱൣቼ༼֒Աᖂऱޅܒ৸ە౨ԺΖאՀᆏᙕٵᖂٵᒧᠲऱಘᓵփ୲Δᜰࠏᎅࣔڇ֮ີಘᓵ խऱޅܒ৸ەऱ᧤ᙀංᓵΕࢤಘᓵፖܒܑࠃኔऱݾ౨Κ Ѡ G ӕ Ꮲ Ǻ ……ക ৎ ඩ ၗ ນ ך ॺ Ǵ ύ ୯ ځ ჴ य़ ᖏ Α Ӓ ᓀ ޑ ው ֚ ნ х ࡴ Π फ़ ϣ ࡹ ݯ ୢ ᚒ ݤ ፺ ф ୢ ᚒ Ջ ᙒ ୢ ᚒ Ѡ ୢ ᚒ ε ໆ Π π Γ ୢ ᚒ ϣ ሡ ѱ ᕭ ……ך ᇡ ࣁ ջ ٬ ӄ ౚ ϯ Α Ǵύ ୯ Ψ ό ࢂ ന ӳ ޑ ᒧ Ƕ ך ॺ ᔈ ၀ ќ ൨ р ၡ Զ ό ࢂ ৾ ୯ ৎ ޑ ᔮ ። ӧ ঁ Ӓ ᓀ ޑ ό Ӽ ۓ ᡏ ϐ Ƕ ε ഌ F ӕ ᏢǺε ৎ ፕ ޑ ӳ ᐟ ਗ਼ ୟ Ǽ ɍ л ޑ ᢀ ᗺ ᡣ ך ध ඊ Α ࡐ Φ Ǵך ൂ પ ޑ ང ε ഌ Ǵᇡ ࣁ Ϫ ӳ ଆ ٰ ǴԶ ɍ л ๏ р ޑ ၗ ᡣ ך Ψ ࣁ ϐ ᏼ ኁ Ƕ…в ಒ ޑ གྷ Α ࡐ Φ ࡕ ך ϝ ฅ ୲ ȸ ε ഌ و р ֚ ნ ȹ ೭ ኬ ޑ ᢀ ᗺ Ƕ…ȹ ϣ ࡹ ݯ ୢ ᚒ ё а ᇥ ޔ ό ᝄ ख़ Ǵ٠ ߚ Ѧ ࣚ ܌ གྷ ǶΠ π Γ ୢ ᚒ Ψ ӧ ѐ ԃ Ԗ Α ࡐ ε ำ ࡋ ޑ ׯ ๓ Ǵݮ ੇ Ӛ ࣪ ѱ ޑ മ Κ ሡ ז ೲ ᘉ ε Ǵך ॺ Ԗ җ ࣬ ߞ ӧ Ϟ ࡕ ٿ ԃ Π π Γ ୢ ᚒ ୷ ҁ ှ ، ݤ ፺ ф ୢ ᚒ Ψ ࢂ ς ୷ ҁ ှ ، Α Ǵ ӧ ε ഌ ᗲ Ԗ ߞ ২ ǶՋ ᙒ Ψ ୷ ҁ ᛙ ۓȐ ך ۄ Р ࢂ ै ໗ ϣ ޑ Ǽ ೭ ࢂ ё ৲ Ƕȑ
Ѡ H ӕ Ꮲ Ǻ ך གྷ Ǵ ଞ ჹ ɍ ӕ Ꮲ ௶ ॊ ᇥ Ɇ ӕ Ꮲ ܌ ග ޑ ୢ ᚒ ٠ ό ᝄ ख़ ޑ ፕ ᗺ Ǵ ך གྷ ග ൳ ঁ ᅪ ୢ Ǻ २ Ӄ Ǵɍ ӕ Ꮲ գ ܌ ᇥ ޑ ǴԖ ؒ Ԗ ၗ ё а ࣁ ε ৎ Ǵך གྷ ೭ ϩ ؒ Ԗ ၗ ܴ ޑ ၉ Ǵࢂ ؒ Ԗ Һ Ֆ Ϧ ߞ Κ ޑ Ƕӆ ޣ Ǵݤ ፺ ф ޑ ୢ ᚒ ޑ Ӣ ࣁ ς ᗲ Ԗ ߞ ২ ൩ ှ ، Α ༏ ǻ …(Ꮲ ಞ ѳ Ѡ ፕ ) 4.ᖂृᏺףᇷற፦ႃᖂृᏺףᇷற፦ႃᖂृᏺףᇷற፦ႃᖂृᏺףᇷற፦ႃΕΕΕΕ։࣫ፖጵٽ౨Ժ։࣫ፖጵٽ౨Ժ։࣫ፖጵٽ౨Ժ ։࣫ፖጵٽ౨Ժ ᖂسڇٽ܂ऱᛩቼխΔᖂ፦ႃᔹᦰኙࡾᇷறΔՈᖂܓشഏ؆ CIAΕᎬ۩ઌᣂᇷற፦ႃ ᇷಛΖൕ٤ඒߛऱᨠរࠐඒᖂ೯խഛ塄ٵᖂ፦ႃሀΕ֮֏ᇷಛऱ౨ԺΔ۞ྥچอᖞመװ լٵࢬᖂवᢝΔᚨش࣍լٵऱ࿇୶ᆖ᧭ፖរऱֺለΖࠏڕאՀٵᖂ࿇।֮ີΔ༉อᖞԱ ٤Δ౨ᔞᅝሎشवᢝᇞެംᠲΚ Ѡ G ӕ Ꮲ Ǻ ……ӄ ౚ ᕉ ნ ҉ ុ ܄ ࡰ ኧ ௨ Ӝ ើ ଯ ۚ २ Տ Ǻ … ើ Ш ࣚ ᔮ ፕ Ꮭ ຑ ࣁ 2004/2005 ԃ ࡋ “Ш ࣚ ന ڀ ᝡ ݾ Κ ޑ ୯ ৎ ” ࡐ ܴ ᡉ ޑ Ǵ ঋ ៝ Α ᕉ ߥ Ǵ ک ᔮ ว ٠ ค Ӣ ݀ ᜢ س Ƕ (Ꮲ ಞ ѳ Ѡ ፕ ) Ѡ H ӕ ᏢǺ ……M ࠠ ޗ ޑ ౢ ғ ǴВ ҁ ࢂ Ӝ ޑ ٯ η ǴВ ҁ ࠅ Ψ Ӣ Ԝ ว ғ Α வ ಖ ي Ҕ ڋ ࡋ Ȑ lifetime employmentȑ ډ ಖ ي ڙ ૈ Κ Ȑ lifetime employ-abilityȑ ޑ ᢀ ۺ ᙯ ᡂ Ƕ (Ꮲ ಞ ѳ Ѡ ፕ ) Ѡ J ӕ Ꮲ Ǻ ό Ϗ Ǵ௨ Ӝ ӄ ౚ ಃ Ζ ז ޑ ୯ ৎ ǶΓ ֡ ܌ ள ί Ѥ ԭ ऍ ϡ ޑ ό Ϗ Ǵ Ӵ ޑ ז Ӝ ԛ ഖ ᆶ ന ଯ Γ ֡ ܌ ள ୯ ᐽ හ ൕ ࣬ ӕ Ƕ ……(Ꮲ ಞ ѳ Ѡ ፕ )
ņ߈Ňᄮ㋤ᄞણᑁໞᄓ⥫̒
1.ᖂسኙᖞ᧯ᓰ࿓ᨠტᖂسኙᖞ᧯ᓰ࿓ᨠტᖂسኙᖞ᧯ᓰ࿓ᨠტᖂسኙᖞ᧯ᓰ࿓ᨠტ ᖂ೯ޔ৵Δኔ᧭ิჄᐊᖂᖞ᧯ᓰ࿓ം࠴Δ࣠ڕ। 8Ζࠡխ၌መ 50иᖂृٵრඒᖂ ኔ᧭ૠܮ֧ٵᖂፖ೯ᖲΕᎁᢝᓰءא؆ኙࡾኔᎾणउΔࠀ౨আၞࠟࡾࡉؓፖრऱյ೯ٌੌΖ ᖕᓫං۷ร 2 ᠲխٵრႜٻऱֺࠏآ၌መ 50иऱڂΔױ౨ط࣍ຝ։ิܑࠟࡾյ೯࿓৫լԫΔ ᖄીຝ։ᖂृᎁڼڻᓰ࿓ឈྥڶᝮᓮՕຬٵᖂፖΔ܀ፖუቝխऱᑷ௺յ೯ڶৰՕऱᆵΖᖞ ᧯ۖߢᖂृኙຍᑌऱ೯ࣄ्ࡳኪ৫Δ67иᖂृ֭ءڻᖂױאංᐖ۟ࠡהچΔኴᙕᖂ ृऱ֘ᚨڕՀΚ ⠧ 8 ᄮ㋤⦩Ễ⥫̒ણᮝ⦲ው⠧ ԭϩКʘ Ȑኬҁኧɨ63ȑ ᚒҞ ߚத όӕཀ όӕཀ ۘё ӕཀ ߚத ӕཀ 1 ךᇡࣁԜԛፐำК௲ᏢБԄ׳֎Їך׳ҔЈᏢಞǶ 6.6 8.2 34.4 41.0 9.8 2 ᗎፎჹ۞ӕᏢӅӕୖᆶޑፐำीǴ׳ᡣךᏢಞډፐҁ аѦჹ۞ޑჴሞวݩᆶӦৡ౦Ƕ 1.6 14.8 39.4 24.6 19.7 3 ךӕཀԜԛፐำёаวٿ۞๓ཀϕᆶکѳӝբޑ ᏢಞǶ 3.3 3.3 39.4 41.0 13.14 ঁᏢಞᆛઠޑፐำϣ.࣬ᜢೱ่.ीǴڐշךࡌ ᄬᚒޑ୷ᘵޕङඳǴჹךୖᆶᚒፕߚதԖᔅ շǶ 3.3 3.3 24.6 54.1 14.8 5 ҁԛፐำ่״ࡕǴᔅշךஒׯᡂޑᄊࡋပჴӧჴሞғࢲ ՉύǶ 4.9 4.9 44.3 31.2 14.8 6 ᕴޑٰᇥǴךӕཀҁԛፐำޑሽॶǴᔈ၀ाቶԿځд ӦǴᡣ׳ӭΓᏢಞୖᆶԜᜪፐำǶ 3.3 0.0 29.5 32.8 34.4 Ѡ I ӕ Ꮲ Ǻ ӕ Ꮲ ޑ ୖ ᆶ ך ࡐ ག ᖴ ǴΨ Α ှ ࡐ ӭ ӕ Ꮲ ό ӕ Б ଞ ޑ ჹ ᔈ Ǵ೭ ঁ Ϧ ᠋ ा Ε ׀ ᖂ Ǵ׆ ఈ ε ৎ ᗋ ள ම ж ߄ ҅ က ж ߄ ๓ ؼ Ǵࣁ ε ང ޑ ٗ य़ Ƕ (Ꮲ ಞ ѳ Ѡ ፕ ) ε ഌ F ӕ Ꮲ Ǻ Β ύ ޑ ӕ Ꮲ ଆ у ݨ !ा ک Ѡ ޑ ӕ Ꮲ ଆ ֔ ,൳ Ϻ ٰ ޑ ԏ ᕇ ό Ͽ ֔ ,ך ࡐ ഻ ೭ ԛ ࢲ !ࢂ ఈ Ш ࣚ ޑ ื α ֔ !(Ꮲ ಞ ѳ Ѡ ፕ ) 2.ඒஃඒᖂေᏝፖ৬ᤜඒஃඒᖂေᏝፖ৬ᤜඒஃඒᖂေᏝፖ৬ᤜඒஃඒᖂေᏝፖ৬ᤜ ط࣍ઔߒृଫٚඒᖂृΔᝩ܍ઔߒᨠរᎄΔኔ᧭ՈᝮᓮԫۯՕຬඒஃΔࠟۯඒஃᖜٚ ඒᖂᨠኘृΖᨠኘඒஃᎁຘመጻሁၞ۩ᤜᠲխ֨ඒᖂΔຑޓڍᇷಛΔᨃᤜᠲऱಘᓵޓԵΔՈ ધᙕᖞଡಘᓵመ࿓ՀࠐΔֱঁࠃ৵ऱઊ৸ಘᓵΖ܀ڇรԫၸᓰ࿓ழΔٵᖂऱፖൣݮࠀլᑷ௺Δ ᨠኘඒஃᎁ CGGE ᆖ᧭ࢬ࿇୶ऱٵޡٽ܂ᖂٚ೭ፖዌڤᓰ࿓Δ࠹ૻࠟࡾٵᖂழၴΔڍ՛ၷ ຟྤऄႉܓຘመࠟࡾٵᖂٽ܂ݙګΖઌኙڇᓰ࿓ऱรԲၸխΔᖂऱၞ۩ऴ൷ຘመቸ᧯ऱಘᓵܧ ΔࠟࡾᖂسլؘٵழՂጻ܀ਢՈױሒګቸၷٽ܂ፖಘᓵΔᖂسױאᙟ۞աऱழၴፖᘋᔊፖΔՈ ױא۞ૡტᘋᔊऱᤜᠲࠐၞ۩ΖᨠኘඒஃᎁؾছࠟࡾխسጻሁᖂክΕᑇۯᖂයٙΔᔞ ٽၞ۩ࠠᐘࢤΕၲ࣋ࢤऱॺٵޡٽ܂ᖂٚ೭Δࠀլᔞࡵऴ൷ၞ۩ψٵޡٽ܂ωፖψዌࢤωऱᖂ ٚ೭Ζ
⳼Ⳣߔザ⎞ר⋱⤟ᗉᅞᘍ
ઔߒृຘመඒᖂؤಖ֗ᖂسྡྷរᓫΔូאՀ༓រၞ۩ᤜᠲڤጻሁٽ܂ᖂࢬᔡሖऱܺᣄΔ א֗ױ౨ऱᇞެֱऄΖņɺŇ⩀㆛⤽⧄ʃἼࢍ׳⦦׳⥾Ŋ⎐⤽⧄दᤄ
ڇᑓᚵֆᦫᄎऱ೯ૠխΔޣٵᖂࠉᅃ۞աऱᘋᔊފዝլٵऱߡۥΔࠐᥨ۞ա֭ऱم Ζٵᖂױא֧شᄅፊࢨᑇᖕၲඔԫᒧᤜᠲΔᨃլٵمऱٵᖂಾኙᤜᠲ֮ີխ༼ࠎऱᇷறΔ ࠐಘᓵࠟࡾ၉࣐ऱംᠲፖެΖڍٵᖂࠀլክڼጟಘᓵֱڤၞ۩ᤜᠲᖂΔڶழڶڃᚨٵᖂ ༼נऱრߠፖംᠲΔ࿇୶լٵᨠរፖمऱ֮ີΔ࣠ᖄીٺᎅٺᇩΔڶٌႃΖ אઝݾขᄐ՛ၷࠏΔ՛ၷז।֧شᄅፊፖᑇᖕ࿇֮ψൕؓ૿ሽီᏝᖏઝݾขᄐᤁञωΔᓵᢞण၉࣐ᚨᗨᄕၲ࣋ᐗՕຬسขΔא༼֒ᤁञԺΖࠡהߡۥऱၷآ౨ፋྡྷಘᓵڕ۶ ᇞެઝݾᄐᤁञԺੌ؈ऱംᠲΔࢨਢ֘ᓵኙֱז।ࢬ༼Օຬسขࠀլ౨༼֒ᤁञԺΖಘᓵᠲ࿇ ୶ګ໎ՠז।ᎅขᄐ؆ฝ໎ՠ؈ᄐऱኰणΔ፦ႃৰڍ໎ՠ؈ᄐऱᇷಛΔࠀ։࣫ขᄐ؆ฝፖ؈ᄐ ऱᣂএΖᛩঅז।Ոൕขᄐ؆ฝΔࢻᚰۆऱ᠏ฝΔଷচၲ࿇խഏ୮ऱᛩቼΖط࣍ࠡהمז।ࢬ ༼ംᠲઃڶլٵᏝଖΔઝݾז।՛ၷՈྤऄᇞᤩᛩঅΕ໎ՠૹࢤᚨ܅࣍᎖ܗઝݾऱᤁञΖ ڂڼ່৵ઝݾऱז।ࠐࢬ༼ऱྡྷរ֘ۖ؈ԱΔທګৰڍᠲطუ֏ऱᛩঅז।ᛧΖຝ։ ᖂृ֘ᚨΔຍᑌऱಘᓵᄎᖄીመ࣍უ֏ऱᓵΔ࢙ۖฃৰڍᆖᛎᤁञᖿ௺ऱኔषᄎΖ ᝩ܍ڇಘᓵመ࿓խΔٺߡۥڼٺᎅٺᇩऱൣݮΖ৬ᤜ۔ஃآࠐኔਜழΔᚨᇠᜰנࣔᒔऱ ࠏΔᇞᤩಘᓵऱၞ۩Δࠀᙟழ༼ᙌլٽࡳ࿇ߢಘᓵऱٵᖂΖಘᓵऱၞ۩ؘႊጹڬᠲ࿇। Գࢬ༼ऱᨠរࢨᑇᖕΔٺ՛ၷז।ऱڃᚨႛಾኙ࿇।ԳऱᇷறΕംᠲΔ༼נ֘ᏍრߠΔၞۖ༼נࠡ הᇞެֱऄΖຍᑌऱଥإؓᘝუፖኔΔՈ౨ᨃٵᖂ᧯ᄎࠩլٵمऱܺᣄΔ࠰ܗᇞެᇠمം ᠲΔۖॺႛൎᓳ۞աمૹऱٺᎅٺᇩΖ
ņʷŇ⩀㆛ೣℐ⭰̳ણ∳ר˫⩕ણᮝ᱿߸ણ∳㊹⎞᳠૪ᮝᙙଃ⥾Ŋ̟ॖ̬ཚⲖ
⎞׆⦩Ễҙૌ᱿〦Ⳑᆯ⸅⣬᱿⦩㆛
Օຬٽ܂ඒஃᎁٵᤜᠲ൶ಘऱመ࿓Δຑٵᖂچᆖ᧭ࡉటኔسऱംᠲΖ܀ਢڍᑇٵᖂ ኙ࣍ᄐ၉࣐ऱवᢝԱᇞլജԵΔኙषᄎऱ൷ᤛৰڶૻΔኙ࣍ࡉەྤᣂऱࠃൣᣂࣹլڍΔᖄી ᤉᥛᖂΕԵઔߒऱ೯ԺΖᨠኘඒஃՈਐנ٤ඒߛऱؾᑑৰՕΔৰᣄԫڻࠩۯΔٵᖂᏁ อᖞڍઌᣂऱवᢝᆖ᧭Δթ౨ജ֊ԵటኔऱᤜᠲխፖհኙᇩΖՕຬඒஃ৬ᤜᜍ՛ᤜᠲᒤΔ ڍࢮ२ፖچᓰ࿓ऱᣂএΔթڶڇچઝኔਜඒᖂऱრᆠΖņɿŇ⦩ỄະӼ≟ሷഃඖא⎞᱿ⴆႹ
ឈྥڍᑇᖂृٵრፖՕຬٵᖂၞ۩ᑓᚵֆᦫᄎઌᅝڶᔊΔ܀Ոڶٵᖂኙ࣍ᆖᛎᤜᠲڶᘋᔊΔ Ղጻයٙለྤऄܓشᓰ塒ழၴፖΖ৬ᤜ༼ࠎٵᖂᐘࢤᙇᖗፖᠲऱᖲᄎΔܓشլٵऱ٤ ֏ᠲΔܮ֧ኙլٵᠲڶᘋᔊऱᖂسࢨᇷಛයٙለړऱٵᖂᙇᓰΔᏺၞ٤ඒߛ࿇୶ګயΖ ᙟृ 98 ڣխᄅᓰ࿓ऱޏΔ༿قԱխඒᖂޓڍऱᐘࢤ࿇୶़ၴΖᖂீױאຘመ 1.5 ၒఄ ᙇଥΔࠩ։ิऱᔞࢤᖂΖ৬ᤜڼᣊ٤ඒߛऱᤜᠲᓰ࿓ՈױቫᇢᘜԵࠡהૹՕඒߛᤜᠲڕ௧Ε ةᥛΕڍց֮֏Δױא࿇୶ԫᖂ։ऱچᙇଥࢨᖂீءۯᓰ࿓Ζņ߈Ňℐ⭰̳ણ∳᱿ߔザŊ˜ᆯᄞણⳖ⠗᱿ɺञゃḥ
ឈྥኔ᧭࣠᧩قኔ᧭ิڶለړऱ।Δ܀ኔ᧭ิऱᖂسᖂᆵՕΔᨠኘඒஃΕᖂس֨ፖ ඒᖂ⩐ಖ֘ᚨԱጻሁٽ܂ᖂऱܺᣄΔ։ႈᎅࣔڕՀΖ 1.ጻሁᖂൎࠫપޔԺ֗ጥ൳ጻሁᖂൎࠫપޔԺ֗ጥ൳ጻሁᖂൎࠫપޔԺ֗ጥ൳ጻሁᖂൎࠫપޔԺ֗ጥ൳ ᨠኘඒஃਐנڇᖞଡᖂመ࿓խΔנᠨऱ࿇୶Δᗨᄕፖऱٵᖂٺֱ૿ຟڶၞޡΔᄕ ೯ऱٵᖂᖂၞ৫ᣤૹᆵ৵Ζ೯ᖲऱᄕٵᖂᄎش୮ᇙሽᆰΕ׀ئᆃַΕᙄऄՂጻٺጟ ٽطΔٻ۔ஃٌזྤऄፖऱڂΖ۟Ոڶ࠷؏ࠡהٵᖂش۞աെᇆ࿆ԵΔזཙ۞ա࿇ߢΔ ࠐང࠷։ᑇΖጻሁऱᖂྤऄऴ൷ጥ൳ᖂسᖂΔᨠኘඒஃᎁڕ࣠ڶ٣֧ದᖂسኙ೯ऱᎁٵፖᖂऱ೯ᖲΔጻሁٽ܂ᖂऱ؈ඓᖲઌᅝΖ 2.ጻሁٽ܂Ꮑޓ९ऱழၴᕩፋ՛ิٽ܂ᚈৈጻሁٽ܂Ꮑޓ९ऱழၴᕩፋ՛ิٽ܂ᚈৈጻሁٽ܂Ꮑޓ९ऱழၴᕩፋ՛ิٽ܂ᚈৈጻሁٽ܂Ꮑޓ९ऱழၴᕩፋ՛ิٽ܂ᚈৈ ڃඒᖂ⩐ಖΔءኔ᧭ऱڇጻሁᛩቼ࿇୶ٽ܂ᖂΔנᣊۿႚอٽ܂ᖂऱംᠲΔࠏڕڶᖂ سլᣋٽิ९Δჸቸ᧯ঁ߫ೢᡗ֗ଡܑᖂᆵ৵ΖףՂሀᒳิऱጻሁٽ܂ᖂΔࠟࡾழၴྤऄ ٽΔ՛ิګ࿇୶ٽ܂ऱމፖॴᡶޓڍΔڍᑇऱ՛ิڇኔ᧭৵ཚթנ՛ิऱቸၷᎁٵፖᚈৈΖ ৬ᤜآࠐૠሀጻሁٽ܂ᖂᓰ࿓ழΔᚨቃఎޓڍऱᐘࢤழၴΔૉ౨ො።༃པཚၴΔለ౨܌ ࣚᖂཚխऱᓰᄐᚘԺΔՈ౨ᇞެࠟࡾழၴྤऄٽऱംᠲΖ 3.ᑇۯᆵᐙᖂፖᑇۯᆵᐙᖂፖᑇۯᆵᐙᖂፖᑇۯᆵᐙᖂፖ ឈྥኔ᧭ছբመᇷಛ౨ԺᓳΔᒔࡳኔ᧭ఄ్բࠠڶߩജऱፖᇷಛ౨ԺΖ܀ᨠኘඒஃս࿇ ᖞଡᖂመ࿓խΔຝ։ᖂسፖݾ؏լࠋΔؚڗຒ৫ለኬΔᏁޓڍऱᒭթ౨ᘜԵᖂൣቼխΖ ࠹ૻኔ᧭ழၴΔᓰ࿓ૠႛڶપ 30 ։ᤪඒᖄᖂسᖂؓऱࠌشፖᖙ܂Δຝ։ᖂس֘ᚨսլᑵ൜ᖂ ؓᖙ܂Δ૾܅ᖂᘋᔊΖۖᖂس֨Ո֘ਠጻᎾጻሁᇷறჼ༈ፖᒳᙀ౨ԺለΔࢨृ।ሒΕิ ៣౨ԺլࠋऱٵᖂΔڇٽ܂ᖂᛩቼᇙᔡሖޓڍᖂމΔኙ೯ڶ֘ტΖ৬ᤜآࠐૠሀጻ ሁٽ܂ᖂᓰ࿓ழՈᄄ಼ፖהઝڕᇷಛΕֆاࢨ֮ઝၞ۩࠰ٵඒᖂΔ࿇୶ጻሁٽ܂ᖂऱઌᣂ౨ ԺΖٍױሎشψᨓਮᓵω֧ᖄฃΔ࠰ܗᆵ৵ृ࣍ጻሁᛩቼխ౨ڶயၞ۩ٽ܂ᖂ(৯ૣΔ2006)Ζ
⧄⎞⩀
ڇ٤֏ऱᓢᚰՀΔءઔߒݦඨࡅᚨچඒߛഏᎾᖆີխഛ塄٤ٽ܂ऱֆاऱუΔ᎖ ܗႚอխچඒᖂڇ٤ඒߛऱլߩΖࠌխױאၞ۩ሀऱԵಘᓵΔઔߒृᙇᖗψ௧ ࠟࡾωຍଡࠠڶ৫ٽ܂ԾךየᤁञΙࠠڶॺൄᣊۿ֮֏Δ܀ᨠរথԾᆖൄᓢડऱ܂ጻሁٽ ܂ᖂऱᓰ࿓࿇୶ኙွΖ ط࣍ࠟࡾᆖ၉ፖਙएऱᣂএΔ֘ᚨԱ٤ඒߛՀᓢડፖٽ܂ࠀژऱઊ৸Δຘመچᓰ࿓ऱ ᨠរഛ塄נڍցᏝଖΕࢤޅܒΔᗨᄕٽ܂ፖᇞެᓢડऱኪ৫౨ԺΔإਢ٤ඒߛऱؾᑑΖءኔ᧭ ࠟࡾᖂسጻሁٽ܂ᖂऱඒᖂૠூࠏΔױ܂խچઝԫጟ٤ඒߛऱኔᔌቫᇢΖઔߒመ࿓Ո ࿇ڍՕຬඒஃઃڶ৫რᣋࡉၞ۩ඒᖂٽ܂Δඒஃױ۟Օຬ k12 ጻీ༈ޣٽ܂ඒஃΖ ڇඒᖂૠՂΔءઔߒܓشᤜᠲխ֨ඒᖂฃ࿇୶ᓰ࿓ցΔᙇᖗᔞٽᔞࠟࡾᖂسฆᨠរऱ ᆖ၉ᤜᠲΔ܂ᖂᠲΖֺኙ٤ඒߛؾᑑፖࠟࡾฆᨠរ৵Δૠᖂցፖጻሁᑓᚵֆᦫᄎ ऱᓰ࿓೯Ζᓰ࿓ૠە CGGE ᆖ᧭Δᙇشس֏ऱூࠏ܂ᠲޗΔࠀૠᇢ൶ࢤംᠲ֧ᖄٵᖂ ڍցᨠរ৸ەࢤޅܒΖᓰ࿓೯ঞಝᒭٵᖂሀ፦ႃᖞ़ၴᇷறΔࠀၞԫޡٽچቹ։࣫Δូ ֺለլٵᇷಛΖءڻઔߒሎش XOOPS ؓ࿇୶ᓰ࿓ፖጻሁᑓᚵֆᦫᄎൣቼΔࠀ৬ዌᓰ࿓Ε ಘᓵ֗ઌᣂ១᧯פ౨ΖᆖመรԫၸऱኔਜΔઔߒृຘመݮګࢤေ۷৵ଥإጻሁᗨ։Εᐘ ࢤᙇᖗ՛ၷΕᑑᠲছጺ֧ᖄΕቸ᧯ᤜᠲኙݼฃΔᏺၞᖂ೯ᖲΔআၞޓڍᖂृ೯ᗨᄕऱ ፖΖ ඒᖂኔ᧭٥ၞ۩նଡִΔ࣠࿇ኔ᧭ิڇᎁवؾᑑऱছ৵ྒྷڶ᧩ထၞޡΔፖኙᅃิڇൣრፖ ݾ౨ऱᖂٍڶ᧩ထฆΔൕಘᓵऱ֮ີ։࣫խױאᨠኘࠩᖂسᘜԵࢬފዝऱլٵߡۥխΔᖂ ٽ܂ᄮຏΕޅܒ৸ەΕᇞެᓢડݾ౨Δഛ塄נઌյᣂᡖፖڍցᏝଖൣᡖΖڼ؆Δᖂسሀऱ፦ႃᇷறΔ֧شլٵऱۥᓵ૪֭ᨠរΔՈ࿇୶נشچᇷಛऱ౨ԺΖം࠴࣠᧩قΔല२Ԯ ګᖂृᎁٵءᓰ࿓ऱრᆠΔٵრࠟࡾጻሁٽ܂ᖂڶᔊΔᖂޓ٤૿ޓԵΔଖංᐖࠩࠡהᖂ ீኔਜΖᨠኘඒஃᎁጻሁٽ܂ᖂᛩቼࠠڶڜ٤ΕᐘࢤΕڍցΕધᙕፖ၌ຑរΔᨃᤜᠲऱಘ ᓵޓԵΔ۔ஃױאଫޢԫ՛ิऱಘᓵΖ ᅝছխچઝڇֆاઝԵਐەፖڍցᙇଥऱᓰ࿓ᚘᜍՀ৵Δ૿ᜯޓᖿ௺ऱᤁञፖਗᖏΖଖ ڼᄅᓰ࿓ਗᖏऱ᠏ীழࠥΔሀٽ܂ᖂΔ᎖ܗႚอඒᖂڇ٤ඒߛऱլߩΔڃᚨ٤֏ழזഏ ᎾچᖆີऱࡅᩃΔױא܂խچඒᖂ࿇୶ऱֱٻհԫΖ֠ࠡԿᄅᓰ࿓ᏺףڍچᤜᠲփ ୲Δᔞٽຘመᤜᠲڤጻሁٽ܂ᖂၞ۩ΖឈྥڇᓰᄐᚘԺՀྤऄၞ۩ݙᖞᑓิऱኔਜΔ܀սᔞٽല լٵᤜᠲ壄១৵ᄄ಼ၞ۩Δࢨृሎش࣍ԫΕԲ༃པழၴኔਜΖڼ؆ڃᚨխᄅᓰ࿓ޏխڍ ցᙇଥፖᖂீءۯᓰ࿓ऱ࿇୶ΔٺீچඒஃՈױאᘜԵ٤ඒߛᤜᠲፖᖂீۥΔၲᄅऱچ റᠲᙇଥᓰ࿓Δ༼ࠎٵᖂڍցᙇଥᖲᄎΔՈ࿇୶ޓࠠ৫Εᐖ৫ऱچۥᓰ࿓Ζڕڼԫࠐലױൎ ֏٤֏౨Ժፖኪ৫ऱچඒᖂΔઌॾױאࠩޓڍᖂسΕ୮९֗ՕᖂઌᣂઝߓऱᎁٵΖ
⨀ Ⲇ
ઔߒመ࿓ტڜᚧতԲխᏥ࿆ڙ۔ஃΕഏمࡵᥞխொੴᏕ۔ஃፖٽ܂Δ֗ࠟீኔ᧭ᖂس ش֨ףᖂΖტഏمࡵᥞխψᚌᔆ֏ૠω༼ࠎᆖ၄֭Δܦ堚㐦ீ९Εᑰ᧵ٚڇ۩ਙ Ղऱ࠰ܗΖტஃᒤՕᖂچߓާිඕ೫ඒΕ֮֏ՕᖂچߓᔤဎඒΕࡵᥞխ٤᧯چ ඒஃ֗ࠟۯೳټᐉࡡኙءઔߒ༼ࠎ壆ڍ৬ᤜፖਐإΔࠌء֮౨ޓףݙΔ᠃ڇڼԫࠓીΖא≙ᄽ᪇
فႁफϐ2002ϑΚτᤜᠲխ֨ඒᖂऄऱᓵഗ៕֗ኔਜᑓڤυΔπඒߛઔߒᇷಛρΔ10Κ145-163Ζ ޕ৬ؓϐ2004ϑΚτ٤֏৸ᑪፖፕچխچඒᖂΚඒޗ։࣫ࡉᓰ࿓ૠυΔπԼԿᖂڣ ৫ஃᒤீೃඒߛᖂᓵ֮࿇।ᄎნᒳρΔ1877-1898Ζ ޕᙩڕϐ2003ϑΚτᓫᤜᠲխ֨ඒᖂऄऱኔਜυΔπഏඒᄅवρΔ50ϐ2υΚ66-74Ζ ۶م֨ϐ2005ϑΚτሎشઝݾඒᖂ-ഏ՛٤ඒߛυΔπഏاඒߛρΔ45ϐ6υΚ23-29Ζ ࣥᖫᜢϐ2004ϑΚτૹီ۞ྥፖسઝݾᖂᏆխઝݾञᤜᤜᠲऱᘜԵፖ൶ಘυΔπഏاխ՛ᖂڣ ԫᓰ࿓ᓵഗ៕ρΔΰ453-465αΔඒߛຝΖ ⧷॑Ε 㝧ϐ2003ϑΚτ༼֮֒֏ᖂ౨ԺհඒᖂฃΚ٤ඒߛऱඔقυΔπඒߛઔߒִעρΔ113Κ 127-142Ζ ႓ཛϐ2002ϑΚτچඒߛഏᎾᖆີऱഗء壄壀υΔπچඒߛρΔקΔ28Κ1-9Ζ ຫୃᎮϐ2003ϑΚτጻሁٽ܂ᖂ~چඒᖂऱᄅࠢᒤΛυΔรԮࡻፕچᖂઔಘᄎΔקΖ Ꮵભᐝϐ1998ϑΚτᤜᠲխ֨ඒᖂऄऱᓵፖኔᎾυΔπഏمक़ᓊஃᒤᖂೃᖂρΔ8Κ173-199Ζ ᓉࣟ,׆اΰ2007αΚτ࠰܂ᖂڇچඒߛխऱሎش—א٤چඒߛᒵՂխ֨ϐCGGEυറூ ࠏυΔπچඒߛρΔૹᐜΔ27Κ87-88Ζ ᔤڌੴϐ2002ϑΚτ՛ิ൶ߒඒᖂٽጻሁᖂګயॣ൶υΔπඒߛઔߒᇷಛρΔ10ϐ5ϑΚ111-136Ζඒߛຝ(2008/01/24)Κτᄅଥૡཏຏ్խᖂᓰ࿓ጼυΔπཏຏ్խᖂᓰ࿓ጼଥૡᇷಛጻρΖ http://140.116.223.225/98course/Ζϐ2008/02/19 ោᥦϑ ኣತࡐϐ2006ϑΚπխچኔኘඒᖂኔᔌհઔߒ--אԫچࠏρΔഏمፕஃᒤՕᖂچࢬጚ Փᓵ֮Ζ ৯ૣϐ2006ϑΚπᚨشᨓਮᓵ᎖ܗچઝጻሁٽ܂ᖂ-אխچኔኘࠏρΔഏمፕஃᒤՕ ᖂچࢬጚՓᓵ֮Ζ ᠱ۩ॽϐ2004ϑΚπቯᆠؑקᘋഏխषᄎᏆچઝኔਜ٤ඒߛհᠲڤᓰ࿓ૠඒᖂኔ᧭—אੱ ᅔᛩቼᤜᠲࠏρΔഏمኦ֏ஃᒤՕᖂچߓጚՓᓵ֮Ζ ᠱࠕڕϐ2003ϑΚπᓰ࿓ቹቝૹ৬Κᖂீ٤ඒߛᓰ࿓࿇୶հઔߒρΔഏمፕஃᒤՕᖂඒߛઔߒࢬ ໑Փᓵ֮Ζ ᠱ ᜨ ଥ ϐ 2003 ϑ Κτ ᇷ ಛ ᘜ Ե ष ᄎ ઝ ඒ ᖂ υΖπ ࠅ ࠱ ֛ ᖂ ೃ ร Զ ཚ ጻ ሁ ઔ ᓰ ࿓ ρΔ http://inshow.idv.tw/webs/t-school/chapter6.htmΖτ2005/08/02 ោᥦυ ༡ْϐ2006ϑΚπխچඒޗ։࣫ፖംᠲխ֨ඒᖂᑓڤհඒᖂኔ᧭ઔߒρΔႂஃᒤՕᖂچ ࢬጚՓᓵ֮Ζ ඕᚊϐ2002ϑΚπഏ՛षᄎઝאञᓵࢤᤜᠲխ֨ऱޅܒ৸ەඒᖂհ۩೯ઔߒρΔഏمक़ᓊஃೃष ᄎઔߒࢬጚՓᓵ֮Ζ
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(Eds.), Handbook on teaching social issue, Washington, DC: National Council for the Social Studies. Schleicher, Y. (2006): Inetrnational collaboration- a concept to enhance learning: do these learning –
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ދᒚֲཚΚ97 ڣ 3 ִ 8 ֲ ଥᒚֲཚΚ97 ڣ 4 ִ 30 ֲ ൷࠹ֲཚΚ97 ڣ 5 ִ 1 ֲ
