SS Enriching Knowledge for the Geography

SS Enriching Knowledge for the Geography Curriculum: (45)

Seminar on " Sustainable transport development:

Planning and Policy"

高中地理課程知識增益系列： (45)

「可持續運輸發展：規劃和政策」講座

Dr Chow Sin Yin Alice

Department of Social Sciences

The Education University of Hong Kong 鄒倩賢博士

香港教育大學社會科學系

Contents

Sustainable transport development: Planning and policy This sharing will cover:

1) the concepts of sustainability transport development, relevant planning and policies

2) the interaction of transport and urban land use

3) a brief introduction of transit-oriented development and some learning materials

可持續運輸發展：規劃和政策 是次分享將涵蓋

1) 可持續運輸發展的概念、相關規劃和政策 2) 交通與城市土地利用的相互作用

3) 簡介公共運輸導向城市發展(TOD)及相關學習資源

The concepts of

sustainability transport development, relevant planning and policies

可持續運輸發展的概念、相關規

劃和政策

Car use and environmental impacts

Transportation’s share of global CO2 emissions (2018) 20.1%

Global transportation CO2 emission (2018) 7.29 GtCO2

Annual transportation sector carbon dioxide emissions worldwide from 1970 to 2020 (in billion metric tons)

National Geographic’s Greendex 2014 Consumer choices and the

environment,

International survey on Transportation, p.102-120

(globescan.com/wp-

content/uploads/2017/07/Greendex_2014_Full_Report_Nati onalGeographic_GlobeScan.pdf)

Increasing trends from 1970 –

2019, drop sharply from 2019 to

2020

Top 10 Country Total Road Length(km)

United States 790,000

Russian Federation 590,000

China 510,000

Australia 460,000

India 340,000

Brazil 330,000

South Africa 290,000

United Kingdom 240,000

Argentina 200,000

Kazakhstan 200,000

227 times of the equatorial

circumference of Earth

World Total (in km) 9,100,000

• Pollution

• Energy consumption and emissions

• Land consumption

• Nature conservation

• Suburbanization

National Geographic’s Greendex 2014 Consumer choices and the

environment,

International survey on Transportation, p.102-120

(globescan.com/wp-

content/uploads/2017/07/Greendex_2014_Full_Report_Nati onalGeographic_GlobeScan.pdf)

National Geographic’s Greendex 2014 Consumer choices and the

environment,

International survey on Transportation, p.102-120

(globescan.com/wp-

content/uploads/2017/07/Greendex_2014_Full_Report_Nati onalGeographic_GlobeScan.pdf)

Source: United Nations. Sustainable transport, sustainable development. Interagency report for second Global Sustainable Transport Conference. 2021.

• Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and transport policies

Transport and sustainable development

3 Good health and well-being – Road safety

9 Industry, innovation and infrastructure – Rural access, passenger & freight 11 Sustainable cities and communities – Public transport

13 Climate action – transport energy / emissions

Is Hong Kong a sustainable transport city?

Source:

SUSTAINABLE CITIES MOBILITY INDEX 2017 BOLD MOVES

Arcadis, Design & Consultancy firm for natural and built assets

• Hong Kong ranked 1 ^st

• Overall – 1 ^st

• People – 1 ^st

• Planet – 53th

• Profit – 6 ^th

Is Hong Kong a sustainable transport city?

• Air quality

• Noise and light pollution restraint

• Walkability

• Car-free zones

• Cycling infrastructure

• Cycling adoption

• Rail network

• Strength of multimodal network

• Car ownership moderation

• Government investment in charging stations

• Direct EV incentivization

• Electric charging station density

• Electric vehicle market share in sales

• Public transit utilization

• Disaster-risk informed development

• Climate-related losses

Source:

Urban Mobility Readiness Index 2021

The Oliver Wyman Forum, in partnership with the University of California, Berkeley

Hong Kong ranked 8

among 60 major cities

https://www.oliverwymanforum.co m/mobility/urban-mobility-

readiness-

index/rankings.html#Hong%20Kon g

• Environmental Report 2020 of Transport Department, Hong Kong: to provide a transport system in an environmentally acceptable manner to align with the sustainable development of Hong Kong.

• Selected environmental objectives:

• Examples of policies:

Reduction in vehicular

traffic

Reduction in vehicular emissions

Use of alternative fuel vehicles

Use of new

energy Pedestrian

schemes Enhancing

walkability

Efficient use of road

space through advanced technologies

• Bus-rail and GMB-rail interchange

schemes

• Bus route rationalization

• Park-and-ride schemes

(https://www.mtr.co m.hk/ch/customer/ti ckets/scheme_index .html)

• EURO VI emission standardsfor first registered light buses, phasing out of Euro IV diesel commercial vehicles

• Diesel public light buses converted to LPG, Euro V or above, or electric ones

• Facilitate electric busprojects

• Hybrid ferries

• Traffic calming scheme / measures

• Covers to walkway

• Escalator and walkway system

• Lift and pedestrian walkway system

• Dissemination of real-time traffic information

• HKeMobility application

Photos from

Environmental Report 2020 of Transport Department

• Sustainable transport – social indicators

Affordability, health and well-being

Source: Litman, 2021 Well Measured Developing Indicators for Sustainable and Livable Transport Planning https://www.vtpi.org/wellmeas.pdf

Economically-focus

Mobility

- Foundation for development - Infrastructure

Environmentally-focus

Accessibility - Public transport - Non-motorized modes

- Mode options

Socially-focus

Equity, health and well-being

- Access for all

- Healthy environment

& lifestyle - Participation

Source: Litman, 2021 Well Measured Developing Indicators for Sustainable and Livable Transport Planning

https://www.vtpi.org/wellmeas.pdf Social indicators:

e.g.

Equity / fairness - Transport system diversity

Safety, security and health - per capita traffic casualty, exposure to harmful pollutants

Community development – land use mix, walkability, bikability, quality of streets Cultural heritage preservation – responsiveness to traditional communities

• A paradigm shift?

• Are we/cities ready yet?

Source: https://twitter.com/brenttoderian/status/870358616183844864 The Sustainable Travel Hierarchy

Source:

https://twitter.com/brenttoderian/status/87035861618384

4864

• Supply-fix approach

• e.g. more transport infrastructure (road, parking, etc.)

• Financial instrument

• e.g. license fee, road pricing, non-peak hours discounts

• Accessibility approach (rather than mobility approach)

• e.g. public transport strategies (more PT service, bike-friendly environment)

• e.g. urban planning approach (e.g. coordination of workplace and residence, TOD)

• Non-transportation initiatives

• e.g. flexible working hours

• Technology approach

• e.g. online shopping, dissimilation of traffic information, smart mobility

Pacione, 2001; Banister 2008 12

Overall expected outcomes:

- Substitution (Reduce the need of travel) - Modal shift (transport policies)

- Distance reduction (land use policies)

- Efficiency increase (technological innovation)

Major principals to handle transport problems

The sustainable…

The conventional…

Source: https://www.itdp.org/multimedia/urban-highways-vs-complete-streets; David Banister (2008) The sustainable mobility paradigm

- Mobility

- Focus on cars - Large in scale - Street as a road - Segregation of

traffic and people

- Demand-based policies

- Accessibility

- Focus on people - Small in scale - Street as a place - Integration of

people and traffic

- Management- based policies Picture - Urban Highways vs. Complete Streets

https://www.itdp.org/multimedia/urban-

highways-vs-complete-streets/

The interaction of transport and urban land use

交通與城市土地利用的相互作用

The eight urban sub-system

• Very slow changes (a decade or more)

• Slow changes

• Fast changes

• Immediate changes (in minutes / hours)

Wegener, M. (2004), "Overview of Land Use Transport Models", Hensher, D.A., Button, K.J., Haynes, K.E. and Stopher, P.R. (Ed.) Handbook of Transport Geography and Spatial Systems (, Vol. 5), Emerald Group Publishing Limited, Bingley, pp. 127-146.

Traffic demand management

Urban / spatial / regional

planning Networks Land use

Workplaces Housing

Employment

Goods transport

Population

Travel

• Trip frequency

• Time of travel

• Mode choice

• Destination choice

Accessibility Land use

(activity locations)

Transport (time, cost,

effort)

Temporal constraints

dynamicsand Individual

needs, abilities, opportunities

Transport and land use interactions

Jean-Paul Rodrigue (2020), New York: Routledge, 456 pages. ISBN 978-0-367-36463-2 Wegener, Overview of land use-transport models. in David A. Hensher and Kenneth Button (Eds.): Transport Geography and Spatial Systems. Handbook 5 of the Handbook in Transport. Pergamon/Elsevier Science, Kidlington, UK, 2004

Location of new activities, their

expansion or densification New infrastructure

/ service, enhance...

Affect activity location and

distribution

City structure:

Monocentric, polycentric, compact, dispersed, strip pattern Planning, maintenance

and upgrade of transport infrastructure

and services

Transport system

Activities

Land use Accessibility

Macro scale – Structure of the city

What would be the aggregated travel patterns in different urban forms?

Source:

LSE Cities - Urban Age project;

Rodrigue, 2020

Flow and structure Diagram showing different

the city structure of Hong Kong, New York, London, Mexico City, etc., produced by the LSE Cities – Urban Age Project.

Diagram in Rodrigue’s book “The Geography of Transport System”

(2020) showing possible urban mobility patterns, under

monocentric and polycentric forms, in organized and

disorganized patterns.

What is the aggregated travel pattern in Hong Kong?

Travel Characteristics Survey 2011 Final Report

- Trip attractions

- Trip generation / production

Trip nature ~

HBW: Home-Based Work HBS: Home-Based School HBO: Home-Based Others EB: Employers’ Business

Source:

Travel Characteristics Survey 2011 Final Report (Appendix)

What is the aggregated travel pattern in Hong Kong? (commuting)

Source:

Kenneth Wong, The great migration of workers, https://kenneth-12.shinyapps.io/place-of-work-od/

OD matrix showing the flow of workers in Hong Kong across different districts A Sankey diagram the flow of workers in Hong Kong

2016 Population by-censes data

What is the aggregated travel pattern in Hong Kong? (commuting)

Employment location

Lowest concentration of job Highest concentration of job

2020 2000

Source: Number of persons engaged (other than those in the Civil Service) analysed by industry section and Tertiary Planning Unit (TPU)

Source: Alice Chow 2022

What is the aggregated travel pattern in Hong Kong? (commuting)

21

Increase in employment

Period: 2000 – 2020 (20-year change)

Greatest reduction in job Greatest increase in job

Source: Number of persons engaged (other than those in the Civil Service) analysed by industry section and Tertiary Planning Unit (TPU)

Distance to CBD (Central)

Kwun Tong

Kowloon Bay

Quarry Bay

Science Park

Airport

Tin Shui Wai

Source: Alice Chow 2022

Pros and cons of different street patterns:

 Direct / indirect route?

 Higher / lower connectivity? (more road intersections provide different directional paths)

 Slowing down of car traffic (too many road intersections)

 Cul-de-Sac discourage walking

 Security?

Micro scale – street patterns

How the street pattern affects our travel?

Conventional grid pattern Curvilinear loop pattern Conventional Cul-de-Sac

(c1900) (1930-1950) (since 1950)

網格式路網 人車分離式路網

The transport systems will affect the urban systems, or the reverse

Impacts of planning

• Land use types, site coverage, plot ratio, development density

• Traffic intensity

Peter Hall (1974) Urban & Regional Planning 23

Maximal urban function scenario Minimal urban function scenario

Grid patterns in Hong Kong

24 Source:

URA, 2022, The District Study for Yau Ma Tei and Mong Kok

Information Booklet 油 麻地及旺角地區研究資料 手冊

A brief introduction of transit-oriented

development (TOD) and some learning materials

簡介公共運輸導向城市發展

(TOD) 及相關學習資源

Land use mix and transport

Figure 1

Source: Jiao, J.; Rollo, J.; Fu, B. The Hidden Characteristics of Land-Use Mix Indices: An Overview and Validity Analysis Based on the Land Use in Melbourne, Australia. Sustainability 2021, 13, 1898.

(2012)

Chronological sequence of nine urban planning philosophies and design

principles relating to the land use mix principle, from 1973-2005.

Nine principles: Compact city, eco city, new urbanism, sustainable city, cycling friendly, TOD, smart growth, car-free city, walkable urbanism.

Their connections with “land use mix”.

https://urbanage.lsecities.net/data/

city-populations-in-walking-distance-

of-rail-and-metro-stations-2012

Transit-oriented development

(TOD)

An example of transport and land use interactions (meso- scale)

Peter Calthorpe codified the concept of Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) in the late 1980’s and, while others had promoted similar concepts and contributed to the design, TOD became a fixture of modern planning when Calthorpe published “The New American Metropolis” in 1993. TOD has been defined generally as “a mixed-use community that encourages people to live near transit services and to decrease their dependence on driving.” Calthorpe saw it as a neo-traditional guide to sustainable

community design.

Source:

Carlton, Ian (2009) : Histories of Transit-Oriented Development: Perspectives on the Development of the TOD Concept, Working Paper, No. 2009,02, University of California, Institute of Urban and Regional Development (IURD), Berkeley, CA

影片介紹了公共運輸導向發展（TOD）

的基本概念和特點。 短片以將軍澳的發 展為例，指出將軍澳不同的城市形態和 交通設計，以闡述TOD的特點。 TOD發 展模式共有五個特點，它們是（1）高質 量的集體運輸系統，（2）在集體運輸車 站的步行範圍內發展，（3）土地高度混 合利用，（4）密集式發展 , (5) 有利行人 和單車使用者的設計。 結合將軍澳的城 市結構和TOD的主要特點，學生可以深 入了解TOD的發展模式。

此網上教學片段繼續闡述公共運輸導向發 展的概念及特徵。老師以旺角及將軍澳作 例子，解說香港的舊城區及新市鎮在城市 規劃上的異同。老師運用電子白板軟件 Explain Everything 及地圖工具MapBox 製 作的2D及3D地圖，具體地比較新市鎮及 舊城區的城市規劃的不同及共通點。這種 可視化的闡述有助學生提升空間感及加强 對有關地理概念的認識。

此網上教學片段是透過一個網上教學活 動來闡述公共運輸導向發展概念與可持 續發展的關係。學生需運用TOD概念，

透過網上平台Icongram設計他們的理想城 市。這個實作活動讓學生在建構作品時 能應用相關知識，並促進學生自主學習 及參與度。

https://eocp2.eduhk.hk/zh/

video/geography/Transit- oriented-Development- I.html

https://eocp2.eduhk.hk/zh/

video/geography/Transit- oriented-Development- II.html

https://eocp2.eduhk.hk/zh /video/geography/Transit- oriented-Development- III.html

29

30

“ Network TOD ” is viewed, under the right conditions, as offering the potential not only to create attractive places in station catchment areas, but in a broader geographical scale, also to shape polycentric cities and regions, mitigate urban sprawl and boost public transport ridership (Newman &

Jennings, 2008; Curtis et al., 2009; Geurs et al. 2012). While the North American TOD born in an “urban design” context and started from the single station area development, in the Europe this principle has been drawn-out at the regional scale.

Source:

Papa et al. 2013. An accessibility planning tool for Network Transit Oriented Development: SNAP, Planum. Journal of Urbanism, vol. 27

https://ppiaf.org/sites/ppiaf.org/files/documents/toolkits/railways_toolkit/PDFs/RR%20Toolkit%20EN%20New%202017%2012%2027%20CASE5%20HK%20MTR.pdf 31

Rail + Property Model

• E.g Tin Hau residential tower, Tsing Yi

residential package, Kowloon International Commerce Centre

• Financially sustainable approach

• Market-driven approach

Useful materials - TOD

• HK’s rail and property model

• Guangzhou’s BRT

https://www.youtube.com/

watch?v=rgd8tWIMhbs

Useful materials – The expansion of MTR

Source:

https://www.scmp.com/

news/hong-

kong/community/article /2160875/hong-kong- tops-global-report- public-transport-loses- out

Useful materials – Geo-tagging tool

https://geodata.gov.hk/gt/index.html

Useful materials – Road network GIS data

Useful materials – HK walkability study

Faculty of Architecture, The University of Hong Kong

https://www.arcgis.com/apps/dashboards/c00f56908d6b408b8da42a6804abe8d2

Amenities – Location and type

Networks - Pedestrian/road

https://www.td.gov.hk/tc/publications_and_press_releases/publications/free_publications/index.html

Transport Department 運輸署

Useful materials – Government sources

https://www.cedd.gov.hk/eng/our-projects/major-projects/index.html Civil

Engineering and

Development Department 土木工程拓展署

Useful materials – Government sources

https://www.legco.gov.hk/yr19-20/english/panels/tp/papers/tp_ppr.htm

Legislative Council

Committee – Panel on Transport

交通事務委員會

Capacity and Loading of trains in the MTR Network (LC Paper No. CB(4)854/15-16(07))

Useful materials – Government sources

International Hong Kong

Useful materials – New agencies / organizations

•SCMP –

TRANSPORT

https://www.scmp.com/ne ws/hong-kong/transport

•TRANSITJAM

https://transitjam.com/

•Civic

Exchange – Mobility and transport

https://civic-

exchange.org/mobility- transport/

•Global BRT data

• (with videos of Guangzhou BRT)

https://brtdata.org/

•Sustainable Urban

Transport Project

https://sutp.org/

Useful materials – Fieldwork investigation

• Aim

• To investigate how traffic flows change during peak and non-peak hours during a month

• Questions

• Do traffic flows show similar patterns throughout the days of investigation?

• How do flows of traffic affect the environment?

• Date collection

• To record the amount of traffic observed at the investigation site

• For junior students, decide how often and how long they should take the counting

• For senior students, also design a data collection sheet to record the counting

• To collect environmental quality data

Similar fieldwork can be carried out at different sties, with possibilities for a comparison of traffic flow characteristics between district distributor roads (outside MTR station) and local distributor roads (outside school) [e.g. volume, car types, share of motorized and non-motorized modes, environmental quality]

Source: Andy Owen, 2020, Geographical Association, with modification

Wikimedia commons Wikimedia commons

• Sampling

• To decide how often to observe the traffic:

• Which dates to observe within a month time?

• Use a random number generator to pick the observed

dates (random), observe every three days (systematic),

apply one of the sampling methods for weekdays and

weekends (stratified) ?

Useful materials – fieldwork investigation

Central to Mid-Levels Escalator and Walkway System What to observe?

• Terrain and walking experience

• Directions and volume of pedestrian flow

• Types of business nearest to the walkway

• Traffic safety

• Road space used by car users, pedestrians, and businesses

Wikimedia Commons - WingLuk

影片介紹了公共運輸導向發展（TOD）

的基本概念和特點。 短片以將軍澳的發 展為例，指出將軍澳不同的城市形態和 交通設計，以闡述TOD的特點。 TOD發 展模式共有五個特點，它們是（1）高質 量的集體運輸系統，（2）在集體運輸車 站的步行範圍內發展，（3）土地高度混 合利用，（4）密集式發展 , (5) 有利行人 和單車使用者的設計。 結合將軍澳的城 市結構和TOD的主要特點，學生可以深 入了解TOD的發展模式。

此網上教學片段繼續闡述公共運輸導向發 展的概念及特徵。老師以旺角及將軍澳作 例子，解說香港的舊城區及新市鎮在城市 規劃上的異同。老師運用電子白板軟件 Explain Everything 及地圖工具MapBox 製 作的2D及3D地圖，具體地比較新市鎮及 舊城區的城市規劃的不同及共通點。這種 可視化的闡述有助學生提升空間感及加强 對有關地理概念的認識。

此網上教學片段是透過一個網上教學活 動來闡述公共運輸導向發展概念與可持 續發展的關係。學生需運用TOD概念，

透過網上平台Icongram設計他們的理想城 市。這個實作活動讓學生在建構作品時 能應用相關知識，並促進學生自主學習 及參與度。

Trial lessons for secondary school students

~ Videos

~ Online map (GEOINFO Map)

~ EdPuzzle

~ Icograms

https://eocp2.eduhk.hk/zh/

video/geography/Transit- oriented-Development- I.html

https://eocp2.eduhk.hk/zh/

video/geography/Transit- oriented-Development- II.html

https://eocp2.eduhk.hk/zh /video/geography/Transit- oriented-Development- III.html

Could contact Dr Alice Chow asychow@eduhk.hk for more info of running these trial lessons in your school.

Thank you

Dr Alice Chow

Department of Social Sciences

The Education University of Hong Kong 鄒倩賢博士

香港教育大學社會科學系 asychow@eduhk.hk

This Photoby Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC