蔬菜斑潛蠅 (Liriomyza sativae Blanchard) (雙翅目：潛蠅科) 之形態、生活史及生命表

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(1)ं‫ـ‬ൢ֙ έ៉‫ٿ‬ᖪ 27: 207-227 (2007) Formosan Entomol. 27: 207-227 (2007). ቸ෉೹ሕᙀ (Liriomyza sativae Blanchard) (ᗕਂϫĈሕᙀ ࡊ) ̝ԛၗăϠ߿Ϋ̈́Ϡ‫ܑ׻‬ ᏿ഀ২+! ૺ୿࢐!. Җ߆ੰྺຽ؎ࣶົྺຽྏរٙᑕϡજ‫ۏ‬௡! ᄂ៉ᄂ̚Ꭹᙳपฏ̚ϒྮ 29: ཱི!. ၡ! ! ࢋ ! ! ώྏរͽ෉֑ࡺ (Phaseolus vulgaris var. communis Aeachers) ࿶ֈቸ෉೹ ሕᙀ (Liriomyza sativae Blanchard)Ăੵ៍၅ྍᙀ̝ԛၗᄃϠ߿ΫγĂ֭ࡁտཻᄘă Ϲԍ̈́໢‫ޘ‬ඈ၆‫׎‬୉ཏᆧ‫̝ܜ‬ᇆᜩĄྍᙀ̝Ҁ̼ăϹԍ̈́யӉᄃҁሢρᖪ២΍ཧͯඈ ߿જӮ͹ࢋ൴Ϡ‫̾˯ٺ‬ĄҀ̼༊͟ăௐ˟̈́ௐˬ͟јᙀ̝Ϲԍத̶Ҿࠎ 28.9ă66.9 ̈́ 4.2%Ąᅬăฯᙀ࠰ΞкѨϹԍĄд 25°C ˭ϏϹԍᅬᙀᔼࢴཻᄘॡᔵΞய 15 ௕ӉĂ ҭӮ̙ြ̼ć҃̏ϹԍᅬᙀϏᔼࢴཻᄘॡĂ‫׻ု׎‬ăѣ߿˧Ӊᇴ̈́‫גࢴפ‬ᕇᇴӮព඾ Ҳ‫ٺ‬ᔼࢴཻᄘ۰Ąᅬᙀҋ‫ٕࢴפ͋ࢴפ‬ϤயӉ͋‫ࢴפ‬Ąᅬᙀд֑ࡺ̝ৌཧᄃኑཧ˯ய Ӊٕ‫ࢴפ‬ॡĂӮ၆֑ࡺ̝ৌཧ‫׍‬ព඾ઐрّĄ‫ ٺ‬15Ƃ30°C ॡĂЯြ̼தᄃρᖪх߿ தЧ੼྿ 95.2Ƃ100 ᄃ 81.1Ƃ97.3%ĂЯ҃ΞӀϡ֑ཧ̰ௐˬ᛬ρᖪᇴҤზྍᙀ̝ யӉᇴĄௐˬ᛬ρᖪ̝‫ࢴפ‬ᐋ྽‫ޘܜ‬Чࠎௐ˘ᄃௐ˟᛬ρᖪ̝ 5.1 ᄃ 2.9 ࢺĄӉҌ ུഇ̝൴ֈᓜࠧҲ໢ࠎ 11.1°CĂӉăρᖪăུ̈́ӉҌུഇ̝൴ֈѣड़᎕໢Чࠎ 42ă 78ă133 ̈́ 236 ͟‫ޘ‬Ąᔼࢴ৷ཻᄘॡĂ30°C ᔵࠎྍᙀ୉ཏᆧ‫ܜ‬౵̝̂໢‫ޘ‬Ăѩॡ ᅬّѣ߿˧Ӊᇴ̝Տ̰͟дᆧതதࠎ 0.2358Ăҭ 20°C ‫ྍࠎݒ‬ᙀ౵ዋᓄത̝໢‫ޘ‬Ă ѩॡՏᅬய˭ᅬّѣ߿˧Ӊᇴ̝ஐᆧതதࠎ 46.061 ௕Ąྍᙀ౵ָ࿶ֈ୧Іࠎд 20°C ‫ؠ‬໢˭ăՏֻ͟ࢴ৷ཻᄘă֭ͽ 15Ƃ20 cm ੼Νੵኑཧ̝෉֑ࡺֻ‫׎‬யӉĄ ᜰᗤຠȈቸ෉೹ሕᙀăϠ߿ΫăϠ‫ܑ׻‬ă෉֑ă໢‫。ޘ‬. ّĂ૙͹ങ‫ۏ‬ቑಛᇃ྿ 22 ࡊ 89 ჌Ă‫̚׎‬၆. ࠉ! ! ِ. ֑ࡊăསᛀࡊ̈́ࡵࡊඈ‫׍‬ઐрّ (Pang et al., sativae. 2005)Ą‫ࡺٺ‬ഇăϠ‫ܜ‬ഇăฟ‫܅‬ഇ̈́ඕ‫ڍ‬ഇࠎ. Blanchard) ౵ѝ੃ᐂ‫ॲܠٺ‬ԗĂᐌ‫ޢ‬ᕖ೸̶. चཧͯĂ͍ͽࡺഇ౵ᚑࢦ (CABI, 2002)Ąྍ. ο‫ٺ‬Δ࡚߷ă࡚̚߷ă‫߷࡚ݑ‬ă‫߷ܧ‬ăֲ߷̈́. ᙀд઼࡚̝൫ࡵă‫΁׎̈́෉܄‬ү‫˯ۏ‬Ăٕд‫ܠ‬. ̂߶߷ඈг (CABI, 2002)Ą‫ّࢴ׎‬ᛳкࢴ. ॲԗ̝඘ࡽኁ (Medicago sativa L.) ˯̈́д. ቸ ෉ ೹ ሕ ᙀ. *ኢ͛ᓑᘭˠ e-mail: [email protected]. (Liriomyza. ቸ෉೹ሕᙀ̝ԛၗăϠ߿Ϋ̈́Ϡ‫ܑ׻‬. 207.

(2) ઼̝̚ቸ෉ᄃ‫܅‬ΘϠய˯Ӯഅౄјᚑࢦགྷᑻ. ؅ਟᇄП‫ݲ‬. ຫε (CABI, 2002; Pang et al., 2005)ĂϺࠎ ఈᜋᄃࡻ઼ A1 ৺̝ࢦࢋᑭࠪचᖪ (EPPO,. Ιȃசкේ‫ސ‬Ϟ਻உ. 1984)Ąྍᙀ̝ࠎचੵјᖪ̝ᕕࢴᄃρᖪ̝ሕ. ࿣͟‫ؠ‬ഇও‫ ڽ‬200 ௕෉֑჌̄Ăд 25°C. ࢴγĂјᖪ‫إ‬Ξᖣ‫׎‬யӉგᄃ˾ጡͽ፟ୠّ̝. ˭གྷ 7 ̈ॡ჌̄ӛͪ࿸႕‫ޢ‬Ă૟‫׎‬ᘒஐă‫ٸ‬. ͞ёĂ็ᇫ‫෉܄‬ಷ৳ঽ߲ᄃϝᙷ۞‫ݭ׌‬Ҙϝಷ. ˢ˯˭ϹЪ̝๬ቱሹ̰Ă24 ̈ॡ‫ޢ‬૟൴ॲ჌. ৳ঽ߲ (Zitter and Tsai, 1977; Zitter et al.,. ̄ொങ‫ٺ‬໢‫̚ވ‬ཉѣ 3 ཱིැϮ̝ϱሹ̰. 1980)Ą໢‫̰ވ‬჌ങྍᙀઐр̝ಏ˘჌ങ‫ۏ‬ͷ. (36.5 × 28 × 4.5 cm, 30 ϱ)ĄՏ͟ሓͪĄགྷ. ൑૙ϠཻхдॡĂ‫׎‬୉ཏᆧ‫ܜ‬Ӕனᆐধ‫گ‬જ. 12Ƃ15 ͟Ă෉֑ࡺ‫੼ܜ‬Ҍ 15Ƃ20 cmăৌཧ. (CABI, 2002)Ąቸ෉೹ሕᙀ̝૙ϠཻВ 77 ჌. (primary leaf) ཧᆵ྿ 7Ƃ9 cm ॡĂӈΞֻ. (Johnson and Hara, 1987; Waterhouse. ‫̰ވ‬ቸ෉೹ሕᙀயӉϡĄ. and Norris, 1987; Xu and Zeng, 1998; Murphy and LaSalle, 1999; Xu et al., 1999; Zeng et al., 1999; Wei, 2000; Chen. Πȃ‫ټ‬ၐᙫྛ д‫ݑ‬ԸᎩ‫̰ڒ‬ฏ෉֑. (Phaseolus. et al., 2001; CABI, 2002; Wen et al., 2002;. vulgaris L.) ˯ଳะజቸ෉೹ሕᙀρᖪࠎच̝. Zhao et al., 2003)Ąྍᙀ̝֨‫ੵڱ͞ڼ‬ᘽ጗. ཧͯĂᛸа‫̰֭ވ‬૟జचཧ‫ٸ‬ˢ๬ቱሹ̰Ă‫ޞ‬. γĂ‫إ‬ѣϠ‫ڼ֨ۏ‬Ă͍‫׎‬ઐࢦ૙Ϡཻ̝Ӏϡ. ρᖪུ̼Ă൒‫ޢ‬૟ུཉˢ 22 × 20 cm ᑅҹ˧. (McClanahan, 1980; Johnson, 1993)Ąᄂ៉. ඌ̰ĂҀ̼јᙀ‫ֻޢ‬ઇ࿶ֈ̝ᖪ໚Ą. ‫ ٺ‬1995 ѐ 2 ͡ࢵѨдᄂ̚Ꭹᙳपฏ෉֑ᄃ ‫ݑ‬ԸᎩ൫ࡵ˯൴னቸ෉೹ሕᙀ (Wen et al.,. έȃ‫ל‬ᄘᇄี‫ى‬ငႆ. 1996)Ą‫׎‬ώг჌̝૙Ϡཻѣ‫ͧغ‬೻࿏ཻ̈. ˯̾ 8 ᕇҌ 10 ᕇд‫ވ‬໢ 24Ƃ26°C ˭. Chrysoncharis pentheus (Walker)ă‫ت‬૥࿏. ૟ௐ˘͟᛬ (Ҁ̼‫ޢ‬ௐ˟͟) ̏Ϲԍ̝ᅬᙀཉ. ཻ̈ Chrysonotomyia okazakii (Kamijo)ă. ˢ̰ཉѣ 30 ঀ෉֑ࡺ 75 × 55 × 50 cm ̂. ள໛࿏ཻ̈ Cirrospilus ambiguus Hansson. ̈ăშϫ 92 meshes ̝შቐĂགྷயӉ 2 ̈. & LaSalle ă ள ֎ ࿏ ̈ ཻ Hemiptarsenus. ॡ‫ޢ‬૟෉֑ࡺொ΍Ăཉ‫ٺ‬໢‫ ޘ‬25°Că࠹၆ᒅ. varicornis (Girault)ăර࿏ཻ̈ Neochrysocharis. ‫ ޘ‬65Ƃ85% RH ̈́Ѝ‫׹‬ഇ 14:10 (L:D) (˯. formosa (Westwood) ă ೹ ሕ ᙀ ㄴ ̈ ཻ. ̾ 5 ᕇҌ˭̾ 7 ᕇม໰Ѝ) ̝‫ؠ‬໢ቐ̰ĂՏ. &. ͟៍၅ྍᙀЧϠ‫ܜ‬ഇ̝ԛၗᄃ൴ֈགྷ࿅ĂЧซ. LaSalle ̈́ ̈ᘮཻ Opius sp. ඈ 7 ჌ (Chien. Җ 31Ƃ72 ੸ĄЧ᛬ഇρᖪᐝ‫̝ޘܜ੻ݟ‬ീ. and Chang, unpublished data)Ąࠎᒢྋྍᙀ. ณĂᅮАᄦјࠟͯĂГᖣϲវព຋ᙡ̝̚ീ຋. ၆ү‫ࠎ̝ۏ‬चሕਕĂώࡁտͽ෉֑ (Phaseolus. ͎ീณĄ҃Ч᛬ഇρᖪ‫ࢴפ‬ᐋ྽ᆵ‫̝ޘ‬ീณϺ. vulgaris var. communis Aeachers) ࠎ૙͹. дϲវព຋ᙡ˭ซҖĂҌ‫ٺ‬Ч᛬ഇρᖪ‫ࢴפ‬ᐋ. ങ‫ۏ‬Ă៍၅ྍᙀ̝ԛၗᄃϠ߿ΫĂ֭ࡁտཻ. ྽‫ޘ̝ޘܜ‬ณĂ‫ܼ݋‬Ад˘ਠᓀҗϡ̝௟ቢ˯. ᄘăϹԍ̈́໢‫ޘ‬ඈЯ̄၆‫׎‬୉ཏᆧ‫̝ܜ‬ᇆᜩĂ. ๮ͽ˘ᓠᆸགྷ 5 ࢺͪංᛖ‫ݑ̝ޢ‬ᚗፘ਌Ă൒. ᖣֻྍᙀᓄത͞‫ڱ‬ᄃෞҤ૙Ϡཻ၆૙͹֨‫ڼ‬. ‫ޢ‬૟ྍ௟ቢ‫ڻ‬඾Ч᛬ρᖪ̝‫ࢴפ‬ᐋ྽ు˘ᕆ. ሕਕ̝ણ҂Ą. ඾Ă‫ޞ‬Ԇј‫ޢ‬ગᕝѩቢ߱Ă֭૟‫׎‬ٛۡീณ‫׎‬. Quadrastichus. 208. liriomyzae. έ៉‫ٿ‬ᖪௐ˟˩˛‫ס‬ௐˬഇ. Hansson.

(3) ‫ޘܜ‬ĂЧઇ 20 ѨĄ. д‫׎‬யӉ఍‫ࢴפ‬ॡĂϲӈͽ௟ͨඊ૟‫׎‬ொҜĂ ֭ͽ‫ّڵ‬ᘪфඊᇾ੃ྍ఍Ă4 ͟‫៍ޢ‬၅Ӊ̝ြ. ѲȃԙᜁϞಬ‫ܒ‬. ̼ଐԛĄՏѨ៍၅ 20 ௕ӉĂВઇ 4 ࢦኑĄ. Ҁ̼Ĉ 2002 ѐ 7 ͡ 21 Ҍ 22 ͟ д. ҃ฯᙀ‫͞ࢴפ‬ё̝៍၅ĂܼА૟̏జ 20 ੸ᅬ. 25°Că࠹၆ᒅ‫ ޘ‬65Ƃ85% RH ̈́ҋ൒Ѝ໰. ᙀ‫ࢴפ‬ᄃயӉ 1 ̶ᛗ‫ࡺ֑෉̝ޢ‬ཉˢ 12 ×. ˭Ă៍၅‫̰ވ‬ٙ࿶ዳቸ෉೹ሕᙀ̝Ҁ̼͞ёĂ. 21 cm ࠟሬඌ̰ĂГཉˢ 1 ੸‫ܐ‬Ҁ̼‫إ‬Ϗซ. ֭੃ᐂ˘̰͟ྍᙀՏ̈ॡ̝Ҁ̼ᇴّ̈́ͧĄ៍. ࢴ̝ฯᙀĂ៍၅‫ ׎‬10 ̶ᛗ̰̝‫ࢴפ‬ҖࠎĄВ. ၅ᖪᇴࠎ 566 ੸Ą. ઇ 25 ѨĄ. ϹԍĈд݈ࢗ࠹Т୧І˭Ă૟ѝ˯ 6 ᕇ Ҍ˭̾ 4 ᕇมՏ̈ॡٙҀ̼̝јᙀЧཉˢ. Ϥȃྣ࡙ᄇี‫ى‬Ϟኇ៪. 20 × 22 cm ̝ࠟሬඌ̰Ăͷֻࢴ৷ཻᄘઇཏ. ૟૲ѣ 30Ƃ72 ௕ 2 ̈ॡᄃ 24 ̈ॡТ. វ࿶ֈĄഇม༊ϫෛࠟሬඌ̰ᅬăฯᙀѣϹԍ. ᛬ᙀӉ̝෉֑ࡺЧཉˢ 10ă15ă20ă25ă30. ҖࠎॡĂӈӀϡ̈ͨඊ૟ј၆јᙀொˢ 1.5 ×. ̈́ 35°C ̝‫ؠ‬໢ቐ̰Ą2 ̈ॡТ᛬ᙀӉ̝఍ந. 7 cm ̝޽ԛგ̰Ă៍၅јᙀϹԍ̝͞ёᄃॡ. ௡ĂՏ͟៍၅໢‫ޘ‬၆ྍᙀЧᖪഇ̝х߿தᄃ൴. มĂЧ៍၅ 40 ၆ćٕણ໰̝̏ۢјᙀϹԍॡ. ֈ͟ᇴ̝ᇆᜩĂ֭д‫ܕ‬Чᖪഇٕ᛬ഇེϩ̝. มĂՏ࿣ 10 ̶ᛗӀϡӛᖪგۡତ૟ϒϹԍ̝. ᅫĂՏ̈ॡ੃ᐂྍᙀ̝൴ֈଐԛĄ24 ̈ॡТ. јᙀӛ΍Ă੃ᐂ‫׎‬Ϲԍॡ‫̈́ג‬Ҁ̼༊͟ăௐ˟. ᛬ᙀӉ̝఍ந௡Ă‫݋‬д̙Т໢‫˭ޘ‬Ă่៍၅Ӊ. ̈́ௐˬ͟ॡՏ̈ॡ̝Ϲԍ၆ᇴĂ֭Ր‫׎‬Ϲԍ݈. ҌρᖪഇᄃӉҌུഇ̝൴ֈ͟ᇴᄃх߿தĄ‫׎‬. ഇĄЧ៍၅ 393 ၆јᙀ̈́ 166 ѨϹԍĄ. ̚х߿தྏរՏ໢‫៍ޘ‬၅ 30Ƃ50 ௕ӉĂЧઇ. யӉĈд 25°C ‫ވ‬໢˭Ă૟ϫෛ̏Ϲԍ̝. 3Ƃ4 ࢦኑĂ൴ֈഇྏរЧ៍၅ 31Ƃ72 ੸̙. ௐ˘͟᛬ᅬᙀ 1 ੸ཉˢ 12 × 21 cm ̝ࠟሬ. ඈĄֶ֭ Campbell et al. (1974) ̝͞‫ڱ‬Ă. ඌĂֻ֭ᑕ 1 ঀ૲ѣኑཧ (trifoliate leaf) ᄃ. Ҥზྍᙀ̝൴ֈᓜࠧҲ໢ᄃ൴ֈѣड़᎕໢Ą. ৌཧ̝෉֑ࡺĂ៍၅ᅬᙀயӉ̝͞ёᄃॡม̈́ ࢍᇴᅬᙀ 1 ̰͟дኑཧᄃৌཧ˯̝၁ᅫயӉ. ϲȃြᇙᇄҺ‫׎‬ᄇఊတቨߝϞኇ៪. ᇴĂВ៍၅ 20 ࢦኑĄᅬᙀயӉॡ‫៍̝ג‬၅‫݋‬. ֶ݈ௐαี̚ѣᙯ၆ྍᙀϹԍ݈ഇᄃϹ. д 25°Că࠹၆ᒅ‫ ޘ‬65Ƃ85% RH ̈́Ѝ‫׹‬ഇ. ԍ̝ᒢྋĂྏរ̶ˬ჌఍நซҖĄௐ˘௡ࠎྍ. 14:10 (L:D) (˯̾ 5 ᕇҌ˭̾ 7 ᕇม໰Ѝ). ᙀҀ̼༊͟Ăᅬᙀᄃฯᙀ˘൴ϠࢵѨϹԍҖࠎ. ˭Ăҋࣝ୐ 1 ᕇ੓ซҖĂՏ࿣ 4 ̈ॡֻᑕ 2. ‫ޢ‬Ăӈ૟ᅬăฯᙀј၆‫ٸ‬ཉ˘੓ͷ௣ֻ֗ࢴ৷. ঀΝੵኑཧ̝෉֑ࡺĂֻ 5 ੸ௐˬ͟᛬̏ѣ. ཻᄘ۰ćௐ˟௡ࠎ༊ᅬᙀᄃฯᙀ˘൴ϠࢵѨϹ. யӉགྷរ̝ᅬᙀயӉĂВ޺ᜈ 24 ̈ॡĄ൒‫ޢ‬. ԍҖࠎ‫ޢ‬Ăӈ૟ᅬăฯᙀј၆‫ٸ‬ཉд˘੓ҭ̙. Ӏϡᙡᑭ‫ࢍڱ‬ᇴᅬᙀдЧ఍நॡ̰̝߱၁ᅫ. ֻࢴ৷ཻᄘ۰ćௐˬ௡ࠎ༊ϫෛྍᙀ˘Ҁ̼Ă. யӉᇴĂВઇ 12 ࢦኑĄ. ӈ૟ϏϹԍᅬᙀҋཏវ̶̚ᗓĂͷ௣ֻ֗ࢴ৷. ‫ࢴפ‬Ĉ៍၅ᅬᙀ‫̝͞ࢴפ‬ёăॡมăొҜ. ཻᄘ۰Ąྏរ̝໢‫ޘ‬ă࠹၆ᒅ‫̈́ޘ‬Ѝ‫׹‬ഇᄃ݈. ̈́߿જॡ‫ג‬ඈĂ‫ڱ͞׎‬ᄃ݈ีயӉྏរ࠹ТĄ. ௐαี̝யӉྏរ࠹ТĂ૟វ‫ ٺ̂ܜ‬1.64. Ҍ‫ٺ‬ᅬᙀдயӉ͋఍̝‫ࢴפ‬၆Ӊြ̼த̝ᇆ. mm ᅬᙀҋҀ̼༊͟੓ཉˢ 12 × 21 cm ̝. ᜩĂѩྏរܼд 25°C ˭Ă༊ᅬᙀயӉ‫ޢ‬Ă୬. ࠟሬඌ̰ĂՏ఍நՏֻ͟ᑕ 1 ঀΝੵኑཧ̝. ቸ෉೹ሕᙀ̝ԛၗăϠ߿Ϋ̈́Ϡ‫ܑ׻‬. 209.

(4) ෉֑ࡺĂᔼࢴཻᄘ۰ͽ௟ͨඊ૟৷ཻᄘ๮‫ࠟٺ‬. ᘈኵϞኇ៪. ሬඌ̰ጨֻࢴĂۡҌֻྏᙀѪ˸ࠎͤĄ੃ᐂ‫׎‬. ૟д 25°C ˭ᓄത̝ 0 ͟᛬јᙀ̶Ҿொ. มЧ఍நᅬᙀᄃฯᙀ̝ု‫׻‬ă၁ᅫயӉᇴٕய. Ҍ 30 ᄃ 35°C ˭Ă൒‫ޢ‬ീྏ੼໢၆ቸ෉೹ሕ. ѣ߿˧̝Ӊᇴ (viable eggs)ă‫גࢴפ‬ᕇᇴ (ᅬ. ᙀϠֈ˧ᄃ‫גࢴפ‬ᕇᇴ̝ᇆᜩĂ‫׎‬มֻྏ૙͹. ᙀд֑ཧ˯ࠎचԛј̝ٙѣϨҒ‫ג‬ᕇᇴ)ă̈́̄. ങ‫ۏ‬ᄃᑭෛྏរඕ‫ڱ̝͞ڍ‬Ăᄃ݈ௐ˛ี࠹. ΃̝јᙀᇴ되ّͧ (♀/(♀+♂))Ą‫̚׎‬ᅬᙀՏ. ТĄՏ఍நЧซҖ 8 ࢦኑĄ. ͟யѣ߿˧̝ӉᇴĂܼͽӉய‫ ޢ‬6 ͟ĂӉ̏ ൴ֈࠎௐˬ᛬ρᖪ̝ᇴϫࢍზ̝ĄՏ˘఍நֻ ྏ̝ᅬᙀٕᅬăฯᙀӮࠎ 1 ੸ٕ 1 ၆ĂВซ Җ 7Ƃ8 ࢦኑĄ. ΞȃಛॎϷ‫ݙ‬ Чีྏរྤफ़ੵӀϡ SPSS (Statistical Products and Services Solutions) హវАซ Җត̶͞‫ژ‬ĂГͽ౵̈ព඾म (LSD) ‫ڱ‬ăٕ t. Μȃྣ࡙ᄇఊတቨߝϞኇ៪. ࣃീរ‫ڱ‬ᑭീĄੵଳ p < 0.05 ព඾ͪ໤ͧྵ. Ӏϡ݈ௐ̣ีቸ෉೹ሕᙀӉд 15ă20ă. ఍நม̝मளّγĂ‫إ‬Ӏϡਫ਼ᕩ̶‫ژ̶ڱژ‬ቸ. 25 ̈́ 30°C α჌̙Т‫ؠ‬໢˭ϒ૱Ҁ̼Ϲԍ‫ޢ‬. ෉೹ሕᙀ̝Ч̬ณĂтЧᖪഇ൴ֈిதăᅬᙀ. 0 ͟᛬̝јᙀĂЧ‫ פ‬1 ၆ཉˢ 21 × 12 cm. ᄃฯᙀ̝ု‫׻‬ăᅬᙀயӉณăᅬᙀ‫גࢴפ‬ᕇ. ̝ࠟሬඌĂֻ֭ᑕ 1 ঀΝੵኑཧ̝෉֑ࡺĂ. ᇴă̄΃јᙀᇴ̈́ᅬّͧඈĂᄃ໢‫̝ޘ‬ᙯܼĂ. ൒‫ޢ‬Г‫ٸ‬ˢЧࣧѣα჌̙Т໢‫ޘ‬఍ந̝‫ؠ‬໢. ֭ଳ p < 0.01 ̝ព඾ͪ໤ซҖਫ਼ᕩ̝តளᇴ. ቐ̰ĄՏ͟ѝ˯ 7 ᕇĂ૟̏జயӉٕ‫ࢴפ‬࿅. ̶‫ژ‬Ąࡶ˟۰̝ᙯܼ‫ۡܧ‬ቢਫ਼ᕩॡĂ‫˟ͽ݋‬Ѩ. ̝෉֑ࡺொ΍֭Հೱາᔿ̝ 1 ঀ෉֑ࡺĂ֭. ѡቢਫ਼ᕩӔனĂ֭Ր‫׎‬౵̂ࣃĄ. ͽ௟ͨඊ૟৷ཻᄘ๮‫ࠟٺ‬ሬඌ̰ጨĂۡҌᅬᙀ Ѫ˸ࠎͤĄྏរഇมĂՏ͟૟Ч఍நٙՀೱ˭. ๖! ! ‫ݎ‬. ̰ѣᙀӉ̝෉֑ࡺொҌ 25°C ˭࿶ֈĂۡҌ̄ ΃Ҁ̼Ą੃ᐂЧ఍ந 1 ၆јᙀ̝ု‫׻‬ăயѣ. Ιȃ‫ל‬ᄘᇄี‫ى‬. ߿˧̝Ӊᇴă‫גࢴפ‬ᕇᇴă̄΃јᙀᇴ̈́ᅬّ. ԛၗ. ͧĄЧซҖ 7Ƃ17 ࢦኑĄ൒‫ޢ‬૟݈ௐ̣ีቸ. јᖪ (ဦ˘ A)ĈᐝొੵኑீࡓነҒăಏ. ෉೹ሕᙀ‫ ٺ‬24 ̈ॡ̰̝Т᛬ᙀӉдЧ̙Т. ீ୶เҒăಏீˬ֎ડ (ocellar triangular). ໢‫ޘ‬఍ந̝̚൴ֈഇᄃх߿தྤफ़̈́ώีྏ. ຳነҒăࣣͨᄃᛈ‫( ͨו‬arista) โҒĂዶࠎ. រٙ଀̝ྤफ़ĂӀϡ Lotka-Euler formula. เҒĄ̚਒ࡦ‫ܪڕ‬โҒĂ̚਒̈♎ͯเҒć݈. ̝͞‫( ڱ‬Goodman, 1982)ĂҤზྍᙀдЧ̙. ਒ཛ‫ڕ‬เҒă̚਒ᄃ‫ޢ‬਒ཛ‫ڕ‬โҒć֖ૄ༼ă. Т‫ؠ‬໢˭̝୉ཏ̬ณĂт̰дᆧതத. ᖼ༼ᄃჿ༼เҒĂ∧༼ᄃ┫༼୶ነҒć݈ਂ౅. (intrinsic rate of increase, rm)ă௣ໂᆧതத. ‫ځ‬Ăਂਔੵ̰ፖਔ (ӈ r-m ਔ) ୶ነҒĂዶࠎ. (finite rate of increase, λ)ăஐᆧതத (net. ነҒĂM3+4 ‫ ̝ޘܜވ̚ࠎ߱ޢ‬3 ࢺćπӮഘเ. reproductive rate, R0) ̈́ π Ӯ ͵ ΃ ॡ ม. ҒĄཛ༼ࡦ‫ڕ‬โҒĂᙝቡเҒĂௐ˟Ξ֍ཛ༼. (mean generation, T) ඈĄ. ࡦ‫׍ڕ‬Ԇፋ‫ځ‬ពเҒ̚໛ćཛ‫ڕ‬เҒĂҭᅬă ฯ۞Ϡത༼ࠎโҒĄᅬăฯّҾ۞෧ᕝপᇈĈ. Τȃଽྣᄇ 25°C ήᖅ෥ԙᜁҡ‫ى‬Ψᇄ‫ړॵڥ‬. 210. έ៉‫ٿ‬ᖪௐ˟˩˛‫ס‬ௐˬഇ. វ‫˘ݭ‬ਠᅬᖪ̂‫ٺ‬ฯᖪ (ܑ˘)ćฯᖪ̝ௐ˝ཛ.

(5) ყΙ! ጹຊයዖᜁϞӨҡߝ෈Ѕ‫ॵڥڏ‬ᓌၾȄAȈርԙᙫȇBȈ֊ᇄ౰֊ЌȇCȈ‫ॵڥ‬ЌȇDȈ಑έឭ҂ᙫȇEȈဵȇFȈ ҂ᙫ‫ॵڥ‬ᓌၾȄ Fig. 1.! Growth stage of Liriomyza sativae and its serpentine mine. A: Adult; B: Egg and oviposition site; C: Feeding puncture; D: The third instar; E: Pupa; F: Serpentine mine of larva.. ߒΙ! ӵ 25°C ήጹຊයዖᜁӨᙫ෈ᡝ࠮σω Table 1.! Body size ( x ± SEM) of various stages of Liriomyza sativae at 25°C Stage Egg Larve 1st Early Late 2nd Early Late 3rd Early Late Pupa Adult Female Male. n 20. Mouthhooks (mm). 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20. 0.11 ± 0.00. Body length (mm) 0.20 ± 0.00. Body width (mm) 0.13 ± 0.00. 0.29 ± 0.00 0.73 ± 0.00. 0.07 ± 0.00 0.28 ± 0.01. 0.85 ± 0.00 1.42 ± 0.00. 0.31 ± 0.00 0.40 ± 0.00. 1.58 ± 0.01 2.26 ± 0.02 1.69 ± 0.02. 0.47 ± 0.01 0.54 ± 0.01 0.77 ± 0.01. 1.64 ± 0.01 1.44 ± 0.03. 0.57 ± 0.01 0.48 ± 0.01. 0.18 ± 0.00. 0.25 ± 0.00. 20 20. ༼ࡦ‫ڕ‬প̼јϠത‫( ؾ‬epandrium)Ă˯͞‫ ׍‬1. ඌ‫ې‬யӉგγᐘĄ. ၆ԍͨĂ˭͞‫ ׍‬1 ၆‫ܢ‬ጡ (ӈԍࡦыࡎĂ. Ӊ (ဦ˘ B)Ĉ‫֯ࠎܐ‬ϨҒΗ౅‫ځ‬Ăགྷ 48. surstylus)ćᅬᖪௐ˛ཛ༼ĂӔ੻̼඀‫۞੼ޘ‬. ̈ॡ‫ޢ‬ត൑Ғ౅‫ځ‬Ąፚ๪ԛĄӉ̂̈֍ܑ˘Ą. ቸ෉೹ሕᙀ̝ԛၗăϠ߿Ϋ̈́Ϡ‫ܑ׻‬. 211.

(6) ყΠ! 25°C ήጹຊයዖᜁϞРՁϽਢ໢Ȅ Fig. 2.! Daily emergence rhythm of Liriomyza sativae at 25°C.. ρᖪВ 3 ᛬Ą‫ࠎܐ‬൑ҒĂ‫ޢ‬ᐌјሢ҃Ӕ. mesophyll) ᆸ̚‫ࢴפ‬Ą‫ࢴפ׎‬ᐋ྽‫ܐ‬൑ҒĂ. เҒĄఔ‫ې‬ĂγܑЍ໣ĄᐝొྵыĂཛొϐბ. ᐌ‫ޢ‬ᖼϨҒĂТॡд‫׎‬ᐋ྽‫׌‬઎Ϲ̢঻ѣ‫ځ‬ព. ྵนĄᐝ‫ځ੻ݟ‬ពĂΞᖣ‫̈̂׎‬ᙊҾЧ᛬ഇ (ܑ. ̝โҒଵ‫ۏڴ‬Ąд෉֑˯Ă‫ࢴפ‬ᐋ྽˘ਠӔᄗ. ˘)Ąௐ˘᛬ρᖪ൑Ғ౅‫ځ‬Ăௐ˟᛬ρᖪ୶เ. ⨂‫( ې‬serpentine-shape) (ဦ˘ F)Ąௐ˘᛬ρ. ҒĂௐˬ᛬ρᖪ୶เҒҌเҒ (ဦ˘ D)Ąρ. ᖪࢴณ̈ă‫ࢴפ‬ᐋ྽௟৫Ă‫ ܜ‬1.39 ± 0.04. ᖪ̝វ‫˘ܑ֍̈̂ݭ‬Ą. cmăᆵ (‫ܐ‬Ƃϐഇ) 0.15 ± 0.00Ƃ0.32 ± 0.00. ུ (ဦ˘ E)ĈነҒĄ‫ܜ‬ፚ๪ԛĂγѣᒖ. mmĄҌௐ˟ᄃௐˬ᛬ρᖪॡĂࢴณᆧ̂Ă‫פ‬. ༼Ąវ‫˘ܑ֍̈̂ݭ‬Ą. ࢴᐋ྽˜႙ᆵĄௐ˟᛬ρᖪ̝‫ࢴפ‬ᐋ྽‫ ܜ‬2.47. ൴ֈགྷ࿅. ± 0.08 cmăᆵ (‫ܐ‬Ƃϐഇ) 0.36 ± 0.00Ƃ0.64. Ӊ‫ܕ‬ြ̼ॡΞҋ‫ܕ‬யӉ͋ฟ˾఍Ӊ̝˘. ± 0.00 mmĂௐˬ᛬ρᖪ̝‫ࢴפ‬ᐋ྽‫ ܜ‬7.09. ბ̰࠻‫ז‬ௐ˘᛬ρᖪ̝ነҒᐝొᄃโҒ֎ኳ. ± 0.07 cmăᆵ (‫ܐ‬Ƃϐഇ) 0.70 ± 0.00Ƃ1.08. ̼̝ᐝ‫ͯ੻ݟ‬Ąြ̼ॡĂௐ˘᛬ρᖪдӉ̰А. ± 0.00 mmĄௐˬ᛬ρᖪҁሢॡෛ‫׎‬дཧ̰҇. Җ 180° ̝ᖼજĂ൒‫ݕޢ‬৔ӉഥĂࡦШயӉ͋. ሕҖ̝ҜཉĂ૟‫ࢴפ‬ᐋ྽ϐბٕ‫ܕ‬ϐბ̝ཧ˯. ฟ˾̝͞ШĂд૙͹ཧܑϩ˭Ӏϡ̂ᗠдߝ‫ې‬. ܑϩٕ˭ܑϩ‫ݕ‬৔˘Η๪ԛĂ൒‫ޢ‬ҋཧ̰២. ௡ᖐ (palisade mesophyll) ᆸ̚‫֭ࢴפ‬ᛅજ. ΍Ăѩॡҁሢρᖪкႋར๬ቱሹ̰ྵຳ఍̼. ఏҖĄҌௐ˟ٕௐˬ᛬ρᖪॡĂѣॡ‫ۏࢴצ‬ณ. ུĂ͌ᇴ۰Яཧࢬྵπ˜‫ٺ‬ཧࢬུ̼Ą98.8%. ̝ ࢨ ‫ ט‬Ă ρ ᖪ Ϻ Ξ д ঔ წ ௡ ᖐ (spongy. ̝ௐˬ᛬ҁሢρᖪд˯̾ 6 ᕇҌ˭̾ 1 ᕇ. 212. έ៉‫ٿ‬ᖪௐ˟˩˛‫ס‬ௐˬഇ.

(7) ყέ! 25°C ήጹຊයዖᜁ಑ΙРឭϞРҺ‫׎‬ਢ໢Ȅ Fig. 3.! Daily mating rhythm of one-day-old Liriomyza sativae at 25°C.. ม២΍ཧࢬུ̼҃Ă‫ ̚׎‬75.5% ะ̚‫̾˯ٺ‬. ᕇมĂҀ̼தЧ྿ 79 ᄃ 80% (ဦ˟)Ąᅬăฯ. 8 ᕇҌ 11 ᕇĂ҃˭̾ 1 ᕇҌ 3 ᕇม២΍۰. ᙀّ̝ͧࠎ 0.53Ĉ0.47 (n = 566)Ą. ่ 1.2% (n = 330)Ąུ̼ॡมࠎ 2.6 ± 0.1 ̈. ϹԍĈϹԍॡฯᙀ‫ۊ‬Ҍᅬᙀࡦ˯Ă‫ك‬ѩᛈ. ॡ (n = 147)Ąུ̼‫ܐ‬ഇུ୶ነҒĂ‫ޢ‬ᖼነҒĄ. ֎࠹ତᛈĂ൒‫ޢ‬ฯᙀ‫ޢ‬ੜĂ˟۰͞Ш˘࡭Ăԍ. Ҁ̼݈ĂུវӔโነҒĄ. ბ࠹ତӔ. ԛĄՏѨϹԍॡมࠎ 45 ± 2. ̶ᛗ (n = 40)Ąௐ˘͟᛬јᙀҋ˯̾ 5 ᕇҌ ΠȃԙᜁϞಬ‫ܒ‬. ˭̾ 2 ᕇมӮΞ֍Ϲԍ࣎វĂҭ 90.4% ̝. Ҁ̼ĈҀ̼ॡјᙀдུഥ̰АӀϡᐝొ̝. ᅬăฯᙀะ̚‫ ̾˯ٺ‬5 ᕇҌ 9 ᕇมϹԍ (ဦ. ᇠᑝĂ֭ᖣ‫݈׎‬ᗝᝃ (ptilinum) ̝Ꮆණᄃќ. ˬ)Ąјᙀ˘ϠϹԍ 1 Ѩͽ˯Ąྍᙀ̝Ϲԍ݈. ᒺ૟ུഥ݈ბ౤৔‫ۊ‬΍Ă‫׎‬࿅඀ࡗᅮ 1.3 ±. ഇᄃ‫׎‬Ҁ̼ॡ‫ג‬ѣᙯĂтдѝ˯ 6 ᕇҌ 11. 0.2 ̶ᛗ (n = 23)Ą‫ܐ‬Ҁ̼јᙀ‫׍‬ШЍّĂА. ᕇมҀ̼̝ᅬᙀĂ‫ ࡗ̚׎‬30.2% ‫ٺ‬༊͟˭̾. ‫ۊ‬Шࠟሬඌጨ˯ٕ͞ങঀ˯Ă൒‫ޢ‬ᐖ̙ͤજĂ. 1 ᕇҌ 5 ᕇมϹԍĂϹԍ݈ഇࠎ 6.8 ± 0.2 ̈. གྷ 14.3 ± 1.0 ̶ᛗ (n = 23) ‫ޢ‬Ă݈ਂणฟĄ. ॡ (n = 159)ćΩ 69.8% ѝ˯ 6 ᕇҌ 11 ᕇ. Гགྷ 13.4 ± 1.1 ̶ᛗ (n = 23)Ăវᖻ੻̼Ԇ. มҀ̼̝ᅬᙀᄃ 100% ˭̾ 1 ᕇҌ 4 ᕇม. БăវҒΐஎĄд 7 ͡ॡྍᙀ̝Ҁ̼ॡ‫ג‬ᔵ. Ҁ̼۰Ă‫ؼ݋‬Ҍௐ˟͟ᄃௐˬ̝͟˯̾ 6 ᕇ. д˯̾ 5 ᕇҌ˭̾ 1 ᕇ̝มĂҭ‫׎‬Ҁ̼੼प. Ҍ˭̾ 5 ᕇม̖ԆјϹԍĂϹԍ݈ഇЧࠎ. ഇ̝ॡ‫ג‬ĂᅬăฯᙀӮะ̚д˯̾ 7 ᕇҌ 10. 24.0 ± 0.2 ᄃ 48.4 ± 1.3 ̈ॡ (ဦα)ĄϺӈ. ቸ෉೹ሕᙀ̝ԛၗăϠ߿Ϋ̈́Ϡ‫ܑ׻‬. 213.

(8) ყѲ! ጹຊයዖᜁ಑ΙԩҺ‫׎‬ਢ‫ړ‬ᇄՁϽਢ‫ړ‬Ϟᜰ߽Ȅ Fig. 4.! The relationship between the emergence time and the time of first mating for Liriomyza sativae. 1st, 2nd and 3rd represent the days of emergence.. ྍᙀ‫ٺ‬Ҁ̼༊͟ăௐ˟̈́ௐˬ͟ॡĂ‫ࢵ׎‬ѨϹ. ૙͹ങ‫ۏ‬ϗ୵ (n = 25)Ąࡶˠࠎ̒ᕘᅬᙀд‫׎‬. ԍத̶Ҿࠎ 28.9ă66.9 ̈́ 4.2% (n = 166)Ą. யӉ͋఍̝‫ࢴפ‬Ă‫ྍ݋‬Ӊ̝ြ̼தࠎ 93.8 ±. யӉĈᅬᙀд෉֑ࡺ˯ព඾ઐрдৌཧ˯. 1.3%Ăᄃϒ૱Ӊ̝ြ̼த 100% มӔໂព඾म. யӉĂৌཧᄃኑཧ˯̝யӉᇴ̶Ҿࠎ 6.9 ±. ள (t = -10.197, df = 3, p = 0.002)Ąд෉֑. 1.4 ᄃ 0.7 ± 0. 2 ࣎Ă‫׌‬۰Ӕໂព඾मள (t =. ࡺ˯ᅬᙀព඾ઐрдৌཧ˯‫ࢴפ‬Ăৌཧᄃኑཧ. 4.440, df = 20, p = 0.0000)ĄயӉॡӀϡய. ˯̝జच‫ג‬ᕇᇴ̶Ҿࠎ 72 ± 8 ᄃ 8 ± 4 ࣎. Ӊგ‫ו‬৔ཧࢬܑ̝ϩĂ૟Ӊய˭ĂՏய 1 ࣎. ‫ג‬ᕇ (t = 7.222, df = 26, p = 0.000)Ą86.3%. Ӊ̝ॡมࠎ 13.2 ± 0.9 ࡋ (n = 20)ĄயӉॡ. ᅬᙀՏѨ២͋‫ࡗࢴפ‬ᅮ 15.1 ± 0.5 ࡋĂ‫̚׎‬. ‫ג‬ᔵࠎࣝ୐ 1 ᕇҌѨ୐ 1 ᕇĂҭ‫׎‬มͽ˯̾. யӉგ២‫ו‬ᅮॡ 8.3 ± 0.5 ࡋĂӛࢴϗ୵ᅮॡ. 5 ᕇҌ˭̾ 1 ᕇࠎயӉ੼पഇĂ྿БొயӉ. 6.8 ± 0.6 ࡋĂΩ 13.7% ̝ᅬᙀՏѨ២͋‫ࢴפ‬. ณ̝ 88.3% (n = 120) (ဦ̣)ĄӉಏ௕೸யĄ. ࡗᅮ 178 ± 37 ࡋĂ‫̚׎‬யӉგ២‫ו‬ᅮॡ. யӉ͋Ξᖣ౅Ѝ‫ڱ‬ᏰᙊĂ‫׎‬γԛӔፚ๪ԛ (ဦ. 15.4 ± 2.9 ࡋĂӛࢴϗ୵ᅮॡ 152 ± 36 ࡋ. ˘ B)Ă‫ ܜ‬0.361 ± 0.004 mmăᆵ 0.160 ±. (n = 80)Ą‫߿ࢴפ‬જॡ‫ ୐ࣝࠎג‬1 ᕇҌѨ୐ 1. 0.005 mm (n = 20)Ą. ᕇมĄ‫ ̾˯̚׎‬5 ᕇҌ˭̾ 9 ᕇมࠎ‫ࢴפ׎‬. ‫ࢴפ‬ĈјᙀੵΞ‫ͪࢴפ‬ăཻᄘγĂ100% ᅬ. ੼पഇĂ྿Бొ‫גࢴפ‬ᕇᇴ̝ 90.5% (n =. ᙀ‫إ‬ᖣயӉგ២‫ו‬૙͹ങ‫̝ۏ‬ཧܑϩٕᅬᙀ. 379) (ဦ̣)Ą‫̶̝͋ࢴפ‬οӔჸะ‫ې‬Ą‫͋ࢴפ‬. ‫׎ٺ‬யӉ‫ޢ‬Ă֗វϲӈੜ‫ޢ‬Гͽ˾ጡଂ‫׎‬២‫ו‬. ϨҒĂ‫ܕ‬๪ԛ (ဦ˘ C)Ă‫ ܜ‬0.329 ± 0.002. ఍ٕயӉ͋఍‫ࢴפ‬૙͹ങ‫ۏ‬ཧ҇௟ࡪ̝ϗ୵. mmăᆵ 0.289 ± 0.007 mm (n = 20)Ą. (n = 20)Ă 84% ̝ฯᙀϺӀϡྍ២‫ו‬఍‫ࢴפ‬. 214. έ៉‫ٿ‬ᖪௐ˟˩˛‫ס‬ௐˬഇ.

(9) ყϤ! ጹຊයዖᜁርᜁӵ 25°C ᇄӎ‫ ෈ں‬14L:10D (ΰϿ 5 ᘈՍήϿ 7 ᘈ໢ྱӎ) ήϞР౰֊ᇄ‫ॵڥ‬ਢ‫ړ‬Ȅ Fig. 5.! Daily oviposition and feeding trends of female Liriomyza sativae at 25°C and 14hrs of photophase set from 5:00 a.m. to 19:00 p.m. in growth chamber.. έȃྣ࡙ᄇี‫ى‬Ϟኇ៪. ᎕໢Чࠎ 42ă78ă133 ̈́ 236 ͟‫ܑ( ޘ‬α)Ą. д 10Ƃ35°C ‫ؠ‬໢˭ቸ෉೹ሕᙀӉ൴ֈ Ҍུഇ̝х߿த‫צ‬໢‫̝ޘ‬ᇆᜩ (ܑ˟)Ąྍᙀ൴. ѲȃြᇙᇄҺ‫׎‬ᄇᖅ෥ᇄ‫ॵڥ‬Ϟኇ៪. ֈ̝ዋ໢૲ࠎ 15 Ҍ 30°CĂЧ໢‫˭ޘ‬Ӊഇ̝. ཻᄘᄃϹԍӮព඾ᇆᜩᅬᙀ̝ᓄതᄃ‫פ‬. х߿தӮ੼‫ ٺ‬95.2%Ăρᖪഇ̝х߿தϺӮ੼. ࢴ (ܑ̣)Ąд 25°C ˭༊јᙀՏֻ͟ᑕ৷ཻ. ‫ ٺ‬81.1% Ă ҃ ུ ഇ ̝ х ߿ த ‫ ࠎ ݋‬65.8 Ƃ. ᄘᄃ֑ঀॡĂϏϹԍᅬᙀ̝ု‫׻‬ᔵᄃ̏Ϲԍᅬ. 78.6%ĄҌ‫ ٺ‬10°C ̝Ҳ໢ᄃ 35°C ̝੼໢‫݋‬. ᙀ൑ព඾मளĂҭ݈۰ࡇய˭ 15 ௕ӉͷӮϏ. ̙ዋྍᙀ̝൴ֈĂт 10°C ॡӉ̝х߿தࠎ. ြ̼Ă‫גࢴפ‬ᕇᇴϺྵ‫ޢ‬۰ዟഴ 54.6%ĂЯ҃. 0Ă 35°C ॡӉᄃρᖪഇ̝х߿தᔵӮ੼྿. дϠത˧ᄃ‫גࢴפ‬ᕇᇴ˯Ă‫׌‬఍நมӮӔព඾. 100%Ăҭུഇ̝х߿த‫ ࠎݒ‬0Ąд 15Ƃ30°C. मளĄΩ༊јᙀϏֻࢴ৷ཻᄘĂ‫̏ݒ‬ϹԍͷՏ. มĂቸ෉೹ሕᙀϏјሢഇ̝൴ֈ͟ᇴӮᐌ໢‫ޘ‬. ֻ͟ᑕ֑ঀॡĂϤ‫ٺ‬ᅬᙀု‫ ࡇ่׻‬3.7 ͟Ă. ̝̿੼҃ᒺൺ (ܑˬ)ĂྍᙀЧϠ‫ܜ‬ഇ̝൴ֈి. ព඾Ҳ‫ࢴֻٺ‬৷ཻᄘͷ̏Ϲԍ̝఍ந௡ĂЯ҃. தᄃ໢‫ޘ‬Ӕໂព඾̝ۡቢਫ਼ᕩᙯܼ (Ӊഇ p. ݈۰̝ѣ߿˧Ӊᇴă‫גࢴפ‬ᕇᇴ̈́̄΃јᖪᇴ. = 0.0009, ρᖪഇ p = 0.0025, ུ ഇ p =. ඈӮព඾Ҳ‫ޢٺ‬۰Ă่̄΃ᅬّͧ̈́யӉᄃ‫פ‬. 0.0062, ӉҌུഇ p = 0.0000) (ܑα)ĄӉ. ࢴּ̝ͧ͞ࢬ‫׌‬఍ந௡ม൑ព඾मளĄ. ഇăρᖪഇăུഇ̈́ӉҌུഇ̝൴ֈᓜࠧҲ໢ Чࠎ 10.5ă9.2ă11.0 ̈́ 11.1°CĂ൴ֈѣड़. ቸ෉೹ሕᙀ̝ԛၗăϠ߿Ϋ̈́Ϡ‫ܑ׻‬. 215.

(10) ߒΠ! ϚӣۡྣήጹຊයዖᜁҐԙዣ෈ϞԆࣀ౥ Table 2.! Survival rate ( x ± SEM) of immature stages of Liriomyza sativae at various constant temperatures Temp. Egg (°C) 1st 10 0 15 96.4 ± 1.5 95.5 ± 2.5 20 95.7 ± 2.4 97.0 ± 3.0 25 95.2 ± 1.1 94.2 ± 1.8 30 100 98.1 ± 1.9 35 100 100 1) With 30-50 eggs per treatment, four. Larva 2nd 3rd 91.5 ± 4.1 92.9 ± 2.4 100 97.4 ± 2.6 98.3 ± 1.0 96.0 ± 1.4 99.2 ± 0.8 100 100 100 or six replicates.. Total 81.1 ± 4.5 94.5 ± 2.9 88.9 ± 1.3 97.3 ± 1.7 100. Pupa 65.8 71.0 72.5 78.6. ± ± ± ± 0. Total immature. 1.6 2.2 4.8 1.9. 51.5 64.2 61.4 76.5. 0 ± ± ± ± 0. 2.3 0.1 3.1 1.9. ߒέ! ϚӣۡྣήጹຊයዖᜁҐԙዣ෈Ϟี‫ى‬Рኵ Table 3.! Duration (days) of immature stages of Liriomyza sativae at various constant temperatures Temp. (°C) 15 20 25 30 35. n 72 46 60 48 35. Egg x ± SEM 11.3 ± 0.1 4.2 ± 0.0 2.8 ± 0.0 2.0 ± 0.0 1.8 ± 0.0. n 72 46 56 45 32. 1st x ± SEM 7.2 ± 0.0 2.8 ± 0.0 2.0 ± 0.0 1.2 ± 0.0 1.3 ± 0.0. n 72 40 48 45 32. Larva 2nd 3rd Total x ± SEM n x ± SEM n x ± SEM 4.8 ± 0.2 70 4.7 ± 0.5 70 16.7 ± 0.5 1.7 ± 0.1 40 2.3 ± 0.3 40 6.8 ± 0.3 1.2 ± 0.0 46 1.5 ± 0.1 46 4.7 ± 0.1 0.9 ± 0.0 45 1.4 ± 0.1 45 3.5 ± 0.1 1.0 ± 0.0 31 0.9 ± 0.2 31 3.2 ± 0.0. n 31 33 43 43 31. Pupa x ± SEM 28.9 ± 0.6 16.0 ± 0.3 9.8 ± 0.2 6.8 ± 0.1 -. Egg-pupa x ± SEM n 31 56.9 ± 0.6 33 27.0 ± 0.3 43 17.3 ± 0.2 41 12.3 ± 0.2 31 -. ߒѲ! ጹຊයዖᜁӨี‫෈ى‬Ϟี‫ى‬ഀ౥ᄇྣ࡙Ϟ‫ޢ‬ጣଟᘪПแԒȃี‫ى‬ᖝࣨճྣЅԤਝᑖྣ1) Table 4.! Linear regression equations (y = developmental rate, x = temperature), lower developmental thresholds (°C), 1) and thermal summation (degree-day) for different life stages of Liriomyza sativae R2 Stage Regression equation To ( x ± SEM) DD ( x ± SEM) Egg 0.9819 10.5 ± 0.6 42 ± 3 y = -0.2502 + 0.0239x Larva 0.9747 9.2 ± 0.7 78 ± 7 y = -0.1184 + 0.0128x Pupa 0.9895 11.0 ± 0.4 133 ± 10 y = -0.0831 + 0.0075x Egg to pupa 0.9981 11.1 ± 0.2 236 ± 7 y = -0.0469 + 0.0042x 1) Estimated according to Campbell et al. (1974). R2: Coefficient of determination. To: The lower developmental threshold. DD: Thermal summation in degree-day.. Ϥȃྣ࡙ᄇఊတቨߝϞኇ៪ ု‫׻‬Ĉᅬᙀᄃฯᙀ̝ု‫׻‬ᄃ໢‫ޘ‬มӮӔໂ ព඾̝ۡቢਫ਼ᕩᙯܼ (ᅬ p = 0.0000, ฯ p. ᄃ 30°C ॡ Ч ‫ ܜ‬1.3Ƃ 1.4 ࢺ ᄃ 3.2Ƃ 3.3 ࢺćͷ̙ኢд 15Ƃ30°C ˭Ăд࠹Т໢‫ޘ‬ॡ ᅬăฯု‫׻‬มӮ൑ព඾मள (ܑ̱)Ą. = 0.0000) (ဦ̱)Ąᅬăฯᙀု‫׻‬д 15°C ॡ. யӉĈᅬᙀ˘Ϡயѣ߿˧Ӊᇴᄃ໢‫ޘ‬Ӕໂ. ᔵᄃ 20°C ॡ൑ព඾मளĂҭ‫ݒ‬ព඾ྵ 25°C. ព඾̝˟Ѩਫ਼ᕩᙯܼ (p = 0.0000)Ă‫׎‬౵̂π. 216. έ៉‫ٿ‬ᖪௐ˟˩˛‫ס‬ௐˬഇ.

(11) ߒϤ! ӵ 25°C ήြᇙᇄҺ‫׎‬ᄇጹຊයዖᜁჰ‫ڼ‬ȃҡ෥Ψȃ‫ړॵڥ‬ᘈኵЅυфር‫ܒ‬ШϞኇ៪ Table 5.! Effect of honey and mating of female Liriomyza sativae on the longevity, fecundity, feeding and proportion of female progeny ( x ± SEM) at 25°C Treatment. n. Longevity (d) Female. Male. No. progeny produced/female No. feeding Viable eggs/ Viable Female stipples feeding stipples Adults Eggs 2) proportion eggs - 113 ± 16a 84 ± 11a 0.50 ± 0.02a 920 ± 70a 0.11 ± 0.00a. Honey + mating 8 13.4 ± 1.3Aa 11.3 ± 2.0Aa (control) Honey + 7 10.1 ± 1.4a 0c 0c 0b 15 ± 7 418 ± 65b without mating Without honey + 7 3.7 ± 0.4Ab 3.3 ± 0.3Ab 32 ± 3b 26 ± 1b 0.52 ± 0.01a 298 ± 70b 0.14 ± 0.00a mating 1) Means of longevity followed by the same uppercase letter denote that there are no significant differences between sexes (p < 0.05, t-test). Means within each column followed by the same lowercase letter are not significantly different (p < 0.05, LSD). 2) Number of eggs that survived to third-instar. 1). ӮҤീࣃࠎ 22.9°C ॡ̝ 136 ௕Ӊ (ဦ̱)Ą. Ƃ30°C (ܑ̱)Ą. யӉ߿જ̝ዋ໢૲ࠎ 15Ƃ30°C (ܑ̱)Ą͟ய. ̄΃јᙀᇴĈᅬᙀ̝̄΃јᙀᇴᄃ໢‫ޘ‬Ӕ. Ӊ‫ݭ‬ё‫צ‬໢‫ޘ‬ᇆᜩĂд 15ă20 ̈́ 25°C ˭Ă. ໂព඾̝˟Ѩਫ਼ᕩᙯܼ (p = 0.0000)Ă‫׎‬౵̂. ᅬᙀ̝யӉ݈ഇᄃயӉഇЧ໢‫ޘ‬มᔵӮ‫ܕ‬. πӮҤീࣃࠎ 22.9°C ॡ̝ 106 ੸ (ဦ̱)Ą. ҬĂЧࠎ 1Ƃ2 ͟ᄃ 12Ƃ14 ͟ćҭՏ̝͟ய. ᅬᙀϠത˧̝౵ዋ໢‫ ࠎ૲ޘ‬20Ƃ25°C (ܑ. ӉᇴĂ݈۰ᄃ‫˟ޢ‬۰‫ݒ‬Чࠎ 0.2Ƃ1.7 ᄃ 3.0. ̱)Ą. Ƃ25.3 ௕ѣ߿˧̝ӉĄд 30°C ॡĂᅬᙀ̝. ̄΃ᅬّͧĈд 15Ƃ30°C ˭Ăᅬᙀ̝̄. யӉഇᔵዟഴࠎ 3 ͟ĂҭՏ̝͟யӉᇴ̪ჯ. ΃ᅬّͧࠎ 0.50Ƃ0.58Ă఍நม൑ព඾मள. ޺ 7.5Ƃ19.8 ௕ѣ߿˧̝Ӊ (ဦ˛)Ą. (ܑ̱)ĄΩϤဦ̱ពϯྍีͧࣃᄃ໢‫ޘ‬൑ۡቢ. ‫ࢴפ‬Ĉᅬᙀ̝‫גࢴפ‬ᕇᇴᄃ໢‫ޘ‬Ӕໂព඾. ਫ਼ᕩᙯܼ (p = 0.7839)Ą. ̝˟Ѩਫ਼ᕩᙯܼ (p = 0.0000)Ă‫גࢴפ̚׎‬ᕇ. ᛬ҾϠ‫ܑ׻‬Ĉд 15ă20ă25 ̈́ 30°C ॡĂ. ᇴ̝౵̂πӮҤീࣃࠎ 22.6°C ॡ̝ 1083. ቸ෉೹ሕᙀ̝୉ཏᆧ‫ܜ‬ᐌ໢‫҃̿˯̝ޘ‬ᆧ. ࣎‫ג‬ᕇ (ဦ̱)Ąᅬᙀ‫߿ࢴפ‬જ̝౵ዋ໢‫ࠎ૲ޘ‬. ΐĂЯѩࡶಶ‫׎‬ᅬّѣ߿˧Ӊᇴ̝Տ̰͟дᆧ. 15Ƃ30°C (ܑ̱)Ą͟‫ݭࢴפ‬ёᄃ໢‫ޘ‬ѣᙯĂ. തத៍̝Ă30°C ࠎྍᙀ୉ཏᆧ‫ܜ‬౵ԣ̝໢‫ޘ‬. Ҳ໢ॡᅬᙀ̝‫ࢴפ‬ഇᔵ‫ܜ‬ĂҭՏ͟‫ג̝ࢴפ‬ᕇ. (ܑ˛)ćҭϤྍᙀஐᆧതத៍̝Ă‫݋‬ពϯ 20°C. ᇴ͌Ă҃੼໢ॡ‫̝ͅ݋‬Ąтд 15ă20Ƃ25 ̈́. ࠎྍᙀ୉ཏᆧ‫̝ܜ‬౵ዋ໢‫˛ܑ( ޘ‬ăဦˣ)Ą. 30°C ॡĂᅬᙀ̝‫ࢴפ‬ഇЧࠎ 26ă17Ƃ20 ̈́ 4 ͟Ă‫׎‬Տ̝͟‫גࢴפ‬ᕇᇴЧࠎ 2Ƃ65ă3Ƃ 194 ̈́ 39Ƃ205 ࣎‫ג‬ᕇ (ဦ˛)Ą. ϲȃଽྣᄇ 25°C ήᖅ෥Ϟԙᜁҡ෥Ψᇄ‫ॵڥ‬ ‫ړ‬ᘈኵϞኇ៪. யӉᄃ‫ּ̝ͧࢴפ‬ĈᅬᙀயӉᄃ‫̝ͧࢴפ‬. ૟д 25°C ˭ᓄത̝ј၆ 0 ͟᛬јᙀ̶. ּ ᄃ ໢ ‫ ޘ‬Ӕ ໂ ព ඾ ̝ ۡ ቢ ਫ਼ ᕩ ᙯ ܼ (p =. ҾொҌ 30 ᄃ 35°C ੼໢˭ăՏֻ͟ᑕ 1 ঀ. 0.0000)Ă‫׎‬౵̂πӮҤീࣃࠎ 30°C ॡ̝. ෉֑ࡺᄃ৷ཻᄘॡĂ30°C ఍ந௡ᅬᙀ̝Ϡത. 0.14:1 (ဦ̱)Ąྍีּ̝ͧ౵ዋ໢‫ ࠎ૲ޘ‬20. ˧ព඾ᐹ‫ ٺ‬35°C ̝఍ந௡ (ܑ̱)ĄΩᄃ˯ี. ቸ෉೹ሕᙀ̝ԛၗăϠ߿Ϋ̈́Ϡ‫ܑ׻‬. 217.

(12) ყϲ! ྣ࡙ᇄጹຊයዖᜁርᜁᖅ෥Ψᇄ‫ړॵڥ‬ᘈኵϞᜰ߽Ȅ Fig. 6.! Relationship between temperature and reproduction and feeding stipples of female Liriomyza sativae. Regression lines drawn for relationships where p < 0.01.. 25°C ̝ྏរඕ‫ྵͧڍ‬ॡĂពϯ 30 ᄃ 35°C. ଆ፣ᇄ๖፣. ̝੼໢ᔵӮ၆ 25°C ˭ᓄതјᙀ̝Ϡത˧൑ ព඾ᇆᜩĂҭ݈‫׌‬۰̝‫גࢴפ‬ᕇᇴ‫ ྵݒ‬25°C ‫ؠ‬໢۰ᆧΐ 1.3Ƃ1.5 ࢺ (ܑ̱)Ą. ቸ෉೹ሕᙀρᖪഇ̝൴ֈ‫צ‬໢‫ޘ‬ᄃ૙͹ ങ‫̝ۏ‬ᇆᜩ (CABI/EPPO, 1997)Ąҭགྷͧྵ ώྏរඕ‫ڍ‬ᄃ઼࡚ă͟ώ઼̈́̚ඈгડ̝ቸ ෉೹ሕᙀд෉֑ăӀ੺֑ (Phaseolus lunatus. 218. έ៉‫ٿ‬ᖪௐ˟˩˛‫ס‬ௐˬഇ.

(13) ߒϲ! ጹຊයዖᜁӵϚӣྣ࡙ήϞჰ‫ڼ‬ȃҡ෥ΨЅ‫ړॵڥ‬ᘈኵ Table 6. Longevity, fecundity and feeding stipples ( x ± SEM) of Liriomyza sativae at various temperatures Temp. (°C). Longevity (d). Fecundity. No. feeding Viable eggs/ Female stipples feeding stipples proportion 15 17 18.7 ± 2.2Aa1) 14.9 ± 1.5Aa 8 ± 2d 7 ± 2d 0.55 ± 0.07a 315 ± 33c 0.02 ± 0.01c 20 8 15.4 ± 1.4Aab 13.4 ± 0.6Aab 133 ± 17a 108 ± 14a 0.50 ± 0.03a 1153 ± 113ab 0.12 ± 0.01ab 25 8 13.4 ± 1.3Abc 11.3 ± 2.0Ab 113 ± 16ab 84 ± 11ab 0.50 ± 0.02a 920 ± 69b 0.11 ± 0.01ab 30 7 5.7 ± 0.8Ad 4.6 ± 0.6Ac 43 ± 5cd 34 ± 5cd 0.58 ± 0.05a 450 ± 58c 0.14 ± 0.03a 25-303) 8 9.4 ± 0.8Acd 10.8 ± 0.8Ab 125 ± 14a 106 ± 14a 0.49 ± 0.02a 1360 ± 205a 0.10 ± 0.01ab 25-353) 8 8.4 ± 1.0Acd 6.4 ± 1.0Ac 82 ± 25bc 61 ± 19bc 0.61 ± 0.08a 1166 ± 235ab 0.08 ± 0.03b 1) Means of longevity followed by the same uppercase letter denote that there are no significant differences between sexes (p < 0.05, t-test). Means within each column followed by the same lowercase letter are not significantly different (p < 0.05, LSD). 2) Number of eggs that survived to third-instar. 3) Reared and emerged at 25°C, then transferred to 30 or 35°C for oviposition and feeding. n. Female. Male. 2). Viable eggs. No. adults. L.)ă‫( ֑‧ܜ‬Vigna sesquipedalis (L.))ăཫ. (2002) Ӯᙋ၁д 35°C ˭ུ̙ਕԆј൴ֈĄ. ࡲ (Lactuca sativa L.)ă൫ࡵ (Lycopersicon. ώྏរീ଀ቸ෉೹ሕᙀд 35°C ‫ؠ‬໢˭Ӊᄃ. esculentum Mill.) ̈́ ⧢ ౫ ̄. (Ricinus. ρᖪഇ̝х߿தӮ྿ 100%Ăུ‫ݒ‬൑‫ڱ‬Ԇј൴. communis L.) ඈ̙Т૙͹ങ‫ۏ‬ᄃ̙Т໢‫ޘ‬. ֈĄҭࡶ૟д 25°C ‫ؠ‬໢˭Ԇј൴ֈ̝јᙀொ. ̝൴ֈ‫ޢ‬Ă൴னቸ෉೹ሕᙀ̝൴ֈ͹ࢋ‫צ‬໢. Ҍ 35°C ˭Ă‫ݒ‬ਕϒ૱யӉĄពϯቸ෉೹ሕᙀ. ‫ޘ‬ᇆᜩĂ̙ኢгડᄃ૙͹ങ‫ۏ‬Ăቸ෉೹ሕᙀ. ̝јᖪăӉ̈́ρᖪഇ၆ 35°C ੼໢̝ዋᑕ˧Ӯ. ӉҌུഇ̝൴ֈᓜࠧҲ໢ᄃѣड़᎕໢ӮЧჯ. ྵུഇૻĄ. ޺д 8.77Ƃ11.1°C ᄃ 223.7Ƃ295.7 ͟‫ޘ‬. ቸ෉೹ሕᙀ̝யӉᇴϺ‫צ‬໢‫ޘ‬ᄃ૙͹ങ. (Parkman et al., 1989; Petitt et al., 1991;. ‫̝ۏ‬ᇆᜩ (CABI/EPPO, 1997; Zhou et al.,. Petitt and Wietlisbach, 1994; Palumbo,. 2000)Ąҭགྷͧྵώྏរඕ‫ڍ‬ᄃྍᙀд̙Тг. 1995; Wu, 1997; Cao et al., 1999; He et. ડă໢‫̈́ޘ‬૙͹ങ‫̝˯ۏ‬யӉᇴ‫ޢ‬Ă൴னᇆᜩ. al., 1999; Zhang et al., 2000; Zhou et al.,. ቸ෉೹ሕᙀயӉᇴ̝͹ࢋЯ̄ੵ໢‫ޘ‬γĂгડ. 2000; Sakamaki et al., 2003; Tokumaru. ّ̝჌໚ᄃ૙͹ങ‫ۏ‬ϺࠎΞਕ̝តЯĄּтд. and Abe, 2003)Ą. ࠹Т໢‫( ޘ‬25°C) ᄃ૙͹ങ‫˯ )֑෉( ۏ‬Ă͟. ੼໠ᄃ઀ᒌᚑࢦᇆᜩቸ෉೹ሕᙀུ̝̼. ώִౌгડ̝ቸ෉೹ሕᙀΞய 639.6 ௕Ӊ. (CABI/EPPO, 1997)ĄPetitt and Wietlisbach. (Tokumaru and Abe, 2003)Ă઼̚কѯгડ. (1994) ᄮࠎд 25°C ˭Ă࠹၆໠‫ ࠎޘ‬20%. ۰ய 360.6 ௕Ӊăᇃэгડ۰ய 257.5 ௕Ӊ. RH ॡĂུ̝х߿த่ 20%Ăҭ༊࠹၆໠‫ޘ‬೩. (Zhang et al., 2000)Ă҃ώྏរᄂ៉‫ݑ‬Ըгડ. ̿ࠎ 70Ƃ95% RH ॡĂུ̝х߿த੼྿ 94. ۰่ய 113 ௕ӉĂТॡαгડᅬᙀု‫׻‬Ϻѣ. Ƃ100%ĄΩ Parkman et al. (1989) ଯീቸ. ‫ܜ‬ൺĂЧࠎ 28.1ă18.4ă15.4 ̈́ 13.4 ͟Ă. ෉೹ሕᙀུ̝࡭Ѫ˯ࢨΞਕତ‫ ܕ‬35°CĂHe et. ពனቸ෉೹ሕᙀ̝Ϡത˧ົЯгડ̙҃ТĂͽ. al. (1999) ಡ ጱ д 35°C ˭ ུ ̝ х ߿ த ࠎ. ࡭၆ү‫ۏ‬ౄј̝ࠎचϺ̙˘Ă‫ࣧ׎‬ЯٕᄃЧг. 10%Ă҃ Zhou et al. (2000) ᄃ Wei et al.. ડ‫ܬ‬ˢ჌̝‫ݡ‬րѣᙯĄ૙͹ങ‫ࢬ͞ۏ‬Ăд 28. ቸ෉೹ሕᙀ̝ԛၗăϠ߿Ϋ̈́Ϡ‫ܑ׻‬. 219.

(14) ყΜ! ጹຊයዖᜁርᜁӵϚӣۡྣήӨРឭϞР౰ԤࣀΨ֊ᇄР‫࠮ॵڥ‬ԒȄ Fig. 7.! Daily viable eggs and feeding stipples patterns of female Liriomyza sativae at various temperatures (viable eggs: the number of eggs that survived to third-instar).. ٕ 29°C˭Ă઼̚ᇃэгડᅬᙀд൫ࡵᄃ‫‧ܜ‬. ᘲ֧྿эгડᅬᙀ‫ ٺ‬25°C ॡĂдӀ੺֑ᄃᗔ. ֑˯̝யӉᇴ࠹‫ܕ‬ĂЧࠎ 114.2 ᄃ 124.8 ௕. ਨ⧢౫̄˯̝யӉᇴϺ࠹ளĂЧࠎ 362.0 ᄃ. Ӊ (Wu, 1997; Cao et al., 1999)ćҭд 25°C. 164.5 ௕Ӊ (Parkman et al., 1989; Petitt. ˭Ă઼̚কѯгડᅬᙀд෉֑ă‫֑̈́‧ܜ‬เϝ. and Wietlisbach, 1994)Ăពϯᅬᙀᔵд⧢౫. ˯̝யӉᇴ‫ݒ‬Ӕព඾मளĂЧࠎ 360.6ă271.9. ̄˯யӉྵ͌ăҭ၆ྍᗔਨ˯೹ሕᙀ̝֨‫̈́ڼ‬. ̈́ 193.8 ௕Ӊ (Pang et al., 2005)ć઼࡚Ң. ‫͇˯׎‬ᇲ̝Ӏϡ‫̙ݒ‬Ξ‫ن‬ෛĄ. 220. έ៉‫ٿ‬ᖪௐ˟˩˛‫ס‬ௐˬഇ.

(15) ߒΜ! ጹຊයዖᜁӵϚӣۡྣήϞఊတϭ໔1,2) 1,2) Table 7.! Population parameters of Liriomyza sativae at various constant temperatures. 1). 2). n rm λ R0 T Temp. (°C) 15 17 0.0162 1.0163 2.847 64.57 20 8 0.1163 1.1233 46.061 32.93 25 8 0.1624 1.1763 39.324 22.61 30 7 0.2358 1.2659 35.038 15.08 rm intrinsic rate of increase (d-1); λ, finite rate of increase (d-1); R0, net reproductive rate (viable female eggs/female); T, mean generation time (d). For the calculation of population parameters, the number of eggs that survived to third-instar was used as the age-specific fecundity.. ყΤ! ጹຊයዖᜁӵϚӣۡྣήϞឭտԆࣀ౥ (lx)ȃឭտᖅ෥౥ (mx) Ѕឭտ౑ቨ෥঄ (vx= lxmx)Ȅ Fig. 8.! Age-specific survival rate (lx), fecundity (mx) and net maternity value (vx= lxmx) of Liriomyza sativae at various constant temperatures.. Chien and Ku (1996) അ၆‫߷ܧ‬ළ೹ሕ. ࢴ̈́ҁሢρᖪ២΍ཧࢬུ̼ඈҖࠎĂӮᄃ‫߷ܧ‬. ᙀ̝ԛၗᄃϠ߿ΫඈซҖஎˢࡁտĄ҃ώྏរ. ළ೹ሕᙀ˩̶‫ܕ‬ҬĄγԛ˯่јᙀ̂̈ᄃјᙀ. ൴னቸ෉೹ሕᙀ̙ኢயӉҜཉĂρᖪ̝វҒă. ཛ༼ࡦ‫ڕ‬เҒ̚໛ొ̶Ăд‫׌‬჌೹ሕᙀม‫ځ׍‬. ሕࢴొҜ̈́‫ࢴפ‬ᐋ྽Ăུ̝វҒĂྍᙀҀ̼ă. ពमளĄ. ϹԍăϹԍ݈ഇᄃҀ̼ॡ‫̝ג‬ᙯܼăயӉă‫פ‬. ώྏរд‫ؠ‬໢˭ീ଀̝ቸ෉೹ሕᙀ൴ֈ. ቸ෉೹ሕᙀ̝ԛၗăϠ߿Ϋ̈́Ϡ‫ܑ׻‬. 221.

(16) ዋ໢૲ࠎ 15 Ҍ 30°CĂ‫׎‬มӉ൴ֈҌུഇ̝. யӉ఍‫଀פ‬ĄЯ֑҃ཧ˯̝ٙѣཧࢬ‫ג‬ᕇᇴĂ. х߿தࠎ 51.5Ƃ76.5%Ăҭд 10°C ̝Ҳ໢ᄃ. Ξෛࠎྍᙀ̝‫גࢴפ‬ᕇᇴĄᅬᙀдළ‫̝˯܅‬ய. 35°C ̝੼໢˭ĂӮ̙ਕԆј൴ֈĄ‫߷ܧ‬ළ೹. Ӊ͋ᇴࠎ‫גࢴפ׎‬ᕇᇴ̝ 15% (Parrella et. ሕᙀ൴ֈ̝ዋ໢૲ࠎ 20 Ҍ 35°CĂ‫׎‬มӉ൴. al., 1981)Ă҃ώྏរ൴னயӉ͋ᇴᄃ‫גࢴפ‬. ֈҌུഇ̝х߿தࠎ 74.5Ƃ81.6%Ă15°C ̝. ᕇᇴ̝ͧࣃᄃ໢‫ޘ‬ѣᙯĂд 20Ƃ30°C ॡĂ‫׌‬. Ҳ໢‫̙݋‬ዋྍᙀ̝൴ֈĂ‫׎‬х߿த่ 13.9%. ۰̝ͧࣃࠎ 0.11Ƃ0.14:1Ăҭд 15°C ॡĂ. (Chien and Ku, 1996)Ąពϯ‫׌‬჌೹ሕᙀ၆໢. ‫׌‬۰̝ͧࣃ‫ ࠎࢫݒ‬0.02:1ĄΩγĂώ͛൴னᅬ. ‫ޘ‬ዋᑕ̝ቑಛĂቸ෉೹ሕᙀரઐШҲ໢Ă҃‫ܧ‬. ᙀдயӉ‫ޢ‬ϲӈд‫׎‬யӉ͋఍̝ӛࢴҖࠎĂѣ. ߷ළ೹ሕᙀ‫݋‬ரઐШ੼໢Ą. ӄ‫ٺ‬Ӊ̝ြ̼Ą. ቸ෉೹ሕᙀӉய‫֑෉ٺ‬ཧܑϩ˭Ă̙‫ࢍٽ‬. ೹ሕᙀᓄത˧૱‫צ‬૙͹ങ‫ۏ‬჌ᙷăཧ‫ݡ‬. ᇴĂͷд‫ ̰ވ‬15Ƃ25°C ᄃ 30°C ॡĂӉ൴. ኳă໢‫ۏࢴ̈́ޘ‬ඈ̝ᇆᜩĄЯ҃ࠎ྿ቸ෉೹ሕ. ֈ Ҍ ௐ ˟ ᛬ ρ ᖪ ̝ х ߿ த Ч ੼ ྿ 84.2 Ƃ. ᙀᓄത͞‫ޙ̝ڱ‬ϲĂυАᒢྋ‫ك‬ඈЯ̄ᄃྍᙀ. 92.8% ᄃ 97.3%ĂЯѩࠎ͞‫ࢍܮ‬ᇴͷᔖҺ᏾. ᓄത̝ᙯܼĄLiu and Jiang (1998) ‫̰ވٺ‬. ᄱĂ˜ͽх߿Ҍௐˬ᛬ρᖪ̝ᇴϫࠎ‫׎‬Տ͟ᓄ. ͽ‫͋ࢴפ‬ᇴࠎૄ໤ซҖቸ෉೹ሕᙀ၆૙͹ങ. തத (mx)ĄΩࠎдТ˘ᇾ໤˭ͧྵᄂ៉гડ. ‫̝ۏ‬ᎡᏴĂ‫׎‬ઐр඀‫ֶޘ‬Ԕࠎ֑ᙷăϝᙷăࡵ. ቸ෉೹ሕᙀᄃ‫߷ܧ‬ළ೹ሕᙀ̝ᓄതਕ˧Ă˜૟. ࡊ̈́˩ф‫ࡊ܅‬ඈĄώྏរඕ‫ۢ଀ڍ‬Ăቸ෉೹ሕ. Chien and Ku (1996) ѣᙯ‫߷ܧ‬ළ೹ሕᙀϠ. ᙀд 20Ƃ30°C มĂՏֻ͇ᑕ෉֑ࡺᄃ৷ཻᄘ. ‫ྤܑ̝׻‬फ़ࢦາͽ Lotka-Euler formula ̝. ଐ‫˭ڶ‬Ă‫׎‬ᅬّѣ߿˧Ӊᇴ̝Տ̰͟дᆧതத. ͞‫( ڱ‬Goodman, 1982)ĂҤზ֭ᘱᄦྍᙀд. ᄃ௣ໂᆧതதӮᐌ໢‫҃̿˯̝ޘ‬ᆧΐĂ҃. Ч̙Т‫ؠ‬໢˭̝୉ཏ̬ณ (‫˘ܑܢ‬Ă‫ܢ‬ဦ˘)Ą. 15°C ॡĂ୉ཏᆧ‫݋ܜ‬ᔌቤĄΩγдᄂ៉ϣม. ඕ‫ڍ‬൴னдֻᑕ࠹Т෉֑૙͹ᄃ৷ཻᄘ‫ې‬ၗ. ෉֑јঀ̝ኑཧ˯ᔵΞ൴னྍᙀ̝ࠎचĂҭώ. ˭Ăᄂ៉гડቸ෉೹ሕᙀд 20ă25 ̈́ 30°C. ྏរඕ‫ڍ‬ពϯĂྍᙀд෉֑ࡺ˯‫ݒ‬၆ৌཧ‫׍‬ໂ. ॡĂ‫׎‬ᅬّѣ߿˧ӉᇴՏ̝̰͟дᆧതதЧࠎ. ព඾̝யӉᄃ‫ࢴפ‬ઐрّĄЯ҃‫ޙ‬ᛉд‫̰ވ‬ᓄ. 0.1163ă0.1624 ̈́ 0.2358ć҃‫߷ܧ‬ළ೹ሕᙀ. തቸ෉೹ሕᙀ̝౵ዋ୧ІĂࠎд 20°CăՏ͟. д 20ă25ă30 ̈́ 35°C ॡĂ‫׎‬ᅬّѣ߿˧. ֻࢴ৷ཻᄘଐ‫˭ڶ‬Ăͽ 15Ƃ20 cm ఀ੼Νੵ. Ӊ ᇴ Տ ͟ ̝ ̰ д ᆧ ത த Ч ࠎ 0.1611 ă. ኑཧ̝෉֑ࡺֻྍᙀயӉĄ. 0.2292ă0.2737 ̈́ 0.3195 (‫)˘ܑܢ‬ĄЯ҃ಶ ᄂ៉гડ‫׌‬჌೹ሕᙀ୉ཏ̝ᓄതਕ˧҃֏Ă‫ܧ‬. ᇬ! ! ᗂ. ߷ළ೹ሕᙀቁ၁੼‫ٺ‬ቸ෉೹ሕᙀĄҭд͟ώг ડֻᑕ࠹Т෉֑૙͹˭Ăቸ෉೹ሕᙀᄃ‫߷ܧ‬ළ. ώࡁտٚਃॎцАϠ‫ם‬ӄᛷᄦቸ෉೹ሕ. ೹ሕᙀд 25°C ॡĂ‫׎‬ᅬّѣ߿˧ӉᇴՏ̝͟. ᙀЧϠ‫ܜ‬ഇ̈́‫ࢴפ׎‬ᐋ྽̝ဦͯĂᖰѩ࡭ᔁĄ. ̰дᆧതதЧࠎ 0.21 ᄃ 0.17Ăቸ෉೹ሕᙀ ୉ཏ̝ᓄതਕ˧҃ͅ੼‫߷ܧٺ‬ළ೹ሕᙀ. ЕҢМᝦ. (Tokumaru and Abe, 2003)Ą ώྏរᙋ၁ቸ෉೹ሕᙀᅬᙀ༊‫ࢴפ‬૙͹. Wei, D. W. 2000. Present status of. ങ‫ۏ‬ϗ୵ॡĂ่̙ଂ‫͋ࢴפ׎‬ᒔ଀ĂϺΞҋ‫׎‬. Liriomyza sativae researches in China.. 222. έ៉‫ٿ‬ᖪௐ˟˩˛‫ס‬ௐˬഇ.

(17) Guangxi Agric. Sci. 6: 320-324Ą CABI. 2002. Crop Protection Compendium. CAB Int. Wallingford, Oxon, UK.. experimental population of Liriomyza sativae. Acta Entomol. Sin. 42: 291296.. CABI/EPPO. 1997. Liriomyza sativae. pp.. Johnson, M. W. 1993. Biological control of. 369-373. In: I. M. Smith, D. G.. Liriomyza leafminers in the Pacific. McNamara, P. R. Scott, and M.. Basin. Micronesica No. 4 suppl.: 81-. Holderness, eds. Quarantine Pests for. 92.. nd. Europe. 2 edition. CAB Int. Wallingford, UK. 1425 pp.. Johnson, M. W., and A. H. Hara. 1987. Influence of host crop on parasitoids. Campbell, A., B. D. Frazer, N. Gilbert, A. P.. (Hymenoptera) of Liriomyza spp. (Diptera:. Gutierrez, and M. Mackauer. 1974.. Agromyzidae). Environ. Entomol. 16:. Temperature requirements of some. 339-344.. aphids and their parasites. J. Appl. Ecol. 11: 431-438.. Liu, Q., and Y. W. Jiang. 1998. Host selectivity. Cao, Y., R. K. Li, J. Y. Lin, X. Tan, and S. Y. Xu. 1999. Studies on biology and. of. American. leafminer. (Liriomyza sativae Blanchard). China Vegetables No. 1: 1-4.. occurrence of Liriomyza sativae in. McClanahan, R. J. 1980. Biological control. Guangzhou region. J. South China. of Liriomyza sativae on greenhouse. Agric. Univ. 20: 18-22.. tomatoes. Proc. Work. Group. Integrated. Chen, X. X., J. H. He, Z. H. Xu, and Y. Ma.. Control Glasshouses, Vantea, Finland.. 2001. Research and application of. Bull. Int. Org. Biol. Cont./West. Palearct.. parasitoids. Reg. Sect. 3: 135-139.. to. suppress. Liriomyza. sativae flies. Chinese J. Biol. Cont. 17: 30-34.. Murphy, S. T., and J. LaSalle. 1999. Balancing biological control strategies. Chien, C. C., and H. C. Ku. 1996.. in the IPM of New World invasive. Morphology, life history and reproductive. Liriomyza leafminers in field vegetable. ability of Liriomyza trifolii. J. Agric.. crops. Biol. News Inf. 20: 91-104.. Res. China 45: 69-88. EPPO. 1984. Data sheets on quarantine organisms. Bull. OEPP 14: 78. Goodman, D. 1982. Optimal life histories,. Palumbo, J. C. 1995. Developmental rate of Liriomyza sativae on lettuce as a function of temperature. Southwest. Entomol. 20: 461-465.. optimal notation, and the value of. Pang, B. P., J. A. Chen, E. Y. Huang, and. reproductive value. Am. Nat. 119:. Z. S. Bao. 2005. Effects of different. 803-823.. host plants on population parameters. He, J. Y., W. X. Deng, S. C. Yang, and Z. X. Wang. 1999. Studies on life-table of. of Liriomyza sativae. Plant Prot. 31: 26-28.. ቸ෉೹ሕᙀ̝ԛၗăϠ߿Ϋ̈́Ϡ‫ܑ׻‬. 223.

(18) Parkman, P., J. A. Dusky, and R. H.. C. Liao. 2002. Temperature effect on. Waddill. 1989. Biological studies of. the experimental population of Liriomyza. Liriomyza sativae (Diptera: Agromyzidae). sativae Blanchard. Chinese Agric. Sci.. on castor bean. Environ. Entomol. 18:. Bull. 18(4): 59-64.. 768-772.. Wen, J. Z., Z. R. Lei, and Y. Wang. 2002.. Parrella, M. P., W. W. Allen, and P.. Opiinae parasitoids of the leafminer. Marishita. 1981. Leafminer species. Liriomyza spp. in China. Chinese. causes. Acad. Agric. Sci. 39: 14-16.. California. chrysanthemum. growers new problems. Calif. Agric. 35: 28-30.. New. Petitt, F. L., and D. O. Wietlisbach. 1994.. record. Blanchard. of. Liriomyza. (Diptera:. sativae. Agromyzidae). Laboratory rearing and life history of. from China. Entomotaxonomia 18:. Liriomyza sativae (Diptera: Agromyzidae). 311-312.. on lima bean. Environ. Entomol. 23: 1416-1421.. Wu, J. 1997. Population dynamics of the vegetable leafminer, Liriomyza sativae. Petitt, F. L., J. C. Allen, and C. S. Barfield.. Blanchard. and. its. control.. Ph.D.. 1991. Degree day model for vegetable. Thesis, South China Agric. Univ.. leafminer. (Diptera:. Agromyzidae). Guangzhou, China.. phenology.. Environ.. Entomol.. 20:. 1134-1140. Sakamaki, Y., Y. Chi, and K. Kusigemati. 2003. Lower threshold temperature. Xu, Z. F., and L. Zeng. 1998. Current status in the study on parasitoids of Liriomyza sativae Blanchard. Nat. Enemies Insects 20: 129-135.. and total effective temperature for. Xu, Z. F., Z. Z. Gao, Z. F. Chen, R. H. Hou,. the development of Liriomyza sativae. and L. Zeng. 1999. Hymenopterous. Blanchard on kidney beans. Bull. Fac.. parasitoids. Agric. Kagoshima Univ. 53: 21-28.. Blanchard (Diptera: Agromyzidae) in. Tokumaru, S., and Y. Abe. 2003. Effects of temperature and photoperiod on. Guangdong. of. Liriomyza. Province,. sativae. China.. Nat.. Enemies Insects 21: 126-132.. development and reproductive potential. Zeng, L., W. Q. Zhang, and J. J. Wu. 1999.. of Liriomyza sativae, L. trifolii, and L.. Preliminary studies on the parasitoids. bryoniae (Diptera: Agromyzidae). Jpn.. of Liriomyza sativae Blanchard (Diptera:. J. Appl. Entomol. Zool. 47: 143-152.. Agromyzidae) in Guangdong. Nat.. Waterhouse, D. F., and K. R. Norris. 1987. Biological control: Pacific prospects. Inkata Press, Australia. 454 pp. Wei, D. W., Z. Y. Wang, Z. H. Zhou, and S.. 224. Wen, J. Z., Y. Wang, and Z. R. Lei. 1996.. έ៉‫ٿ‬ᖪௐ˟˩˛‫ס‬ௐˬഇ. Enemies Insects 21: 113-116. Zhang, R. J., D. J. Yu, and C. Q. Zhou. 2000. Effects of temperature on certain population parameters of Liriomyza.

(19) sativae Blanchard (Diptera: Agromyzidae). Entomol. Sin. 7: 185-192. Zhao, Y., Z. H. Li, W. A. Xu, and X. Y. Li.. Zitter, T. A., and J. H. Tsai. 1977. Transmission of three polyviruses by the. leaf. miner. Liriomyza. sativae. 2003. Endoparasitoids of Liriomyza. (Diptera: Agromyzidae). Plant Dis.. sativae investment and its biology. J.. Rep. 61: 1025-1029.. Shandong Agric. Univ. (Nat. Sci.) 34: 24-28.. Zitter, T. A., J. H. Tsai, and K. F. Harris. 1980. Flies. pp. 165-176. In: K. F.. Zhou, Y. H., Z. M. Zhao, and X. P. Deng.. Harris, and K. Maramorosch, eds.. 2000. Effect of temperature on the. Vectors of Plant Pathogens. Academic. increase of experimental population. Press, New York.. of Liriomyza sativae Blanchard. J. Southwest Agric. Univ. 22: 443-447.. ԝӇР෈Ȉ2006 ԑ 11 Т 1 Р ௥‫ڧ‬Р෈Ȉ2007 ԑ 6 Т 15 Р. ߣߒΙ! ߨࢸຆයዖᜁӵϚӣۡྣήϞఊတϭ໔1,2,3) 1,2,3) of Liriomyza trifolii at various constant temperatures Appendix table 1.! Population parameters. 1). 2). 3). n rm λ R0 T Temp. (°C) 12 11 -0.0241 0.9762 0.098 96.36 15 6 0.0081 1.0081 1.965 83.40 20 7 0.1611 1.1748 159.724 31.49 25 19 0.2292 1.2576 198.461 23.08 30 9 0.2737 1.3148 95.037 16.64 35 5 0.3195 1.3764 105.469 14.58 Revised population parameters of Chien and Ku (1996) using Lotka-Euler formula with age indexed from zero (Goodman, 1982). rm intrinsic rate of increase (d-1); λ, finite rate of increase (d-1); R0, net reproductive rate (viable female eggs/ female); T, mean generation time (d). For the calculation of population parameters, the number of eggs that survived to third-instar was used as the age-specific fecundity.. ቸ෉೹ሕᙀ̝ԛၗăϠ߿Ϋ̈́Ϡ‫ܑ׻‬. 225.

(20) ߣყΙ! ߨࢸຆයዖᜁӵϚӣۡྣήϞឭտԆࣀ౥ (lx)ȃឭտᖅ෥౥ (mx) Ѕឭտ౑ቨ෥঄ (vx= lxmx)Ȅ‫؁‬ғՌ Chien and Ku (1996) ϞၥਟȄ Appendix Fig. 1.! Age-specific survival rate (lx), fecundity (mx) and net maternity value (vx= lxmx) of Liriomyza trifolii at various constant temperatures. Revised population parameters of Chien and Ku (1996) using Lotka-Euler formula with age indexed from zero (Goodman, 1982).. 226. έ៉‫ٿ‬ᖪௐ˟˩˛‫ס‬ௐˬഇ.

(21) Morphology, life history and life table of Liriomyza sativae (Diptera: Agromyzidae) Ching-Chin Chien* and Shu-Chen Chang. Department of Applied Zoology, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Wufeng, Taichung 413, Taiwan. ABSTRACT The morphology, life history, and the effect of honey, mating and temperature on the population growth rate of the leafminer, Liriomyza sativae Blanchard, were studied in the laboratory with field bean, Phaseolus vulgaris var. communis Aeschers, as host plant. Results indicated that emergence, mating, and oviposition of adults as well as larvae emerging from leaves all took place primarily in the morning. The mating rate reached 95.8% on the 2nd day. Males and females mated more than once. At 25°C, unmated females fed with honey could lay 15 infertile eggs. Mated females without honey supply had significant lower values in longevity, fecundity and number of feeding stipples than those fed with honey. Females fed from all punctures regardless of oviposition. Females had a significant preference for laying their eggs and feeding on primary leaf to trifoliate leaf of field bean. The number of third instars within the mesophyll could be used to estimate the oviposition of the leafminer between 15-30°C due to the high survival rate of egg stage (95.2-100%) and larval stage (81.1-97.3%). The mine length increased as the larva grew. The mine length of third instars was 5.1- and 2.9-fold longer than that of first and second instars, respectively. The lower developmental threshold was estimated to be 11.1°C for the development from egg to pupal stage. L. sativae required 42, 78, 133 and 236 degree-days, respectively, to complete the egg, larval, pupal and total immature stages. The maximum intrinsic rate of L. sativae was observed at 30°C (rm = 0.2358/ day) when honey is provided. The maximal net reproductive rate was observed at 20°C (Ro = 46.061 viable female eggs). The optimal conditions for rearing L. sativae is using field bean of 15-20 cm tall with a daily supply of honey at 20°C. Key words: Liriomyza sativae, life history, life table, field bean, temperature. *Correspondence address e-mail: [email protected]. ቸ෉೹ሕᙀ̝ԛၗăϠ߿Ϋ̈́Ϡ‫ܑ׻‬. 227.

(22)