她們覺得不公平嗎？女性工作者社會比較歷程之探討

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(2) Gopikumar, 1 ~Jf§i:M~. 1'f A~m '. JHli~ft ~rs'I¥JIflX~~it!:W_I::Ilfts"J!flJ:~. (the longest war) ,. ~. ,. ~j. Cooper (. 0. ~g~~M~.I¥J • • ,a*a~ftttmA~~m.,~rlflX~J~~ili~*~'. !}mi({oo:a~. ~.~~~I~.Mo@~,~~rr*~~,ftttrrI~.M$,~~m~.~~. ~ft¥!~rr*. ~om~,rrM.MmnOO,m.~$~.~~A~am~~.~M~'ftttl¥J~. .~~~ttl¥J-ft~=(ff~~~~.'~~) '®H'~.~ft~.~.I¥JMID. ,. /ff1i~~rr#~. ,. ~a~ili1Mf:i!J!iffrr~;!tflli~*. Crosby, 1994, Hurst 1994). (Hoffman & Velasco, 1997 ;. ... ,. 1'Fili/f ttEl ~ , llt I!n PlY. ®WPJT~~!1!!~~t':l:I~. 0. (male-typical jobs). tQ,S"t (f~J. ~~sm. .. 9H'j.'fi~) '-~xJt!:~ft'I'iI~ (female-typical jobs) ({~JtlO ~I± . f&:\~ .. IJ\¥!$kSm) (~-*B5cIEl' ~ 76) -~® § , !1!!~I¥J:;('I"tlff&~ , ;!t~. *}$tx:1~ .. rrlffl\\~JII*,*,5ty .. ilitx:ftWft.S"Jfmfr (Treiman & Hartmann, 1981; Marini, 1989; Hurst 1995) tElJIJS"J~~~iHJi!~ , /ffi'i~~~lffl\\~rs9 (inter 0. 1 rI f. ,~a~ili~~~lffl\\~pg. ~ftm.ff/f~I¥JI~(~~). r9'1"t .. :jJi:1Ifqt':l: .. E{R\\i~. ~gI~. ~~I1'F. objective crit. (intra-occupation). '~I!nrrttEl~lffl\\~$'. ,fttt~.ff~g&&ff~I~'~tt~~.ffW. , ITIT13. '. I~I¥Jlffl\\1ftr~a~. , 'l"tlJlJs"Jlt$ (sex ratio) iW:. (skewed) (Reskin & Roos, 1990 ; Baron & Bielby, 1985 ; Wickwire. & Kruper, 1996; Kay & Hagan, 1995). consequence~. 0Z:P: ... t~~. referent). ... a"J~. 1987 ) o ~ll:t ID/1X0Z:P:W~. ~~rrI~1~. 0. occupation). 0. ,. s"Jtt!.l1ft ' ITff fJJ1 $ " _I: '. (sex segregation in occupation) (Jacobsen, 1994;. ~§)t , ~ft~rtl1J~/f~I¥Jlffl\\~. ~. S"J/f~~~~. Reskin, 1993 ; Resenfeld & Spenner, 1992; Wharton & Baron, 1991). tlOIl!iam ... ~A~'~*. 0. .~ ft ~ '1'1 ~ T rr ~. 1:.WpJT/f ~ ~ 9'1- ' 1m 1r~ ~ ~ {tt: $S"JI ~~S"JtElJIJlff&~I~~HlltHJi!~. l. ~. ,. It. ~ 1'!lr tJ! $ _1~. 0. a"J ~. @~,. 'I~$S"J. fJt{r~~:i]. j~lllllJE ?. 0. r. ITff /f 113. tN.0Z:P:gIDfi (equity theory) HHe (Adam, 1965) 'Afr~frft<.A~~rs9 S"J tt ,5t (interpersonal comparison) '~Zf it El c. s"J M A - *a * tt $ (Selfinput /. *'TIJ5J-ffiSJ1f. Selfoutcome) fMimAMA - *a*tt$ (Otherinput/otheroutcome) '~®11J1Wf El c.PJT. IfF'I'i~wt!. ~~.1¥J0Z:P:ttoS~~I¥J~*/fffi~~,mAfr~~/f0Z:P:~"~/f.~~(. Lowe & Wittig, 1989) t)J~~O. llt,. '. 0. ~t£1:.:l&~~.~.Wlffl\\~~~Ii!ft~a"J'I"tlJlJ&lJIH~H/~H~~TIJ. ~'I'i&~ft'I"tI¥JMAfM*a*tt*. '. jft/fttEl~ (Lowe &. fJt{r'1J;,t~art)JtttJIIJ' ft'I"t.~~~/ffIJ. Wittig, 1989). (disadvantaged). 0. S"JI~J!!!tJ!$'. Il9 JJ!. ~fr~~~*1¥J/f0Z:P:~"/f.~~"~fi"~ffi~~.~'Il9®.m~I~mA. (job involvement) @~. ,. ~jU!l. 0. m.tj~iJiJf§i:~fJ[. ,. ~fts"JI{'FmA~£.1!t. '. illL~~.. (Achamamba &. j£~1tJ!'!~1. I. -. f. f r. " ~;t)}~~. Van Yp. ~Vtt,5t~§. if~ffiS~1*1~ if~ffiS~~,~1I ='!l/ fiJD. ffiS ~ W'1' :1: lJ ~'" ..;.

(3) 9ili1r'fl:t~/f0ZP:D,!!;j ? -~ttI1'F~t± Wr lt~l:rH~z1*H. Gopikumar, 1990: Marini, 1989 ; Singer & Love, 1988) litf§i:mi~ ~est. war) ,. .f-lliitE*Jli ' f{FJ~J1ff}jj:J;. ~. ,. ~'I'i l'I"JiT. ~i¥J~ l'I"J 1¥f~. lasco, 1997 :. m[OJ. {'p. I. , :j@jffIJTI{'pl'l"JEl:::t'I'i (job autonomy) 1& '. I jobs) (fJIJ ({JIJ~O. jobs). ~'I'i~~tt~'I'iJ~j~:f9:AI. Cooper ( 1987) litf§i:*~Ifli!.~rt~~*l'I"J~it.ZI{'pfillf@: , *Jlifillf@: , WHt. 0. oo~~~'Bm~it.tiI{'p~~~~~~'I{'p:f9:A'I{'p • • ~'~~~~tt, ~~~it.1£*Jlifillf@:Wf*~'fillf@:1:]lID. ~IJ~~~. '. I. 0. Chusmir ( 1986) litf§i:W~&:::t. ho~~I{'p7iJlljJE~lID'~tt~7iJllj.m~~f~~~~JJ!~~r~fi.~J. ,. ;!t~~JE~~~~~~'I'i. (. '~fin~'I'i1£I{'p~.pJTr:p, ~**~M$IJ~'27. objective criteria) (Abbott, 1993) l'I"J/f~JE~. 1991) otbv"¥,;t. Lorence (1987) l'I"J. ~Aft'~~Bm~~ttI{'p:f9:Am~~~/f[OJ'/f~,~tt • • ~~'27~:$~m. , Jlt filJ J5fr. bsen, 1994:. 0. 357. (Hodson, 1989). :m1ij~'I'i~fi1:.~~/ffIJ. 0. ~~ffi,®m~.M:::tfi1:.~~~I{'p.~~?. ~. 1:.. Ii. '. ~~04:fIM~. ,. ~*l3rl1f{1J.:fIM~~fj~. :. (1)f!ruAti~*5~. (. 'JJ~i:k:JE@AiiF~~$IJ. consequences) l'I"J:::tfi'I'i§If:ll: (subjective evaluation). : (2)pfTill'i1:::tfi'l'iaIf. ' JJ~~~ e cl'l"J*5~w~~~~ ( referent) l'I"J*5~ , ~1TtU!5i: ' pfT t~~-Wifd:frtt~l'I"J~1o/) (Levine & Moreland, 1987) 011t ' I{'p1¥f!~r:pl'l"J'I'iljIJ~ljIH~~J~HJ!~ , &'~JH~~ifd:frtt~l'I"JtmjffIJ ' ::tti'~. 04 ' 7iJlljJE '. ~~,;!tiT~. ~f{IJ.l'I"J*~. 0. lann, 1981:. ~~04WN~:::tfitt~.,~®~.;!tft~~I{'p.~o.~z'.-ffi~tlI. ~ Fa' (inter. {'p~1£I{'p1¥f!~r:p. :§[OJ III ~ r:p , 1~1J'27~1:fW ~x. ratio) jfR. ) : Wickwire. ,. {'p1¥f!~r:pl'l"J~ljlJ1~H!. ~f~[OJ'i'iljIJl'I"JA. '. 1'F:mtt~rl1~~~~,~~tI. '. 011t~it./f04~. ,. /f7iJlljJE~. ,. ¥tIJ~/ffr• •I. '. *l3rl1f{IJ.~~r1J~'I'i. ' ilifr. .~of8~,~~~~tt~~ti.~.OO~tI'~~H! • • ~~~~~~tt,m~. I1. , I {'pr:pl'l"J r'l'iljlJItRrJU. 'r1Jti'~)ji,t~PfT~~'. 0®tJ IB{f!{f!~ rtJ l'I"J&JJ!. 0. fi~~m~~~,§i:~~~~0~~.~ttI{'p~~tt~ti~~~OO~tlz~. m~?®/f[OJ~tt~ti.~.OO~a,ti;!tI{'p:f9:A'I{'p~JE~ffiH.~'Xfr. ~fJ~tA.~zFa'. ~ (Selfinput /. IT *IJ IWf El c. J5fr ~/f7iJlljJE~ ( PH~~I~H~~r1J. 1989) 00 ~:$!~ r:p. ~;!t I. , JJ!. {'p:f9: A. 3.mamba &. 1. ~it.~~~.?~HffiH~~Bm,~.~tt1£I{'pm~r:p,tt~ti~~~m~0 ~. [. I. t. , r1J?t:mm*~Ji ' ffi-~f!ruA0~ , -0.:j:!5'I'iljIJ~1S.~ : I{'p'I'ifiW'I'iljljttfJiJ ' t)&1o/):fIMll!!1iIi ' n:f=fj£;~01& -. ffi=~1'W~0~. , -0.1'5. 0. .. ~.t..h ~ W. ~.t..h ~ 111 -E.. ~ J.t Van Yperen & Buunk (1991). ~.tt~Z§.ti~l'I"J~f~ rlt~~;!t1*fg. I. (partner). !M~~~~~a. g,B~Jl~'I'iljlj. 0. ~2:m1£9~~~Mf*r.p. Jl~4m. '®Jl~f'*1t. (reference group). ,. 'l'iljIJ~1S. (sex-role). M~. (egalitarian) 'l'iljIJfl"J1Sf§~~' ;!ttt~l'I"J (traditional). 'l'iljIJfl"J1Sf§~~. '~finJl~*I3[OJ'I'iljIJI't:J~a. 0. ,. ;!ttt~~. Miller ( 1984). (gender) El :ft~f~ (self-schema) l'I"JA ' Jj\fin~'I'iJl~ ~'1'i1r: (.

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(7) ~1r'fl1~/f0zp:O,!!!l ? -ftttI fF~t±W-l:t~JIHlj[,;Z:/5l1fl. ~WJ~~. .. 0ZP:~~o1£MW0ZP:~~~.~'~.~#~.(~81)mm~M~0ZP::S:~ffjj. 65. 4%0 ) ' / "±I:.~t ,a .2%) ,¥~ , *~~1f:~F. 61m ' ;!'t Cranbach' a ~ .69 1£7t~ , W~*J0ZP:~e"JtJ!Ij:S:~ , J'!ll~m3'\: ~ El1Tm~e"J:S:~ , §.l'f 61m ' ;!'t Cranbach' a 51~ .83, .81 1£::zI';:m3'\:$ , ~"~. RX '. ~H. l. MW0ZP:,7t~0ZP:'Ez.~.0ZP:~-@l51:S:~51.'~~.~'RX~.mIfF0 ZP:~:S:~. lj-Jj1ltJ!IJ:S:@lA & ~l'f~ [PJ e"J. ::zI';::S:~~§~'1£~.m~~~~IfF.gW~oIfF.~~-@l~~.OOm mRX~.~,~~::zI';:m3'\:~~rIfFttWJ. , El3 ~F'm ~ [PJ ranbach' a 51 Ez. .78 ' i~:S: , RX~f~Ae"J. I'J 1~51 ~ ~ $. 'ler,. ,. ~~*.~e"J ~ L1: ~t 11 e"J tt. 'jj ~ e"J ±. '~Ez.r.~~~J~~@lMOO,.m~WJ~~.gW~. ~. 5.100 A.£;f-. Jtft Ittlmi)j-1g-@JmfflH)j- : (l)AD~r~lmi)j- : 19f5~~~~e"J1f-(fli' ~Wf~~ ,~~~"j( ¥5C ' l'fm-=ffr ' *1ffiit±fr*~~"j(¥5L~ : (2)IfF*§~m~:rJilmi)j- : 19f5IfF*~~ , m~~ 1f-W ' aill: ' IfF~~r~$~t1:Wfrt1:IfF~e"Jl:tf~J ' ft'm~~1Ili[PJ.e"Jt1:JjIJ.l:tf~1 ' t) Ez.f~A~;g~§Me"JIfF ' ~~fiiJf.it1:Jjll:jfiif:~1m§ 0. ::zI';:m3'\:~~1f-2R$~'~~~~Z.~IfF'~~3R®~~~.'~Hg. ti:l300 i)j- ,. I. t. ~Ij~~~. 3 i)j- ,. q){~e"JWf-+ ' m.~.1& ~WJ~e"JttJjIj~1S~~ ~e"J~f;. ,. ~q){l'f~rl=t~~~. 191 N. (~q){*~. ' f!P~1T*6*e"JMtgt51fJT. , IfFt1:W '. ill[t).M~m.l:t~. 0. 63 .67%). tX:X.51~cEz.. W'jo/JJ!![UEIili~e"J~~. ,. 0. m3'\:~"~. X 2 ~~ ,. ~~. ~~~~;!'tifd:frltfX~t. (planned multiple comparisons). ,5tfJTf~Ae"JI. fF0ZP:~Ez..~~,~~~;!'t~~iit±frtt~~~~~[PJ,ffjjl'fm~~~1£°ft~' J'!ll~-ti7~=~-=f~~.51fJT. '. ~g1~WJ~~[PJe"Jt1:JjIj~1S~~ 'ifd:frlt~~t~. 1£IfF0ZP:~WIfF.~~~~~~M%o. Dtt. r~. ~o. , 1977:. ~fiiJ ? 1£fF~. '. ~~@lMOOm51.tiD'RX~.mIfF.~~51.'51.a~,~~~;!'t.m.~a. [PJa~. ~~1~WJ~~. ,r±~~~J. a~N~~o1£§'MOO~m51a~,~~;!'t~~OO~~.gW~a~o::zl';:m3'\:~. ~m~1mzltfX ~1~. ,ra~7t~J. ' rMwmmJ. 0. ~~:S:~~. -1t.~""FH: .,~Il~ -::v<./]\ ..... ,~/X. 0. , pfT~m e"JtJ!ll.I~~ r I fFta'i~f~f~:S:~ J (job description index' MWl JDI ) 'El3 Smith, Kendall, & Hulin (1969) ~Am~ffjjRX' ~pgJ'!ll*~El3~1I3:1;t (~ 66) il~n~$::X::S:~ 1£::zI';:litf3'\:$, r I fFttW J ~l'f 71m 'Cronbach a f§~~ 76: rMWpfT1~J ~l'f61m' Cronbach af§~~ .69: r±~~m1*J ~l'f 91m' Cronbach a f§~~ .87: r [PJ.~SH* J ~l'f 91m 'Cronbach a f§~~ .81: ra ~7t~ J ~l'f 61m 'Cronbach a f§~~ .84: q,J~~~ J ~l'f 51m ' Cronbach. tm~. ~~ffjjRX'~. 0. , ;!'t Cranbach' a .91. 4. .LfFi~)t~ -I" ~. .~~J. ). 0. 0. l. r-tZP:fl '. 361. *. 'fiH~f.a~. ,.

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(12) % vs. 71.79%). ttft~lt~:ntm. '. Jt*551Uli~if~tt~*§~~lM. ' 1f\NPtt. l.:t± -t ft-+!1. ,~=a~. rltt~tt1~a"J'Ij:531j J J:. ' -=-*'J.lMLAAmf~~~ ( x 2(2,N=180)=3.71 ' P= .16) ,~~tJ ~~tltt~tt1~S"Jtt53il=%f{~*tfIH7t tt~tt1~a"J'Ij:53lj:nrm. 50% ) 7t- '. .¥~~m. ~T '~'Ij:J5~. J. ~J.lr:p. ,. ~t~ '~'Ij:J. W ':9:'l:1J. a"JttiJ~*§. , .I§' tJ:9:'I'l{~*${7t (63.16% vs .76 .92 %) 'flL=mZrl'l'a"J:&~' ML*~D;lhk~ ( x 2 (2,N=70) =2.2 ' P= .33) tt~Mtt.:nrm' ,~ttJ5~J ' ':9:ttJ5~J '&'~:9::&~~J~~mAA aJHIi'[~fI'lJ ( x 2 (2,N=180) = .65 ' P= .72) ,~~tJ~~tltt~~1~a"J'Ij:53lj=%f{~~~ fI'lJ. (%~. '. 0. (71.43% vs .53 .66% vs .66 .23%). 1£*$15 ptf ~ m a"J tt,~ tt~ , ft.tt. 319'1-m~J.lS"Jtt~~1~. .~Z:&~o. ttif~tt. 0. (76.19% vs. 67.90% vs. 71.79%) 'ffiiWr~Lt:~1:n'Ij:53lja"J~' Jt~m tt~tt1~ S"J'Ij:53ljt!!AA:&~fftt ( x 2 (2,N=53) =1.67' P=.43) ,.I§'~m tJ ':9:'Ij:J {'F~tt ~tt1~ (80.00% vs. 61.54% vs. 77.27%) 0. .ftOO~'1£'if.tt~J'. ,~.tt.J. ,~,ft.tt~J~RmJ:.,~g. JlE*S"J:&~-1Qf5$r~fI'lJ$'Ij:53ljtt{1lJ&mM!Ilifl'lJ$'Ij:53ljtt{1lj. ,. Jt1£~t~tt.tt1~B~. *~~~Wr~tltt~ttt~S"J'Ij:53lj. 0. ffii1£~~ tt~ttt~a"J'I'~t:5jIJ:nOO. ~tJ ,~,t1{~~~J a"J$r~t:j:l. ,. tt~~ ':9:'Ij:{~~~J. J!m~m~'I'l{'F~tt~~t~. ,. W. ~~Jt:&~ML*~D~?k~. !i1:fH'~:9:'Ij:I{'F=%f~. '. '~:9::&~~ 0. ,. m~. J. a"J$r~. ,. , tlD*fJl;frn~53Ij~t. ti,~tt~~~J.':9:tt~~~Jmm'~ffm@§~ttS"J:&~tt~~(#MW. 76 ; Marascuilo & Serlin, 1988) 'f~-ar ~5ffJ! '~'Ij: {~~ ~ J ~J.l (50% ) a"Jur tt ':9:'Ij:{~~~J ~J.l (20.9%) 'J!mtJ~'Ij:{'F~if~tt~tt1~ (2=1.95' p<.05 , .fi€~l&) Wft.tt.~t~ (62.5% vs. 29 .09% ' 2=1.89 ' p< .05 ' .fi€~l& ,. ). ~. 0. 1£mMfI'lJ$'t153lJttWlJJ:: '. '~'~:9::&~~J. ~ljAA~mMa"JfI'lJ$~tJ '~'Ij:Ji5~. J '. ':9:'Ij:J5~. J. ,Jt~mtt~S"Jti~,m~:9:tt~*~~o. ffii~ptf:&~fftt. 0. ~ Ttm{~~ttfB"J;f£'Ff. '. fJl;fr'~~ffd:Wrtt.tt1~S"J~t~. , ~~ ~ *ll : § 7'c ' ~~ ,~~ tltt1:n S"J't153il J ~~m-tJ.l ; Jt~ , ~Ij~ 'Wr~ Lt:tt1 :n'Ij:53 lj J. R~~mMi. {'F~tt.S"Jtt1~J. :9:'Ij:tt.J. ~=tJ.l. comparison) ~Liitt53IJ J. '. ~53IJ~ '~m tJ~'Ij:{'F~tt.S"J~t~ J. '1f\fm~~ '~~tltt53IjJ 0. tt*1tH~tJT1ji*J:.. '. ,tJ&' ~m ~:9:'Ij: ' '~mW~'I'ltt.J '& ,~mw. ~IJ~ffl$lW~*tt.. (planned multiple. '~M ,~mW~'t1tt~J tJ.lS"JI{'F0~.W.~.' ~=a1g;~,~. tJ.l&. '~m.:9:fltt.J ~J.l. 0. D~?k~ (t m.~'Ij:tt~. 1. ~. 63' 21.17' 2. I. l. f. *PfT~1~~. *$ffiS"J~ffi'~ • • ~@AS"JI{'F0~.&.~.,~=a~Jt~m~Wrtt~. '. I. 6:. (. ~'~.~.tia~~~~~a~.~a. tt1~S"J~fI'lJ. :f;~~~53IJ~. &~*ll. f. 1£ft~t. •. (~:f;~~ffi. f. r. r. r. ~53IJ~. ) ;. 65' E. ffii1£ft~. 'D~1g;~ I. r 20.30). (t (.

(13) ~m.m~0~~?-ftttI~~tl.tt~.m~~M m1±r~1S~. ~7. l.ll. it J;t-tl Ii l.1f x. fF ~ f- ~. ':M~tJ. 1±::$:fm17ttp , ~T ffllIJ~§"G1~A~ffifji , fti!l ' ~~*"~~*ID'[I'I"J.tt.~a~ , J=t. ~~m:'M. M~~~ll~w*,~~m.MA.m~.mIW0~~Z~'ili~-~ffffiifji. i J I'I"J tt.19"U ifEJ Yo vs .76 .92 : .33). ll~,fti!lll~'W~.ll~'M~~.~ifji0~~,fti!l0~~'W~.0~. !7 J ~-;l-Jl~. 0~~ (~~~:m. = .16) ). 0. ~~Z~~o. 1±ifjill~~OO,~~=~jiMtp.~,. 0. 61.05) 1fl:fB r /f~ L1:'1~1l1J J & r m:'M W~JI~.tt.~ J ~m;l-Jl ( ~ :f;~~ffllIJ:m 63 .58, 65.71) ,m~J1t-~l.1tNlW~Wf&m~I'I"J~~a~, ~:fJtTIf[*~ mi~*~ (t ( 168) = .95. P= .17) ; ffij1±ifji0~~1::.' r/f~EI'I~llIJ J ' r m: m W~'I~.tt.~ J '& r m:mw~JI~.tt~ J ~ - m ' ~~:f;~~ifEJ'i'~lli ( fflllJ:m 21. 63' 21.17 ' 22.03) '.ill!:~I3JHm~~ff1± (t ( 177) = .55. P= .29). EllIJ~1~§7~. l'Mtt.~~* ('I~ J. rm:mW~ttll~jm,~.mIW. W:mtt.. 0. ~ID'[ 1::.. ' to/]:@ ::~~f*a~ , CJI~IW~f1R. :. J. l'I"Jfmr~. ~t ~. ,. t" .¥!. .WK~. U:lt1rn~1lIJ~t. (f*m. rt& LlJ :50% ) l'I"JIii ..95' p< .05 i , ¥}fl~t& ·~JI~,@§7. J. ~f*I'I"J~j' rWr~EI~f. iji'M tJ~JI~ &rm:'M~. d multiple ~1fl:~. r/f. ~~.tt~ .mw~tt~~. ~mw~tt~~. *.K~. 1. t ~. t[ I!. ~~.tt~ .mw~tt~~ .mW~tt~~. l. 1 :f!~fft±Wrtt.~. ~=:tt.~G~.gm2~~.~~~ _A ~'J .I. 11 ''}+!l ~ ~.''}+!l *. ~~K~. ~~.tt~ ~mw~tt~~ .mW~tt~~. . ~~J.g. . . . ~.~~. Alt_ .SF ~1~~!!.~.m_A~L 63.58 61.05 65.71. 14.55 16.42 16.30. 91 22 58. 21.63 21.17 22.03. 4.84 4.89 5.50. 94 23 63. (Missing:20,MS'•.=23724,df= 168). (missing:ll,MS,,=25.85df=I77). 65.00 58.95 63.86. 20.36 b 17.718 20.30 b. 14.75 15.72 16.90. 106 20 43. 5.75 5.85 7.05. 108 21 46. (missing:22,MS'.=238.12.df= 166). (Missing: 16,MS.=37.5 5,df= 166). 63.74 59.62 66.73. 22.24 20.86 22.75. 14.27 21.22 17.08. 123 13 33. (Missing:22,MS'.=238.59,df=166). 5.12 8.76 5.44. 123 14 36. (Missing: 18,MS..=30.80,df=170) •. *m~~~~SFmnm~~~~mti.~~~~SF~'*~~~ti~~*~~SFm, &~.~~ti.~~~~SF~;~~~~M~~~SF~~~W. •. 05M~*~. 1±ft.ll~~OO'~~~~=tp~~, rm:'MW~tttt~Jm~.mIW0~. ~ (~:f;~~:m 58 .95) '1fl:~ r/f~EI'I~llIJ J m*o r m:mw~'I~.tt~J ;l-Jl (~~~. fflllJ:m 65' 63.86) '~~~if§'i'~llimi~*~ (t (166) =1.57,P=.06 ' ¥*~t! ) ; ffij1±fti!l0~~1::.' r m:'ffl'W~JI~tt~J ~ , ~ft.0~~ (~:f;~~:m17.71) , mi~1fl:fB r::::f~EI'I~llIJ J ~& r m:mW~'I~.tt.,x J (~~~~ffllIJ:m20 .36 ' 20.30) (t ( 172) =1.85, P < .05' ¥ftE~~) 0.

(14) ~~Mtt~~OO'H~ra#w~tttt~Jm~m.IW0~~(~~.m~.. 62). '{Ii~ r:::f~rlti5jIjJ. 73). ,{El.~;!til':~TIft*~mr~*~ (t. ~~'~~.~~m'. *J..I.ifO ra#Wt;z-tltttX:J m. (~t~.7t5jljm63.74'66.. (166) =1.07, P= .14) : TIff -*J..I.~~*,J0~. ra~w~tttt~Jm(~~.mW$)ffi~r:::f~.tt. 5jlj J *J..I.ifO r a# Wt;z-tltt~ J *J..I. (~~~7t5jlj~ 22.24' 22.75) ~M~7.t<.~ (t (170) = .97, P=.17). 'fEl.~Jtil':~ili*. 0. .~TIff~,.t;z-ttIW~~fi*.tt~~,~~ttW~tt~~a,Jtm.IW 0~~~7+.0~~ tt,~. ,. ,. SAM{Ii~:::f~.itn'I1:5jlj~. '@(;:~H.tt~1JOO. '. H1&tQ~:f~~:f~ak]lfI~. ,. ,. tJ&Wt;z-'I1:tt'~~. 113~JtFI'I'ak]il':~. TIffl£iffi , TIft*~ .05 Z 0. M~*~o. 2.{1.1( ft.ft1t ~~J.fI=~)t~ l£ll:tg~{)jBk]7t,frrr:p. ,. W~j2tl;ak]0~~;f~~. ,. ~*T 7tlllj~g1@1A~1Tiffi. ' 7+.. *PfT~~~~~. ,w~.~~m~tt~~,m~:::f~~tt~~a,~m.rW.~~'~~ffMil':. &~*;t. ~Z~'ili~7tffiif.tt~'7+.tt~,~~.tt~'Mffi~.~if • • ~~'7+ .m~~~. , ~~*.l1lf;j~~~ak]~J1. 0. ~iffitt~1JOO'~W~~."~~~m,. ~~*JU. ram~~tttt~J~~m.l1lf;j~. 87 .33) {Ii~ r:::f~ .'I1:5jlj J *J..I.~ r am ~t;z-'I1:ttl\!)( J *J..I. (~~.7t 5jlj~ 93 .76 ' 96.24) ,Jt~~~M~7.t<.~ (t (160) =2.14,P < .05) : ffi]~iffi l1lf;j~~~,~mramw~tttt~J~~if • • ~~(~~.a11m)m~Mffi ~ r 1~~ .'I1:5j1j J *J..I.W r am ~t;z-'I1:tttx: J *J..I. (~t~.7t5jlja 13 .37' 13.51) 'ffi] £imr~W1&f\IAj~ak]~~ , ~M~*~ (t ( 173) =2.83 ,p < .05) ~7+.tttx:~oo ' ;fEl'~~ r:::f~ .ti5jlj J (~t~.~ 93 .96) ram Wt;z-II1: tt~J (~~.~%~)~~~, ra~~~ttttl\!)(J~~m • • ~~l\!)(ffi(~ t~.a 87 .71) ,ffi];t:t:~~~M~*~ (t ( 159) =1.8, P < .05' 1¥!~~M) : ~ 7+.Y~~~~ , H1& r a1tW~'I1:tt'~J ~ (~~.a 10 .55) {Ii~ r:::f~~'I1:5jlj J r lltm ~t;z-'I1:tt'~ J ~~*J..I. (~t~~7t5jlja 11.05 ' 11.76) ':::fi&l;t:t:~~TIft* ~M~*~ (t ( 171) = .87, P=.19). fJJ{Ii~. ~ (~~~~. ). I. r. 0. ,;t:t:~J1j. '11: ttl\!)( J *J..I. ~.7t5jlja. , P= .20). »-. »-. 0. r:::f::. c. "-1i!<f~Ah"C jJ\jC,.l I'lrf./T\: f. {'Fmtt,~it. a ttl\!)(it a ita ak] t;z-'I1:. ,. W~*,JY~,. I -=- ' ~lt.h~. f. f r. r. :$:$f5 1ImA~0~ -=f~~.). compansor.

(15) 9t!lfrH~lf~/f0zpo,~ ? -tcttI {'F1~H±if J::tWI!H~z~M. ( ZP::H;J~~ 59. J~ 63 .74 ' 66 .. 369. ft-:tt.tt~fi~&m2~~.~~~. ..!~.~!~~._.... .......J,!H~. ..................f..~~..~~.._ _._........... .... ..~~~~!,.~~_.........__. :.m:ft~*.Jl0ZP:. Sf~i~ ~~~. ;fjJ '/f~II'li. ~;i~t~. l~J:t:~J1 t!~,5K. l. . ' J:t:mBI fF '~ mJ:ftiTfri .TIf;:*~ .052. 14.37 13.65 15.82. Ai~. Sf~i~ ~~~. ~mW~~1ttlQ ~m Wft'I'ittlQ. (Missing:28,MS".=218.84,df=160). (missing 17,MS".=8J7,df=173). 1ti!~t~. /f~ JIi '11JjU ~mW~II'ittlQ ~mWft~1ttlQ. 93.96 b 87.71' 95.98 b. 11.05 10.55 11.76. ~tt~t~. /f~JIi'11JjU. 93.78 b 87.54' 97.21 b. 13.69 16.48 16.77. 87 21 55. 13.37b 11.52" 13.51 b. 101 17 44. (missing:29,MS...=22 1J,df= 159). f. 1TiTfri ' ft~ , ~:e:;:ff ptf ~. AI~. 93.76 b 87.33" 96.24 b. I. 0. /f~JIi'11JjU. ~mW~~1ttlQ ~m Wft'I'ittlQ. 14.12 15.10 17.00. 90 21 63. 3.58 3.38 3.71. 106 22 46. (Missing: 17,MS...=12.9,df=171). 115 13 33. 10.19 9.69 10.91. 2.66 2.87 2.64. 122 13 35. (Missing 2 I,MS...=7. 14,df=167). (MissingJO,MS".=219.63,df=158). *pn~~Wf}£)ilil:i.£E~Jjt~iif~ttlQpn~1fl!8'Jiif~~JE~. 2.72 3.08 3.07. , 7t~ttlQ~1fl!8'Jft~)~JE~ ,. fri~JE~,ft. &~*!ttlQ~1fl!8'J~*~)~JE~;/fI5J~HjrE3~1~~!'t~JE~Sf~i~~~~.05 U~7J<~. fJlB~mB~JE. 87 .54) , {lJ1gfjJ r /f~ lI'I'i511j J & r lflm- W~'I'i.ttf5<: J ~~m (ZP::I:~~n-5jIJ~ 93 .78 ' 97.21 ) ,J:t:~~3~Hm~7I<~ (t ( 158) =1.634, p <= .05 ' .Jj€~M) ; mJ r :&-mW:'l3 'I'i.tt~ J ~Jl (ZP::I:~~~ 9.69) 'W I /f~ lI'I'i5j1j J m& r!lim- W~'I'i.tt~ J ~Jl (ZP: :I:~~n-51IJ~ 10.19' 10 .91) , {E:$HI~~JE~J:. ' .TIf;:~mi~~~1¥ft (t (167) = .86 , P=.20). ;g. :ft::~H.Jl.ttt~77jif,. (ZP::I:~~n. ) ; mJ:ftiTfri ;2) {lJ sJI mi {f! 13 .51) 'mJ. l 1. Ilfl-mW:'l31'i.l:t~ J ml'l~mB~~JE~ (ZP::H;J~~. 0. :&-m W~'Ii EU~ f3(:{g (ZP: €~~) ;:ft. ~tt~~~~omJ~~~~jif~~~JE~mJ~,{EiTfri~JE77jif'~:'l3tt~~tt~. -/f~II'li5j1j. !tt~e~3z:'I'iI ~~. mB*~'~ttI~~~fiiTfri,ft~'&~.~.M~tt~~,~m~:'l3tt. I. ~J:t:~J1.TIf;:*. 1'F~.tt~rN~. , J:t:f.tBI 1'F~~JE~ ,. W:$HN~~JE77lID. l§'rot~{gfjJ/f~II.ttf5<:!tt~'li5jIJ~. , J:t:~~JE~1gfjJ/f~II!t;J77'li511J ' &W~'I'i.tt~~ , ' ~m2fb~I'l~~~ , ~IJ*3.¥rot~7I<~. , EJX:tJ:b:'li ffjjft~~~JE. f , L -=- ' ~;t.h~::at -@..~)jt , f±-W-l:t*5tf3-~ , .w..I..1"F"'6"f-~.w.;~~~. I. r. r. 1 '"". 0. *i:'m{5tn-if'tfe~.mm~. , JJ~~-tiJ:f*gt'I'i51IJ%l~~N ' ifrtwr.ttt~!tt~I'l~~t~ , !tt @AI'l~0ZP:~ , ~JE~ , ~:e:;:ff{E9::li ~ ffll'l~~* ? {E{@cil+5-HfrJ:. ' :fjG1r~t+2ffl =111 -T ~ ~ ~ n- if'fr ' 'M' 9:: 1I 11 ffl JJ! 3.¥ rot ~ 71< ~ a~ , ~IJ ~ 1T $1& .tt ,5<: (post hoc comparisons) ,. ~tJjiHN~~2ptf1£. 0.

(16) 1£::tr~' tl:: i. l:/1.$IJ ~ ~ ~Jt ' ~± t- };t-tf1t J. ' ~.LfF 1}--t~ 1£::zfs:mH:B'$ , 5tJlIJ:I*~{rnIAIY-J'I'iJ!IJfi'j~~J3(OOjJfJi .. ft~ .. &::tr*.a"J.lt~f.t~ ,~~.aIW0~m .. jJfW0~m .. ft~0~m"00::tr.0~m'~~A~~li Wffla"J~.~*? ~;f,5*5t~tmr 1£jJfW.tt~1JOO ~~J3( (F (. ). ~ffifB~jJfJltl::~!N~ (F. ~~J3( (F. .. (2,161) = .76 ' p=.47) ... W:±~~*. ... W(:~~IY-J~liWffl~ (F. ,rN~frnlAa"J.aIW0~m, .I§'~U~~.. jJfJitl::~tlt~ (F. (2,170) = .26 ' p= .78) ... '1'iJ!IJ~. ; ®rrjJfW0~. '1'iJ!Ijfi'j~~J3( (F (. ). 1,170). ,~ • • ~~ttffm~!/i5e~~,m~mlY-JjJfW0~m(~~8mffi~)m:tB.M. ~tl5mJ §. .aI1'F0ZfS. I. m~~n-artJ~. (. .1~~'I'1m.lt. I. I. '®1£~~ttWm~!/i5ef.t~J:,m~m~.:tB.Mm(~~. 85tJ!IJm 22 .93 .. 21.34) '/f'~~i~Jt*~U~*~ rrft~tl::!/i5e1JOO ' ft~tl::!/i5e~t~W'I'iJ!IJ~~~J3(Z~liWffl~ , tlt:tBfiAa"J.aI 0. ff0~m:ML~~.1J (F. (2,159) = .05' p= .96). ( 1,159) =1.34 ' p=.27) ... '1'iJ!IJfi'j~~J3( (F. f. ,. ,. ~IiP~1r'PJTlHltta"J~liWffl~. ®~@:±~~*ili*~U~*~. 1,165) =1.61 ' p= 21). ,. :ML~U~a"J~* (F. A~~lifFm. rrjJfWtt 2.86' p= .06. (2,165) =.01 ' p= .91). ) ,{E3~~~. (F {Wl5tJ!IJm F (2,165) =1.67 ' p= .19" F (. f. 0. =3.75' p < m11\;:tB{~MmI. m¥II Jli1li ~{$JKrJ. MEAN. 23. 00 ' JJ~J~*,Ela"J 2. 1/1.$IJ ~ ~ j rr::zfs:msf5. W~frnl:±. ~~*lY-Jffffl'~*~U~*~;®1£ft~0~mJ:,~~mwJ:~;f,5*m~lY-Jm ~. Jl0~~"Ei.. ~~'I'1Iff~. ,®ft~.tt!/i5e~~ (F. (2,159) =1.70 ' p= .19). (J. ,t!1.1§'~M. (2,161. =.61' p=.43) W:±~~*' :ML~U~~*' m~~~a"J~liWfflJJ[ (F (2,170) = 2.45 ' p=.09) ,~IJMl!lli:tB .05 U~*~ , ®ff:tIJil-$ , ~IJ-ar tJ~fJH1:HTjJfJl tl::!/i5ea~ m(~~.m~~). p= 23) ; mJ:t. 0. 1,161) =1.57' p= .21). =1.55' p= .22). mJ: '. '. (F ( 1,159) , p= .23) ,~. 22.54 (N=)?, SD=514). 22.43. =1.35) ;. (N=14, SD=4.94). ~. 00 {$J M*,Ela"J ~ ~ • .L-j,~lt1j. 22. r(. i%93 .62) ,. r.16:tB f~ 1~ ~dl. 20. r. (. 19~~--------~-------,----. I. ~J3(IY-J~li 1 ~1Y-J,±,~~5 ~ J a"JjJfJl~. ) (t=2 .61 ~.:tB. r tJ!.

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(22) 376. f6l:ff~{.'JlIHi1f~. m=+M. ~.~~~~Wr~'.ff~~~.R'.~M~ffiMttm~.m'IDa~.r~ffi. El ce"J~JJ!=f. {J;{e"Jitl!.A J 'lElllt,. JB)tIW~®§. NPf~)~1itt&~!Ili~~$:m~ti ,th.~-arij'E:J;J;!t:mtt'xf-t~. -{[gjm~e"JIJRIEl~IJtWEUJtJ~e"Jmll'l:i. 0. ~. ~ e"J t131J;{'11:. (availability of information) (Wood, 1996. '. %J15t&~~. ; Kulik & Ambrose, 1992; Kruglanski, 1990 ; Levine & Moreland, 1989) , ~Wr~~$rdHnd~. disadvantag(. ffi~~A~m~tt'ffi.~~'m~~~IEl.R.~®t&M~~$~M'IEl~'~. '11: 7:l IJ %J 15fl&f31. ~{[gj.A;i'Jt~~WH3 ce"JM~. , ftjJl , W$¥*j ,. Wr~~$.m~~:mtt.~~t~. 0. ~§ ~. ,. ~$~ZP:i5-:E!I!B~. ,. ;tH'~3z"JI1:IW:~U~1itt&~!Ilie"J~$. ,. PfT J;J~fIJe"J1:t. tJ~. *,~Jt5®~. ttm~'@IEl;!t~A~mlltt.m'IEl~ID.~m~~:mtt.~f-t.o. OOWne"J r ~7:l. ~,~.~.~aWI~~~.W.~. ~*~~*$,m~~~'~3z"tt~~ttW:mtt.f-t~~,;!tIw~zp:~m~. W3z"'I1:llH=rtt. '. ~~~~f-tJJ'I1:JJIJ~. ,. :7t;!tfrftjJl~ZP:~JJOO. '. ~~Ig{r'~1itW~. tt~ffftjJltt.,;!tM.~~ftjJl~zp:~,~.m~W3z"tt~fftt.&~~~f-tJJ. .~t~, {R~. 'I1:JJIJ~. • '. 0. ~~frIW~XE~JJOO. '. 3z"'I1:IW~~IDfB~q-:TM~tt.. ' ftjJltt. '. ~~. 111~ zP: ~ e"J -=. . t t . , • • ~ttW:mtt.f-t.,;!tIW~XE~~.m~~3z"ttw:m~.f-t~&~ ~ ~~tJJ'I1:JJIJ~ ~ § Z ' **~~* m tJMlII ' ~3z"'I1:~~1it tJ~tt:mtt'x~t~B~ , .mij'E:~.*:!ltpfTOOWne"J r ~JJIJ1~~ J -iT~.{~ , ftjJl,xW ' :g;~~*jID,x{~. ~e"JU~. 0. ,. ~~. r ~7:lIH~~J. e"Jfj!~. '. , .~~f~~. IEl. ~ffi.~W~tttt.~,;!t~ZP:~~~XE~.~o. ~fi{r'~-&W~{[gj.Ae"Jtl:JJIJ%J15t&~Wtt.~t~~t~~ZP:~W~XE!®e"JxJi.. WJiHt~WB~. ,. ~JJ!~:m~J!{J;{e"Jm~. f'~'I1::mtt.~t~. ,. ,. ljj\NPfriT~tt'x&~*ltt.JJOO. fEl~J'UJ!f~tiJJIJ%J15t&~e"J3z"'I1:IW~. '. r~. f~~~1-$Mt'I1:JJIJ%Jt3t&~~1l)E ? fN~. ,. ~JJ!1-t'I1:JJIJ%JEJ!.~~~;!t~ZP:~W7~XE~. ,. Tesser ~AJJf:I±l~ El fiilIP1i!i*tHI:E!I!IDfB (self. evaluation maintenance model) (1983, 1988a,. 1988b). t~1±l. '. .A{r'~t~ffrrfltt. .M*~&.,~~~~~~~.~ti.'-~Wtt.f-t.~ffiMtt,=~tt.~ lHtm~'I1:. 0. ~ tt.~t.W El c~tl3{J;{. !. jji±flttt~fli. ~ 1J. rt:J 1W ~~. 0. 0. :m1t~~flJ;J~tl:W:mtt.f-t~. , ® tt.g!flHi:e"J.m~'I1:~~B~ ,. 0. H1&~fl.. ; ®fr7~XE~JJlID ' ID~fJ!ffi{J;{e"J~* tJ~*ltt'x:m~J , ~fJ!f~'I1:JJIJ%J15t&N~ , J;J~'I1:W:m~*lttt.~t. ' ;!t~*17~XE~ElA.f~~~fl !-j,~'I1::mtt.~t~e"J{$*ft~J3. ' @tJ3z"'I1:W:mlt.f-t~B~ , fJ!1~~J3.e"J~*I~XE!®~IJPm. ~~1-$*ftm. ~. (. , ;!tIW~ZP:~{J;{-'f{~. ~~{-$*ft'I1:JJIJ%J15t&~~. ,. '§!;85 ; Jacob. '~~'~~~~~~zP:~,;!tIW~.~~IDIEl®.moffif-t®§'3z"ttIW~ a"J~OOtt.~t~:m~'I1:JJIJe"J3z"'I1:B~. ~f.~Zj. rt:JJ:.ttt~. (NP. !. 1. f'WEl2~~. 1tW192.W1tJt tt. (Woo( ~1bt&e"J~3 ~!7i-. ';. '11:{t!1~~ J. f~i~;!t~P]. ~~J.It8JJ. :.

(23) lith 1rHt1~::f0ZP:D/m ~~~. r/f,fEl. :t~f.t~. 0. ~. ? - :~ttI1'F~ 1±Wi ttWJIH'jLz.1*W 'J77. ~2~~m/f~®A)~~~~ftOO~~*ojzg~'M~~."*."&~.f.t ~IfF~W~'W~ffia~~~tt~.a'm~~~IfF%fM.~~2W!13~IfF. : Wood, 1900 ld, 1989) ,. ~a"J,fElf~'Ij:. '~[OJ$ra'~f;tl;. disadvantaged). ,\] , jzg lit ' [OJ ~[OJ$ , t)!13. 'lj:llIJ1'EI@'~N%f' J'!fJH~/Ij:llIJ1'EI@'~N%f' ~IJTIJflli~i8fi~2W!13'Ij:a"J,fElf~'Ij:~~,. ,. TIJfllijzg;tt'Ij:llIJ1'EI@.~jJiJ"J/f[OJ. ,. WW~~. 0. t!2Jl~~~)t. , J'!1'ff-')\'rJt'Ij:llIJ. 1'EI@'~N%f'TIJ~~fig2W!13~~ffi~~~~,jzg~'.~OOf.t/f~~( tt,~~*. pJTt)/ffIJa"Jtt~*a*. '. t!2/f~j£:~5$r.!~a"Jft. '. ~~~fiftrt:la"lNJJ!. rt:lNJJ!w<:1li*if. 0. m~,fEltx:1ef-')\'rJt. 0. ~MW~,**~.m,a~~.'M~!13~fitt~f.t~~'~TIJflli • • *~M. OOlfja"l r ~1l1J1~~ J. -~.'~1~. ... *.~ ... K~::~Hj-th~1~. , jzgllt '. ~~j£:~/f. 0ZP:~,;ttIfFmi.mN-thjzgW.~offif.tW~'~~IfF%f~.OOtt~fi~~~. F0ZP:~1~1e. 1j:llIJa"J~'I~a~. gfr'~~'M W!13. %f '. ~/f~tlf.t11. '~it~. H:t~. ~'Dm0ZP:~g~IfF~~W.#,~~,~nr!13~IfFzp:~$J. ... w<:~. , *Jti; r ~llIH~~ J. ;tt0ZP:~W<:t~JE.~~~. ,. 0. a"Jf~~. 1~-,¥TIJt)MH~~fiJFrt:la"JIfF~N. .mzp:~~IfF.~"~~~I~M. Ht'~it~a~. ~~ifl;1t , ~Wtf:1:J~ t). ~~*jHh'~1~. tR:85 ; Jacobsen, 1994; Hurst. 1995). ~f~~M. ' jzg. ~/f~f~~M. Jl~{.<fll"!a"J~}aj~mW~w ~. ~~it~&/f. ~'Ij:IfF%f. ,. r '11:11IJ J. '. m~. ,. ,. jzgllt,fEl~1eW!13'I~tt~. '. ~f'~'Ij:llIJa"J~'Ij:. , f'Ffitt. m5IlJIiIVJJit=Pa"J'1j:1lIJ~1lIH~~f~ '~.!13~. ... ~~~ftW&*~Mm.ft,~~m~zp:. 1'Ffi~{liHf:ffl W*.w:~a"l~.f~~~ (~Jl!B)tf§ , ,a~JI!f[l'[1~WH~". Jl!fitIDitEl*a"lmamW 11. $0. -=- . . 1dJf1LPR*~ **~~ffl~~~~$'~M~~IfF%f~ft~tt~~m,;ttM~.~.M~. 9JE. ~ a"l 3(li M~[OJf~~. ~iW~jfJiIltlTOO. :ZP:~f~ -'¥1~. iji±frtt~g~W,fEl~mliJf~f~1:H. '*fl:t'~~fJU. gftrt:lM.'K~d.;tt~ftWm'fi7~m;ttM.w<:~ftWm'@ATIJ~~W~. IM1~1e[OJf~. .W~2~mffi~. 't~JE.~~IJam. • • ~W®Att~'~%f~~tt~~.~'~.~2~fiM.~OOrt:l'W®A~ff tt~. WmiJE.~' m~. (self. (static. ... cross-sectional). '. '~rft13~~J~;ttll!JJ~a"J~.fli!.. @AOOit/ffIJa"Jtt~*a*. $.J: ' m~ (rt:lJ:tt~) a~ , TIJtl~ijl 0. ~~m/f~~2~f.t~'~fftt~;~~Z~'@At!2TIJ~a. (Wood et aL 1994; Taylor et aL 1983) ,m1:E**~t=P' ~IJ~$~8A*. Jti;lI!JJ~ja"J~~~.fli!.. 0. ~~'1:E.*~~~:1Joo,~~~~r!13~~~.J. r!13~~/f~J. 'l'tfr!l~.J ~/f~l'f~'I~lllJttfJlJ1l~ftf. =~l:ttx:g'. ~~;tt0~~$~~~~~ • • '~~ff~~~g~W~~IfFo~*gm,gm. J:l:t~. ~:i&JlIt.fm:1JAPJT.1~a"J5't~it~. (HP. ,. ~~~iji±~~~. .. r~ , 1-tfi. lit1e;jtt~l:t. '. ~~*~%f~~Jt~:. .. ... 1~-'¥¥!:WM~a"J,fElf~'I~-~.fi~~~. ... 1f-~. ...

(24) 378. ~'j(~WiL\l!liJfJ"C. ~=+WJ. *~tJ " rg~7"-~~ , v]\f!P[ij-a-T;ft*~~ti1i~· (sample selection bias) '~llt Uf3i:*Ef*mwu.¥~fi!!::f[OJB"HWaa~. ,. ~¥.f7:lIJ~11)JWF:~. Baron, J. N. equality ) , Cen(. 0. Brewer, M. 1 ff~~~~.(~~). f*mLlJ. (~76). (A~ • • ~~M~~.). ({.'~W~1ifMt~~). :. ~~*(~81). 0. at the. 'A+~~-~~o. 'El~t: ]~HJ.mJ. -482.. 0. Brewer, M.. : (M~0~"m~0~W~.~m"~.0~ffm~~~Uf3i:). interpel. o~ll~m*~ft~~~Uf3i:~~±wuXo. :. .~.(~~). (*~~g,,~.~.-~ttW.~ • • ~~~Uf3i:). Person;;. o~ll~. Bylsma, W.. ". ¥-E1*~iL-:@Uf3i:pfdjfJ±wux. .~m(~~):. <IWW*tt~~). ) 'pp .277-306 ~*BXm (~76). Ji±if~H. ( ~ 82) B"J~l!Jf~U. ,. lE~t. :. ~ll~tp*~. Chusmir, L. commit. ,m-m o. ~ll~m*~iL\fIIl.Uf3i:pJT~fJ±wux. &A~¥.f1t). Psyche. 0. :. <~.IAIW.~.~~*:. (tpUf~~~pJTmflJ). 'fj(*~,. Jl66-88. 0. Adam, J. S. ( 1965) . Inequity in social exchange. In Berkowitz (Ed.) ,. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 2, 267-299. New York : Academic Press. . Locus of control and job. involvement among men and women bank employees. Indian Journal of Applied Psychology, 27( 1), 6-9.. * tE:$m~cp , 9li~~IDJ~~figUf:i'3§~li~ " I1'F~ff@,; " ~I{'Fi}:qz@';~ , sl1!:*~JU~9[5jJl:f ~"~.~~'~~~ff~R.2~~'~~~M~~~tE'@~~AD~.~~~.@A ~figUf:i'3§Jili~JSH§U~I1'FJili~. , m~RH~.fiff~1JD~m~. 0. relatior of Soc. •• ~rt,m~~*". Review of Sociology, 19, 187-209.. Achamamba, B. Gopikumar, K. ( 1990). Chusmir, L. 0. Abbott, A. ( 1993) . The sociology of work and occupations. Annual. 0. Psycho. 0. (El*~~Uf3i:~W • • ~). ~m.".~.(~OO). ~UtJJ2~~. Exploril. •• "•••~(*tt~~. (e~tJlM~9m~~DJt~~.'I'i7:lIJ~tg&RX:)ji;t~~'I'iW~r&;JJJ;~tfl. 0. 0. 0. ,~.~m"tt. <'1'i7:lIJ~tggJ3t " 1IQ1AfJ!{i:'I'iW~~$~r&;8;t1~~&If'F• •fj. :. J3t~~~). 0. @';~~:g~*A~J1t!M~t±J. I. Cooper, S. and Ie. l. I. the sc. Crosby, F.. T. Social. Crosby, F.. I. Oxford. Ha perspE of So< Hodson, R wome]. Hurst, C. 1 2nd .). Jacosben, J.

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(30) Psychology, 70:4), 754-768. Do 1 Compc. 0. Zanna, MoP 0' Crosby, F 0 & Loewenstein, Go ( 1987) 0 Male reference groups and discontent among female professionals 0 In B 0 Gutek & L 0 Larwood (Ed 0) , Women's career development. 28-410 CA : Sage 0. 86/9/26. ~1(f4. 86/11/15~t&. 86/12/9 fl5't. The pt of female' effects of that the s workers' jO order to interview workers fr majority, tl With. 1I r. the result: compared likely to Moreover, significant female-de found the. f .f. r. target ob female W4 Key Won.

(31) ~1!l1r'Jl:r4/f0zp:o,!l,j ? -:9:t1I f'F~t±WT tt~}fH!fz~W. Ie reference Gutek & L. : Sage.. 385. Do They Feel It Is Unfair? -A Social Comparison Processes of Female Workers Fu-Chen Hsu, ]eaw-Mei Chen. :6/9/26 ~tfct 16/11/151/$2)(. Department of Psychology. National Chengchi University. :6/12/9 ~~. Abstract The purpose of this study is to explore the social companson process of female workers in the workplace. Specifically, this study examines the effects of referent-target selection upon comparison. The authors argue that the selection of comparison targets shall significantly affect female workers' job attitudes, such as a sense of equity and job satisfaction. In order to answer these research questions, a structured questionnaire interview was conducted to survey a sample of 191 full-time female workers from three different types of gendered-occupations : the male majority, the gender-neutral, and the female-majority. With respect to the effect of selection of social comparison targets, the results show that respondents with traditional gender-role attitudes, compared to respondents with egalitarian gender-role attitudes, are more likely to make comparisons on the basis of the gender of targets. Moreover, the female. workers from the male-dominated departments. significantly made more opposite-sex comparisons than those from the female-dominated or the gender-neutral departments. This study also found that female workers who choose male coworkers as their comparison target obviously feel more injustice and is present more dissatisfied than female workers who make same-sex comparisons. Key Words: social comparison target, job equity, job satisfaction,. gender role attitude.

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