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希爾伯特-黃轉換法之拍頻分析於結構損傷鑑定上的應用

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楊鎧綸 希爾伯特-黃轉換法之拍頻分析於結構損傷鑑定上的應用

The Applications of Beat Frequency Analysis by Hilbert-Huang Transform on the Evaluation of Minor Structural Damages

摘要 傳統上,結構損傷非破壞檢測,大都應用快速傅立葉轉換(Fast Fourier Transform),但損傷不大時,單純以快速傅立葉轉換分析,結果受端點效應影響 很大,通常需以小波輔助,尤其對暫態訊號或非線性系統訊號,較難得到很好的 效果。本文對結構之振動訊號求其包絡線進行希爾伯特-黃轉換法(Hilbert-Huang Transform-HHT)來分析拍擊現象(Beating),藉拍擊現象的變化來鑑定結構小損傷。 本研究以懸臂單自由度結構為測試模型,透過微小振動及頻率的差異來產生拍擊 現象,並在單擺頂端放置質強力磁鐵來代表損傷,藉希爾伯特-黃轉換法中的希 爾伯特頻譜分析(Hilbert spectral analysis)來測出拍擊現象產生之拍頻頻率(Beat Frequency)。本文並比較了傅立葉轉換及藉希爾伯特-黃轉換兩種方法所得出的結 果。由於結構振動頻率不高、損傷很小,且伴隨雜訊,以至於拍擊現象並不明顯 易見。分析發現,將原訊號求其瞬時振幅,瞬時振幅在本研究中的功能類似原始 訊號之上包絡線,直接含有拍頻資訊在內,可由此展開分析,因此對瞬時振幅作 希爾伯特-黃轉換法,希爾伯特-黃轉換法中的經驗模態分解法,有效濾除了非拍 擊現象產生之訊號。將經驗模態分解求出的分量做希爾伯特轉換,透過希爾伯特 頻譜圖能辨識出微小的頻率變化,也因而使未來在結構損傷鑑定上的應用變得可 行。

The present study is to develop a signal-processing model for non-destructive evaluation of the minor structural damage. Through Hilbert-Huang Transform, the instant amplitude of an acceleration time history was decomposed and

analyzed. Beat frequencies are identified in both Fourier and Hilbert spectra and compared to the theoretical values. A cantilever beam with lump mass is employed as an example. The relation between the differences in beat frequencies and the level of structural damages is developed. Study shows that Fourier results have higher quality of repeatability, yet the results of Hilbert-Huang Transform method are closer to the theoretical value.

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