Junior Secondary English Writing Programme with reference to the

Designing a School-based

Junior Secondary English Writing Programme with reference to the

Learning Progression Framework

English Language Education Section Curriculum Development Institute

Education Bureau

8 & 11 March 2016

Objectives of the Workshop

• To introduce the Learning Progression Framework (LPF) as a reference tool for designing a school- based writing programme to facilitate progressive development of writing skills at the junior secondary level

• To provide hands-on activities to examine students’

work and introduce effective strategies to give quality feedback and promote assessment for/as learning

• To provide suggestions on fine-tuning the existing

writing programme by improving the design of the

writing activities to encourage imagination and

foster creative thinking

Time Run down Part 1

2:00 –2:30

Activities 1-3

To introduce the Learning Progression Framework (LPF) as a

reference tool for designing a school-based writing programme Part 2

2:30 – 3:15

Activities 4-5

To explore how a school-based writing programme can be

developed to facilitate progressive development of writing skills at the junior secondary level

3:15 – 3:30 Break Part 3

3:30-4:00

Activities 6

To provide hands-on activities to examine students’ work and introduce effective strategies to give quality feedback and promote assessment for/as learning

Part 4

4:00 – 4:50

Activity 7

To provide suggestions on fine-tuning the existing writing programme by improving the design of the writing tasks to encourage imagination and foster creative thinking

4:50 – 5:00 Q & A and Evaluation

Activity 1

Share your views:

1. Decide if you agree or disagree with the following three statements.

2. Explain why you agree or disagree with them.

4

How do you help your students write better?

5

• “Positive correlation between vocabulary mastery (X ₂ ) and writing ability (Y), (r _x2y = 0.596) is observed.”

- Research conducted in Mojolaban in 2007/2008 s.y.

• “There is a significant correlation between

vocabulary mastery and writing achievement.”

- Research conducted in Banjarmain in 2012/2013 s.y.

Some research findings

6

Vocabulary Mastery and Language Skills

Passive vocabulary

Active vocabulary Learning Tasks • Reading

• Listening

• Speaking

• Writing

Functions • as input • as output

Skills involved • Understanding meaning of words in context

• Recalling words and using them

appropriately in context

7

How do you help your students write better?

8

Writing a Text

Text

Paragraph / Sentence

Word

• E.g. Story / Article

• Presenting information and/or ideas (Content)

• Language

• Organisation

• Vocabulary

9

How do you help your students write better?

10

Some research findings

Responding to recurrent patterns of errors in a focused manner, especially rule-governed items (e.g. verb tense and form, articles, subject-verb agreement), is more

beneficial than responding to all errors in an unfocused manner (Ferris, 2002).

Bitchener (2008, p. 108) suggests that writing teachers

should respond to ‘one or only a few error categories’ at a time.

Focused error correction is more manageable (Evans et al., 2010) for teachers and students.

11

To introduce the Learning Progression

Framework (LPF) as a reference tool for

designing a school-based writing

programme to facilitate progressive

development of writing skills at the junior

secondary level

13

What is the Learning Progression Framework (LPF) for English Language?

The LPF:

• represents the growth of learners on a developmental continuum as they work

towards the Learning Targets and Objectives of the English Language curriculum;

• is made up of Learning Outcomes organised under the four language skills and divided into eight levels of attainment, i.e. Attainment

Milestones (ATMs);

• helps teachers better understand and articulate learners’ performance; and

• helps teachers plan strategically how to enhance English Language learning and teaching.

………

………

1

………

………

2

………

………

3

………

………

4

………

………

5

………

………

6

………

………

7

………

………

ATM

8

Learning Outcomes

14

Curriculum Framework

(What students are expected to learn )

Values and attitudes

Skills

Knowledge

Learning Progression Framework

(What students can do

as a result of learning and teaching)

Basic Competency

Relationship between the

Curriculum Framework, LPF and BC

15

Curriculum Framework,

Learning, Teaching and Assessment,

and Learning Progression Framework (LPF)

Curriculum Framework (What students are

expected to learn)

Goals

(What students can do as a result)

Learning Progression

Framework

Attainment

Process

Figure Illustrating the Structure of the LPF for English Language

LOs organised & presented under the four language skills

LOs for each language skill expressed in the form of outcome

statements (a general description

of learner performance)

Pointers provide specific examples of what learners are able to do in

demonstrating the LOs.

UPs elucidate some of the learning objectives which do not lend themselves to the description in terms of 8 levels of attainment but are essential to English language learning.

Outcome Statements

Underlying Principles

Exemplars

Exemplars illustrate the expected student

performance.

16

Underlying Principles

Outcome Statements

Components of the LPF for Writing

Outcome Statements give a general description of student performance at each ATM.

Learning Outcomes organised into

categories

17

In groups,

• study the Outcome Statements for three ATMs (1, 4, 8) of the LPF for Writing; and

• identify the aspects of progression in the Outcome Statements for Writing.

Activity 2

18

Relationship between

Outcome Statements and Pointers

Pointers tell what students are

able to do at each ATM.

Outcome statements

Pointers

Progression of Learning Outcomes for Writing - Content

ATM 8

Writing texts to convey

information, ideas,

personal

experiences and opinions on familiar and less familiar topics with substantial elaboration

ATM 1

Completing blanks in short texts to convey simple

information centred around objects,

people and actions

ATM 4

Writing short texts to convey simple

information,

ideas, personal experiences

and opinions on familiar topics with some

elaboration

Complexity of information & ideas Range of purposes

Familiarity of topics Length of texts

Progression of Learning Outcomes for Writing - Organisation

ATM 8

Linking ideas coherently throughout the text, and showing

effective overall

organisation of ideas

ATM 1

Putting words under

appropriate headings/

topics

ATM 4

Linking ideas quite coherently in a short text, and showing an awareness of overall

organisation of ideas

Overall organisation of ideas

Linkage between ideas &

across paragraphs

Progression of Learning Outcomes for Writing - Language

ATM 8

Using a wide range of

appropriate and accurate language

forms and

functions, and appropriate tone, style, register and features of a range of text types

ATM 1

Using some simple words quite

appropriately, and showing an awareness of some

simple formats

ATM 4

Using a small of quite

appropriate and accurate

language forms and functions, and quite

appropriate tone, style, register and features of

some text types

Appropriateness of text type features

Range of vocabulary and language forms &

functions

CONTENT

The outcome statements show the progression in terms of:

• Complexity of information and ideas

• Length of texts

• Familiarity of topics

ORGANISATION

The outcome statements show the progression in terms of:

• Linkage between ideas within and across paragraphs

• Overall organisation of ideas

LANGUAGE

The outcome statements show the progression in terms of:

• Language forms and functions used at different levels of writing

23

Activity 3

The pointers across L1-8 show progression of writing skills.

In groups, read the pointers to identify progression of students’ development of writing skills.

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write and reply to short and simple

letters to share personal experiences

write some formal letters to make simple requests

and enquiries

write some formal letters to make

requests and applications with supporting details

write formal letters for a range of purposes quite

effectively

write short and simple stories

write stories with a setting, a simple

plot and simple characterisation

write stories with a clear setting, and

some

development of plot and characters

write stories with a clear setting, a well-developed

plot and good characterisation to

achieve the purpose effectively

write short and simple descriptions of objects, people, places and events

write a range of texts to describe,

recount, record, explain, propose

and summarise with supporting

details

write a range of texts to describe,

recount, record, explain, propose,

summarise, review, compare and contrast with supporting details quite effectively

write a range of texts for

various purposes with

supporting details effectively

establish links using some simple

cohesive devices (e.g. simple connectives, pronouns) with some consistency

establish links using a small

range of cohesive devices with

some consistency

establish links within some

paragraphs using a range

of cohesive devices with

some consistency

establish (strong) links within and

across paragraphs using a range of cohesive devices

with consistency

structure the text using paragraphs,

including a brief introductory and/or concluding statement

structure the text quite coherently using an

organisational framework (e.g.

introduction, body and conclusion)

structure the text coherently using an

organisational framework

use simple present, simple past (mainly

familiar verb forms), present continuous and future tenses with

some consistency

use a small range of tenses with some consistency

use a range of tenses and the passive voice with

(some) consistency

use various tenses and the passive voice for various

purposes with consistency

show an awareness of using some stylistic features (e.g. use dialogues in stories to create interest) to support the purpose of text

use some stylistic features (e.g. use headings and sub- headings to clarify

presentation) to support the purpose of text

with some consistency

use a range of stylistic features (e.g. use images in

poetry, rhetorical questions in arguments) to

support the purpose of text with consistency

use a range of stylistic features

effectively to support the purpose of text

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• the language development strategies, generic skills, and positive values and attitudes;

• the meaningfulness & appropriateness of the written texts to the context, purpose & audience;

• the development of writing strategies:

– Generating ideas by brainstorming or seeking and selecting information & ideas from different sources

– Asking questions to clarify & seek information for correction – Editing drafts by correcting errors in language

– Revising drafts by adding, deleting, substituting or linking ideas – Reflecting on own writing based on feedback from teachers /

peers

The Underlying Principles in the progression of

Writing Skills form an integral part of the LPF and include:

Underlying principles

To explore how a school-based writing programme can be developed to facilitate progressive

development of writing skills at the junior

secondary level

Share your views:

1. What are your concerns in teaching writing?

2. How is the writing programme for S1-S3 planned at your school?

Activity 4

34

Setting objectives

Identifying strengths and weaknesses of learners

…with reference to the

Learning Progression Framework for Writing

Practical Tips

35

Address all three domains of the LPF

Instruct students in issues about genre, purpose, audience, and organisation and help students

understand how the use of grammar items and vocabulary contribute to the coherence and

structure of the text

Designing a Writing Programme

Content Organisation

Language

36

Designing a Writing Programme

A functional view of language in context (Rose, D. 2005)

CONTEXT

TEXT PARAGRAPHS

SENTENCE WORD GROUPS

WORD SYLLABLE LETTER PATTERN

patterns within the sentence

patterns within the text

patterns within the word

Materials developed by Prof. Angel Lin and Dr. Tracy Cheung

for the PDP on “Connecting Reading and Writing” 37

Focus on helping students develop texts by enhancing students’ genre knowledge with reference to the LPF Help s tudents ask metacognitive questions about their writing at different stages of the writing process (e.g.

what genre they are writing, who is the audience, what elements are there in the genre structure)

Designing a Writing Programme

Brookes and Grundy (1998, p18):

“Such activities need to be interesting, draw on the existing knowledge, interest, and abilities of learners, and result in greater awareness of the writing

process and greater writing skill”

38

Purpose

Audience Structure

(Framework)

Writing Activities

Text-type Narrative Information

Exchanges Procedural Explanatory

Persuasive Language Features Learning Intentions and Outcomes

39

Traditional Views of Reading and Writing

Reading Writing

-input

- receptive skills -comprehension

- output

- production skills -production

Materials developed by Prof. Angel Lin and Dr. Tracy Cheung,

with contributions from HKU facilitators © 2015

40

Connection between Reading and Writing

Reading

Writing

The same pool of knowledge and skills connect reading and

writing

Materials developed by Prof. Angel Lin and Dr. Tracy Cheung,

with contributions from HKU facilitators © 2015

41

The Influence of Reading

Reading is especially helpful if students are reading genres similar to the ones they are asked to write about. Such reading can help students acquire the writing techniques,

words, and phrases of the discipline (Shaw, 1991)

Teaching students to closely read and analyse various texts can help them write like

accomplished writers (Zwiers, 2008)

42

Student work extracted from p.187,

2014 TSA Report

This is a typical writing of your students.

Comment on the

students’ performance with reference to the three domains of the LPF.

Discuss how we can help them progress along the learning continuum.

Activity 5

43

Performance of students

•ATM4 Use a small range of vocabulary on familiar topics, with most words correctly spelt and some word collocations correct

•ATM4 Use a small range of adverbs /adverbial clauses

for some communicative functions with some consistency

•ATM3 arrange ideas in a short text using simple and limited means to show a generally clear focus

•ATM3 establish links using some simple cohesive devices

•ATM4 write simple descriptions of objects, people, places and events with some details

Student work extracted from p.187,

2014 TSA Report

Understand what learners need to achieve as they progress in the

development of writing skills

•ATM 3 arrange ideas in a short text using simple and limited means to show a generally clear focus

•ATM 4 structure the text using paragraphs, including a brief introductory and/or

concluding statement

•ATM 4 arrange ideas in a short text using simple

means (e.g. providing

illustrations or explanations) to show a generally clear focus Provide suitable

support and challenges that may take learners to the next

level of learning

How can we help students progress

along the learning continuum?

How do you

normally cover a

reading text in class?

Setting Reading Comprehension

Questions to check students’

understanding of the text?

Explain the meanings of

the more difficult words?

46

Learning materials developed to help students:

 structure the text using paragraphs, including a brief introductory and/or concluding statement (LPF - ATM4, Organisation)

 arrange ideas in a short text using simple means (e.g. providing illustrations or explanations) to show a generally clear focus (LPF -

ATM4, Organisation)

S1 S2 S3 Purpose Descriptive

Imaginative Discussion

Expository

Problem solving

Argumentative Persuasive

Text-type Personal letter

Story

Book report E-mail

Procedure

Formal letter Presentation Film review Newsletter

Itinerary Memoranda News articles Speech

Complaint letter

Comment on the following junior secondary writing programme of School A:

Learning Outcomes?

Development of Skills?

Recycling of Knowledge

and Skills?

48

Question: How to help students read and write different genres?

Meaningful Exposure & Use  Automaticity

‘massive amounts of repetitive experience’

develop automaticity

(Segalowitz, 1991, p. 23)

Materials developed by Prof. Angel Lin for

the Empowerment Workshop 49

Consideration in Planning for Writing Programme at Junior Secondary Level

Related topics

Integration of language skills

Variety of text types and sources Level of difficulty

When designing learning and teaching activities, it is important to:

• provide adequate support to students in content, organisation and language &

style;

• integrate writing with other language skills (e.g reading);

• choose materials which are at an appropriate level;

• adopt a task-based approach; and

• design a range of tasks to require students to react beyond the factual content to meet different challenge levels, e.g. applying and synthesising reading input to produce purposeful & interesting writing content

50

To provide hands-on activities to examine students’

work and introduce effective strategies to give

quality feedback and promote assessment for/as

learning

Assessment for learning

• Assessment is an ongoing process that aims to promote and improve learning. It should provide learners with appraisal and feedback on their

performance in relation to learning objectives. (Eng Lang C&A Guide, CDC 2007, p.98).

• “Assessment of learners’ writing skills is on-going during the process of writing. The teacher needs to observe learners’ behaviour and skills, assess

progress, and give feedback and suggestions on drafting and revising” (Eng Lang Curriculum Guide (P1-P6), CDC 2004, p.157).

52

Five key strategies of assessment for/as learning

1. Identify and clarify learning goals and success criteria

Where the learner is going

2. Engineer effective classroom discussions and other learning tasks that elicit information about student learning

Where the learner is now

3. Provide descriptive feedback that moves learners forward 4. Through targeted instruction and guidance, engage students

as learning resources for one another

5. Through targeted instruction and guidance, help students understand what it means to ‘own’ their own learning, and empower them to do so

What the learner needs to get there

Ontario. Ministry of Education. (2010). Growing success: Assessment, evaluation, and reporting in Ontario schools. Toronto: Author. [p.32-36]

53

The use of the LPF



shifts the focus from the content to its outcomes, which places emphasis on learners



provides a common “language” and “tool” for teachers to use in the learning, teaching and assessment process



explains what is expected of students in terms of:

- where are they now? (existing strengths and weaknesses) - where are they going? (goals)

- where to next? (“feedback” /“feedforward”)

How could teachers bring about improvements to their writing skills?

54

Classroom Writing Assessment

• Writing assessment should maximise its formative potential so that it can be used to promote student learning through:

Adopting process writing Providing effective feedback Promoting peer/self assessment

55

Process-oriented

Disabling approach Enabling approach Mundane and routine Creative

Re-writing and re-vision

“error checking exercise”

Re-writing and re-vision

“seeing with new eyes”

Teacher evaluation Responsible writer

Pre-defined product Product is not pre-conceived

Convergent Divergent

Product-oriented

57

Teaching approaches

“ Methodologies entirely focusing on language errors are hardly adequate in improving

learners’ abilities” (Syllabuses for Secondary Schools Eng Lang, CDC 1999, p.95).

“A process approach to writing is

recommended”(Eng Lang C&A Guide, CDC 2007, p.83).

58

The Process Approach

“A process approach to writing is recommended”(Eng Lang C&A Guide, CDC 2007, p.83).

The process approach:

Stresses the purpose of a piece of writing Students behave like writers in real life

Teachers will try to extend the readership &

readers will respond to writing (review)

Single drafting to be replaced by multiple drafting

Materials developed by Dr Icy LEE for the 59 Empowerment Workshop

Teach students to re-read and re-write their works

• Brookes and Grundy (1998, p17):

1. First draft: responding 2. Second draft: revising 3. Editing for errors

Materials developed by Dr Icy LEE for the

Empowerment Workshop 60

Providing feedback

with reference to LPF to help students improve their drafts

in the process

Process-oriented writing

Source: http://faculty.uoit.ca/hughes/Writing/WritingProcess.html 61

Use of Quality Feedback

Focused – Linked to

Learning Objectives

Diagnostic

Clear and Easy to Understand Constructive

Quality Feedback

63

Teacher feedback

Teachers “must avoid providing detailed editing

comments on the surface form without paying attention to organizational and content issues” (Syllabuses for

Secondary Schools English Language, CDC 1999, p.94).

“Teachers need not correct all the mistakes in learners’

work. Total correction is time-consuming for the teacher and discouraging for the learners, particularly when the latter sees their papers full of red ink” (Syllabuses for Secondary Schools English Language, CDC 1999, p.95).

“Teachers should give comments on the drafts they have collected from learners…They should make suggestions which will enable learners to carry out revisions in the areas of organization, grammar and mechanics” (English Language C&A Guide (S4-S6), CDC and HKEAA 2007,

p.86).

64

Peer / self-evaluation as an integral part of process pedagogy

• Teachers should share learning goals and success

criteria explicitly with students, so that students know what they are working towards in their writing.

• They can use success criteria / checklists help students improve drafts in progress

• They can set personal learning goals, engage in self and/or peer evaluation, and reflect on and monitor their own learning, so that assessment can become a powerful tool to promote learning, serving the

purposes of assessment for and as learning (Earl, 2013).

66

When designing the success checklists, Teachers should:

• identify the requirements for each task in terms of the three domains in the LPF to develop task-specific assessment rubrics.

• acknowledge students’ attempts and efforts

(e.g. in the “risks” they take in expressing ideas in English, even though this means making

more grammatical mistakes in writing).

• suggest what students can do in order to improve their writing.

67

In groups:

1. Read the checklists/evaluation forms.

2. Comment on their effectiveness in helping students to improve their writing.

Activity 6

68

Compare the two assessment forms?

Which one do you prefer? Why?

Materials developed by Ms Rebecca Farmer

for the PDP on Assessment For/As Learning 69

Materials developed by Ms Rebecca Farmer

for the PDP on Assessment For/As Learning 70

How do the evaluation

forms help learners

improve their writing?

FROM… Bringing about Improvements to a Draft

TO… Facilitating Progressive Development of Writing Skills

71

Possible Steps in Using the LPF to Enhance Students’ Writing Skills

Provide opportunities to engage Ss in a range of tasks that cover a variety of purposes and text types in the school’s writing programme.

Identify the requirements for each task in terms of the three domains in the LPF.

Develop a task-specific feedback sheet and set assessment criteria based on the task requirements.

Help Ss develop strategies to approach the writing tasks, e.g.

highlighting keywords, drawing a mind map, structuring the text.

Ask Ss to complete the first draft independently. OR Help Ss develop the first draft through appropriate teaching strategies, e.g. shared writing.

Guide Ss to improve the first draft through shared writing, using a feedback sheet or conducting a discussion.

1

2 3 4 5

6

To provide suggestions on fine-tuning

the existing writing programme by

improving the design of the writing

tasks to encourage imagination and

foster creative thinking

Helping Students to Progress

 Improving the design of writing activities based on the learning outcomes articulated in the LPF to encourage imagination and foster creative thinking

Helping Students Make Progression in Organisation

Helping Students Make Progression in Content

Helping Students Make Progression in Language

74

75

1. Read the instructions of a writing task. Read a sample of the writing performance of the average S3 students in a school.

2. Decide if the writing activities provide adequate teacher support to help students make progression in the development of the writing skills. Make suggestions on how the writing activities can be improved.

Activity 7

Text-type: Story

Theme: The Weather

Suggested number of lessons: 4 (40-minute lessons)

Suggested target level: JS (Less advanced students)

Source: Territory-wide System Assessment, 2014

(Secondary 3, English Language, Writing 9EW2)

A Writing Task

You have been asked by your English teacher to write a story about the day the last typhoon hit Hong Kong. She wants you to write about what happened and what you did on that day. Give your story an interesting title.

76

Analysis of students’ work

LPF

for Writing

77

1. Read lists of precautionary measures related to typhoon.

Classify each measure as what can be done before, during, and after a typhoon.

2. Label each picture with a suitable weather-related word from the list.

3. Listen to the weather forecast in the evening. Note down the weather forecast for major cities in Asia.

Writing Activities

78

Do the pre-writing activities provide adequate teacher support to help students organise ideas for the writing task?

Do the writing activities provide adequate teacher support to help students develop ideas for the writing task?

Do the pre-writing activities provide adequate teacher support to help students develop the language needed for the writing task?

79

Strengthen Content Input

 Guiding students to generate and organise ideas on a given topic

 Preparing students to apply the vocabulary related to typhoon to the story

 Providing an opportunity to develop students’ creative thinking skills

80

There are many strategies helping students enrich the content…

1. Creative thinking tools 2. Image prompts

3. Writing prompts 4. Shared-writing

81

Using Creative Thinking Tools & Strategies

Think from a new angle and understand a topic / situation more deeply

R.A.F.T. Strategy

R ^ole

A ^udience Classmate / Parents

F ^ormat Story / Diary / Newsletter / Email

T ^opic Surprise holiday / House in chaos / Stuck in traffic /

Stranded in airport or bus-stop / Work in rain

Helping Students Make Progression in Content

82

Role play chat with

(computers /tablets /smartphones)

It is proposed that secondary students should attend school when red rainstorm warning is issued. You are the students / school team. Share your views in the online forum.

•

•

•

Collaborative ideas generation using e-resources

83

 Consolidating students’ knowledge on selected vocabulary which they may use in the final writing task

 Equipping students with some vocabulary building strategies

 Providing students with phrases/expressions to describe typhoon scenes

Strengthen Language Input

84

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SKW99zTj1tE

The world's strongest typhoon this year has killed at least 25 people in southern China and paralysed Hong Kong's airport, leaving hundreds of travellers stranded.

Typhoon Usagi - which means "rabbit" in Japanese - swept through Guangdong province, bringing heavy rain and winds of more than 180 kilometres an hour.

Trees were toppled and cars blown off roads.

In Hong Kong some ventured outdoors despite official government advice to stay at home and take precautions.

In Fujian province more than 80,000 people were reportedly moved to safety with authorities deploying at least 50,000 emergency workers.

Usagi first hit Taiwan and the Philippines on Saturday, causing two deaths and depriving tens of thousands of power.

The typhoon struck the Chinese coast on Sunday night, battering the city of Shanwei.

For some in Hong Kong, which was spared the worst effects of the typhoon, the experience was more like a theme park as they gathered by the pier to be drenched by spray from enormous waves crashing against the wall.

Watch news clip “Typhoon Usagi brings havoc to Hong Kong and southern China”.

Based on what you watch, build a mind map to show the effects of typhoon, the damage, safety caution needed.

85

Adding details to a given idea for further development.

The thrilling experience was more like a theme park as people gathered by the pier to be drenched by the

enormous waves crashing against the wall.

Helping Students Make Progression in Language

Where did people have fun on typhoon days?

People gathered by the pier.

What did people do to have fun?

People got wet by the waves.

 People gathered by the pier to get drenched by the enormous waves.

What was the experience like? Show what you saw, heard & felt.

86

Watch news clip “Typhoon Usagi brings havoc to Hong Kong and southern China”.

Based on what you watch, build a mind map to show the effects of typhoon, the damage, safety caution needed

Damage

Effect on weather

Fun

Safety

Concept Map

87

 Raising students’ awareness of the overall structure and organisation of the text type

 Introducing some words/expressions for connecting ideas

 Developing students’ skills in writing well-structured body paragraphs

 Allowing students to revisit what they have learnt regarding the structure and organisation

Strengthen Structure and Organisation Input

88

Revisit Story Structure to add interest to the plot

Resolution Climax

Falling Action Rising

Action

Exposition

Helping Students Make Progression in Organisation

89

.

Too Good to be True

“God, please, make it tomorrow. Amen.” Tom prayed before he went to bed.

In his opinion, nothing could be worse than having to take a quiz that he would fail for sure. …

Strengthen organisation input

What might this be foreshadowing?

Demonstrate different strategies to develop the plot

Foreshadowing : Give readers clues about what will happen later in the story.

Keep them curious.

90

.

Too Good to be True

‘When it rains, it pours,’ Tom thought. When things are too good to be true, it’s probably not.

Gingerly clicking the mouse, Tom checked the news

expectantly. The No. 8 typhoon signal was triumphantly hoisted. ‘Hooray!’ Tom was overjoyed and jumped in his room. It was too good to be true.

In his opinion, nothing could be worse than having to take a quiz that he would fail for sure.

Read the

flashback. Guess what might have

happened.

Demonstrate different strategies to organise the events Flashback: Go back in time to add scenes. Keep

readers interested to find out what is happening in the present .

91

Source: Palmer (2011). How to Teach Writing Across the Curriculum p. 31

Encouraging Students to be Creative and Independent Writers

Explicit Instruction and

Teacher Modelling

92

Fine-tuning the Existing Writing Programme to Foster Creative Thinking More time for pre-writing instruction, post-writing reinforcement

activities, and lesson preparation Assign timed & non-timed writing Ask for more than one draft

A more focused approach to error feedback

Specific feedback on different aspects of writing, e.g. content, language, organisation, text type features

Innovative feedback approaches with the help of creative thinking tools

More active student involvement, e.g. self-evaluation, peer evaluation, setting goals, writing reflections, conferencing with teacher

A closer alignment between writing assessment and teaching, e.g. use rubrics as a tool to inform assessment and teaching

A portfolio approach to observe progress and development over time

Slides adapted from the workshop on “Assessment as Learning in the Writing Classroom” by Dr Icy Lee of CUHK

93

Using the LPF to

Enhance Learning and Teaching

 To provide reference for understanding

students’ learning progress

 To plan and review

 To help students progress along the learning continuum

 To provide a

checklist of dos and don’ts in each and every lesson

 To record only

 To set benchmarks

94

To measure learning outcomes

& report judgment

To provide diagnostic, formative assessment and ongoing

feedback to improve learning and teaching

To foster students’ ability to become critical analyst of their own learning

Assessment of, for and as learning serve different purposes and are valuable in their own ways

Adapted from Earl, L.M. (2003) Assessment as Learning: Using Classroom Assessment to Maximise Student Learning. Thousand Oaks, Ca, Corwin Press.

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Using the LPF for the Writing Skills to Plan Holistically for Effective Learning, Teaching and Assessment

• Understanding what students need to achieve as they progress in English language learning

• Identifying students’ strengths and areas for improvement

• Reviewing expectations of student learning

• Reviewing current teaching practices and content of learning

Reviewing expectations of student learning

• Setting appropriate learning objectives

• Devising plans to provide support and challenge to help students achieve the learning outcomes

• Designing L&T activities / extra practices needed to progress to the next level of learning

• Setting appropriate assessment criteria

• Promoting quality feedback

Writing

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Understand what learners need to achieve as

they progress in the development of writing skills

Provide suitable support and challenges that may take learners to the next level

of learning

Designing a School-based Junior Secondary Writing Programme with reference to the Learning Progression Framework

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References

• Beers, K. (2003) When Kids Can‘t Read: What Teachers Can Do. Heinemann.

• Brookes and Grundy (1998) Beginning to Write

• Buzan, T. & Buzan, B. (1994). The Mind Map Book: How to Use Radiant Thinking to Maximize Your Brain’s Untapped Potential. London: E.P. Dutton.

• Earl, L.M. (2003) Assessment as Learning: Using Classroom Assessment to Maximise Student Learning. Thousand Oaks, Ca, Corwin Press.

• Earl, L.M. and Katz, S. (ed.) (2006) Leading Schools in a Data-Rich World: Harnessing Data for School Improvement. Corwin Press.

• Education and Manpower Bureau. (2004) CDC English Language Curriculum Guide (Primary 1-6). Hong Kong; Curriculum Development Council. P.75.

• Glasson, T (2009) Improving Student Achievement

• Nation, I.S.P. (2009) Teaching ESL/EFL Reading and Writing

• Ontario. Ministry of Education. (2010). Growing success: Assessment, Evaluation, and Reporting in Ontario schools. Toronto: Author. [p.32-36]

• Osborn, A.F. (1953). Applied Imagination: Principles and Procedures of Creative Thinking. New York: Scribner.

• Palmer (2011). How to Teach Writing Across the Curriculum Routledge P. 31

• Pearl Weather Report from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tl1gwqenK5I

• Raimes, A. (1983) Techniques in Teaching Writing

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• Precautionary Measures We Follow Before, During, and After a Typhoon from http://infiniteknowledge.expertscolumn.com/article/precautionary-measures-we- follow-during-and-after-typhoon

• Rohrbach, B. (1969). Creative by rules –Method 635, A New Technique for Solving Problems, Absatzwirtschaft, Vol 12, pages 73-75.

• Saskatoon Public Schools. (n.d.). Instructional Strategies online – RAFT. Retrieved November 23, 2011, from http://olc.sosd.sk.ca/de/pd/instr/strats/raft/

• Straker, D. (n.d.). SCAMPER. Retrieved November 23, 2011, from http://creatingminds.org/tools/scamper.htm

• HKEAA Territory-wide System Assessment Report, 2013 & 2014 (Secondary 3, English Language, Writing 9EW1)

• Typhoon Usagi brings havoc to Hong Kong and southern China from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SKW99zTj1tE

• Wilhelm, J., Baker, T. & Dube, J. (2001). Strategic Reading. Portsmouth, NH:

Heinemann.

• The Study On Correlation Between Vocabulary Mastery And Writing Achievement Of The First Grade Students Of Smk Nu Banjarmasin School Year 2012 / 2013

• Correlational study on the Students’ Intelligence, Vocabulary mastery, and Writing Ability of the ninth grade Students of SLTP N 2 Mojolaban in Academic Year

2007/2008

• Dr Cheri CHAN, Materials developed for the Empowerment Workshop 2015

• Dr Icy LEE, Materials developed for the Empowerment Workshop 2015

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