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(1)BJ3 ~*j ~ffE il 1(1) : 43-62 (2005) MingDao Journal 1(1) : 43-62 (2005) Copyright@2005 MingDao University. °ger. ~.*~~M~~A.5ff.~M~~.. J~'J~)IJ harger is.. F*:fj 11<. 2. 1,*. 1. ~iLJt~t;k~,-:';J£~t~±1.. 2. ~ iLJt~t; k ~.-:.; J£. ,* ~t~. charging. 'acter and. tM. lracter. In. f.llt~~ilJ II. .. ~. ~t~f£l(2004)ti1f%~fJt:9Hm*!liEt~*~~ILAJtpR~1T:f.S~£JtH:H~fm. "tJi:. Jc...'. o. _~.&:ft~ff81~.IN~:f.SfiiJ. *li1f9'C~*I~ti1f9'C. • t~. ? ~DfilJ. '. ?. *li1f%f*tItfli1f9'C8~**i5fMP:.w~f'F:f.Sii~4Ji~811Ji~ , Mf9'C~1.i~ a. iJ J • lHI'1 'i?fi:l:}11 '. .~·.fflw~~.w~nmm~*!liEt~~mAo6~'ffi • • ~~~*iiM~fiM~ft. ffT'&IW*~5HfT. '. ~9'C~*~~,Et~~mArr*!li~m~fi:f.S~~~~r~~m~.~J~.& ~~~mJ~._.~g ,~,~x. @~~~$.~~.~~.:ft_.~~~~IN'. . :t1f~ • fJJ!# • :rh.flj , ~{§W.fO;jJi!tW-t)~IN~ rr~18ffiig~ft. '. 0. ti1f9'C~~*li1f%*i5*WiZ§1Jfj.pR~. , !ji;AifFfP:pR~.&lb¥~{tpR~ti1f. 9'C~fitt~,~~,.*~%n~*!li~{t.~~m~ftmm~~~.·. ~m~:~mRmA'. *~~R{'F~.. • •M~· •• ft~. 02-26334032 Fax: 02-26334680. Tel.:. E-mail address:tony55112@yahoo.com.tw. 43.

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(19) n}].i!t~~fj~!l '. ~. 0. J~jilr)(. ~o$*1iIf~~~.1iIf~m.~ou,. grants, in Kim, Y. Y. & Gudykunst, W.. 29-72. B.(Eds). Cross-cultural Adaptation :. ~fe~i. a91iIf~J. 1(1) : 43-62 (2005). '. 0. !1~~iit. 0. ' f*Jlfji , M~¥(2002). Current Approaches, Sage Publications,. 0. A~~ • .oo~~A~~:$ftmAl¥J :) 0. ¥A1e. !l!ff~. 0. *. !fZ~JfA. 2.5Hfi. 0. 1~7~~iB)(. ti. ~ 0. ~4:. Mm. 0. ¥flffg~¥A(.\}IR~fL +-1f.ll. ;ijli:jt~~iHl1*5~¥~E. ~fe:f;J. , mlMJi '. tR(2003). 0. ii~~. effectiveness of influence tactics in the. , ~~lL ' W7I19. ¥1iIf~ • 19 • 209- 250 ~{e:f;J. , f*:f1lfji , !1~~iit '. aging Cultural Differences, (3rd ed).. M~¥(2004). nxJtHli~ 1Nft:~1JIq1iIf ~fr. •. 0. il~ t. 1N1tJi(t]f'!fil¥J ~7t'li'IT}lRliJf. Houston: TX, Gulf Publishing Com­. 0. pany. Hersey, P. & Blanchard, K. H. (1977) .. : illtt. Management organizational behavior, (3 rd ed.). Englewood Cliffs, N.J: Pren­. ::k~o. ![7J<1l!!(1995). 0. ::k~ilftljm.$ jlI~Jt. tice-Hall.. z iff. House, R. J. & Aditya, R.N.(l997). The. ~°::k~::k¥~~~~1iIf~m~±~. social scientific study of leadership:. )(0. Quo Vadis . Journal of management,. ~ 'flfi ~ 1i ~ .00 'flfi ~ ti ~ 'DH~ A.jlA~~. Harris, P. R. & Moran, R. T.(l991). Man­. 0. *±m.1i~1iIf~' J.~[~~*iH.l¥J. l!l!¥liJf~. Quarterly, 11,251-266.. $~::k~1e~~J:l~l¥Jmfl • *±;f..,J.ij!. . Derek S. P. r!:V:$~A. United States and China. Leadership. *~A~~l¥J=:7tflA :. .A1e~m.$~~JfA~~o.A. 0. Fu, P. P. & YukI, G. (2000). Perceived. 0. /c3409.htm. tlit±. Newbury Park, CA.. Adler, N. J.(1997). International dimen­. 23,3,409-423.. sions of organizational behavior. Cin­. Suutari. ,v.,. Raharjo,K.. &. Riikkila,T.. :k~il.~. cinnati, OH: South-Western College. (2002). The challenge of cross-cultural. ~:v:jf5l:iEl::k. Publishing.. leadership interaction: Finnish expatri­. ~iB)(. Bass, B. M.(1990). Handbook ofleadership:. 0. ~A*J'I.~fi 142-219. 0. ~)(1tJ;t~. 1ti!li! ::kPT€ fiFf~tfr. el.]. ates in Indonesia. Career Development.. A survey of theory and research. New. VoL7,Iss. 6/7 ; 415-430. YukI, 0. A. (2002). Leadership in organiza­. York: Free Press.. tions (5 1h ed.). Eaglewood Cliffs, NJ :. Berry, J. W., Kim, U. & Boski, P. (1988). Psychological Acculturation of immi­. Prentice-Hall.. 0. ~1i~;Mf*. IliFfJ'Url1 ~f,ij.oo¥A ~ l¥J fJ] ti71iIf. 61.

(20) B,~ ~. !iJ filt}. MingDao 1m Copyright@:. The Leadership of Taiwanese Expatriate Managers. Working in China: A Dynamic Perspective. Yen-Chuan Cheng. Chang-I Chen. Abstract In a recent research, Cheng & Chen (2004) found that authoritarian, benevolent, moral, and regulatory leadership were the four types of leadership behavior adopted by Taiwanese expatriate managers. As a follow-up of the above research, this research discusses how these leadership behaviors develop and shift, and what are the factors for these changes? This research collected data through semi-structured interviews. The researchers inter­. JL +:if1-\. f;faf.Jf'F£ Jt 0. viewed 27 Taiwanese expatriate managers at Kunshan, Suzhou, Shenzen, Dongguan, and Guangzhou, and then conducted inductive analysis and contextual analysis to generate re­ sults for the research questions.. !1tJiIfj'HifP;. ; !'(!'(f'g~ ~ filT ft r~Bf.J~Jj. The results indicate that Taiwanese expatriate managers in Mainland China mainly showed two particular patterns of changes in the practice of leadership styles: "from au­ thoritarian to benevolent" and "from benevolent to authoritarian ". The research also found that the manager's perception of the subordinate (with respect to guanxi, loyalty, compe­. JL+:if1~. XfilT J;)J;) liB MitE7 r !,('I'i 114IJi&;@*~x~m. tency, hardworking, utilitarian, honesty, etc.) is the main reason for the changes of leader­ ship style.. *X~1JE ~. The researchers compare the results of this study with literatures on western contin­. , rQ)i&;af.JtE ;ff(f~]~ E13. In addition,. --, jtHt!f~i~~. this research discusses the possible impact of Mainland China's culture toward leadership. - ' *c~ilitt -'lOOffWilitt. gency leadership, Chinese differential leadership, and cross-cultural leadership. behaviors.. e:g'~*ir:p~. Key words: expatriate manager' contingency. leadership' contextual analysis. *illW\1'F~.. 1. F I.

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