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《呂氏春秋》與《淮南子》的感應思維

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Ȯ֗ЫࢍऎȯᇅȮ౑ࠓφȯޠདᔗࡧᆱ

ച҂ۆ

ᄣ! ्

Ȯ֗ЫࢍऎȯᇅȮ౑ࠓφȯ࢑પᅖਣ෉пၿঢ়লᏱ࣐лໆޠڎഌ २्ڑᝳȄҐНԛᆨȶདᔗȷࡧᆱȃпІڐܛਗ਼Іޠဏ౪ୱᚡȂლၑ ϸݚᇅ௥ଇ֖౫Ӷ೼ڎഌ຀ձϜޠདᔗ፤ख़ȂՅוగ૗ᄈ೼ঐឋᚡ৥ ໡เໍΚؐޠࡧસȄ ҐНॷӒ၍មȶདᔗȷᢏ܉ϟဏోȂ௦຀ࡿяདᔗࡧᆱܛᜱݨޠ লᏱୱᚡ२ᘉȂดࡤпԫ౪၍࣐नෂȂ໡ۗϸݚȮ֗Ыࢍऎȯпȶ᜹ Ӥȷ࣐ஆҐ೤ۢޠȶᆡ੊ȷདᔗ፤ख़ȂпІ௥ଇȮ౑ࠓφȯ௄੊᜹ࣻ ୞ژЉ΢ད೾ޠདᔗࡧདྷȂٯй२ᘉࡿя᝸ܜȮ֗Ыࢍऎȯޠȶңཏȷȃ यȶၗȷ๊Ȃ٘пᕖयདᔗഷτਞݏޠлᡞঔ࣐ϟѵȂՅ࣐ࡤ޲ܛၷ ၐಡ஽።ޠȶณ࣐ȷȃȶຏᓘȷ๊ѓЊోᎵȄഷࡤȂҐНࠍ࢑ଭᄈᇅད ᔗࡧᆱԥᜱޠȶᐤਣܓȷȞDiachronyȟᇅȶӤਣܓȷȞSynchronicityȟ Ρ྆܉Ȃໍ՘ߒؐ፤فȂᙥпථяӶདᔗࡧᆱϟስ஀ϲܛѠ૗໡ึޠ ڐуःف፟ᚡȄ ᜱᗥມȈ੊ȃၗȃᆡ੊ȃདᔗȃณ࣐ȃຏᓘȃ֗Ыࢍऎȃ౑ࠓφȃ ᐡᡞলᏱ ∗ ച҂ۆȂᇄᢋτᏱলᏱقീς঑ᒶ΢Ȅ ׺ጉȈ94 Ԓ 11 У 27 СȇঔॐȈ95 Ԓ 10 У 13 Сȇ௦ڨёีȈ95 Ԓ 10 У 14 СȄ

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The Thinking of Resonance

(Kan-Ying)

in

Lu Shi Chun Qiu and Huai-nan Tzu

Ping – Kun Chen

*

Abstract

Based on Taoism, Lu shi chun qiu and Huai-nan tzu are two classics of the Qin and Han dynasties. This study is centered on the thinking regarding “Resonance” (Kan-Ying) and the philosophical views it involves. The study also analyzes and discusses the statements of resonant thinking in these two literary texts to offer an insight into this issue.

Starting with explaining the concept of “Resonance”, the study then points out the philosophical issues that resonant thinking focuses on. In this context, the study analyses the resonant statement of “Essence-Energy” (Jing-Qi), which is a fundamental principle of “similarity and sameness” in Lu shi chun qiu. Then, it discusses the resonant thought of the “joint movement of Energy” and “Communication between humans and the universe” in Huai-nan tzu. In addition, it illustrates that the inherited concepts of “single-hearted devotion” and “complete sincerity” can achieve the maximum effect of resonance in Lu shi

chun qiu, and the idea that the “complete sincerity” emphasizes the ability to

exercise “non-action” and to maintain “emptiness-tranquility” in detail.

Finally, the study explores the concepts of “Diachrony” and “Synchronicity” related to resonant thinking so as to develop some other possible issues of philosophical research in the field of resonant thinking.

Keywords: Qi/EnergyȞ੊ȟ, Cheng/SincerityȞၗȟ, Jing-Qi/Essence-Energy Ȟᆡ੊ȟ, Kan-ying/ ResonanceȞདᔗȟ, Wu-wei/non-actionȞณ࣐ȟ,

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Xu-jing/emptiness-tranquilityȞຏᓘȟ, Huai-nan tzuȞ౑ࠓφȟ, Lu

shi chun qiuȞ֗Ыࢍऎȟ, Philosophy of Organism/OrganicismȞᐡ ᡞলᏱȟ

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Ȯ֗ЫࢍऎȯᇅȮ౑ࠓφȯޠདᔗࡧᆱ

ച҂ۆ

Κȃࠊّ

΢˕˕ϛȂԈۥ࿳ޑȂࣽծ֖౫࣐ΚΚȶঐᡞȷȞindividualȟȂկࠔ ٲᄃα௄ٿ൸ϛ෇׈ӓ๙ᄈᑀҴԇӶȂՅ࢑ӶΚঐᆏ࣐Ԉۥܗ΢Ңޠз ࣩ၈Ȃᇅڐуөԓөኻޠԇԥ޲ٯҴȃӔҢȄܛᒞȶؑΚঐȷԇӶޑȂ ڐᄃӶѻޠनࡤܗӶѻޠڻ᎐ȂࣲԥΚᆎȶᐍᡞȷȞthe wholeȟп࣐Мࡼȇ ඳّϟȂ௄ᢏ܉αٿᇴȂȶঐᡞȷȂࠌᄃՅ፤ȂΞ࢑ΚঐႲ೪ȶᐍᡞȷޠ ྆܉1ȄٯйȂᇅԫӤਣȂȶঐᡞȷᇅȶঐᡞȷϟ໣ηഎԥΚᆎࣻϤձң ޠᜱ߾ȇη൸࢑ᇴȂѻউᄃ࣐೏ӶϤ୞ޒᄙϜޠԇԥ޲Ȅ೼ኻ܅ԫձңȃ ڏԥϤ୞ᜱ߾ޠঐᡞȂ໲ӬԚထȂ߰ᄻԚΚᆎܛᒞȶԥᐡޠᐍᡞȷ—— ∗ ҐНӶ૪ᔤȃኦቹᇅঔॐ෉໣ȂӒࡤڨژചჃᔗȃէ᛾஡ϟ๊৲ߞޠఁᏳڸڟֆȂٯ෇ܼȶಒ Υ۪ۡఁᇅЗ᡺׾९ःଇཽȷȞା໱ၿ኉ଲȃНύఁيஆߝཽȃԄᄃդᏱःفࡊӬᒳȂུۺȈ НύఁيஆߝཽȂ2005 Ԓ 11 У 19-21 СȟཽឋαπᓟึߓȂՅᇍݔ݃ྲീςȃ೩ࢸлՃ৲ ඐ፴׾ໍཏُȂӤਣᗚ௄ڎ՞ቸࢦېসܛණ࡛ឋϜᕖઊȇӱԫȂᙲܼۢጉϟርȂଋН኶՘Ȃ ңߓᗃפȄ 1 ٲᄃαȂпȶᐍᡞȷಂӏџᢏᄇзࣩޠ೼ᆎࡧདྷРݳᄳᄙ࡚Ȃ൑൸Ϝ୾НϾ༉ಜٿࣽȂܗ೩ Ѡп྘Վሊѡਣ෉ޠߒҖަཽȄϛႇȂӶলᏱࡧདྷޠߓ౫Р८ȂࠍȮڻܿȯΞ஡೼ኻޠಂӏ ጃۢԚΚᆎࡧདྷޠРݳȂՅᡞ౫Ӷѻޠڢа๗ᄻȃпІࣻᜱٲဏޠചख़ϟϜȄ፝୥ُቔߞݔȂ ȮϜ୾قಜࡧᆱȯȞіٶȈϜ୾ަཽऌᏱяޏަȂ1990ȟȈ56-73Ȅ

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ᙐᆏ࣐ȶᐡᡞȷȞOrganismȟȇՅ࿳ޑ൸Ӷ೼ኻΚᆎࣁዒዒޠȶᐡᡞȷԈ ۥϜԇӶȃпІၽϾ຀Ȅ ൸Ӷ८ᄈ೼ᆎ΢ޑΞՎ࿳ޑ܅ԫϤ୞ȃࣻᇅձңޠᐡᡞԈۥϟርȂ Ϝ୾ࡧདྷ༉ಜ၈ޠল΢ȂႀණяΠΚᄈȃܗᇴΚঐ྆܉ȂҼ֊ȶདȷᇅ ȶᔗȷ——ȶདᔗȷȂٿ༉ႁуউԥᜱо೼ᆎᇰᜌޠзࣩᢏȄดՅȂҦܼ ঐ΢ࡧՄޠ఼౐ԥրȂՅ፤ख़ጓ൝ޠኅ੮ηԥϛӤȂӱԫ߰ηԚ൸Π८ ᇽӼኻȃ౪፹ϛ๊ޠདᔗࡧᆱȄ ٲᄃαȂϜ୾ѡ΢ٻңȶདȷȃȶᔗȷΡԆȃ׼ܗȶདᔗȷ೼ঐ྆܉Ȃ ٿ༉ႁਗ਼Ізࣩᢏୱᚡޠ੬ۢࣽݳȂՅԥ݃НѠኊ޲ȂԟϑයُܼӒપ ਣхޠѡڑНᝧ——ឌԄȮၒစȯȃȮۧਫȯȃȮᆔφȯȃȮ୾ᇮȯ๊ਫޑϟ Ϝ2ȄดՅȂӶϜ୾ࡧདྷޠলᏱ༉ಜ၈ȂᙥҦȶདᔗȷ೼ঐ྆܉пܜၸΚ ৉Ԉۥ፤ᢏᘉȂࠔ࢑ژΠȮڻܿȯޠစȃ༉ܛᓄȂϘ؂݃ᡘѠُѻќᐄ Πࣻ࿌ᜱᗥՅ२्ޠ౪፤ӵ՞3ȂՅϛ࢑༊࣐ހހፚ፤ޠΚᘉࡧདྷȃ׼ܗ ࢛ᆎୌึޠདྷݳՅϑȊ ȮڻܿȆࠜڢȯޠȲᶌ᜞ȳԥّȈȶࠜȂདηȄ࢚αՅথίȂΡ੊ད ᔗпࣻᇅȄȌȌЉӵདՅ࿳ޑϾҢȂဒ΢ད΢ЗՅЉίڸ҂ȄᢏڐܛདȂ ՅЉӵ࿳ޑϟ௒ѠُؽȄȷ4਴ᐄԫΚᇴݳȂȮڻܿȯޠձ޲ȞϟΚȟᇰ ࣐Ȉ೾ႇпȶΡ੊ȷ࣐ஆۼ᏶ᙥޠȶདᔗȷ౪ࠍȂ߰Ѡᢏขூޤ֥ࢃ΢ ᜹ӶϲޠȶЉӵ࿳ޑϟ௒ȷ5ȇٯйȂӶԥпᑜُЉӵ࿳ޑޠ௒ᄃϟࡤȂ 2 ፝୥ُնݾ҂ȂȮϜ୾ޠ੊፵——ึ౫ࣁޠলᏱ༉ಜȯȞіٶȈϜ୾ަཽऌᏱяޏަȂ2004ȟȈ 103-115Ȅ 3 ፝୥ُ෇ࢍ੖ȂȲȮܿȯলᏱϜޠདᔗᇅ՝೾ȳȂȮলᏱᇅНϾȯಒДΟڣಒѳ෉Ȟ2002ȟȈ297Ȅ 4 ၐُভȆЍᑘႁȂȮڻܿҔဏȯȞᇄіȈ᛻НӠਫᓣȂ1997ȟȂȲࠜڢȆᶌ᜞ȳȈ82bcȄ 5 նݾ҂ఁ௳ױ೼၈ܛᇴޠȶ௒ȷԆȂ౪၍࣐ȶܓ௒ȷϟȶ௒ȷȂΞࡿޠ࢑჌૲φȞङ 298-238 B.C.ȟܛᇴȶܓϟԂȃඍȃൊȃࡦȃ࠘ȃ዆Ȃᒞϟ௒ȷޠདܓ௒ᆲȄၐُնݾ҂ȂȮϜ୾ޠ ੊፵˕˕ึ౫ࣁޠলᏱ༉ಜȯȈ109ȃ66ȄดՅȂȮڻܿȆࠜڢȯ၈ޠȶ௒ȷԆȂڿดѠпє ࢃདܓ௒ᆲϟဏȇկ࢑Ȃѻޠл्ϲోȂᔗ၏ᗚ࢑ဤӶཏࡿٲޑޠȶ௒ᄃȷܗȶᄃርޠޒݸȷ ϟαȂՅߩ୒ࡿึоՍดޠཏ܉ȃ׼ܗஆܼѵޑڗᐮܛЖึޠЗ౪Їᔗϟ᜹ޠདܓ௒ᆲȄ

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΢উ֊ѠᙥҦᡞூܗජඬ೼ᆎȶདᔗȷ౪ࠍȂໍՅΚࠍԋҴԚ൸Սש኉ ܓޠᆡઢঔᎵڸ΢ੀძࣩȂѫࠍ৥౫׃๢ᔗᄈ΢໣ٲଡ଼ޠ೏зᄙ࡚Ȅܛ пӶӤڢޠȲຬ༉ȳϜȂԄԫᇴၿȈȶύαԥᐪȂࠜȄ֘φпຏڨ΢Ȅȷ ೼η൸࢑ණяȶຏȷϟᢏ܉Ȃпձ࣐Ԛ኉ᇅ೏зޠΚ໷঩ࠍȂՅᇰ೩စ Ҧ௄ٲܼȶຏȷޠᆡઢోᎵȂ࿌٘п८ᄈԥȶདȷȃԥȶᔗȷޠЉӵ௒ᄃȂ ௄ՅӶ೼ኻڏԥࣁዒҢ੊ޠᐡᡞԈۥϟϜ6ȂՍҴȃৡޑпԚ൸ՍуȄ ȮڻܿȯϟࡤȂܜ៊೼ᆎȶདᔗȷࡧᆱޠলᏱ༉ಜȂᅖхτᏑုӇ ๳Ȟ179ɯ104 B.C.ȟӶуޠ຀ձ——Ȯࢍऎᖆ៪ȯܛߓ౫ޠདᔗࡧདྷ7Ȃ Ξ຀२ܼ൸ȶЉȷȃȶ΢ȷᜱ߾пّᇴڐ܅ԫϟ໣ޠདᔗ௒ᄃȈ೼Κ᜹࠯ ޠȶЉ΢དᔗȷᏱᇴȂڿดԟϑ࣐Ᏹ޲ܛዤޤȇϛႇȂᅖхϟࠊ——ۓ йϛ፤ȮᙅଅȆ዆ଅȯȃȮ૲φȯਫϲጃดѠُޠȶདᔗȷ፤ख़8——ଷΠ 6 രڄᄹӒҢϑ෇ࡿяȈȶജ໩དᔗޠࡧՄዂԓȂٻ΢ΚР८ᡞᇰ౫ຬᇅ౫ຬϟ໣ԥΚᆎ჌ᐡ ᡞΚኻޠȞorganismicȟᄈ๊ᜱᖓȂӤਣηٻ΢ױՍดࣩࣽԚᇅ΢Ϥ୞ޠᐍᡞȂҼ֊΢ϛ૗ ՍѵܼՍดࣩȂ௄ٲӉեࡋᢏޠȃณؾ፹ޠःفࣁ୞ȄȌȌȷၐُരڄᄹȂȲ௄ᛅ኉੖লᏱ ࣽϜ՚ऌ׭ࡧདྷϟЩၷȳȂԞᓄܼݎ੖লःܛлጢȂȮϜ୾লᏱᇅᛅ኉੖ȯȞᇄіȈݎτშਫ ϵѨȂ1989ȟȈ59ȄԫѵȂ࿌хࡈඵȶᐡᡞлဏȷܗȶᐡᡞলᏱȷޠলᏱঢ়ȂӶ՚РࠍԥჂ Ⴢτӫޠᛅ኉੖ȞA. N. Whiteheadȟȃ؄ङ࿅ȞJ. Needhamȟ๊΢ȂՅуউηഎܳԥᇅȮڻܿȯ ܛᇴȂ࿳ޑᐍᡞᜱᖓȃདᔗࣻᇅޠࡧདྷᢏᘉȄ፝୥ُ A. N. Whitehead, Process and Reality, Corrected ed., edited by David Ray Griffin and Donald W. Sherburne. 1st ed.,New YorkȈ The Free Press, 1979. ѫ፝୥ُ؄ङ࿅຀ȂȮϜ୾ϟऌᏱᇅН݃ȞΚȟȯ༂НύណȞᇄіȈᇄᢋ୧ ଡ଼ӠਫᓣȂ1981ȟȈ20-22Ȅٯ୥ُโҰࢷȂȲȮܿစȯলᏱᇅᛅ኉੖ᐡᡞлဏȳȂԞᓄܼݎ੖ লःܛлጢȂȮϜ୾লᏱᇅᛅ኉੖ȯȈ14-16ȇࠁ᠋ቱȂȲᛅ੖኉ᇅᐡᡞলᏱȳȂԞᓄܼݎ੖τ ᏱলᏱقጢȂȮݎ੖τᏱলᏱःف໲ёȯಒΝᒯȞᇄϜȈݎ੖τᏱলᏱقȂ2000ȟȈ166-178Ȅ 7 ឌԄӶȮࢍऎᖆ៪ȯޠȲӤ᜹ࣻ୞ȳ೼጖ϜᇴȈȶЉ஡ജߧȂ΢ϟ੿ࢉ࣐ϟӒ୞Ȃ࢑ജࣻᔗ ՅକηȄЉ஡మജߧȂέٻ΢మᆄ޽޲Ȃജ੊ηȄȷՅȲЉӵജ໩ȳ጖ࠍᇴȈȶЉӵϟ໣Ȃ ԥജ໩ϟ੊Ȃளᅛ΢޲ȂसЬளᅛനηȄȷၐُఽȆងᗗȂȮࢍऎᖆ៪ဏᜍȯȞіٶȈϜ๽ਫ ׌Ȃ1992ȟȈ358-361ȃ465-468Ȅ 8 ឌԄȮᙅଅȆ዆ଅȯȂ෇൸ॲ዆ୱᚡՅᇴȈȶδॲϟକȂҦ΢ЗҢηȄ΢Зϟ୞ȂޑٻϟดηȄ དܼޑՅ୞ȂࢉםܼᖑȇᖑࣻᔗȂࢉҢᡑȇᡑԚРȂᒞϟॲȄȌȌ዆޲ȂॲϟܛҦҢηȇڐ ҐȂӶ΢ЗϟདܼޑηȄȌȌϳ޲ȂߩܓηȂདܼޑՅӮ୞ȄȷၐُఽȆ৙וҎȂȮᙅଅ໲ ၍ȯȞіٶȈϜ๽ਫ׌Ȃ1989ȟȂȲ዆ଅಒΫΟϟΚȳȈ976-977ȄέԄȮ૲φȆᝏᏱȯȂࠍ࢑൸ ޑ౪౫ຬՅߓұȈȶȌȌࢋᖡसΚȂЭ൸ᕎηȇ҂ӵसΚȂЬ൸ᕇηȄ૪ФᛠҢȂ࿴ᛛထౚȂ ޑө௄ڐ᜹ηȄȷՅ຀ಂܼ዆ॲୱᚡȂȮ૲φȆ዆፤ȯη෇ᇴၿȈȶδࡄᖑད΢Յଜ੊ᔗϟȂȌȌ Ҕᖑད΢Յ໸੊ᔗϟȂȌȌȷၐُఽȆеӒᖿȂȮ૲φ໲၍ȯȞіٶȈϜ๽ਫ׌Ȃ1988ȟȂȲᝏ

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֗ϛ॰Ȟȉɯ235B.C.ȟ໲ӬߟࡋܛኦቹޠȮ֗ЫࢍऎȯϜȂѠпُࣽȶད ᔗȷࡧདྷᢏᘉϟѵȂӶုӇ๳เࠊȃՅҦ౑ࠓеቔԋȞङ 50 B.C.ɯ50 A.D.ȟ ϟߟࡋܛӬձޠȮ౑ࠓφȯ9——ឌԄᇴၿȈȶܛпّՎᆡϟ೾ΟЉηȂ Վཌྷϟ౏ณםηȂહᆡϟΤՎఽηȂࢎࢎϟ೾জজηȌȌΞп݃ޑ᜹ϟ དȂӤ੊ϟᔗȂജ໩ϟӬȂםἕϟਭȂܛпц΢ሊᢏീُ޲ηȷ10๊๊Ȃ ၏ਫϜ؂ԥ೩ӼឋІȶདᔗȷୱᚡޠٲپ11Ȅ ดՅȂ८ᄈᡞ౫ӶȮ֗ЫࢍऎȯᇅȮ౑ࠓφȯΡഌڑᝳ၈ޠདᔗল ᏱࡧདྷȂᏱ޲ᗷดґ෇܈ຝȂկࠔηၷЎ׺п஠ᚡԓःفޠᜱݨಂӏ—— Џڐ࢑ᄈȮ֗Ыࢍऎȯ12Ȅᙜ࢑ϟࢉȂҐНձ޲ஆܼᄈȶདᔗȷࡧᆱޠ ᜱᛅȂΞདྷ൸Ȯ֗ЫࢍऎȯᇅȮ౑ࠓφȯΡਫܛ፤Іޠདᔗٲຬᄳڐ౪ ፹Ȃໍ՘Κᆎϸր၍ݚȃ܅ԫ୥ၷޠវख़ȇٯйוగҴܼ٘ԫȂ૗஋ଭ ᄈڐϜܛѠ૗֥ԥޠলᏱోចȂ৥໡เໍΚؐޠୱᚡଇ፤Ȅ Ᏹ጖ಒΚȳȈ7ȇȲ዆፤጖ಒΡΫȳȈ381Ȅ 9 ፝୥ُӉ᝸བлጢȂȮϜ୾লᏱึ৥ѭȞપᅖ጖ȟȯȞіٶȈіٶ΢ҖяޏަȂ1985ȟȈ245-246Ȅ 10 ၐُեᄀȂȮ౑ࠓφ໲មȯȞіٶȈϜ๽ਫ׌Ȃ1998ȟȂڣΡΫΚȲ्౲ȳȈ1443-1444Ȅ 11 ଷΠයُܼө೏ޠᇴݳϟѵȂȮ౑ࠓφȯޠȲ៕জଌȳȂҔ࢑፤Іȶདᔗȷࡧདྷഷ࣐໲ϜޠΚ

ঐ጖തȄՅज୾Ᏹ޲ܝҁ៍ջȞCharles Yvon Le Blancȟଭᄈ೼጖НതȂໍ՘ϸݚȃ௥ଇȂ ܼ࢑߰׈ԚΛഌпདᔗࡧདྷ࣐лᚡޠീς፤НȄ፝୥ُ Charles Yvon Le Blanc, The Idea of Resonance (Kan-ying) in the Huai-nan Tzu. With a Translation and Analysis of Huai-nan Tzu Chapter Six, Hong Kong Ȉ Hong Kong University Press, 1985.

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਴ᐄҐНձ޲ܛޤȂ௷ଷলᏱࡧདྷѭȃпІ྆፤ܓ፵ޠ஠຀ϲܛఅϛॏȂҭࠊଭᄈȮ֗Ыࢍ ऎȯᇅȮ౑ࠓφȯΡਫޠःفȂଷᄈȮ౑ࠓφȯϑԥΡȃή጖஠፤ڐདᔗࡧདྷޠ෉ё፤Нܗ Ᏹ՞፤НϟѵȞၐُҐННҒܛߤȶЖңਫҭȷϜޠചᝌਵȃCharles Yvon Le Blancȃྤ໶ ๊΢ϟ፤НȟȂଭᄈȮ֗ЫࢍऎȯਫϲޠདᔗࡧདྷୱᚡȂՅ৥໡஠ᚡԓःفޠ፤НȂШᄀ๙ ณ༊ԥȄᜱܼԫΚስ஀ޠਫ८፤НၦଊȂ፝୥ُ㢧яಉիጢȮપᅖࡧདྷःفНᝧҭᓄȯȞτ ٭Ȉᜱ՚τᏱȂ1980ȟȈ1-3ȃ6-7ȇߨύτϮȂȲ֗ЫࢍऎःفН㧶ҭᓄȳȂȮݎࢸѡڑᏱःفȯ ಒѳ໲Ȟ㛴৭Ȉݎࢸѡڑ䗄ःف㜘Ȃ1997ȟȈ26-38ȇചᝌਵȂȮڎᅖ፞φःف፤຀ҭᓄȈ 1912-1996ȯȞᇄіȈᅖᏱःفϜЗȂ1998ȟȈ113-145ȇചᝌਵȂȮڎᅖ፞φःف፤຀ҭᓄȈ 1997-2001ȯȞᇄіȈᅖᏱःفϜЗȂ2003ȟȈ44-58Ȅ

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Ρȃȶདᔗȷᇮဏϟ፤ម

ȞΚȟեᒞȶདᔗȷ

ӶȮڻܿȯϜٻңȶདȷȃȶᔗȷΡԆȂՅ৥໡ڐԥᜱȶདᔗȷٲ౪ ޠّ፤ȂଷΠࠊථȶ࢚αՅথίȂΡ੊དᔗпࣻᇅȌȌȷޠȲࠜڢȆᶌ ᜞ȳϟѵȂуԄȲୂڢȆНّȳηᇴȈ ӤᖑࣻᔗȂӤ੊ࣻؒȂЬࢻᕇȂЭ൸ᕎȂ໵௄ᓹȂॴ௄ߐȂဒ΢ ձՅ࿳ޑ࿞ȄȌȌ13 ՅȲᛯ᜞༉ȳࠍԥԄί๊๊ߓख़Ȉ ȌȌȶቂ៹ӶജȂڐφڸϟȄשԥԂᕓȂ֏ᇅᅮ᜶ϟȄȷφТȈ ȶ֘φ۩ڐࡊȂяڐّ๢Ȃࠍξ٩ϟѵᔗϟȂݸڐ ޲оȉ۩ڐ ࡊȂяڐّϛ๢Ȃࠍξ٩ϟѵႃϟȂݸڐ ޲оȉّяоٙȂђ оҖȇ՘ึо ȂُоሊȄّ՘Ȃ֘φϟ኿ᐡȄ኿ᐡϟึȂᄹଚ ϟлηȄّ՘Ȃ֘φϟܛп୞ЉӵηȂѠϛབྷоȊȷ14 ȌȌܿȂณࡧηȂณ࣐ηȇஜดϛ୞ȂདՅႀ೾ЉίϟࢉȄȌȌ15 ȌȌС܂ࠍУٿȂУ܂ࠍСٿȇСУࣻ௱Յ݃ҢౚȊ൲܂ࠍස ٿȂස܂ࠍ൲ٿȇ൲සࣻ௱ՅྒԚౚȊ܂޲Ȃۨηȇٿ޲Ȃ߭ηȄ ۨ߭ࣻདՅւҢౚȊ16 13 ၐُভȆЍᑘႁȂȮڻܿҔဏȯȂȲୂڢȆНّȳȈ15aȄ 14 ၐُভȆЍᑘႁȂȮڻܿҔဏȯȂȲᛯ᜞༉αȳȈ151abcȄ 15 ၐُভȆЍᑘႁȂȮڻܿҔဏȯȂȲᛯ᜞༉αȳȈ154dȄ 16 ၐُভȆЍᑘႁȂȮڻܿҔဏȯȂȲᛯ᜞༉ίȳȈ169bcȄ

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ȌȌནඍࣻ׿ՅӢϷҢȂሊߗࣻڦՅਆ֌ҢȂ௒ୄࣻདՅւড়ҢȄ17 ดՅȂӶ೼ٳᇴݳ၈ޠܛᒞȶདȷȃȶᔗȷȂέژۼ࢑ϨቅཏࡧȉՅᙥ Ҧȶདᔗȷ೼ঐ྆܉Ȃձ޲έཏშߓ౫ࡪኻޠࡧᆱȃ׼ܗᜱݨեᆎলᏱ ឋᚡںȉ ᅖхНԆᏱঢ়೩བྷȞ30ɯ124A.D.ȟȂӶуܛኦ຀ޠȮᇴН၍ԆȯϜȂ ၍មȶདȷ೼ঐԆਣȂᇴၿȈȶ୞΢ЗηȄ௄ЗȂࠜᖑȄȷ18Յᇴ၍ȶᔗȷ ԆȂࠍᒞȈȶ࿌ηȄ௄ЗȂ໯ᖑȄȷ19ӱԫȂ਴ᐄ೩བྷޠ၍មȂȶདȷԆ ޠᇮྜཏဏȂΞ࢑ԥڦܼȶ୞΢Зȷ೼ኻޠ΢໣௒ᄃȄܛᒞȶ୞΢ЗȷȂ ࠍࡿ࢛ٲޑࢋђܼ΢উٙαȂՅᡲ΢ЗึҢ੬ۢཏᜌޒݸޠΚᆎᄃԇ ࣁ୞Ȅ ȶདȷԆޠ೼ᆎஆҐ֥ဏȂᡘดৡܿΠ၍ȂՅѠϛ҇ຳມಡ፤Ȅկ ࢑Ȃ೩བྷ၍࣐ȶ࿌ȷޠȶᔗȷԆȂࠍέཏեܛࡿںȉ঩ٿȂӕࢦȮᇴН ၍Ԇȯᄈȶ࿌ȷԆޠ၍ᇴȂΞ࢑ȈȶҥࣻঅηȂ௄ҥȂۧᖑȄȷ20Յܛᒞ ȶҥࣻঅȷȂ਴ᐄఽхНԆᏱঢ়ࢳҞນȞ1735ɯ1815A.D.ȟޠȮᇴН၍Ԇ ݨȯȂࠍױѻ၍ម࣐Ȉȶঅ޲ȂࡼηȄҥᇅҥࣻࡼηȄЖҨϟȂδࣻࡼȃ ܱࣻ޲ȂࣲТȺ࿌ȻȄȷ21Ԅݏٻң౫хҪၘٿᇴȂဏ၍Ԛȶҥࣻঅȷޠ ȶ࿌ȷԆȂڐᄃ௄ٲᄙٿࣽȂ൸࢑ࡿᒞȶҥᇅҥࣻᄈࡒȷޠཏࡧ22ȇܗ ޲൸ቌঅՅ፤Ȃࠍ࢑ཏᒞڎ༶ҥӵޠቌঅܱࣻȃ๊ࣻȄඳّϟȂȶᔗȷԆ ϟೞ၍ձȶ࿌ȷဏȂѻܛཏమߓұޠȂϛѵ൸࢑ࡿڎӈٲޑࣻᄈՅέѠ ܅ԫϤဋޠΚᆎᜱ߾ኻᄙȄ 17 ၐُভȆЍᑘႁȂȮڻܿҔဏȯȂȲᛯ᜞༉ίȳȈ176dȄ 18 ၐُݎᅖȆ೩བྷȂȮᇴН၍ԆȯȞіٶȈϜ๽ਫ׌Ȃ1963ȟڣΫίȂȶЗȷഌȂ222 ίȄ 19 ၐُݎᅖȆ೩བྷȂȮᇴН၍ԆȯڣΫίȂȶЗȷഌȂ217 αȄ 20 ၐُݎᅖȆ೩བྷȂȮᇴН၍ԆȯڣΫήίȂȶҥȷഌȂ291 αȄ 21 ၐُఽȆࢳҞນȂȮᇴН၍ԆݨȯȞᇄіȈзࣩਫ׌Ȃ1980ȟȂಒΫή጖ίȂ12 ίљȄ 22 ፝୥ُ෾ѠིȂȮᇴН၍ԆϭមȯȞߞؔȈ۱ᝍਫަȂ1997ȟȈ1988Ȅ

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൩ஆӶ೼ᆎԆྜཏဏޠΠ၍ϟαȂࠍѠпᇴȈȶདȷȃȶᔗȷΡԆ—— ഀّϟȂ֊࣐ȶདᔗȷȂԄݏࠌᐄȶ΢ЗȷҴّȂٲᄃα൸࢑ࡿᒞȈ೼Κ РԥܛձңܼуՅདȶ୞΢ЗȷȂѫΚᜟηᓎକЇᔗՅԥᇅϟࣻ࿌ޠߓ ౫ȇឌԄࠊЖȮڻܿȆࠜڢȯޠȲᶌ᜞ȳܛᇴȈȶဒ΢ད΢ЗՅЉίڸ҂ȷ ೼᜹ޠپφȄ ดՅȂ൑൸ڏԥҢڽ੬፵ޠȶ΢ȷԇԥ޲ՅّȂܛᒞȶЗȷȂڿดѠ пױѻຝ࣐࢑ȶདᔗȷޠлᡞ23ȇϛႇȂȮڻܿȆࠜڢȯӶ೼၈ܛᇴޠȶད ᔗȷȂѻޠ२ᘉȂࠔٯϛဤӶ΢᜹З᡺ϟα࡛ҴȂՅ࢑؂௥ΤЩȶЗȷЏ ࣐ᗵཌྷޠȶ੊ȷϟϜȂՅٸȶ੊ȷ೼ঐᢏ܉Ȃٿ໡৥ѻᄈȶདᔗȷ౫ຬ ޠᢏᄇᄳڐୱᚡޠࡧᆱȂпߓख़ᇅϟࣻᜱޠࡧདྷ24ȄܛᒞȶΡ੊དᔗп ࣻᇅȷȂ೼Κᇴݳܛ्༉ႁޠࡧདྷȂҔ࢑೼ΚᜟȞȶജȷϟ੊ܗȶ໩ȷϟ ੊ȟད୞܅РȂՅѫΚᜟȞȶ໩ȷϟ੊ܗȶജȷϟ੊ȟη౱ҢᇅԫРձң ᄈ࿌ޠЇᔗȄ؂२्ޠȂᙥҦ೼Κࣽݳܛ्֖౫ޠলᏱ౪፹ȂΞ࢑࿳ޑ܅ ԫᅥഇȃ୥Ӥ——ȶࣻᇅȷȂ௄ՅӔᄻԚΚঐԥᐡᐍᡞϟܛᒞȶЋڸȷ25ޠ зࣩᢏ26Ȅ 23 ፝୥ُնݾ҂ȂȮϜ୾ޠ੊፵——ึ౫ࣁޠলᏱ༉ಜȯȈ128Ȅ 24 ȶࠜڢȷޠڢа๗ᄻȂΞ࢑ϲڢ࣐ȶՓȷȃѵڢ࣐ȶպȷȄՓڢȂڦຬܼȶύȷȇՅպڢȂࠍ ڦຬܼȶᐪȷȄέȂȲᇴڢ༉ȳߓұȈȶύȃᐪ೾੊ȄȷȞЖُভȆЍᑘႁȂȮڻܿҔဏȯȈ183cȟ Ҧԫᡘұȶ੊ȷΞ࢑ȶύȷȃȶᐪȷ܅ԫད೾ࣻᔗܛ᏶ᙥޠΚᆎஆҐ፵૗ȄՅȶདᔗȷȂࠍѠ ᒞ࢑೼ᆎད೾ࣻᔗϟϤ୞ᐡښޠѫ᜹ᇴ݃ጬΠȊ 25 ЖُভȆЍᑘႁȂȮڻܿҔဏȯȂȲୂڢȆᶌ᜞ȳȈ11bȄ 26 ೼ᆎᢏᘉڐᄃЇ࢏ΠϜ୾লᏱޠΚঐஆҐᆡઢȂ٦൸࢑ױԈۥ࿳ԥΠ၍ԚΚঐ܅ԫࣻᜱޠᐍ ᡞȂดࡤഇႇРݎजӒҢȞ1899-1977 A.D.ȟܛᒞȶᐡᡞޠโזȷȂٿϸր፤ख़םαᏱޠҐᡞ ፤ȃԈۥ፤ȂΞՎ΢ҢলᏱޠঘ౪Ᏹȃቌঅ፤๊ୱᚡȄРݎजӒҢޠᇴݳȂၐُȮ঩ۗᏑঢ় ၿঢ়লᏱȯȞᇄіȈᏎ݃НϾٲཿϵѨȂ1987ȟȈ25ȃ33Ȅ

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ȞΡȟȶདᔗȷථᡘ࿳ޑޠϲӶഀᛯ

ดՅȂαٿؒ፞Ԇڑܗ᜞ਫܛ୉ޠȶདᔗȷϟཏဏ၍មȂѬ࢑ᄈȶད ᔗȷޠΚᆎߒؐйߓ८ޠ౪ཽȇٲᄃαȂᜱܼȶདᔗȷȂᗚԥሊЩᇮມܗ Ԇྜཏဏ؂࣐౐ቺՅᙵ൳ޠল౪ోច27Ȅ ԄࠊܛᖟȮڻܿȆࠜڢȯޠȶདᔗȷ፤ख़Ȃᗷดл्਴ᐄȶജȷȃȶ໩ȷ Ρᆎ឵ܼȶ੊ȷጓᛠޠ྆܉ٿ࡛Ҵᇅ৥໡ȂӱՅӶ঩ࠍαѠпױѻᘫ࣐ ܛᒞȶ੊᜹ࣻ୞ȷ೼ᆎ᜹࠯ޠདᔗዂԓ28Ȅկ࢑ȂҔԄȲࠜڢȆຬ༉ȳ ܛّȈȶ֘φпຏڨ΢ȷȂ׼ܗ჌Ȳᛯ᜞༉ȳܛұȈȶّ՘Ȃ֘φϟܛп୞ ЉӵȷȃȶณࡧηȂณ࣐ηȂஜดϛ୞ȂདՅႀ೾Љίϟࢉȷȃȶ௒ୄࣻད Յւড়ҢౚȷȈӶ೼ٳᇴݳ၈Ȃϛ༊ηϬ֥ԥȶᆡၗད೾ȷޠཏکȂՅй Џڐл्ޠ࢑Ȃѻউ֖౫яΠȶདᔗȷ೼ঐ྆܉नࡤޠᐡᡞзࣩᢏȂп ІӶ೼ᆎзࣩᢏίܛ҇໹ϡпҔຝޠ࿳ޑࣻᇅϤ୞ϟȶᜱ߾ȷȞrelationȟ ୱᚡȄ ӶȮڻܿȯޠȶЋڸȷзࣩᢏίȂєࢃՍดٲޑȃ΢Н౫ຬӶϲޠ Ԉۥ࿳ԥȂഇႇ܅ԫձңȃࣻϤኈ៫ޠ୞ᄙᐤโȂึҢΠΚۢϲৡޠԇ ӶഀᛯᇅཏဏᜱᖓȂܛпȶЉӵདȷȂூԥȶ࿳ޑϾҢȷȂՅȶဒ΢ད΢ ЗȷȂΞഥѠᕖयȶЉίڸ҂ȷޠࡋᢏਞݏȄࣻЇӵȂԄݏ೼ঐԈۥܗ೼ 27 ҦܼયӶଇ፤ȶԇԥ໧ቺȷޠཏဏαȂԈۥ࿳ޑڏԥቺԪϛ๊ޠ໧՞ܓȂӱԫȂᇅٲޑࣻᜱ ޠȶདᔗȷࣁ୞Ȃη൸ѠпࣻᄈୣϸԚϛӤ໧ቺޠདᔗߓ౫ȂឌԄȈޑ፵ቺԪޠདᔗȃᆡઢ ቺԪޠདᔗȂΞՎቸजስ஀ޠདᔗȇ፝୥ُ।ؘȃখໍȂȮདᔗजᏱȯȞіٶȈНϾ᛻೛яޏ ަȂ2001ȟȈ34-49ȄดՅȂҐНӶ೼၈ܛ्ଇ፤ޠདᔗٲ౪ȂஆҐαٯϛਗ਼Τȶቸजȷ೼ঐ ᛻೛ࣁ୞ስ஀Ȅ 28 ചᝌਵఁ௳ӶуޠτձȲȮ౑ࠓφȯޠདᔗࡧདྷȳȂԞᓄܼȮၿঢ়ᇅၿఁȆಒΡ۪୾ርᏱ೛ः ଇཽᔗН໲Ȟၿঢ়ڣȟȯȞኅݎȈኅݎ΢ҖяޏަȂ2001ȟȈ240-254 ΛНϜȂଭᄈᅖхпࠊ ޠདᔗ౪፤Ȃϑ෇୉яήᆎዂԓޠୣϸȂҼ֊ȈȞ1ȟȶЉ७ᆍᆌȷȃȞ2ȟȶ੊᜹ࣻ୞ȷȂᇅȞ3ȟ ȶᆡၗད೾ȷή᜹ȄՅȮڻܿȯޠདᔗ౪፤Ȃࠍ঩ࠍαѠпױѻցᘫ࣐ȶ੊᜹ࣻ୞ȷȃ׼ܗ ࢑ȶ੊᜹ࣻᔗ፤ȷ೼Κ᜹࠯Ȅ፝୥ُ؄Ο࿆ጢ຀ȂȮ֗Ыࢍऎࡧདྷ౪፤ȯȞѯіȈϜ๽ᘏਫጢ ቸېসཽȂ1971ȟȈ70Ȅ

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ঐзࣩ၈ޠٲٲޑޑȂٯϛӔᄻԚΚȶߴӬЋڸȷ29ޠԥᐡᐍᡞȂ٦ቅȂ пȶΡ੊དᔗȷܛ྆ࢃяٿޠ࿳ԥϟ໣ޠϤ୞ᜱ߾Ȃ֊ϛඉԇӶȂηϛڏ ԥӉեᄃ፵ޠཏဏȂՅᐍঐԈۥܗзࣩȂη൸஡ဤΤܛᒞȶංоਁؽȷ30 ޠԬஜძӵȄดՅȂ೼ኻޠԬஜޒᄙȂٲᄃαࠔ݃ᡘᇅ΢উܛ౫ُȃщ ᅗҢ੊Յ࿳ޑીᚖ໣яޠԈۥ௒ᄃȂढ़ดႃ⌹ȄӱԫȂԄݏשউܜᇰ౫ ࠊܛُޠԈۥ࿳ຬȂጃด࢑઎ᄃѠ߭ޠзࣩኻᄙȂ٦ቅȂ༗҇ூ्ஆܼ ௦ڨ೼ᆎԈۥҢԚᡑϾޠࡋᢏٲᄃȂՅӤਣ޼ۢ࿳ޑ܅ԫϟ໣ڏԥࣻϤ ձңܗኈ៫ޠΚۢᜱᖓȄඳّϟȂשউ҇໹ᇰڦ᜹ծȶདᔗȷ೼ኻޠᢏ ܉Ȃӱ࣐ѻޠল౪ోចϟΚȂϛѵ൸࢑ࡿяԈۥூп᐀ԥԄԫҢԚᡑϾ ϟ౫ຬޠၿ౪ܗ਴ࢭܛӶȄ ٲᄃαȂܛᒞȶۨ߭ࣻདՅւҢȷȃȶ௒ୄࣻདՅւড়Ңȷϟ᜹ޠᇴ ݳȂԄݏඳঐِ࡚ٿࣽȂࠍѠᇴ࢑࣐ΠᡘұԈۥ࿳ԥԄԫҢԚȃ೼ૢᡑ Ͼޠܛпด31ȄՅયӶ΢᜹ޠҴൠαȂ୆ٻ૗஋݃ΠԈۥ࿳ԥܛпҢϾ ᡑ୞ޠ೼ᆎၽձᐡښȂ٦ቅȂՍดη൸ѠпᙥҦජඬԄԫٲ౪ȂՅңп ᔗᡑȄڏᡞՅ፤ȂឌԄ೏౪ঘ౪Ᏹܗၿ኉লᏱስ஀ޠȶᆌȷȃȶ኉ȷϟᜱ ߾ୱᚡȂ׼ܗ၍๏឵ܼםαᏱܗԈۥ፤ឋᚡޠȶЉȷȃȶ΢ȷϟᜱ߾ϲో ๊ȄࣦՎُ፞՘ٲȂՅໍΚؐึද΢᜹ӶԈۥϟ໣ȃӶзࣩϲഌޠᑗ ྄ᙜ૗——ȶ᜔ЉӵϟϾيȷȂᗚ૗෉గႁژܛᒞȶᇅЉӵ୥ȷޠဒ΢ ძࣩ32Ȅ 29 ၐُভȆЍᑘႁȂȮڻܿҔဏȯȂȲୂڢȆᶌ᜞ȳȈ11bȄ 30 ЖُভȆЍᑘႁȂȮڻܿҔဏȯȂȲᛯ᜞༉αȳȈ158abȄ 31 ፝୥ُ।ؘȃখໍȂȮདᔗजᏱȯȈ31Ȅ 32 ፝୥ُ׉ȆԨᐺȂȮѳਫതѰ໲ݨȯȞᇄіȈτԋяޏަȂ1987ȟȈ32Ȅ

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ήȃȮ֗Ыࢍऎȯޠ੊᜹དᔗ፤

ȞΚȟདᔗጓ൝ϟ೤ۢ˕˕ȶ᜹Ӥȷ

ᇅȮڻܿȯӤኻ຀ಂܼᐡᡞԈۥϜٲޑ܅ԫϟ໣ޠԇӶഀᛯᄳཏဏ ᜱᖓ33ȂȮ֗Ыࢍऎȯޠձ޲ထȂΞ਴ᐄȶ᜹Ӥȷ34ޠِ࡚ȂໍΚؐࡿяȃ пІᇴ݃೼ᆎ࿳ޑ܅ԫȶདᔗȷϟٲ౪ޠ೤ࡢܓᇅᛨۢܓȄឌԄȲᔗӤȳ ጖ϜᇴȈ ȌȌ᜹ڿࣻѣȂ੊ӤࠍӬȂᖑЩࠍᔗȄჃয়Յয়ᔗȂჃِՅِ୞Ȅ ҂ӵݨЬȂЬࢻྡྷȄְᖡࢋЭȂЭ൸ᕎȄύ໵૪ೃȂЬ໵നᝌȂ ؁໵ⰍЭȂߧ໵ЬݱȂณϛࣲ᜹ڐܛҢпұ΢ȄȌȌ35 ೼၈л஼пȶ੊ȷ೼ᆎஆҐ፵૗36࣐ڐԇӶ᏶ᙥޠՍดޑຬȂѻউޠя ౫ܗ౱ҢȂΞȶณϛࣲ᜹ڐܛҢȷȄ೼η൸࢑ᇴȈΚޑᇅѫΚޑҦܼϲৡ Р८ޠࣻӤ——ឌԄয়ॲᇅয়ॲȃِॲᇅِॲȂ׼ܗஆܼ࢛ᆎܓ፵αޠ

33 ചᄹ௧ӒҢȞ1901-1994 A.D.ȟӶуܛጢ຀ޠ A Source Book in Chinese Philosophy (PrincetonȈ

Princeton University Press, 1969.)ΛਫϜȂᇴၿȈȶȌȌ࿳ޑְԇӶܼᜱ߾ϜȂܛԥᜱ߾Ȃഎ ٸ຀Κঐ݃ጃޠዂԓໍ՘Ȃٸྲ೼ঐዂԓȂ࿳ޑഎಣᙒܼөᆎቺԪϜȄ೼Ԉۥ࢑Κ৉ᜱ߾ޠ ᢏ܉ȂѠሊ྘ՍȮܿစȯȂӱȺܿȻҐٙȂ൸༊࢑ᜱ߾ȄȌȌȷȞၐُ၏ਫȂpp.636-637ȟϜ ណНҐȂُ፝ചᄹ௧຀ȂȮϜ୾লᏱНᝧᒶጢȞίȟȯ྇Ꮡᇾ๊ណȞᇄіȈѽࢻშਫϵѨȂ1993ȟȈ 751ȂȦጢ޲ຠख़ȧȄ 34 ፝୥ُȮᏏφΘစᇴαȯȈȶӤȈΡӫΚᄃȂ२ӤηȇϛѵܼচȂᡞӤηȇ঎೏ܼࡊȂӬӤηȇ ԥпӤȂ᜹ӤηȄȷ፝୥ُ֕ྕԱኦȂ৙ఃݾᘉਯȂȮᏏφਯݨȯȞіٶȈϜ๽ਫ׌Ȃ1993ȟȂ ڣϟΫȞαȟȈ480Ȅ 35 Жُചۊ྾ȂȮ֗ЫࢍऎਯមȯȞα੖ȈᏱݔяޏަȂ1984ȟȂڣΫήȂȲᔗӤȳȈ677-678ȄЖ НϜޠᇮѰȂϑٸചۊ྾ޠਯម׾ձȄ 36 Ϝ୾লᏱ༉ಜ၈ޠܛᒞȶ੊ȷȂᇅ՚РলᏱޠȶޑ፵ȷȞmatterȟ྆܉ȂΡ޲ϟܛࡿȂᄃϛ૗ ׈ӓ๊ӤຝϟȄτᡞՅّȂȶ੊ȷᗚ؂ڏԥ౫хޑ౪Ᏹܛᇴȶ૗ȷȞenergyʝpowerȟޠ੬ܓȂ ឌԄߩڿᡞܓȃڏएഇܓ๊๊ȇӱԫȂӶҐНϜױѻᇴԚ࢑ΚᆎஆҐޠȶ፵૗ȷȄᜱܼȶ੊ȷ ᇅȶޑ፵ȷޠӤ౵ϟᒲȂ፝୥ُ஼ҴНлጢȂȮ੊ȯȞіٶȈϜ୾΢ҖτᏱяޏަȂ1990ȟȈ 13-17Ȅ

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᜹ծ——ឌԄЬϟܼྡྷܓȃЭϟܼᕎܓȂѠпٻூѻউ܅ԫϟ໣ȂԄӤ ȮڻܿȆࠜڢȯܛᇴȈȶདᔗпࣻᇅȷ——ࣻϤѣЖՅᆺԚΚ᜹Ȅ Ҧܼࣻ߭࿳ޑഎпȶ᜹Ӥȷ37ޠ೤ۢȂၽձ຀܅ԫȶདᔗпࣻᇅȷ ޠϤ୞ᐡښȂܛп८ᄈીઽፓᚖޠԈۥ౫ຬȂԄݏདྷ्݃Π࢛Κޑຬ࢑ ֐я౫ȃ׼ܗཽ֐ึҢᡑϾޠᆝϜ௒ᄃȂ߰໹ࡹྲȶ᜹ӤȷࠍȶᔗӤȷ ޠདᔗ঩ࠍȂՅ൸Ӥ᜹ٲޑޠҢԚȃᡑϾक़ၭџ௥ᄇᇅ൷ؒȄӤኻӵȂ ֊ٻ༊൸΢ٲስ஀ٿᇴȂ೪цוగԚ൸τѓȃजӫȂ׼ܗѬ࢑࣐Πᗘռ ܤयဍඍȃႇھȂ΢উηᔗ࿌௄ᙲབྷׯᐆᆎᆎѓӫȃဍႇܛҦᘫ឵ޠٲ ޑܓ᜹ΤКȂп߰ଭᄈϲѵЗ՘Ȃ௵ڦᎍ࿌ޠঔᎵܗ೏ဋРԓȄܛпӶ ȲᔗӤȳ጖ϜέᇴȈ Њ᙮லྒྷ֋Ȃࠍቄ୘ϛՎȇᯊᛛॶफȂࠍᝋᡤϛٿȇୂᐪ౅ᅤȂ ࠍᓺᓹϛ܂Ȅޑϟ௄ӤȂϛѠ࣐ଅȄȌȌࢉТȈӤ੊፲ܼӤဏȂ Ӥဏ፲ܼӤΩȂӤΩ፲ܼӤ۩ȂӤ۩፲ܼӤӫȄࡕ޲Ӥ੊Ȃе޲ ӤဏȂ៨޲ӤΩȄ༖޲Ӥ۩ȂࠍᖢؽȊκ޲ӤӫȂࠍ⌜ؽȊڐහ ᔕ⌜޲ȂڐܛӤᔕ⌜ȇڐහᔕᆡ޲ȂڐܛӤᔕᆡȄࢉδңཏϛѠ ϛᆡȄЊᆡȂϥࡕήеϟܛпԚηȄȞԚቇȟ᜹ӤࣲԥӬȂࢉ൞ ࣐๢Յಁ๢ҢȂਿ࣐ߩՅಁߩٿȄȲ୧ጔȳϢȈȶЉ७دҁಉȂٯ ԥڐᙜȄȷпّᆍᆌȂ΢ܗѣϟηȄȌȌ38 ೼၈ϛ༊ࡿяՍดޑຬڏԥȶӤ᜹དᔗȷޠ௒ᄃȂٯйථ݃΢ש܅ԫޠ ܂ٿһ௦ȂпІ΢໣ٲ՘ޠ๢ඍᆍᆌȂηӤኻٸඊȶ᜹ڿࣻѣȷޠ౪ࠍȂ Յ໡৥ڐࣻϤኈ៫ޠᄃ፵ၽձȄ൸ϜȂܛᒞȶޑϟ௄ӤȷȂΞ࢑ཏکΚᆎ 37 ЖНϜȶ᜹ڿࣻѣȷޠȶڿȷԆȂ೩ᆱ⽩ӒҢᇰ࣐Ȃᔗ࿌ձȶӤȷԆȄၐُചۊ྾ȂȮ֗Ы ࢍऎਯមȯȈ681Ȅ 38 Жُചۊ྾ȂȮ֗ЫࢍऎਯមȯڣΫήȂȲᔗӤȳȈ677-678ȄЖНϜޠȶԚቇȷΡԆȂसٸച ۊ྾ϟਯមȂ࿌փȄ

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ȶ᜹ȷޠ೤ۢȇՅޑ᜹ϟܛп௼౵௄ӤȂࠍ࢑ҦܼѻউጃᄃߴԥΚᆎȶད ᔗȷᜱ߾Ȃӱԫ૗஋ߵٻ܅ԫϟ໣ܗȶᔗȷܗȶӬȷ——ܛᒞȶ᙮லྒྷ ֋Ȃࠍቄ୘ϛՎȌȌȷȃȶ൞࣐๢Յಁ๢ҢȂਿ࣐ߩՅಁߩٿȷȂΞՎȶп ّᆍᆌȂ΢ܗѣϟȷȄᙜ࢑ϟࢉȂϛ፤Ӷၿ኉Սᓿαȃ׼ܗ࢑Ӷ΢໣՘ٲ Р८Ȃ΢উέࡪ૗ϛ੽Зܼᆎᆎಡ՘ȃϊٲȂ௄Յᙲ࣐ᐆ᜹Ȃרབྷ৽ិ ӵ८ᄈᇅ೏౪Ȋ ٲᄃαȂ஡ȶ᜹ȷຝ࣐ٲޑ܅ԫདᔗࣻѣޠΚ໷ஆҐ೤ۢȂϛ༊Ӷ ȮڻܿȯޠȲୂڢȆНّȳᇅȲᛯ᜞༉αȳϑစණя39ȇՅйȂ೼ᆎȶ᜹ ӤࣻѣȷޠᢏᘉȂӶӒપਣхηංоѠᇴ࢑ϛϸᏑၿȃΞՎ࢑࣐፞φܛ ӔӤ޼ۢޠࣽݳϟΚ40Ȅ ดՅȂӶ೼ᆎȶ᜹ӤࣻѣȷޠདᔗࡧᆱϟίȂȲᔗӤȳΛ጖ޠձ޲Ȃ ࠔέӤਣࡿяΠȶ᜹ӤȷϟܛᒞȶӤȷȂٲᄃαϬԥѻӶԇԥ໧ቺΞՎਞ Ω๊ಒαޠৰ౵ȇՅӱ࣐೼ኻޠ໧๊Ȃᇅٲޑޠϲోȃੀ׌ȃࣦՎቌঅ ཏဏ࣐ե๊๊Ȃڏԥ྄࣐ஞϹޠഀᛯȂܛпᄈܼѻউޠᘫ឵ୱᚡȂᗚ҇ ໹сಡђпᙐրȄឌԄࠊථЖНϜܛᇴȈȶӤ੊፲ܼӤဏȂӤဏ፲ܼӤ ΩȂȌȌࡕ޲Ӥ੊Ȃе޲ӤဏȂȌȌȷΞ࢑஠൸࢈ݾఁϾቺ८ࡿяȂձ ࣐ഷା໧๊ޠ࢈ఁڑጓȂϛ࢑༊्ؒȶӤဏȷՅϑȂٯйᗚ؂ᔗ࿌ႁژ ܛᒞȶӤ੊ȷޠძࣩȄ 39 ҔԄܛᒞȈȶӤᖑࣻᔗȂӤ੊ࣻؒȒЬࢻᕇȂЭ൸ᕎȒ໵௄ᓹȂॴ௄ߐȄဒ΢ձȂՅ࿳ޑ㪢Ȅ ҐоЉ޲ᒒαȂҐоӵ޲ᒒίȂࠍө௄ڐ᜹ηȊȷ׼ܗܛᒞȈȶРп᜹ᆺȂޑпထϸȂӢϷ ҢؽȊȷၐُভȆЍᑘႁȂȮڻܿҔဏȯȂȲୂڢȆНّȳȈ15aȇȲᛯ᜞༉αȳȈ143dȄ 40 ឌԄȮᏏφȯȃȮ૲φȯ๊ਫϜȂڿดϑစԥܛࡿථȇՅȮᆔφȆۥӬȯᇴȈȶෂϛ࣐ԣޑޣȂ ៫ϛ࣐ඍᖑजȄ࢑пဒ΢݃оޑϟܓ޲҇пڐ᜹ٿηȊȷȄၐُ؄ࠏȂȮᆔφϭພϭណȞαьȟȯ ȞѯіȈᇄᢋ୧ଡ଼ӠਫᓣȂ1990ȟȈ198ȄȮೆφȆᅤЯȯߓұȈȶӤ᜹ࣻ௄ȂӤᖑࣻᔗȂڿЉ ϟ౪ηȄȷၐُఽȆ഍ኋ᛺ኦȂеׄനᘉਯȂȮೆφ໲មȯȞіٶȈϜ๽ਫ׌Ȃ1961ȟȈ1027Ȅ ՅȮНφȆα኉ȯηᇴȈȶЭαވȂЬίࢻȄဒ΢ϟၿȂп᜹ࣻؒȄȷၐُеւᏣȂȮНφ౶ ဏȯȞіٶȈϜ๽ਫ׌Ȃ2000ȟȈ295ȄδԫȂࣲ࣐ڐپȄ

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ᜱܼȶӤဏȷΚѰȂݎᅖȆାᇷȞҢڞԒϛၐȂࣁ៛ܼ՚ϰήзखߒ Ԓȟޠݨ၍Ȃᇴ࣐ȈȶӤϧဏȷȇՅу၍មȶӤ੊ȷȂࠍߓ݃࢑ȶӤϰ੊ȷ41Ȅ ൸ϜȂȶӤϧဏȷޠȶеၿȷ࢈ݾȂѬ࢑৥ұ΢᜹ᙥҦຨ፞ၿ኉౪ܓՅܛ ૗ߵٻ΢໣ަཽႁژޠΚᆎً๢Ңࣁȇկ࢑ȂȶӤϰ੊ȷޠȶࡕၿȷ࢈ఁ ࠯ᄙȂࠍ؂ѐᡘ΢᜹ڐᄃᗚ؂ѠԥڐαᇅЉӵ਴ྜজӬΚӤ——ܛᒞȶᇅ ϰӤ੊ȷ42ޠҢڽ፹Ӫڸᆡઢା࡚Ȅ ӶȮ֗ЫࢍऎȯϜȂᗷดϛ࢑ϛѠᙾңାᇷܛᇴȶϰ੊ȷ೼Κ྆܉43Ȃ ϛႇȂ၏ਫܛٻңޠл्ᢏ܉ȂࠍШᄀ࢑ȶᆡ੊ȷՅߩȶϰ੊ȷȄឌԄȲᅿ ኶ȳ጖ϜᇴȈ ᆡ੊ϟ໲ηȂ҇ԥΤηȄ໲ܼՂഩȂᇅ࣐ॵඵȇ໲ܼٗᛛȂᇅ࣐ ࢻ՘ȇ໲ܼ੶ҞȂᇅ࣐ᆡਮȇ໲ܼᐚФȂᇅ࣐हߞȇ໲ܼဒ΢Ȃ ᇅ࣐⮪݃ȄȌȌ44 έԄȲӒϐȳ጖ϜᇴȈ 41 ၐُചۊ྾ȂȮ֗ЫࢍऎਯមȯڣΫήȂȲᔗӤȳȈ 687Ȃພ 28ȃພ 29Ȅ 42 ၐُചۊ྾ȂȮ֗ЫࢍऎਯមȯڣΫήȂȲᔗӤȳȈ678ȄܛᒞȶᇅϰӤ੊ȷȂΞཏӶܼࡿяȈȶЉ ၿᇅܛҢޠޑ᜹Ξ࢑Ӥڏ຀Κঐ੊ޠȂ࢑ΚᡞޠȄȷ፝୥ُеጓϟȂȮ֗ЫࢍऎःفȯȞڴڸ ਫ਼੬ȈϲᇍѡτᏱяޏަȂ1993ȟȈ199Ȅ 43 Ȯ֗ЫࢍऎȯଷΠЖң༂ࡕܛᇴȈȶٌٌ࢐࢐ȂӱЉϟࡅȂᇅϰӤ੊ȷȞၐُചۊ྾ȂȮ֗Ы ࢍऎਯមȯڣΫήȂȲᔗӤȳȈ678ȟޠࣽݳϟѵȂӶȲτ዆ȳ጖ϜᇴȈȶॲ዆ϟܛҦٿ޲ሊؽȊ Ңܼ࡚໕ȂҐܼЋΚȄЋΚяڎ቉Ȃڎ቉яജ໩Ȅജ໩ᡑϾȂΚαΚίȂӬՅԚതȄฅฅ؞ ؞ȂᚕࠍඉӬȂӬࠍඉᚕȂ࢑ᒞЉளȄȌȌ࿳ޑܛяȂആܼЋΚȂϾܼജ໩ȄȌȌၿη޲Ȃ ՎᆡηȂϛѠ࣐םȃϛѠ࣐ӫȂᏴ࣐ϟᒞϟЋΚȄȌȌȷȞၐُചۊ྾ȂȮ֗Ыࢍऎਯមȯڣ ϥȂȲτ዆ȳȈ255-256ȟՅȲϽଖȳ጖ϜࠍߓұȈȶȌȌ࢑ࢉဒеϟ኉ȂᒋоसУϟۗяȂ྄ ᕏϳӬՅณܛጐۨȇࢎоसСϟӏȂᡑϾ࿳ޑՅณܛϛ՘ȄઢӬоЋΚȂҢณܛۨȂՅཏϛ Ѡሬȇᆡ೾оୁઢȂ౐ཌྷҝֽȂՅೄُڐםȄȌȌȷȞၐُചۊ྾ȂȮ֗ЫࢍऎਯមȯڣΫΝȂ ȲϽଖȳȈ1078ȟ፞Ԅԫ᜹ȂΞ࢑пȶЋΚȷ࣐࿳ޑҢԚޠ਴ྜܗϰۗȂՅԥȶജȷȃȶ໩ȷ Ρ੊ϟᇴȂܼ࢑ӶԫηѠᙾңȶϰ੊ȷᢏ܉Ȃٿߓख़ѻӶ८ᄈԈۥ࿳ԥޠஆҐ፵૗ژۼ࣐ե ϟୱᚡαޠΚۢࣽݳȄԫѵȂᜱܼȶЋΚȷձ࣐Љӵ࿳ޑϟҢԚ਴ϰޠଇ፤Ȃ፝୥ُԺយᠨȂ Ȯ֗Ыࢍऎᇅ౑ࠓφࡧདྷःفȯȞᔽࠓȈቇᏈਫަȂ1987ȟȈ34-35ȇٯ୥ُቔϰ࡞ȂȮᚖঢ়ࡕ еᏱ——֗ЫࢍऎȯȞіٶȈҢࣁΘ᠟ਫΘུޤήᖓਫۺȂ1992ȟȈ106-108Ȅ 44 ၐُചۊ྾ȂȮ֗ЫࢍऎਯមȯڣήȂȲᅿ኶ȳȈ136Ȅ

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δٲϟҐȂ҇ӒݾٙȂ༠ڐτ᝙ȄңڐུȂతڐചȂ⟑౪ႀ೾Ȅ ᆡ੊СུȂ٤੊ᅿџȂІڐЉԒȄԫϟᒞ઎΢Ȅ45 уԄȲ⷇ၿȳᇴȈȶᆡ੊ΚαΚίȂ⷇ڻඉᚖȂณܛጌ੽ȌȌȷՅȲႁ᢯ȳ ጖ϲࠍߓұȈȶδ΢ήԼϳΫ࿾ȂΟᙊϥᙡϳۻȄՋጴమڐЩηȂ՗૖మ ڐ೾ηȂ๑ଽమڐڿηȂЗעమڐڸηȂᆡ੊మڐ՘ηȄसԫࠍ੿ณܛ ۩ՅඍณҦҢؽȊ੿ϟ੽ȃඍϟҢηȂᆡ੊᢯ηȄȷ46δԫȂӶӶᡘұ ȶᆡ੊ȷ೼ঐᢏ܉ӶȮ֗ЫࢍऎȯϟᐍᡞࡧདྷϜޠஆᙄܓᇅ२्ܓȄ ᄈܼࠊථЖНϜܛߓᇴޠȶӤ੊፲ܼӤဏȷΚѰȂܗ೩Ѡп೼ቅᇰ ࣐Ȉ٦࢑Ҧܼȶ੊ȷሊЩȶဏȷٿூ؂࣐ȶᆡȷ्Ȃܛп࣐Πႁژȶܛ ӤᔕᆡȷȂпܤय؂Ԃޠ࢈ఁԚݏȂܼ࢑ဒ΢ΞȶңཏϛѠϛᆡȷȄՅഇ ႇȶᆡ੊ȷ೼ঐᢏ܉ȂӶȮ֗ЫࢍऎȯϜȂ߰؂໡৥ڐܛᒞᇅޑȶȞпȟ ᆡȞ੊ྜྷȟ೾ȷޠདᔗࡧᆱȄ

ȞΡȟདᔗޠ፵૗᏶ᙥᇅлᡞ୞Ω˕˕ȶᆡ੊ȷᇅȶၗȷ

ȮᇴН၍Ԇȯ၍មȶᆡȷԆޠཏဏȂᇴၿȈȶᐆԾηȂ௄ԾȂߨᖑȄȷ ՅࢳҞນޠݨ၍ȂࠍߓұȈȶȌȌᐆԾȂᒞᏳᐆϟԾηȄȌȌЖի࣐δഷ Ԃϟ⃶ȞӤȶᆏȷȟȄȷ47ᐄԫȂȶᆡȷԆҐᔗ࢑ڦဏܼᙐᐆԾጋޠًⱜޒ ݸȂՅࡤ੽ίഷԂޠԾȄӱԫȂΚૢ߰ѠңѻٿࡿᒞӉեٲޑ໷ҭϜȶഷ ԂޠȷޠഌϸȄ ௄Ȯ֗Ыࢍऎȯܛᒞ࿳ޑȶϾܼജ໩ȷޠԈۥ੊Ͼ፤ࡧདྷٿࣽ48Ȃȶ੊ȷ ϛ༊ڏԥȶജȷȃȶ໩ȷΡᆎܓ፵αޠୣրȂٲᄃαηᗚѠԥȶഷԂޠȷ 45 ၐُചۊ྾ȂȮ֗ЫࢍऎਯមȯڣήȂȲӒϐȳȈ144Ȅ 46 ၐُചۊ྾ȂȮ֗ЫࢍऎਯមȯڣήȂȲ⷇ၿȳȈ171-172ȇڣΡΫȂȲႁ᢯ȳȈ1373Ȅ 47 ၐُఽȆࢳҞນȂȮᇴН၍ԆݨȯȂಒΝ጖αȂॳΫϳαљȄ 48 ፝୥ُԺយᠨȂȮ֗Ыࢍऎᇅ౑ࠓφࡧདྷःفȯȈ35Ȅ

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ᇅȶԪϟޠȷ——ȶᆡȷȃȶಘȷϟৰ๊ޠϸᒲȄӱԫȂȶᆡ੊ȷȃ׼ܗȶᆡȷȂ ΞԄȮᆔφȆϲཿȯܛᇴȂཏࡿȶ੊ϟᆡ޲ȷ49ȇඳّϟȂ֊࢑Ѡпױ ѻᆏ࣐ȶࠣ፵ഷԂޠ੊ȷȄ೼ᆎȶࠣ፵ഷԂޠ੊ȷȂ٘пձ࣐೾ೲЉ΢ȃޑ שޠ᏶ᙥܗᐞఘȂΞ࢑ӱ࣐ѻϲᙡ྄ڏཌྷֽѓ૗ޠձң——ܛᒞȶઢȷ50ȇ ΚԄȮᆔφȆЗ೛ίȯܛᇴȈȶΚ੊૗ᡑТȺᆡȻȷ51ȂՅ೼ᆎȶᆡȷȂծ о֥߰ԥձ࣐ȶԇԥޠ਴ᐄȷϟཏဏ52ȄҦܼȶ੊ϟᆡ޲ȷȂϲ֥ܛᒞȶઢȷȂ ӱՅέᆏڐ࣐ȶᆡϟઢȷ53Ȃ׼ܗᙐӫȶᆡઢȷȇՅѻη൸ཏࡿȶڏԥཌྷ ֽѓ૗ϟഷԂޠ੊ȷȄ ᜱܼȶᆡઢȷΚມȂȮՃφȯਫϜ෇စϸրٻңȶᆡȷȃȶઢȷΡԆȂ ٿߓख़ՃφܛᒞȶၿȷޠԇӶ௒ޒȂпІңٿםৡȶၿȷܛ᐀ԥޠཌྷֽ ѓ૗ȇឌԄಒΡΫΚതܛᒞȈȶȌȌၿϟ࣐ޑȂ௚࡬௚௜ȌȌڐϜԥᆡȇ ڐᆡࣦ઎ȂڐϜԥ߭Ȅȷ54ՅಒϳതࠍᇴȈȶْઢϛԬȂ࢑ᒞҝԻȇҝԻ ϟߟȂ࢑ᒞЉӵ਴ȄᆮᆮसԇȂңϟϛ༖Ȅȷ55ژΠȮೆφȯȂӶȶѵ጖ȷ ϜȂࠍױȶᆡȷȃȶઢȷΡԆഀңՅԚȶᆡઢȷΚມȂᙥпܗ޲ߓұ΢᜹ ޠЗ᡺ۣ૗56ȇឌԄȲЉၿ጖ȳϜᇴȈȶȌȌЬᓘบ݃ȂՅݸᆡઢȄဒ΢ 49 ၐُ؄ࠏȂȮᆔφϭພϭណȞίьȟȯȞᇄіȈᇄᢋ୧ଡ଼ӠਫᓣȂ1990ȟȈ777Ȅ 50 ӒપਣхޠȶઢȷԆȂଷԥཏࡿȶЉઢȷϟΚૢཏဏѵȂл्ᗚԥߓᒞҝઝཌྷֽϟձңܗѓ ૗ޠϲోȂឌԄȮՃφȯȃȮೆφȯਫϜܛᇴȄ፝୥ُఽȆࢳҞນȂȮᇴН၍ԆݨȯȞᇄіȈз ࣩਫ׌Ȃ1980ȟȂಒΚ጖αȂॳΡαљޠȶઢȷԆមဏȄѫ፝୥ُ৹ඉᢏȂȮቩॐڎᅖࡧདྷѭ ȞڣΡȟȯȞᇄіȈᇄᢋᏱҢਫ׌Ȃ1989ȟȈ231-238Ȃᄈܼȶᆡȷȃȶઢȷϟཏࡿޠᙐ्፤ख़Ȅ 51 ၐُ؄ࠏȂȮᆔφϭພϭណȞίьȟȯȈ647Ȅ 52 ፝୥ُച኉ڸȂȲȮ౑ࠓφȯলᏱϟःف——пȶၿȷȃȶ੊ȷȃȶ΢ȷ࣐ਰЗޠ৥໡ȳȞѯіȈ Ϝ୾НϾτᏱȆলᏱःفܛȂ1997Ȃീς፤НȟȈ50-51Ȅ 53 ҔӱԄԫȂȶᆡȷԆϘூпȈȶΚР८хߓΚᆎᆡઢα๙ᄈຏᄀહ౒ޠޒᄙȂѫΚР८ηӤਣ ࡿᆏΚᆎҢڽ੊ᐡା࡚ࢻ՘ޠޒᄙȄȷၐُചᝌਵȂȲ౑ࠓφ㠆ޠ༂ՃࡧདྷȳȂȮϜ୾Ᏹ೛Ԓ ёȯಒΫѳ෉Ȟ1993ȟȈ133-134Ȅ 54 ၐُചჃᔗȂȮՃφϭພϭមȯȞᇄіȈᇄᢋ୧ଡ଼ӠਫᓣȂ1997ȟȈ133Ȅ 55 ၐُചჃᔗȂȮՃφϭພϭមȯȈ72Ȅ 56 ፝୥ُ৹ඉᢏȂȮቩॐڎᅖࡧདྷѭȞڣΡȟȯȈ231-232Ȅ

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ϟЗᓘоȊЉӵϟᠧηȂ࿳ޑϟᜣηȄȷ57ϛႇȂӶȮೆφȯȶѵ጖ȷϜ ܛٻңޠȶᆡઢȷ೼ঐᇮມȂڿดѠпңٿࡿᆏȶЗȷȞmindȟȂկࠔٯ ϛ༊४ܼ೼ᆎཏဏȂՅ࢑ᗚԥࡿᒞЩȶȞ΢ȟЗȷ؂࣐ۼቺȃ؂࣐ஆᙄϟ Ԉۥ፤ቺԪޠᄃ፵ϲోȇឌԄȲޤіၾ጖ȳЖңՃ⊹ޠၘᇴȈȶԮቇȞӤ ȶᘎȷԆȟרȂ౶ ՅЗȂᐨഢՅᆡઢȂ↤ᔟՅޤȄȌȌᆡઢҢܼၿȂ םҐҢܼᆡȂՅ࿳ޑпםࣻҢȄȷ58Ӷ೼၈ȂȶᆡઢȷԫΚңᇮܛཏࡿޠȂ ࿌࢑ȶᆡȷܗȶᆡ੊ȷܛ᐀ԥޠཌྷֽᜳขϟձңܗѓ૗ȂՅϛ҇࢑੬ࡿ ΢᜹ޠЗ᡺Ȅ ٲᄃαȂԄݏ൸ȶЗȷᇅȶᆡઢȷϟ໣ޠᜱ߾ȂՅლၑ୉яཏဏၷ ࣐݃ጃޠᚅۢȂࠍᔗ၏ᇴȈȶЗȷѬ࢑ȶᆡઢȷᡞ౫Ӷ΢᜹ٙαȂӤਣٸ ܼᇰᜌձңՅױѻۣ૗ϾޠΚᆎߓ౫ȇดՅȂܛᒞȶᆡઢȷȂӶڐᄃ፵ϲ ోαȂࠍґ҇Ѭ૗ܴ४ܼཏࡿ΢᜹ޠЗ᡺ȂࣻЇӵȂᗚ؂֥ԥࡿӪ຺я ΢Зጓ൝ѵޠ࢛ᆎԇӶϟཏဏȄܛпȲЉί጖ȳϜȂ෇စԄԫຠቌೆφȈ ȶȌȌᑀᇅЉӵᆡઢ܂ٿՅϛ௿খܼ࿳ޑȌȌȷ59Յԫ೏Ҕηഇ៪ȶᆡ ઢȷΚມȂҐٿѫԥڐࡿӪȶ΢Зȷϟαܗϟѵ——Ҽ֊ȶЉӵȷ೼ঐ ቺԪޠཏဏϲోȄ೼ΚቺԪޠȶᆡઢȷȂ਴ᐄȮೆφȆޤіၾ጖ȯܛᇴȶ೾ ЉίΚ੊ȷ60ޠࡧདྷȂҔ࢑ཏᒞȶ੊ϟᆡ޲ȷ——ȶᆡ੊ȷȃ׼ܗȶᆡȷ ϟཌྷֽձңȄӱԫȂԄݏ௄೼ঐཏဏቺ८຀ಂȂ٦ቅȂȶᆡઢȷ֊Ѡᇴ࢑ Κঐ൴֥ȶڏԥཌྷֽѓ૗ϟഷԂޠ੊ȷޠᢏ܉61ȄՅȮ֗Ыࢍऎȯܛᇴ 57 ၐُమȆ഍ኋ᛺ኦȂеׄനᘉਯȂȮೆφ໲មȯڣϥϜȂȲЉၿಒΫήȳȈ457Ȅ 58 ၐُఽȆ഍ኋ᛺ኦȂеׄനᘉਯȂȮೆφ໲មȯڣΝίȂȲޤіၾಒΡΫΡȳȈ741ȄέȂҐН ձ޲ᙲ਱ȈདᗃቸࢦېসࡿяȂҐࢳЖНϜޠȶቇȷԆᇅȶ ȷԆȂӶၿᙡҐȮࠓ๽઎စȯ ϜȂΞϸրձȶᘎȷԆᇅȶ㒤ȷԆȄ 59 ၐُఽȆ഍ኋ᛺ኦȂеׄനᘉਯȂȮೆφ໲មȯڣΫίȂȲЉίಒήΫήȳȈ1098-1099Ȅ 60 ၐُఽȆ഍ኋ᛺ኦȂеׄനᘉਯȂȮೆφ໲មȯڣΝίȂȲޤіၾಒΡΫΡȳȈ733Ȅ 61 ٲᄃαȂȮ֗ЫࢍऎȯϟࡤޠȮ౑ࠓφȯȂӶпȶᆡઢȷΚມߓᒞȶЗȷޠϲోਣȂΚኻ௵ڦ ᇅԫ᜹Ӥޠ౪၍ȂܛпȮ౑ࠓφȆҐစଌȯ෇ᇴȈȶᆡȂݶܼҭȂࠍڐຝ݃ȇӶܼՇȂࠍڐ ᠚ᖒȇ੽ܼπȂࠍڐّ࿌ȇ໲ܼЗȂࠍڐኍ೾ȄȷȞၐُեᄀȂȮ౑ࠓφ໲មȯȈ588-589Ȅȟ

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ޠȶᆡ੊ȷᇅȶᆡઢȷΡມȂᗷดԥਣՅ౵Ȃկ࢑ࠔηԥਣՅӤȇڏᡞ ٿᇴ߰࢑ȈȶᆡઢȷЩକȶᆡ੊ȷΚມȂΞ؂૗ѐᡘȶᆡȷޠ૗ᡑဏȃࣁ ୞ဏϟཌྷֽѓ૗ጬΠȊ ٸܼαٿޠ၍មᇅ៞݃ȂҦȶ੊ȷܛᄻԚޠȶ΢ȷ೼᜹ԇԥ޲Ȃ਴ ᐄȶ੊ȷϟȶᆡȷȃȶಘȷȂࣻᄈՅّȂηѠϸձڎτᄻԚ्ષ——ȶםᡞȷ ڸȶᆡ੊ȷȞܗȶᆡઢȷȟ62Ȅ਴ᐄ೼ኻޠდϸȂȶםᡞȷѬ࢑ձ࣐ঐᡞԇ Ӷޠ΢ޑȂڐ܅ԫϟ໣དᔗࣁ୞ޠߓ८᏶ᙥ63ȂՅȶᆡ੊ȷȞܗȶᆡઢȷȟ Ϙ઎࢑ѻউூпึҢ೼ᆎདᔗձңޠ዗ቺ፵૗ȄӱԫȂȲᆡ೾ȳ጖ϜᇴȈ ΢ܗᒞڋ๜ณ਴Ȃڋ๜ߩณ਴ηȂڐ਴ϛ឵ηȂӆृ࢑ȄཐҰѣ ២ȂܗЖϟηȄᐚࣻߗՅ᜶Ȃܗ○ϟηȄဒ΢ࠓ८ՅҴȂпནւ Җ࣐ЗȂဵцґяՅЉίࣲ۾ᓜᖟᒭؽȂࠍᆡ೾оҖηȄЉၥড় ܼ΢Ȃ΢ҼดȄϭЊ׿޲ȂઘቘϥսȂڃՙजॶȂึйԥСؽȂ ܛೞ׿޲ϛ዆ȂߩܗᆹϟηȂઢ޲Ӓ֚ηȄٙӶоપȂܛᒒནӶ ܼቇȂԬՅע੊ϛԋȂᆡܗ܂ٿηȄ64 Ӷ೼၈֊࢑ࡿяҦȶ੊ȷܛᄻԚޠಂȃՇȃЗȃπ๊དញᄳޤញᏣۣȂ҇໹ȶڐϜԥȺᆡȻȷȂ Р૗ึදձңȇՅԄԫȂηϘߴԥѻϟܛп࣐དޤۣ૗ޠ઎ҔཏဏȄᏱ޲ᄈܼȮ౑ࠓφȯਫ ϜޠȶᆡઢȷᇅȶЗȷȃпІڐᜱ߾ޠଇ፤Ȃ፝୥ُ৹ඉᢏȂȮቩॐڎᅖࡧདྷѭȞڣΡȟȯȈ231-238Ȅ 62 ҔӱȶםᡞȷᇅȶᆡઢȷԥրȂܛпȲᅿ኶ȳ጖ϜᇴȈȶЉҢജ໩൲සᕎྡྷȂѳਣϟϾȂ࿳ ޑϟᡑȂೄϛ࣐ւȂೄϛ࣐ড়Ȅဒ΢ᄇജ໩ϟۤȂᒲ࿳ޑϟւп߰ҢȂࢉᆡઢԋоםȂՅԒ ჱூߞౚȊߞη޲Ȃߩ฼Յ៊ϟηȂ౴ڐ኶ηȄ౴኶ϟଡ଼ȂӶоџড়Ȅեᒞџড়ȉτҡȃτ ሗȃτशȃτٛȃτឨȂϥ޲щםࠍҢড়ؽȊτൊȃτࡦȃτነȃτ৽ȃτ࠘Ȃϥ޲௦ઢࠍ Ңড়ؽȊτ൲ȃτዦȃτᕎȃτྡྷȃτॴȃτᓓȃτ᜵ȂΝ޲୞ᆡࠍҢড়ؽȊࢉδᎵҢȂೄ सޤҐȇޤҐࠍ੾ณҦՎؽȊȷȞၐُചۊ྾ȂȮ֗ЫࢍऎਯមȯڣήȂȲᅿ኶ȳȈ136Ȅȟϛ ႇȂࣻၷܼȮ౑ࠓφȯȂΚԄԺយᠨఁ௳ܛᇴȈȶᜱܼ΢ᡞޠםઢᜱ߾ȂȮ֗Ыࢍऎȯґϡ२ ຝȄȷၐُԺយᠨȂȮ֗Ыࢍऎᇅ౑ࠓφࡧདྷःفȯȂȲזّȳȈ15Ȅ 63 ឌԄȲ⷇ၿȳ጖ϜᇴȈȶ΢ϟԥםᡞѳݓȂڐ૗ٻϟηȂ࣐ڐདՅ҇ޤηȇདՅϛޤȂࠍם ᡞѳݓϛٻؽȊȷၐُചۊ྾ȂȮ֗ЫࢍऎਯមȯڣήȂȲ⷇ၿȳȈ172Ȅ 64 ၐُചۊ྾ȂȮ֗ЫࢍऎਯមȯڣΟȂȲᆡ೾ȳȈ507ȄЖНϜޠȶڐ਴ϛ឵ηȂӆृ࢑ȷΡѰȂ ਴ᐄചۊ྾ϟਯមȂ࿌ձȶڐ਴ϛ឵ӵȂӆृ೾ϟηȄȷၐُചۊ྾ȂȮ֗Ыࢍऎਯមȯڣ ΟȂȲᆡ೾ȳȈ509Ȃພ 2Ȅ

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೼၈ཏᒞȈᜱܼ΢໣ٲ՘Ȃґ҇Κۢሰ्೾ႇڏᡞԥםޠಂُՇᆹȂՅ ࡤϘ૗ᄈ࢛ᆎ֊஡ژٿȃ׼ܗ࢑ϑดึҢޠ௒ݸԥܛޤᐏȇӱ࣐Ȃ೾ႇ ЩѵӶϟםᡞ୞ձ؂࣐ᗵཌྷޠȶᆡ੊ȷΞՎȶᆡઢȷޠད೾ࣻᔗᐡ૗Ȃ ֊ѠՅй؂૗Ⴒُ၏Κ௒ݸȂ࢑֐஡ཽٿژȃ׼ܗཿϑԇӶȄ ϛ༊΢ٲԄԫȂ΢ӤՍดࣩϟޑ——ᖃࢃᇴ࣐ȶЉӵȷȂΞՎᇅ۩೏ ӶѫΚԇӶࣩޠȶୁઢȷȂηΚኻѠпᙥҦȶᆡ੊ȷܗȶᆡઢȷ࣐൭ϮȂ ՅึҢ܅ԫདᔗၿһޠ௒ٲ65ȄឌԄȲҐҢȳ጖ϜᇴȈ ࿳΢ᐈϗӔৣΚܤȂܤณϛϜȄ࿳ޑതതȂпড়ΚҢȂҢณϛ།ȇ п߰ΚҢȂҢณϛߞȄࢉဒ΢ϟښ࿳ޑηȂпӓڐЉηȄЉӓࠍ ઢڸؽȂҭ݃ؽȂՇᖒؽȂቆ૛ؽȂπఄؽȂήԼϳΫ࿾ࣲ೾ւ ؽȄसԫ΢޲ȈϛّՅ߭ȂϛᒘՅ࿌ȂϛኍՅூȇᆡ೾оЉӵȂ ઢ᙮оԈۥȇڐܼޑณϛڨηȂณϛᇦηȂसЉӵดȇα࣐Љφ ՅϛᠯȂί࣐ϿЊՅϛ↛ȇԫϟᒞӓ኉ϟ΢Ȅ66 ܗ޲჌ȲϽଖȳ጖ϜܛᇴȈ ȌȌ࢑ࢉဒеϟ኉ȂᒋоसУϟۗяȂ྄ᕏϳӬՅณܛጐۨȇࢎ оसСϟӏȂᡑϾ࿳ޑՅณܛϛ՘ȄઢӬоЋΚȂҢณܛۨȂՅ ཏϛѠሬȇᆡ೾оୁઢȂ౐ཌྷҝֽȂՅೄُڐםȄȌȌ67 65 ৹ඉᢏӒҢȞ1903-1982 A.D.ȟ෇စࡿяȈȶᆡȷޠᢏ܉ȂژΠ᏾୾Ғ෉τ࣐ࢻ՘ȂՅөঢ়ٻ ңȶᆡȷԆȂηഎԥܜᇰഇႇȶᆡȷѠᇅЉӵ΢ࣻ೾དޠӔӤᗎӪȇၐُ৹ඉᢏȂȲ֗Ыࢍ ऎІڐᄈᅖхᏱ೛ᇅ࢈ݾޠኈ៫ȳȂȮུٴਫଲᏱ೛ԒёȯಒΫѳ෉Ȟ1972ȟȈ28Ȅѫ፝୥ُ ϊഐᐪᆡΚȃᆌҘӏѨȃύϣ෱ጢ຀Ȯ੊ޠࡧདྷ——Ϝ୾Սดᢏڸ΢ޠᢏ܉ޠึ৥ȯ؄ኋណ Ȟα੖Ȉα੖΢ҖяޏަȂ1990ȟȈ90-92Ȅ 66 ၐُചۊ྾ȂȮ֗ЫࢍऎਯមȯڣΚȂȲҐҢȳȈ21Ȅ 67 ၐُചۊ྾ȂȮ֗ЫࢍऎਯមȯڣΫΝȂȲϽଖȳȈ1078Ȅ

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ดࠍȂ࣐եဒ΢ூпȶᆡ೾оЉӵȂઢ᙮оԈۥȷȃ׼ܗ૗஋ȶᆡ೾ оୁઢȷںȉڐϜ঩ҦȂΚࠍ࢑Ҧܼձ࣐ȶᆡ੊ȷܗȶᆡઢȷ૗஋དᔗ Љӵୁઢޠဏ౪ஆᙄȂԄݏ൸ࡋᢏቺ८ٿᇴȂ֊࢑ႲӒ޼ۢΠԈۥ࿳ޑ ೄߩ܅שࣻ೾ՅӔᄻԚΚԥᐡޠԇӶࣩᐍᡞ——ܛᒞᐡᡞԈۥᢏȇΚԄ Ȳᆡ೾ȳ጖ϜܛᇴȈ ȌȌЯҕϟܼφηȂφϟܼЯҕηȂΚᡞՅڎϸȂӤ੊Յ౵ਁȄस ૪ೃϟԥ๽ᄃηȂसᐚФϟԥ਴ЗηȂᗷ౵೏Յࣻ೾ȂᗵעࣻІȂ ฯ੾ࣻఀȂነࡧࣻདȂҢࠍࣻ᠎ȂԬࠍࣻ࠘ȂԫϟᒞଽՉϟᒒȄ68 ೼࢑пЯҕϟܼφυ࣐پȂՅңٿᡘұޑᇅשȃܗ΢ᇅϐϟ໣ޠୣրȂ ᄃርαѬϛႇ࢑ȶΚᡞȷܗȶӤ੊ȷᜱ߾ۼίܛ֖౫яٿޠΚᆎϸ౵ࣻ ޒՅϑȄӱԫȂӶӤ጖ϜȂΞ؂ໍΚؐ፤ᇴȈȶઢяܼ܇ȞӤȶ଀ȷԆȟ ՅᔗоЗȂڎᆡࣻூȂଐࡠّࠛȊȷ69ᙥԫпߓұ΢ᇅϐȃܗޑᇅשޠ ΚяΚᔗȂ೾ႇȶᆡ੊ȷܗȶᆡઢȷ߰Ѡ܅ԫԥڐྜྷ೾ȃӬӤ——ȶࣻ ூȷޠདᔗޒᄙȄ ดՅȂଷΠࡋᢏα޼ۢ΢ϐΚᡞȃޑשӤ੊ޠԈۥ௒ᄃȂпձ࣐ད ᔗࡧᆱޠဏ౪ஆᙄϟѵȂᗷᇴ΢΢ࣲѠᇅ࿳ޑདᔗࣻ೾Ȃկࠔٯߩؑঐ ΢എ૗ՍดӵႁژᇅЉӵȃୁઢད೾ࣻᔗޠӵؐȂӱ࣐ȶဒ΢ȷϟܛп ૗஋ᇅȶЉӵȷȃȶୁઢȷདᔗࣻ೾Ȃ൸ڐձ࣐лᡞޠཏဏՅّȂΞ໹ණ ٽΚۢޠлᢏ૗୞఩ӈȂՅࡤϘ૗ԚᒳȄ೼ᆎ឵ܼлᢏቺԪޠ୞Ω्ષȂ Ȯ֗Ыࢍऎȯޠձ޲ᇰ࣐Ȉ٦൸࢑҇໹૗஋ȶңཏȷΤȶᆡȷȂпՎαៜ ܼȶઢӬоЋΚȷ٦ᆎ٘пད୞ΚϹ΢ޑޠઢဒძࣩ70Ȅ 68 ၐُചۊ྾ȂȮ֗ЫࢍऎਯមȯڣΟȂȲᆡ೾ȳȈ508Ȅ 69 ၐُചۊ྾ȂȮ֗ЫࢍऎਯមȯڣΟȂȲᆡ೾ȳȈ508Ȅ 70 ȶЋΚȷᇅȶᆡȞ੊ȟȷȃΞՎȶၿȷޠ೼ᆎᜱ߾Ȃ፝୥ُചᝌਵఁ௳ܛኦȲȮ֗Ыࢍऎȯ၈ ޠ༂ՃࡧདྷȳΛНȂȮϜ୾Ᏹ೛ԒёȯಒΫή෉Ȟ1992ȟȈ77-81Ȅ

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ᄈܼ೼ᆎȶңཏȷᆡژпՎΤоઢძޠлᡞঔ࣐ȂȮ֗Ыࢍऎȯѫѵ ᗚٻңΠΚঐ२्ޠ྆܉——ȶၗȷȂпձ࣐ਰЗᢏ܉Ȃٿߓख़ᇅϟࣻᜱ ᖓޠѓЊ፤ᢏᘉ71ȄឌԄȲᆡ೾ȳ጖ϜᇴȈ ᎵҦஆৣӒȂϜҰȂүΞ໾ՂȂၗоӒηȄճ዆Ᏹ଼ࣻȂܛُณ ߩ଼޲Ȃၗо଼ηȄ׉ϟ۽ΜԂ၍гȂܛُณߩԬг޲ȇήԒՅ ϛُҢгȇңΧΫΟԒȂμसུᑒःȂ໸ڐ౪ȂၗогηȄȌȌ72 ӶԫܛᒞȶၗȷȂᡘด࢑ࡿ׈ӓ׺Τȃઢע஠ΚޠཏࡧȄՅ೼Ҽ֊࢑ߓұȈ Ԅݏлᡞ૗஋ȶңཏȷ஠Κȃ௱यȶၗȷЗՅณӉեਡ㕧Ȃ٦ቅȂٸᐄ ೾ႇȶᆡ੊ȷܗȶᆡઢȷѠٻ࿳ޑདᔗࣻᇅޠၿ౪Ȃ߰Ӷࡋᢏα૗ԥȈȶၗ оԫՅᒠо܅ȂདоϐՅึо΢ȷ73ޠਞݏȇ࡭ԄȲڏറȳ጖ϜܛᇴȈ ȌȌήУᔊڌȂଗୗӶࠊȂ҆ޤమηȂܻ⢎ӶࡤȂ҆ޤඍηȂཐ ҕϟནᒠౚȂၗηȄࢉၗԥၗΞӬܼ௒ȂᆡԥᆡΞ೾ܼЉȄΞ೾ ܼЉȂЬФҰϟܓȂࣲѠ୞ηȂέݸܼԥ՗੊޲оȉࢉδᇴᇅݾ ϟଡ଼ೄसၗȄ᠚ّ࠘޲Ȃϛसُڐষηȇ᠚ّࡦ޲Ȃϛसُڐି ηȄᇴᇅݾϛၗȂڐ୞΢ЗϛઢȄ74 Ӷ೼၈Ξ࢑ཏᒞȈ୳ԥयȶၗȷȂϘ૗኉Ӭ΢௒Յᆡ೾ܼЉȂܼ࢑Սดη ൸٘пད୞࿳ޑȂՅณٲϛᔗȄ 71 ܗп࣐Ȯ֗Ыࢍऎȯ፤ᇴȶདᔗȷՅϛІоȶၗȷϟᢏ܉ȂดՅȂ਴ᐄҐНԫ೏ܛұȂࠍᔗ ၏ᇴѻ࢑Κᆎঙڞϟّ֒Ȋ፝୥ُചᝌਵȂȲ౑ࠓᘅ੩ࡧདྷःفȳȞᇄіȈ୾Ҵᇄᢋ৲ጓτᏱȆ ୾НःفܛȂ1983Ȃീς፤НȟȈ223Ȅ 72 ၐُചۊ྾ȂȮ֗ЫࢍऎਯមȯڣΟȂȲᆡ೾ȳȈ507Ȅ 73 ၐُചۊ྾ȂȮ֗ЫࢍऎਯមȯڣΟȂȲᆡ೾ȳȈ508Ȅ 74 ၐُചۊ྾ȂȮ֗ЫࢍऎਯមȯڣΫΥȂȲڏറȳȈ1226ȄЖНϜȂȶΞ೾ܼЉȂЬФҰϟܓȷ ΡѰȂࡹྲചۊ྾ޠਯមȂࠍᇰ࣐ᔗ࿌ձȶ೾ܼЉȂЬЭФҰϟܓȷȞၐُ၏ਫȂॳ 1231Ȃ ພ 24ȟ࣐ٺȄ

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ϛႇȂණІȶၗȷ೼Κᢏ܉Ȃཽؑц΢ᖓདྷژᏑঢ়ޠڑᝳ——ȮϜ ஸȯȇӱ࣐ȂҔԄಁܛڻޤޠȂȮϜஸȯܛ஽።ණএޠȶϜஸȷ኉՘ȂѠ ᇴ൸࢑пȶၗȷ࣐ϜЗܛ৥໡ޠఁұ75ȄՅȶၗȷϟӶȮϜஸȯਫ၈ޠ २्ဏ౪ోចȂࠍ࢑ϛ༊֥ԥϲဒѵеϟၿޠϲৡȂЏڐڏറЉ΢ӬΚ ϟၿޠ८Ӫ76ȄᗷดȶၗȷӶၿঢ়२्ڑᝳȈȮೆφȯޠȶᚖ጖ȷϟϜȂ ϑڨژࣻ࿌ޠ२ຝȂϛႇȂѻޠཏဏȂл्Ξ࢑ဤӶཏࡿᆡઢ⥔ᆺщࣵ ޠΚᆎҢڽޒᄙȂឌԄȲ۹਻ྀ጖ȳܛᇴȈȶϛُڐၗϐՅึȂؑึՅϛ ࿌ȷ77ȃпІȲᅤЯ጖ȳܛّȈȶ઎޲ȂᆡၗϟՎηȇϛᆡϛၗȂϛ૗୞ ΢ȷ78๊๊ȇՅйѻӶȮೆφȯਫϜȂηٯϛᇅȶϧȷȃȶဏȷ๊΢ঘၿ ኉ᢏ܉๗ӬକٿȂп৥໡ল౪ޠ፤ख़79ȄࣻЇӵȂȮ֗Ыࢍऎȯܛᇴޠ ȶၗȷȂࠍ؂௦ߗȮϜஸȯޠᢏ܉80ȇӤਣਫϜη෇ЖңЍφޠၘᇴȈȶၗ оԫ޲Әо܅ȷ81ȄӱԫȂԄݏᇴȮ֗ЫࢍऎȯܛᒞȶၗȷȂΞ२ᘉЇ࢏ ΠᏑঢ়ࡧདྷޠ࢛ٳᆡઢڦӪȂη೩ᗚ؂࣐ᎍۤ֒82Ȋ ดࠍȂ೼ኻޠȶၗȷȂΞ࢑೾ೲЉӵȃ΢ޑȂࢌڏҐᡞ፤֥ဏȂӤਣ ηԥѓЊ፤ϲోޠΚᆎᄃԇҢڽձңȇՅഇႇѻܛ्ႁژޠȂ֊࢑Κૢ ΢ܛዤޤޠȶЉ΢ӬΚȷძࣩȄӱԫȂȮ֗Ыࢍऎȯ೾ႇԫΚᢏ܉ܛජඬ ޠȶңཏȷȃयȶၗȷȂпؒ೾оЉӵୁઢޠདᔗࡧᆱȂңӶՍٙޠЗܓ 75 ፝୥ُ׉ȆԨᐺȂȮѳਫതѰ໲ݨȯȈ32-35ȄԫѵȂଇ፤ȶၗȷԆӶȮϜஸȯਫ၈ޠဏ౪ۢ ՞ୱᚡϟНതȂ፝୥ُ֕ܒȂȮϜஸၗޠলᏱȯȞᇄіȈݎτშਫϵѨȂ1990ȟȈ48Ȅ 76 ፝୥ُ֕ܒȂȮϜஸၗޠলᏱȯȂಒѳതȲၗ࢑Љ΢ӬΚϟၿȳȃಒϥതȲၗ࢑ϲဒѵеϟၿȳȈ 50-81Ȅ 77 ၐُఽȆ഍ኋ᛺ȂеׄനᘉਯȂȮೆφ໲មȯڣΥαȂȲ۹਻ྀಒΡΫήȳȈ794-795Ȅ 78 ၐُఽȆ഍ኋ᛺ȂеׄനᘉਯȂȮೆφ໲មȯڣΫαȂȲᅤЯಒήΫΚȳȈ1031-1032Ȅ 79 ፝୥ُ֕ܒȂȮϜஸၗޠলᏱȯȈ28Ȅ 80 ፝୥ُݰᩕҔ໫ȂȮ֗Ыࢍऎᤦࡧདྷޠ㰧فȯȞݎٶȈؤѡਫଲȂ1997ȟȈ96-101Ȅ 81 ၐُചۊ྾ȂȮ֗ЫࢍऎਯមȯڣΫΥȂȲڏറȳȈ1226ȄЖНϜޠȶӘȷԆȂဏӤȶםȷԆȇ ፝୥ُ၏ਫȂॳ 1230Ȃພ 21Ȅ 82 ፝୥ُ֕ᆌࣻȂȮ֗ЫࢍऎΥ៕ःفȯȞᇄіȈНѭলяޏަȂ1984ȟȈ71-73Ȅѫ፝୥ُҥቄ ѯȂȮ֗Ыࢍऎ௥ཌྷȯȞᇄіȈᇄᢋᏱҢਫ׌Ȃ1986ȟȈ121Ȅ

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ঔᎵϟαȂ߰࢑ဤᄃӶԚ൸ΚᆎӪα٘пᇅЉӵȶᆡઢȷܗȶᆡ੊ȷӤ ၾޠၿ኉ోᎵȇՅױѻࢋңܼަထࣁ୞ϟϜȂࠍ࢑וᏖ׈ԚΚᆎпȶѵ еȷ࣐౪དྷޠ࢈ఁٲཿȂҼ֊෉ࣿ૗஋ԄӤȶУםоЉȂՅထജϾоేȷ ΚૢȂпȶဒ΢ם኉оϐȂՅѳРࠜ໿оϧȷ83Ȅ࿌ดȂ೼࢑Ȯ֗Ыࢍ ऎȯ࣐Π࡛Ҵ΢໣࢈ఁޠၽձ঩ࠍȂՅლၑ܂ѵȃӪαଢ൷Κᆎᛨۢࡋ ᢏޠՍดݳࠍȂดࡤܛ׳ژޠםαဏ౪ஆᙄȄ೼ᆎ൩ஆӶޑȃשདᔗࡧ ᆱϟαޠȶၗཏȷᢏ܉Ȃ޼ۢпȶᆡ੊ȷܗȶᆡઢȷ࣐᏶ٸޠ౐ቺᖓᛯ ࣁ୞ȂѠпϛ҇ຨ፞ಘᕺםᡞܛึяޠ୞ձȃّፚȂ߰૗ႁژ΢ϐܗޑ ש܅ԫࣻ೾ϤூޠਞݏȇՅ೼᜹ࣽݳӶ၏ਫϜȂΞШᄀ࢑ࣻ࿌݃ጃйᘟ ดޠȄҔԄȲᆡᒠȳ጖ϜᇴၿȈ ဒ΢ࣻᒠϛࡠّȂԥӒّّ޲ηȄȌȌπᯢϛّȂпᆡ֚ࣻȄȌȌ ဒ΢ϟࣻޤȂଐࡠّࠛȉ84 ȶဒ΢ࣻᒠϛࡠّȷȂҔԄ੖αᇛഩႲޤٿ΢ЗᖑȂϛ҇စҦُࣽםՔȃ ᠚ᆹّॲȂՅѬሰഇႇȶᆡ੊ȷܗȶᆡઢȷȂ൸૗௥ூᄈРϲЗϜ؂࣐ۼ ቺޠཏӪΚૢȄ Ȯ֗Ыࢍऎȯഇႇȶᆡ੊ȷ྆܉Ȃٿථ݃ޑשܗ΢ϐདᔗᐡښܛ᏶ ٸޠஆҐ፵૗Ȉ೼ኻޠཏԠȂ࿌ด྄ڐᡘ݃ȄՅȶңཏȷȃयȶၗȷ֊Ѡ ೾ઢӬЉޠߩளᢏᘉȂࠍ؂ᘉяѻܛ৥໡ޠ੊᜹དᔗ፤ख़Ȃٲᄃαϑစ ௥ІΠདᔗԄեѠ૗ޠ୞Ω਴ྜୱᚡ85——֊ٻਫϜܛ፤Ȃܗ೩ᗚϛ஋ 83 ၐُചۊ྾ȂȮ֗ЫࢍऎਯមȯڣΟȂȲᆡ೾ȳȈ507Ȅ 84 ၐُചۊ྾ȂȮ֗ЫࢍऎਯមȯڣΫΥȂȲᆡᒠȳȈ1167-1168Ȅ 85 ᙥҦȶၗȷпႁژᇅЉӵȃୁઢདᔗࣻ೾ȂΞл्яܼ΢ޠлᢏ૗୞ΩȂܛп৹ඉᢏӒҢ෇ ᇴѻ࢑ȶՍញӵЉ΢೾དȷȄϛႇȂ৹ඉᢏӒҢӤਣᗚᇰ࣐ȈȮ֗ЫࢍऎȯܛᅌᛱՅ๞ϡᅖх ࡧདྷпೄτኈ៫ޠȂΞ࢑пȶ᜹ȷࣻད೾ȃΚᆎߩՍញӵЉ΢೾དޠདᔗ᜹࠯Ȅ፝୥ُ৹ඉ ᢏȂȲ֗ЫࢍऎІڐᄈᅖхᏱ೛ᇅ࢈ݾޠኈ៫ȳȂȮུٴਫଲᏱ೛ԒёȯಒΫѳ෉Ȟ1972ȟȈ31Ȅ

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щϸ86Ȅ༢ࡤȮ౑ࠓφȯΛਫȂӤኻٸ᏶ȶᆡ੊ȷܗȶᆡઢȷᢏ܉Ȃп ໍ՘ȶ᜹ӤࣻѣȂ੊ӤࠍӬȂᖑЩࠍᔗȷ87೼᜹དᔗࡧᆱዂԓޠ፤ख़Ȃ ٯйᗚԥ؂࣐ၐ݃ޠဏ౪ึදȄ

ѳȃȮ౑ࠓφȯޠདᔗࡧདྷ

ܜࠊܛख़ȂȮ֗Ыࢍऎȯᇰ࣐ٲޑȶп᜹ࣻѣȷȃȶ੊ӤࠍӬȷȂӱԫȂ Ѭ्࢑൸Ӥ᜹ٲޑᢏᄇѻউࣻϤձңȃ܅ԫኈ៫ޠདᔗᡑϾȂ߰Ѡூޤ ஡ดޠ௒ݸȇ׼ܗȶңཏȷᆡಡΤཌྷȂ൸૗ජඬЉӵ࿳ޑ؂౐ȃ؂τȃ ؂ሊޠึ৥ᗎ༗ȄՅࣻᔗܼ೼ᆎࡧདྷȂӤኻ࢑пȶၿঢ়ȷᏱᇴ࣐ϜЗޠ Ȯ౑ࠓφȯ88Ȃଭᄈձ࣐ڐл्ᢏ܉ϟΚޠȶདᔗȷȂࠍᡘดᗚԥ؂Ӽȃ ؂ڏقಜޠ፤ख़89Ȅ 86 ᗷดնݾ҂ఁ௳෇စࡿяȈ௄ȮۧਫȯΞՎȮࢍऎᖆ៪ȯ࣐Цޠȶདᔗࡧᆱȷ፤ख़Ȃณϛ֖ ౫яڎঐयڽޠુᘉȇՅڐϜϟΚ߰࢑Ȉґ෇݃ጃ၍๏ޑޑϟ໣ژۼȶԄեདȷȉѻ࢑೾ႇ Ϩቅᐡښٿ׈ԚޠȉпІ೼ᆎᐡښึҢޠஆᙄ࢑Ϩቅȉѻޠ঩౪έԄեȉ๊๊ȄȞၐُնݾ ҂ȂȮϜ୾ޠ੊፵˕˕ึ౫ࣁޠলᏱ༉ಜȯȈ114Ȅȟկ࢑ȂٲᄃαȂȮ֗Ыࢍऎȯܛණяޠࣽ ݳȂη๙ߩᄈԫ᜹ୱᚡరณӲᔗȂՅ࢑ՎЎ୉яΠΚᘉ၍មȊ 87 ၐُചۊ྾ȂȮ֗ЫࢍऎਯមȯڣΡΫȂȲѣ᜹ȳȈ1360Ȅ 88 ፝୥ُ᎓ًᐚȂȮ౑ࠓφ೾፤ȯȞѯіȈ੖ࢸၒަȂ1964ȟȈ7ȇιτԚȂȮ౪ᒶዃ፤ᏱጉȯȞѯ іȈᇄᢋᏱҢਫ׌Ȃ1979ȟȈ235ȇചᝌਵȂȲ౑ࠓᘅ੩ࡧདྷःفȳȈ96ȄϛႇȂ೼၈ܛᒞȶၿ ঢ়ȷȂࠔ࢑ΚঐӼЎϑ֥ݣဏޠᇮມȇឌԄऩᎍӒҢȞ1891-1962 A.D.ȟ෇ᇴȈȶၿঢ়࢑ঐᚖ ঢ়ȷȂࠍȶၿঢ়ȷ൸Ԛ࣐ϛ࢑હᆟณᚖޠΚঐ྆܉ΠȊၐُऩᎍȂȮϜ୾ϜѡࡧདྷѭߞጢȯȞѯ іȈऩᎍख܉ᓣȂ1971ȟȈ482Ȅѫ፝୥ُߝْݾȂȮપᅖࡧདྷѭःفȯȞٶഎȈ҂㹶ԌਫۺȂ 1992ȟȈ551ȇᐪҥӼൊعȂȲȺ౑ࠓφȻᤣᤂᤉ᥃ၿঢ়ޠ་ӪᤠᏑঢ়ޠ་ӪȳȂȮݎ੖τ䗄ख् ȞН䗄ഌȟȯಒ 24 ᒯȞ1975ȟȈ9-10Ȅ 89

ज୾Ᏹ޲ܝҁ៍ջȞCharles Yvon Le BlancȟϑစࡿяȂȶདᔗȷࡧདྷӶȮ౑ࠓφȯϜȂԥ؂ ࣐قಜޠചख़ȄՅٲᄃαȂуޠീς፤НȂҔ࢑пȮ౑ࠓφȯಒϳ጖Ȳ៕জଌȳޠᙛណȃп І൝ᙔӶȶདᔗȷ፤ᚡлໆϟίޠϸݚःفȄ፝୥ُ Charles Yvon Le Blanc, The Idea of Resonance (Kan-ying) in the Huai-nan Tzu. With a Translation and Analysis of Huai-nan Tzu Chapter Six, pp.8-9. Յചᝌਵఁ௳ࠍࡿяȂȮ౑ࠓφȯਫ၈ޠ፞Ӽȶདᔗȷ፤ख़ȂѠпᇴ࢑ ȶኵोȮ֗៕ȯȲѣ᜹ȳȃȲᔗӤȳȃȲᆡᒠȳȃȲᆡ೾ȳө጖ϟԠȷȇၐُചᝌਵȂȲ౑ࠓᘅ੩ࡧ དྷःفȳȈ223Ȅ

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ȞΚȟ௄੊᜹ࣻ୞ژЉ΢ད೾

ӶȮ౑ࠓφȯޠȲ੏ఋଌȳϜȂଅၸΠԄίޠᇴݳȈ ЊྡྷϟՎηȂೄُڐםՅࣔϑ२ؽȊॴϟՎηȂೄُڐຬՅФϑ ୞ؽȊСϟ՘ηȂϛُڐಌȂ㋵ᢟॼСՅႼȂ૪Ф࣐ϟ᜶Ȃᑫ䄌 ґᙾȂՅСӶڐࠊȄࢉЉϟйॴȂ૪Фґ୞Յഩϑ๣ؽȊڐйߧ ηȂജ⸓ґ໲ՅനϑⷅؽȊпജ໩ϟ੊ࣻ୞ηȄࢉ൲සᕎྡྷȂп ᜹ࣻ௄ȇᖑ៫੾৹ȂпॲࣻᔗηȄࢉȮܿȯТȈȶ៹ቂӶജȂڐ φڸϟȄȷ90 ೼၈ཏᒞȈᗷด࢛ΚٲޑޠڏᡞȶםȷȃȶຬȷȂۧґᡘ౫Յᡲ΢ூпҭ࿞ ಂُȂկ࢑ȂٲᄃࠔϑӶѫΚٲޑα֖៪Πኊ঑ܗਭӑȇᙜ࢑ϟࢉȂޑ ᇅޑϟ໣ᔗ࿌ڏԥ࢛ᆎԇӶαޠᜱ߾ȃ׼ܗཏဏαޠഀᛯȄดࠍȂ٦࢑ ϨቅȉՅέ࣐ϨቅཽԄԫںȉ ଭᄈ೼ঐୱᚡȂȮ౑ࠓφȯᇰ࣐Ȉ٦࢑Ҧܼ࿳ޑ܅ԫϟ໣ߴԥΚᆎȶп ᜹ࣻ௄ȷޠԇӶഀᛯȇՅ೼ኻޠԇӶഀᛯȂࠍҔ࢑ഇႇࠊख़ܛᇴȶདᔗȷ ೼ኻޠϤ୞঩౪ܗᐡښȂٿܜၸᇅ֖౫ڐڏᡞϲోȄՎܼңпᇴ݃Ӥ᜹ ٲޑ೼ᆎȶࣻ௄ȷȃȶࣻᔗȷᜱ߾ܛ᏶ٸޠஆҐ፵૗ȂȮ౑ࠓφȯӶԫᗚ࢑ ණяȶ੊ȷ೼ኻޠᢏ܉91ȂٯйЖңȮڻܿȯȲϜ׆ڢȳΟΡаޠа᜞Ȃ ՅڏຬϾӵߓख़٦ᆎȶ੊᜹ࣻ୞ȷޠ࿳ޑདᔗዂԓ92Ȅ 90 ၐُեᄀȂȮ౑ࠓφ໲មȯڣΡΫȂȲ੏ఋଌȳȈ1373-1374Ȅ 91 ፝୥ُചᝌਵȂȲ౑ࠓᘅ੩ࡧདྷःفȳȈ214-215Ȅ 92 ፝୥ُऩᎍȂȮϜ୾ϜѡࡧདྷѭߞጢȯȈ471-478ȄՅ೼ᆎӤ᜹ٲޑϟ໣ூпڏԥདᔗձңޠ ࡧདྷȂ௄ࡧདྷѭޠِ࡚ٿࣽȂܗ೩࿌ᇅܛᒞȶജ໩ϥ՘ঢ়ȷޠᏱᇴȂߴԥၷߗޠܜ᝸ᜱ߾Ȅ ϛႇȂҦܼҐНޠлԠȂٯϛܺӶଇ፤೼ᆎࡧདྷѭޠୱᚡϟαȂܛпη൸ϛூϛᔥဋԄԫឋ ᚡޠ፤فȄᜱܼଇ፤೼ঐឋᚡޠᏱࣩНതȂ፝୥ُСҐᏱ޲ӪϣলЊȂȮȺ౑ࠓφȻᤠ፞φԼ ঢ়ࡧདྷȯȞٶഎȈ݊ЅਫۺȂ2002ȟȈ31-33Ȅ

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Ҧܼȶജ໩Ӥ੊ࣻ୞ȷ93Ȃпयٲޑ૗஋ȶп᜹ࣻ௄ȷȂܛпȮ౑ࠓ φȯޠձ޲Ȃ࣐Πᡘұ࿳ޑ܅ԫӔᄻՅԚޠȶདᔗȷᜱ߾ȂΞ඾ႈϲӶ ܼөঐٲޑϟϜȂܼ࢑؂ӗᖟΠѠпኊُޠӼኻՍด౫ຬȄឌԄ໲Ϝᡞ ౫ӶȲ៕জଌȳ၈ޠདᔗ፤ख़Ȃ߰ԄԫᇴၿȈ ȌȌݎॴՎՅ଩෷ྗȂᡯᴭ๜Յ୧ۿ๙ȂܗདϟηȄఏᓎԹՅУ ၽᚔȂᝂനԬՅா࢒яȂܗ୞ϟηȄȌȌύ໵૪ೃȂЬ໵നᡡȂ ؁໵ྮЭȂ੤໵ݱЬȂө჌ڐםȂ᜹ܛпདϟȄ94 ϭЊ።ۿ޲Ȃѥয়য়ᔗȂኇِِ୞ȂԫӤᖑࣻڸ޲ηȄ95 ՅӶȲЉНଌȳϜηᇴȈ ЪՂ޲Ȃॵ՘ϟ᜹ηȂࢉ឵ܼ໩ȇϮᡡ޲Ȃヹӆϟ᜹ηȂࢉ឵ܼ ജȄС޲Ȃ໩ϟлηȂ࢑ࢉࢍৈࠍထᛛଷȂСՎՅᘇഫ၍ȄУ޲Ȃ ജϟۡηȂ࢑пУຏՅനဟ෶ȂУԬՅ㏀⠣⻬ȄЭα⻽ȂЬίࢻȂ ࢉഩॵՅାȂന୞ՅίȄޑ᜹ࣻ୞ȂҐዀࣻᔗȄࢉ໩ᕊُСࠍᐾ Յ࣐ЭȂРُ፞УࠍࢼՅ࣐ЬȄߐብՅْॴՎȂᓹᖟՅෂ໵឵ȇ ㋵㚎ିՅСУॶȂᝂനԬՅா࢒яȂᡯᴭ๜Յ୧ۿ๙Ȃາ࢒ቫՅ ෹੖؛Ȅ96 Ӷԫܛᇴȶജȷȃȶ໩ȷΡ੊ȂҦܼ܅ԫӶܓ፵αԥϛӤޠ೤ۢȂܛп਴ ᐄ೼ኻޠϸ᜹ዀྦȂȶജȷȃȶ໩ȷΞூпϸߟր࣐Ρ᜹ȄΡ੊ࢌดϑစ ր࣐౵᜹Ȃ٦ቅȂ឵ܼȶജ᜹ȷޠٲޑȂ߰ၮ௄ജля౫ȇՅᘫ࣐ȶ໩ 93 ၐُեᄀȂȮ౑ࠓφ໲មȯڣϳȂȲ៕জଌȳȈ456Ȅ 94 ၐُեᄀȂȮ౑ࠓφ໲មȯڣϳȂȲ៕জଌȳȈ450-453Ȅ 95 ၐُեᄀȂȮ౑ࠓφ໲មȯڣϳȂȲ៕জଌȳȈ464Ȅ 96 ၐُեᄀȂȮ౑ࠓφ໲មȯڣήȂȲЉНଌȳȈ171-177Ȅ

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᜹ȷޠٲޑȂη൸ଢᓎ໩л౱ҢȄ೼ኻȶп᜹ࣻ௄ȷޠԈۥ࿳ޑ97Ȃٯ ߩᓘЦϛ୞ޠԇԥ޲ȂՅ࢑ȶޑ᜹ࣻ୞ȂҐዀࣻᔗȷ——Ӷ୞ᄙϜᄃ ԇޠޑᡞȄӱԫȂϛ༊Սดࣩޠޑຬϟ໣૗஋དᔗࣻᇅȂٯй΢з໣ ޠٲ՘η࢑Ԅԫ೼ૢȶ᜹ӤࣻѣȷȂՅ૗ӱདᔗՅᆺӬȄឌԄȲл೛ଌȳ Ϝᇴȋ ЊЬᐫࠍനⷅȂ࢈वࠍҖ༅ȄȌȌ࢑пαӼࢉȂࠍίӼ຦ȇαӼ ٲȂࠍίӼᄙȇαྯᘚࠍίϛۢȇαӼؒȂࠍίһލȄȌȌэС ϟ໩ȂৈСϟജȂ࿳ޑᘫϟȂՅೄٻϟดȄȌȌࢉቇೆϵԂࠎȂ ϛٻିލȂՅ୾ঢ়ӼᜳȂڐᅛՎι஭ݞϟ༅ȄധᖹԂՔȂϛٻॴ ឋȂՅҖӼ݅༅ȂڐᑗՎࢎۊϟᜳȄࢉՎᆡϟܛ୞Ȃसࢍ੊ϟҢȂ ऎ੊ϟయηȂᗷႼ༉᜿ဋȂϛसԫڐߪȄࢉ֘΢޲Ȃڐบৣ޲оȊ ܼԫᇻҒȂܼ܅൷ளؽȂࢉབྷܛпདϟηȄЊᄹః෉ΚኇՅЍφ ήС዆ȂདιڸȇႌסΚᔖՅࡅеಥσඎȂདιነȄ୞፞ล࿅Ȃ ם፞ॲᖑȂՅ૗ٻ΢࣐ϟ࠘዆Ȅᑫݳ೪፭ȂՅϛ૗ಌॴܿߺ޲Ȃ ڐၗЗ҆ࢋηȄ98 ೼၈ࡿяȈϛկ዆ॲད୞΢ЗȂԥ຀ȶп᜹ࣻ௄ȷޠ೤ࡢȇՅй࢈ఁࢋ ձȂηᗚ࢑Ӷȶ᜹ӤࣻѣȷϟӗȄ൸ϜȂЖНѫᗚ஽።ȶՎᆡȷȃȶၗЗȷ ϟད୞ܼ΢ޑȂΞሊЩॵᚪ༉ਫ؂࣐ٟഁȂܛпᙥԫᝏᇱ࣐΢֘лޠα ՞޲Ȃ҇໹བྷ՘уޠӉեձ࣐Ȅ ᓎ໸ȶདᔗȷ঩౪ܼ࿳ޑϟ໣඾ႈԇӶޠ೼ᆎ߭܉ȂՍดηཽ޼ۢ ΢зᇅαЉ܅ԫȶԥпࣻ೾ȷȄܛпȲ੏ఋଌȳϜᇴၿȈ 97 ؄ቩఁ௳ࡿя೼ᆎȶп᜹ࣻ௄ȷޠܛᒞȶ᜹ȷȂѻޠۢဏȂڐᄃٯϛᝓᙲȂՅܗ೩Ѭ࢑ȶڎ ޑӶ࢛Κ౫ຬϜԥܛႫӤ޲ՅϑȷȄၐُ؄ቩȂȮ౑ࠓφȯȞᇄіȈݎτშਫϵѨȂ1992ȟȈ18Ȅ 98 ၐُեᄀȂȮ౑ࠓφ໲មȯڣΟȂȲл೛ଌȳȈ612-618Ȅ

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Љϟᇅ΢ԥпࣻ೾ηȂࢉ୾ӡκՅЉНᡑȂзᆍ༅Յै⪚ُȄ࿳ ޑԥпࣻഀȂᆡ⓿ԥпࣻᒁȄȌȌ99 ೼࢑ᇰ࣐ȶЉȷȃȶ΢ȷٯߩӓดႥ๙ޠڎ᜹ԇӶޑȂՅ࢑࡭ԄӤ᜹ٲޑ ԥܛȶࣻഀȷ100ȂҼ֊Ѡп᏶ᙥȶᆡ੊ȷࣻϤ௱୞ȃᐮᒁΚૢ101Ȃѻউ ܅ԫϟ໣ηԥጃۢཏဏޠԇӶഀᛯȄดՅȂಂࠊܛُծо࢑ᄡด౵᜹ޠ ȶЉȷᇅȶ΢ȷȂࠔᄃርαԥпࣻ೾Ȉ೼ኻޠᇴݳȂέ࢑֐ᇅܛᒞȶп᜹ ࣻ௄ȷޠஆҐ፤ᘟԥܛႃЇںȉ ٲᄃαȂܛᒞȶЉȷȃȶ΢ȷϟ໣ޠୣϸȂϛႇ࢑ଭᄈ൸ᖃᡞԇӶՅ ّޠȶԈۥȷڸȶ΢ҢȷȂ೼ڎᆎτȃϊስ஀ԥրޠΚᆎ྆ࢃߓұȄՅໍ ՘೼ᆎցրȂΞߓ౫я΢᜹ᄈܼΚϹ౫ຬ——ϛ፤࢑൸ထᡞȃ׼ܗ࢑൸ ঐᡞܛ৥໡ޠΚᆎȶϸ᜹ȷȞclassifyȟȃȶցրȷȞdistinguishȟϟ౪ܓࡧ៞ ࣁ୞ȇկ࢑ȂѻܛٸᐄޠዀྦȂࠔέϛ࢑ڿۢϛᡑޠ୳ΚȄᖟپٿᇴȂ ֊ٻпȶജȷȃȶ໩ȷڎ᜹ܓ፵ޠৰ౵ձ࣐ցྦȂดՅȂӤΚঐ΢ηѠ૗ Ҧܼচڏȶജȷȃȶ໩ȷΡܓȂՅೞᘫ࣐ϛӤޠȶΡ᜹ȷȄឌԄȈпع΢࣐ ȶ໩ȷȂՅпυ΢࣐ȶജȷȇӤਣȂпঐܓথ੩឵ȶ໩ȷȂՅܓ௒࢚໸ࠍᘫ ȶജȷȄܼ࢑Κঐܓ௒࢚໸ޠع΢ȂϛηѠпӱ࣐চڏȶജȷȃȶ໩ȷΡܓȂ ՅΚਣೞϸց࣐឵ܼϛӤޠȶΡ᜹ȷ102ȉ 99 ၐُեᄀȂȮ౑ࠓφ໲មȯڣΡΫȂȲ੏ఋଌȳȈ1375Ȅ 100 ȶࣻഀȷޠȶഀȷԆȂ྇ᐚႁᇰ࣐࢑ȶၽȷԆϟᇳȄԄݏጃᄃԄԫȂ٦ቅȂȶࣻഀȷࢌձȶࣻ ၽȷȂࠍ߰Ѡ౪၍࣐ࣻϤ௱୞ޠཏࡧȄ፝୥ُ஼ᚗෘȂȮ౑ࠓφਯមȯȞіٶȈіٶτᏱяޏ ަȂ1997ȟȈ2039Ȃພ 16Ȅ 101፝୥ُྤ໶ȂȲȮ౑ࠓφȯདᔗᢏུ௥ȳȂȮলᏱःفȯಒΫΡ෉Ȟ1997ȟȈ42Ȅ 102ᜱܼ೼ᆎϸ᜹ዀྦޠࣻᄈܓȂ؄ቩఁ௳Ӷуޠःف፤НϜȂηϑစԥܛᇴ݃Ȃ૮ϛӕᙶख़Ȅ ၐُ؄ቩȂȮ౑ࠓφলᏱࡧདྷःفȯȞᇄіȈࢺဩНϾٲཿϵѨȂ1997ȟȈ073-074ȄԫѵȂȶӤ ᜹ȷڿดѠпࣻѣՅӬᆺȂկ࢑Ȃȶ౵᜹ȷޠٲޑȂጣܼȶ੊ȷ࣐ڐҐ፵ޠΚयܓȂࠍέѠ ᙥҦȶ੊ȷޠ૗ϾܓȂՅණٽѻউ܅ԫூпདᔗޠΚ໷ஆҰȊ፝୥ُሂ໰ീȂȮપᅖࡧདྷ״ ցѭȞαьȟȯȞᇄіȈНෂਫ׌Ȃ2001ȟȈ20Ȅ

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ஆܼ೼ኻޠ౪၍ȂȶЉȷȃȶ΢ȷڿดȶԂ჌ȷ࢑౵᜹ޠڎᆎԇӶ103Ȃ կ࢑Ȃ೪सໍΚؐ૗஋ึ౫Ρ޲ȶԥпӤȷޠ࢛໷ዀྦȂ٦ቅȂᗚ࢑Ѡ пᎍңܼȶп᜹ࣻ௄ȷޠདᔗ೤ۢȂՅ޼ۢуউ܅ԫϟ໣ޠϤ୞ȶࣻ೾ȷȄ ดࠍȂঅԫϟርȂԄԫཏဏޠᘫ᜹ዀྦȂέفഥ࢑ϨቅںȉٲᄃαȂ ೼ΚዀྦᇅȮ֗ЫࢍऎȯܛᇴϬดτयࣻӤȂ٦൸࢑ȶЉȷȃȶ΢ȷΡ ޲ȶӤ੊ȷȂ᐀ԥ឵ܼӤΚҐ፵ޠԇԥϲోȂܛпڐ܅ԫϟ໣ᗚ࢑૗஋ ȶԥпࣻ೾ȷȄ ϛႇȂȶЉȷȃȶ΢ȷڿดӱ࣐ȶӤ੊ȷՅூп܅ԫདᔗȃࣻϤྜྷ೾Ȃ կ࢑Ȃ୆ٻ؂ྦጃӵᇴȂѻউϟ໣ޠԇӶഀᛯȂٸᙠᗚ࢑ᔗ࿌ᇴூᙥҦ ȶᆡ੊ȷܗȶᆡઢȷ೼ᆎȶ੊ϟᆡ޲ȷȂϘ૗؂࣐઎ᄃԥਞӵཧ࡛କٿȄ ೼൸ԄӤȲ៕জଌȳϜܛᇴȈ ܾ޲Ȃ৲ᛊ࠸ҪഢϟॲȂՅઢޑ࣐ϟί७ȂȌȌஹυѪЉȂႫႬ ίᔟȌȌดՅ஠ᆡቘཏȂېଡ଼ᑗઢȂα೾ΟЉȂᐮቘՎᆡȄȌȌ ݢехऔȂ෯ι۞ࢼȂ໩߯ϟݱȂଜࢻՅᔟȂ੾ॴఓজȂ΢଼ϛ ُࣻȄܼ࢑ݢеѿᐈ༂⢎ȂѢީҪίȂጀҭՅ␊ϟТȈȶնӉȂ Љί፣ඹড়֏ཏ޲Ȋȷܼ࢑ॴᔽՅݱጬȄᏈ໩ϵᇅᗻཱᜳȂ᏾໓ С኷ȂනИՅ␊ϟȂС࣐ϟЇή޿ȄЊӓܓߴ઎ȂϛᖬڐٙȂ᎐ ࡩय़ᜳȂᆡ೾ιЉȄसΞґۗяڐۡȂե࣐ϛԚȊ104 ȶ஠ᆡቘཏȂېଡ଼ᑗઢȷȂѠпȶα೾ΟЉȂᐮቘՎᆡȷȂདூᆎᆎЉຬȃ ޑᡑٿձӠᜍȈ೼࿌ด࢑ඊ຀ȶདᔗȷ঩౪Յȶᆡ೾ιЉȷޠ๗ݏȄϛ 103Ӷ೼ঐਣ঑ȂЏڐᔗ၏ᚅఽٲޑ࢑֐ȶӤ᜹ȷȂᇅٲޑ࢑֐ȶࣻծȷȂΡ޲ϟ໣࢑ԥܛৰրޠȄ ࠊ޲Ȃٸܼ؂ۼቺޠ౪ᐄȇՅࡤ޲ȂѠпѬ࢑਴ᐄٲޑߓຬαޠ࢛ᆎΚयܓՅϑȊӤኻޠȂ ٲޑ࢑֐ȶ౵᜹ȷȂηϛ૗༊༊ٸᎭߓຬαޠᢏᄇܛூȂٿໍ՘ޣញԓޠցᘟȄ፝୥ُ؇ҥ ਫ਼ȂȲȺ౑ࠓφȻᤦ᜹ȳȂȮϜ୾ࡧདྷѭःفȯಒΫΝ㛦Ȟ1994ȟȈ30-31Ȅ 104ၐُեᄀȂȮ౑ࠓφ໲មȯڣϳȂȲ៕জଌȳȈ443-447Ȅ

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ႇȂ൸лᡞቺ८ٿࣽȂࠔᗚ࢑ூోᎵՍٙЗઢՅႁژȶᆡϟՎȷޠ΢Ȃ Ϙ૗ڏᡞԚ൸೼ኻޠߩδძࣩȄឌԄȲᕾᆏଌȳϜᖟپᇴၿȈ ȌȌٙԣՅෂޣ޲ȂґϟᆹηȄᇴϟܛϛՎ޲ȂৡᇽՎౚȇৡᇽ ϟܛϛՎ޲ȂདܗՎౚȄདоЗȂ݃оහȂึՅԚםȄᆡϟՎηȂ Ѡпם༗௦ՅϛѠпࢎ⪻Ȅԗᆸϟ଼ȂࣲѠпႼ៯ȂܗߗܗሊȂ ୳ആЯ૗ᅿڐΩȇή़ϟҖȂࣲѠٻ܇߭Ȃܗ፲ܗϛلȂ୳ভဳ ૗ቇڐजȂ҇ԥϛ༉޲ȄȌȌ105 ೼ᆎᙥҦȶ஠ᆡȷȃȶᑗઢȷՅႁژ٘п౐౐ད୞Љӵ΢ޑޠȶᆡϟՎȷȂ ᄃርα֊࢑ཏࡿΚᆎȶЗע׈ӓ໲ϜܼΚᘉȂՅณљ๜љరᚖ܉ַᚖӶ 㠆८ޠᆡઢޒᄙȷ106ȇՅѻҔԄӤȮ֗ЫࢍऎȯϜܛᇴȂΞ࢑စҦȶң ཏȷȃयȶၗȷܛѠпᕖூޠഷτਞݏȄ

ȞΡȟȶᆡ೾ιЉȷޠлᡞঔ࣐

ၗԄȲл೛ଌȳϜܛᇴȈȶՎᆡ࣐ઢȄȷ107ӱՅᗷด࢛ᆎٲޑ࢑֐ ึҢȃ࢛ঐ΢ޑ૗֐ԥܛདᔗȂஆܼȶп᜹ࣻ௄ȷޠ঩ࠍȂη೩Ѡп စҦȶ᜹௱ȷȞAnalogyȟ೼ኻޠ౪ܓࡧᆱРԓՅᕖޤܗႲُȇϛႇȂȮ౑ ࠓφȯޠձ޲Ȃࠔέᇰ࣐൸Ϝܛٸᐄޠȶ੊᜹ࣻ୞ȷ೼ঐདᔗ঩౪Ȃ ؂౐ڔٿᇴȂࠍ࢑྄࣐ཌྷֽȃߩள༺ઝȂՅߩδளޤُܛ૗ཏਠȃདྷ ჌——ҔԄȲ៕জଌȳϜܛᇴȈȶޑ᜹ϟࣻᔗȂҝֽ౐ཌྷȂޤϛ૗፤Ȃ ៞ϛ૗၍Ȅȷ108 105ၐُեᄀȂȮ౑ࠓφ໲មȯڣΫȂȲᕾᆏଌȳȈ713Ȅ൸ϜȂȶདܗՎౚȷΚѰޠȶདܗȷΡԆȂ ࿌ձȶད܈ȷȇՅѻޠཏࡿȂΞ࢑ңпߓұȶᆡၗϟ୞΢޲ηȷȄ 106Жُ৹ඉᢏȂȮቩॐڎᅖࡧདྷѭȞڣΡȟȯȈ234Ȅ 107ၐُեᄀȂȮ౑ࠓφ໲មȯڣΟȂȲл೛ଌȳȈ614Ȅ 108ၐُեᄀȂȮ౑ࠓφ໲មȯڣϳȂȲ៕জଌȳȈ450Ȅ

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ดՅȂȶޑ᜹ϟࣻᔗȷޠ౐ቺདᔗ঩౪Ȃڿดϛ࢑ຨ፞Κૢ΢Зޠ፤ ޤȃ៞၍ࣁ୞ܛ૗ཱІȂпयᡘ౫яծоԥᘉȶณםՅઢઝȷޠܓኊ109ȇ կ࢑Ȃ೼ٯϛхߓȮ౑ࠓφȯ൸ཽӱԫᇰ࣐Ȉ΢ณݳ೾ႇ੬ۢโזޠѓ Њঔ࣐Ȃٿᐈձ٦ኻ዗ᙡӶ࿳ޑϟϜޠᄃԇѓ૗Ȃ׼ܗᡞُ၏Κၿ౪ޠ ۼចȂՅႁژᇅϟՍดজӬȂΞՎ૗஋໸༗Ꮎெདᔗ঩౪ޠᆎᆎڏᡞึ ңȄ೼Κ੬ۢޠঔᗦϟၿȂӶȮ౑ࠓφȯਫϜȂϛ༊ဤᄃӶȶ஠ᆡቘཏȂ ېଡ଼ᑗઢȷȂҼ֊ڏറȶၗȷܗȶᆡၗȷޠЗઢ⥔ᆺѓЊϟαȇՅйᗚ؂ ஽።௷ଷ΢࣐හѾޠԥཏϮΤȂҼ֊҇໹ȶณ࣐ȷȃȶຏᓘȷȂϘ૗ᡲܛ୉ ѓЊޠਞݏႁژ྄ՎȄ ᜱܼȶၗȷܗȶᆡၗȷ೼ΚѓЊ८ӪȂȮ౑ࠓφȯᇅȮ֗Ыࢍऎȯޠ ᢏᘉङ౲ࣻӤȂϛႇȂӶߓख़αࠍ؂࣐ၐಡȄឌԄȲ੏ఋଌȳϜᇴȈ ȌȌାۡፙㅝȂήԒϛّȂѳ੖ϟϲஜดณᖑȇΚّȂᖑดτ୞ ЉίȄ࢑пЉЗᯔ㭹޲ηȄࢉΚ୞ڐҐՅԼݓࣲᔗȂसࢍߧϟេ ࿳ޑηȂฅดՅࢻȂؙดՅࢋȂณӵՅϛ⯩ȂณޑՅϛҢȄࢉဒ ΢޲ȂᛅЉЗȂᖑด૗୞ϾЉί޲ηȄࢉᆡၗདܼϲȂם੊୞ܼ ЉȂࠍෂ࢒ُȂ༂ᓹίȂಉቄՎȂភࢷяȂპጋҢȂݭϛᅗྗȂ ੖ϛৡݱȄȌȌ110 ೼၈ࡿяȈȶᛅЉЗȷޠȶဒ΢ȷȂη൸࢑૗஋ȶᆡၗདܼϲȂם੊୞ܼ Љȷޠԥၿϟς111ȄӱԫȂȲ੏ఋଌȳϜ௦຀ᇴၿȈ 109 ፝୥ُྤ໶ȂȲȮ౑ࠓφȯདᔗᢏུ௥ȳȂȮলᏱःفȯಒΫΡ෉Ȟ1997ȟȈ41Ȅ 110ၐُեᄀȂȮ౑ࠓφ໲មȯڣΡΫȂȲ੏ఋଌȳȈ1374-1375Ȅ 111ܗп࣐ഇႇȶၗȷԆȂȮ౑ࠓφȯႀ஡ၿঢ়ޠȶၿȷᢏ܉ȂӤജ໩ϥ՘ঢ়ޠȶȞᆡȟ੊ȷഀ๗

କٿΠȄ፝୥ُ Charles Yvon Le Blanc, The Idea of Resonance (Kan-ying) in the Huai-nan Tzu. With a Translation and Analysis of Huai-nan Tzu Chapter Six, p.115.

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ࢉဒ΢ᎵЗೄ๢ܼၗȂՎၗՅ૗୞ϾؽȊ112 ೼ᆎഇႇȶՎȞӤȶयȷȟၗȷѓЊܛᄃ౫ޠདᔗਞݏȂϛ༊Ѡпܱႁȶᆡ ೾ιЉȷޠძࣩȂӤਣη૗Ӷ΢ҢࣩϲึදདϾڐу΢ٲޠ२्ኈ៫Ȅ ឌԄܛᒞȈ ȌȌ፭๢ᆵኹ޲Ȃ࢈цηȂڐܛп૗՘޲ȂᆡၗηȄȌȌ㇞ၿп ೞҖՅҖ҆௄޲ȂၗЗณࢋηȄ113 ਴ᐄ೼Κ߭܉ȂȮ౑ࠓφȯޠձ޲޼ۢȈ୳ԥഇႇȶᆡၗȷαႁՅៜܼȶп ௄Љӵϟڿดȷ114ޠძӵȂРϘѠ૗઎Ҕད୞у΢ϟЗȂпयߵٻуউ ӲᔗՍϐޠཏעևΩȂՅ዆ཏପӬՍϐޠ࢈ఁ௪ࢋ——೼Ӥਣη൸࢑ܛ ᒞαಓܼȶЉЗȷޠ΢ٲձ࣐Ȅ ՎܼӶȶณ࣐ȷȃȶຏᓘȷ೼ΚѓЊ८ӪαȂȮ౑ࠓφȯڿดѠᇴΚР ८ȶ᝸ܜڸᙵ൳ΠȮ֗ЫࢍऎȯޠȺӱՅϛ࣐Ȼޠࡧདྷȷ115Ȃկ࢑Ȃձ ࣐Ȯ౑ࠓφȯޠȶᚈᢓᢏ܉ȷȞϟΚȟޠȶณ࣐ȷȂШᄀ֥ԥ؂Ӽቺ८ޠ ཏဏ116ȇՅ൸Ϝᇅձ࣐དᔗࣁ୞ϟлᡞঔᎵഷڏޣ௦ᜱᖓޠဏోȂࠍᔗ ࿌ᇴ࢑ဤӶᇅܛᒞȶϵၿȷ117ȃȶ൶२Սด೤ࡢȷ118ࡧདྷȂߴԥΚۢϲӶ 112ၐُեᄀȂȮ౑ࠓφ໲មȯڣΡΫȂȲ੏ఋଌȳȈ1382Ȅ 113 ၐُեᄀȂȮ౑ࠓφ໲មȯڣΡΫȂȲ੏ఋଌȳȈ1384Ȅ 114ၐُեᄀȂȮ౑ࠓφ໲មȯڣϳȂȲ៕জଌȳȈ485Ȅ 115፝୥ُԺយᠨȂȮ֗Ыࢍऎᇅ౑ࠓφࡧདྷःفȯȈ190ȄดՅȂȮ֗Ыࢍऎȯܛᒞȶณ࣐ȷȂȶл ्࢑ᄈ֘лՅّޠȷȇ፝୥ُᅫ២ஆȂȲ፤Ȯ֗ЫࢍऎȯޠϜЗࡧདྷȳȂԞᓄܼചჃᔗлጢȂȮၿ ঢ়НϾःفȯಒΫѳᒯȞіٶȈҢࣁΘ᠟ਫΘུޤήᖓਫۺȂ1998ȟȈ337Ȅ 116 ၐُ؄ቩȂȮ౑ࠓφলᏱࡧདྷःفȯȈ300-346Ȅٯ፝୥ُԺយᠨȂȮ֗Ыࢍऎᇅ౑ࠓφࡧདྷः فȯȈ190-191ȇеླȂȲຠϮܝҁ៍ջീςȶ౑ࠓφޠདᔗᢏȷȳȂȮϜ๽НϾඉᑺУёȯಒΫ ήڣಒΫΚ෉Ȟ1980ȟȈ75-76ȇചᝌਵȂȲ౑ࠓφޠณ࣐፤ȳȂȮ୾НᏱൣȯಒΫΝ෉Ȟ1988ȟȈ 93-121Ȅ 117፝୥ُеླȂȲຠϮܝҁ៍ջീςȶ౑ࠓφޠདᔗᢏȷȳȂȮϜ๽НϾඉᑺУёȯಒΫήڣಒΫ Κ෉Ȟ1980ȟȈ75Ȅ 118፝୥ُԺយᠨȂȮ֗Ыࢍऎᇅ౑ࠓφࡧདྷःفȯȈ190Ȅ

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ഀᛯޠȶහࢉ੒ྟȷ119ȃȶע੊ຏᓘࡲගȷ120೼᜹ѓЊ፤ޠᢏᘉϟαȄด ࠍȂȶහࢉȷέ࢑ཏࡿϨቅںȉ ӶȲ঩ၿଌȳϜᇴȈ ЊᜣЬϟᇅם௦ηȂϛ೪හࢉՅР༬ԣޣ҆૗ଡηȄ121 ᐄԫȂܛᒞȶහࢉȷȂ௄םԓαٿᇴȂη൸࢑֥ԥȶߩՍดȷޠཏࡧ122Ȅ Յ೼ᆎȶߩՍดȷȂࠍ࢑ᇅ΢᜹ޠлᢏձ࣐ޣ௦ࣻᜱȄឌԄȲ঩ၿଌȳ έᇴȈ ܛᒞЉ޲ȂહᆟᐕષȂ፵ޣุҪȂґۗԥᇅ㪆ⱦ޲ηȄܛᒞ΢޲Ȃ ୌৰහࢉȂԣѾ຦ୄȂܛпॾӊܼз΢Յᇅߺһ޲ηȄȌȌ123 ඳّϟȂȶහࢉȷΞ࢑ȶ΢࣐ȷޠΚᆎ౱ޑȄ೼ᆎ΢࣐౱ޑޠϲৡȂٲᄃ α൸࢑ΚᆎȶᐡఢϟѾȷ124ȃȶᐡఢѾࢉϟЗȷ125ȄѻᇅึоՍดޠȶЉ ᐡȷ126ϛӤȂΞྜяܼঐ΢ޠؾЗୄ຦ȃ൷ժॏၷȂՅᎍ٘п⮫ോՍש ޠ઎ᐕȃ੒૊ϲӶޠᆡઢȂӱԫ҇໹ϡпతဋȂดࡤϘ૗ȶߴڐᆡઢȷ127Ȃ пՎȶ૗ี୆ܼၿȷ128Ȅ 119 ၐُեᄀȂȮ౑ࠓφ໲មȯڣϳȂȲ៕জଌȳȈ485Ȅ 120ၐُեᄀȂȮ౑ࠓφ໲មȯڣΝȂȲᆡઢଌȳȈ513Ȅ 121 ၐُեᄀȂȮ౑ࠓφ໲មȯڣΚȂȲ঩ၿଌȳȈ23Ȅ 122ࣻЇӵȂȶՍดȷȂࠍ࢑ᇅȶᐡఢȷȃȶහѾȷȃΞՎึо΢࣐ആձޠȶϧဏȷ๊ມࣻᄈُဏޠ Κঐᢏ܉ȇ፝୥ُҐҥᔽȂȮݎࢸࡧདྷःفȯȞݎٶȈ഻НަȂ1987ȟȈ177ȄԫѵȂԥᜱȮ౑ ࠓφȯޠȶՍดȷᢏ܉ȂѫѠ୥ُСҐᏱ޲ҥϜഭ઴ϒӶуܛኦቹޠȲȺ౑ࠓφȻᤦȶՍดȷ ᤣᤜ᣼ᤞ——ࠊᅖၿঢ়ࡧདྷᤦΚ८ȳȂȮ໲ёݎࢸᏱȯಒ 36 ෉Ȟ1976ȟȈ59-74 ΛНϜޠ्྆ ଇ፤Ȅ 123ၐُեᄀȂȮ౑ࠓφ໲មȯڣΚȂȲ঩ၿଌȳȈ41Ȅ 124ၐُեᄀȂȮ౑ࠓφ໲មȯڣΝȂȲᆡઢଌȳȈ521Ȅ 125 ၐُեᄀȂȮ౑ࠓφ໲មȯڣΥȂȲҐစଌȳȈ568Ȅ 126ၐُեᄀȂȮ౑ࠓφ໲មȯڣΚȂȲ঩ၿଌȳȈ79Ȅ 127ၐُեᄀȂȮ౑ࠓφ໲មȯڣΚȂȲ঩ၿଌȳȈ48Ȅ 128ၐُեᄀȂȮ౑ࠓφ໲មȯڣΝȂȲᆡઢଌȳȈ521-526Ȅ

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ȶతޤȞӤȶහȷȟࢉȷ129Ȃл्࢑࣐ΠᡲȶᆡઢЇܼՎ઎ȷՅԚ൸ Κᆎȶ઎΢ȷޠҢڽძࣩ130ȄՅȶ઎΢ȷȂࠍ࢑ȶґۗϸιЋΚ޲ηȷ131Ȅ ܛᒞȶЋΚȷȂ೾ႇȮ֗Ыࢍऎȯޠ᜹ծᇴݳȂѠпα྘ՎȮೆφȯਫϜ ޠȶЋΚȷȃࣦՎȮՃφȯܛᇴޠȶၿȷ132ȂҼ֊࢑ཏࡿϛᇅޑ᜹ȶႥՅ ϛ೾ȷޠԈۥ਴ྜ133ȇՅ೼࿌ดη࢑ȶၿȷဤᄃӶ࿳ޑҢԚܗ਴ྜୱᚡ αޠѫΚᆎߓख़134ȄӱԫȂѬ्ڨژȶහࢉȷ๊๊΢࣐ആձܛܴ४ޠȶᆡ ઢȷܗȶᆡ੊ȷȂඉߖܼՎᐕહ઎ޠȶЋΚȷȂՍดη൸Ѡпᇅ࿳ޑདᔗ ՅณܛႥᛥΠȄดՅȂଷΠӶЗޤቺ८҇໹␍తȶහࢉȷϟѵȂԄݏདྷ ्ԥਞ೾ႇདᔗ౪ࠍȂпα೾ѳႁܼЉӵ࿳ޑȂࠔϬดᗚԥѫΚঐঔᗦ ޠ२ᘉȂՅ೼η࢑Ȯ౑ࠓφȯਫϜܛ຀ཏ৥໡፤ख़ޠ໷ҭȄ೼ঐঔᗦޠ २ᘉȂη൸࢑ȶຏᓘȷȄ ȶຏᓘȷȂΞ࢑ȶณ࣐ȷࡧདྷޠѫΚ८Ӫ135ȇՅѻӶၿঢ়লᏱ༉ಜ၈ ޠᢏ܉ٿྜȂ࿌ดᗚѠଢ྘ژȮՃφȯΛਫ136ȄดࠍȂȮ౑ࠓφȯ೾ႇȶຏ ᓘȷᢏ܉ܛ෉గඉߖޠᄃ፵ϲోȂΞ࢑ᇅȶЉȷӤȶܓȷޠȶ΢ϟܓȷȄ 129ၐُեᄀȂȮ౑ࠓφ໲មȯڣΝȂȲᆡઢଌȳȈ544Ȅ 130 ൸ϜȂȶᆡઢȷΚມȂܗձȶᆡ੊ȷȇၐُեᄀȂȮ౑ࠓφ໲មȯڣΥȂȲҐစଌȳȈ588-589Ȅ 131ၐُեᄀȂȮ౑ࠓφ໲មȯڣΫѳȂȲၜّଌȳȈ992Ȅ 132 ፝୥ُݰᩕҔ໫ȂȮ֗Ыࢍऎᤦࡧདྷޠ㰧فȯȈ191-194Ȅ 133 ၐُեᄀȂȮ౑ࠓφ໲មȯڣΫѳȂȲၜّଌȳȈ991-992Ȅ 134፝୥ُ؄ቩȂȮ౑ࠓφলᏱࡧདྷःفȯȈ053-058ȄӶ೼ᆎձ࣐Ԉۥ࿳ޑϟ਴ྜޠཏဏίȂȶЋ Κȷϛ༊ᇅȶၿȷӤဏȂٯйηၮܛᒞȶϰ੊ȷ྆܉ȂڏԥӤΚܛࡿȇ፝୥ُ҂۬ᆋӢȂȮ౑ ࠓφᤣ౫᥇᥄ᤗ੊ᤦ㰧فȯȞݎٶȈ౪དྷަȂ1968ȟȈ56-67ȄՅȶЋΚȷޠ೼ᆎңݳȂл् ߰࢑ဤӶԈۥҢԚ፤ϟཏဏαՅೞණяޠȇ፝୥ُϊഐᐪᆡΚȃᆌҘӏѨȃύϣ෱ጢ຀Ȃ؄ ኋណȂȮ੊ޠࡧདྷ——Ϝ୾Սดᢏڸ΢ޠᢏ܉ޠึ৥ȯȈ129ȄϛႇȂᏱ޲ѫѵηϑࡿяȈ࿌ ȶၿȷᇅȶ੊ȷӬ፤ਣȂȶ੊ȷϛΚۢ൸࢑੊ϾԈۥ፤ཏဏίޠ٦ᆎםՅίϟ੊ȇӱԫȂȮ౑ ࠓφȯණІȶၿȷܗȶᆡ੊ȷҢԚ࿳ޑޠࣻᜱᇴݳਣȂґ҇Κۢ൸࢑ཏک຀Ԉۥ፤ཏဏίޠ ੊Ͼ࿳ޑȄٲᄃαȂ೼၈ᡘұяȶҢȷ೼ঐԆມޠݣဏܓȂпІЇ࢏ΠԈۥԇԥ፤ȃԈۥ਴ ྜ፤ȂпІԈۥҢԚ፤ϟ໣ޠ࢛ᆎᢏ܉ޮ๗Ȅ፝୥ُച኉ڸȂȲȮ౑ࠓφȯলᏱϟःف——п ȶၿȷȃȶ੊ȷȃȶ΢ȷ࣐ਰЗޠ৥໡ȳȈ51-53Ȅ 135፝୥ُ৹ඉᢏȂȮቩॐڎᅖࡧདྷѭȞڣΡȟȯȈ228Ȅ 136ȮՃφȯಒΫϳതᇴȈȶयຏ྄ηȂԉᓘᑠηȂ࿳ޑٯձȂ֏пᢏڐඉηȄȌȌȷၐُቔ኉ ᅖȂȮ౑ࠓφᇅՃφ୥ᜍȯȞᇄіȈ዆Ᏹਫ׌Ȃ2001ȟȈ339Ȅ

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ՅѻӶѓЊঔ࣐ቺԪαޠᐈձ्ስȂࠍέᇅපଷঐ΢༟మޠձ࣐ߴԥஞ ϹᜱᖓȄឌԄӶȲờ઎ଌȳϜᇴȈ Ьϟܓ઎ఽՅρ᭭ϟȂ΢ܓԋᓘՅ༟మ༅ϟȄЊ΢ϟܛڨܼЉ ޲ȂՇҭϟܼᖑՔηȂπቆϟܼ߀૛ηȂՋጴϟܼ൲ᕒȂڐ௒Κ ηȄܗ೾ܼઢ݃Ȃܗϛռܼ࿕ص޲Ȃեηȉڐܛ࣐ښ޲౵ηȄ137 ೼၈ࡿяȈȶ΢ܓԋᓘȷȂկ࢑Ҧܼڨژȶ༟మ༅ϟȷȂܛпϛ૗ளߴ೏ܼ ȶԋᓘȷޠҐดޒᄙȄดՅȂ΢ܓޠҐดޒᄙϟܛпೞຝ࣐ȶԋᓘȷȂࠍ ஆܼ΢ܓޠҐดޒᄙȂᄃርα൸࢑ȶЉϟܓȷȇඳّϟȂѻ࢑ᇅЉܓޠᄃ ፵ϲৡ——ȶၿȷΚयޠ঩ߒܛ፮138ȄϛႇȂӱ࣐΢ЗӶᇅѵޑࣻᔗᄈ ਣȂҢକΠᆎᆎ௒དȃమగȃ୒ԂȂпयಥܼϛޤȶЇϐȷ139ȂܛпϘ ཽྟࠔȶЉ౪ȷՅႃᚕܼȶԋᓘȷޠ΢ܓ140ȄดࠍȂѬ्ȶ૗Ї፞ܓȷ141 ՅϛȶᖄమՅѷܓȷ142Ȃη൸ѠпȶߖܓܼߒՅ෭Зܼຏȷ143ȂпԚ࣐ ȶဒ΢ȷ׼ܗȶ઎΢ȷ144Ȅ 137ၐُեᄀȂȮ౑ࠓφ໲មȯڣΡȂȲờ઎ଌȳȈ143Ȅ 138 ೼ᆎ΢ܓᢏᇅȮ֗Ыࢍऎȯᄈܼ΢ܓޠࣽݳȂஆҐαѠᇴ࢑ΚयޠȄᜱܼȮ֗Ыࢍऎȯਫϲ ޠ΢ܓᢏȂ፝୥ُരݢӏఁ௳ܛ຀Ȳ֗Ыࢍऎϟ΢ܓ፤ȳȂȮఁᏱᇅःفȯಒϥ෉Ȟ1983ȟȈ 97-107 ΛНޠ፤ᇴȄՅӶȞЉȟȶၿȷ࣐Վ๢ޠ౪၍ϟίȂҦȶЉȷȞၿȟܛҢޠ΢᜹Ȃѻ ޠܛᒞȶȞҐȟܓȷȂՍดη࣐๢ޠȄܛᒞȶԋᓘȷȃȶఽ౒ȷȃȶࡲගȷϟ᜹ޠᇴݳȂٲᄃαη ϛႇ࢑ңпߓख़ȶ๢ޠȷޠөᆎڏᡞ८ᇽՅϑȊ፝୥ُሂ໰ീȂȮપᅖࡧདྷ״ցѭȞαьȟȯȈ 472-473Ȅ 139ٲᄃαȂҦܼѵޑЖᇷՅᏳयϲЗҢึᆎᆎޠ௒ᆲȈ೼ᆎϲȃѵࣻᔗޠ௒ݸȂᔗ၏ᇴ࢑Κᡞ ڎ८ޠߓ౫ȂՅഎ࢑ᘚ୞ఽᓘҐܓޠ঩ӱϟΚȄѫ፝୥ُചᝌਵȂȲ౑ࠓφ፤ঔᎵȳȂȮ୾Ҵ ϜѶშਫᓣᓣёȯུΡΫڣಒΚ෉Ȟ1987ȟȈ47-49Ȅ 140ឌԄܛᒞȈȶ΢ҢՅᓘȂЉϟܓηȄདՅࡤ୞Ȃܓϟড়ηȄޑՎՅઢᔗȂޤϟ୞ηȄޤᇅޑ ௦ՅԂኘҢౚȂԂኘԚםՅޤᇷܼѵȂϛ૗ЇϐȂՅЉ౪ྟؽȄࢉႁܼၿ޲Ȃϛп΢ܿЉȂ ѵᇅޑϾՅϲϛѷڐ௒ȄՎณՅٽڐؒȂਣᗿՅ्ڐ஝ȄȌȌȷၐُեᄀȂȮ౑ࠓφ໲មȯ ڣΚȂȲ঩ၿଌȳȈ24-25Ȅ 141 ၐُեᄀȂȮ౑ࠓφ໲មȯڣΚȂȲ঩ၿଌȳȈ71Ȅ 142ၐُեᄀȂȮ౑ࠓφ໲មȯڣΫΚȂȲቇߺଌȳȈ777Ȅ 143ၐُեᄀȂȮ౑ࠓφ໲មȯڣΡȂȲờ઎ଌȳȈ140ȄՅ೼ᆎȶߖܓܼߒՅ෭Зܼຏȷޠл஼Ȃ Ҕ࢑࣐Πᄃ౫΢ϟᇅՍด࿳ޑ࣐ΚᡞޠҢڽ౪དྷȄ፝୥ُ৙ߞಉȂȲȮ౑ࠓφȯϜޠՍดࡧདྷ

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೼ኻޠȶဒ΢ȷܗȶ઎΢ȷȂΞ჌ȲᆡઢଌȳϜܛᇴȈ ȌȌܓӬιၿηȄࢉԥՅसณȂᄃՅसຏȂ೏ڐΚȂϛޤڐΡȂ ݾڐϲȂϛᜌڐѵȂ݃ҪЋષȂณ࣐ඉᐕȂᡞҐܳઢȂп෭ιЉ ӵϟዄȂٌดҾٷιჩ࠲ϟѵȂՅ੒཯ιณٲϟཿȂਫ਼ਫ਼ᒁᒁоȂ ᐡఢϟѾȂ҆ၸιЗȄȌȌҔنᖛȂᒹՇҭȂЗע஠ιϲȂ೾ႁ ጯιΚȄȌȌདՅᔗȂय़Յ୞ȂϛூϑՅ܂ȂԄӏϟ㈆ȂԄෂϟ ܺȂпၿ࣐ṵȂԥࡠՅดȄܳڐЋఽϟҐՅณܛৡᇅȂՅޑณ૗ ᕋȂᄑ↘ՅຏȂఽႯՅณȦࡧኍȧ145Ȅ ೼ᆎȶߖܼܓȷՅȶӬιၿȷޠѓЊঔ࣐Ȃ൸࢑ဤᄃӶᄈݾΚϐޠ௒ཏȃ ༟మϟαȇӱ࣐ȂΚԄȲ঩ၿଌȳϜܛᇴȈ Њൊࡦ޲Ȃၿϟ٤ηȇነඎ޲Ȃ኉ϟѷηȇԂኘ޲ȂЗϟႇηȇ ༟మ޲ȂܓϟತηȄȌȌࢉЗϛነ዆Ȃ኉ϟՎηȇ೾ՅϛᡑȂᓘ ϟՎηȇ༟మϛၸȂຏϟՎηȇณܛԂኘȂ҂ϟՎηȇϛᇅޑයȂ ᆟϟՎȄ૗ԫϥ޲Ȃࠍ೾ܼઢ݃ȄȌȌ146 ȶઢ݃ϟٲȂϛѠпහѾ࣐ηȂϛѠп๑Ωयηȷ147ȂՅȶ૗ԫϥ޲ȷȂ ࠔѠпȶ೾ܼઢ݃ȷȈ٦࢑Ҧܼȶၿ኉α೾ȷ148ޠ๗ݏȄᙜ࢑ϟࢉȂᐄԫ ᇅᕘߴ౪܉ȳȂȮলᏱᇅНϾȯಒΡΫϥڣಒΟ෉Ȟ1998ȟȈ834Ȅ 144 ᜱܼȮ౑ࠓφȯਫϜޠ౪དྷ΢ޑȂଷȶ઎΢ȷȃȶဒ΢ȷϟңᇮѵȂᗚԥܛᒞȶՎ΢ȷȃȶႁ΢ȷȃ ΞՎȶτ΢ȷȃȶဒеȷϟ᜹ޠᆏڴȇՅڐϜпȶဒ΢ȷ೼ΚңᇮȂя౫ޠԪ኶ഷӼȄ፝୥ُ ചᝌਵȂȲ౑ࠓφޠၿ፤ȳȂԞᓄܼȮಒѳ۪୾ርܿᏱτཽȆಒΚԪзࣩၿᏱཽឋཽࡤ፤Н໲ȯ ȞѯіȈϜ๽Җ୾ՃೆᏱཽȂ1988ȟȈ72Ȅ 145ၐُեᄀȂȮ౑ࠓφ໲មȯڣΝȂȲᆡઢଌȳȈ521-523Ȅ൸ϜȂȶఽႯՅณࡧኍȷΚѰޠȶࡧ ኍȷΡԆȂ࿌փȇ፝୥ُ၏ਫȂॳ 523Ȅ 146ၐُեᄀȂȮ౑ࠓφ໲មȯڣΚȂȲ঩ၿଌȳȈ62-63Ȅ 147ၐُեᄀȂȮ౑ࠓφ໲មȯڣΡΫȂȲ੏ఋଌȳȈ1375Ȅ 148ၐُեᄀȂȮ౑ࠓφ໲មȯڣϳȂȲ៕জଌȳȈ485Ȅ

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ՅߖҐܼȶฅ؞ȷޠȶЋΚȷȂϘ٘пད୞ΚϹ΢ޑᇅϐࣻᔗȂՅӶٲ՘ α૗஋ȶᅒดณ࣐Յณϛ࣐ηȷȂܗ࢑Ӷ࢈ఁР८ႁژȶᐯดณݾηՅณ ϛݾηȷ149Ȅ

ϥȃདᔗࡧᆱܛోចޠȶӤਣܓȷᢏ܉

൸ߓ౫࣐ȶ੊᜹ࣻ୞ȷ೼ᆎ᜹࠯ޠདᔗࡧᆱٿᇴȂȮ֗ЫࢍऎȯᇅȮ౑ ࠓφȯޠ፞Ӽ፤ᘉȂܗ೩τयႫӤ150ȄڏᡞᇴٿȂѻউഎᇰ࣐ޑשȃ΢ ϐȃΞՎЉ΢ϟ໣ȂೄϛԇӶ຀࢛ᆎߩঐ΢лᢏහѾܛ૗௥ขȃජඬȂ Յй࢑ҦѠُםຬ֖ᡘϟࠊޠȶᆡ੊ȷ೼ᆎஆҐ፵૗ܛМእକٿޠϲӶ Ϥ୞ᐡښȄᄈܼ೼ᆎഀᛯ࿳ޑޠϲӶϤ୞ᐡښȂѻউٻңȶདᔗȷ೼ঐ ᢏ܉ٿ৥໡፤ख़ȇՅ࿳ޑ܅ԫึҢȶདᔗȷޠΚ໷ஆҐ೤ۢȂࠍ࢑ܛᒞ ȶ᜹ӤȷȄ೼η൸࢑ᇴȈȶ᜹ӤȷޠᚗРȃ׼ܗӼኻޠٲޑϟ໣ȂѠпࣻ ϤѣЖȃ܅ԫ௱୞ȄӱԫȂ൸΢ٲၽձቺ८ٿᇴȂ΢উѠпஆܼ೼ᆎད ᔗޠஆҐ౪ࠍȂՅࢋ৥ڐȶ᜹௱ȷȞAnalogyȟޠ౪ܓࡧᆱࣁ୞Ȃٿᢏᄇ ࢛᜹ٲޑȂпΠޤܗႲُ၏᜹ٲޑ࢑֐я౫ȂٯйηѠᙥҦ࢛Κ੬ۢٲ ޑȂٿདѣӤ᜹ޠڐуٲޑٿᔗȄϛႇȂᄈܼܛᒞȶ౵᜹ȷޠٲޑȂᜳ ၿѻউ܅ԫ൸రณདᔗαޠѠ૗༞ȉᔯ፞Ȯ֗ЫࢍऎȯᇅȮ౑ࠓφȯΡ ਫ၈ޠᇴݳȂծоᗚґ෇ଭᄈ೼ᆎ௒ݸȂ৥໡Ҕ८ޠ፤ख़ȄดࠍȂᐄ౪ ՅፚȂᇴ࣐ȶ౵᜹ȷޠٲޑȂ઎ޠϛڏറࣻϤདѣՅ܅ԫԥܛڴᔗޠӉ եஆᙄ༞ȉ 149 ၐُեᄀȂȮ౑ࠓφ໲មȯڣΚȂȲ঩ၿଌȳȈ48Ȅѫ፝୥ُ᎓ًᐚȂȮ౑ࠓφ೾፤ȯȈ71-73Ȅ 150ԄݏȮ౑ࠓφȯ઎ԄᏱ޲ܛᇴȂ࢑пȮ֗Ыࢍऎȯ࣐ȶᙣҐȷܛቹԚޠΚഌ຀ձȂ٦ቅȂѻ উϟ໣ڏԥࣻ࿌ା࡚ޠႫӤܓȂՍดη൸ϛᜳ౪၍ΠȄ፝୥ُԺយᠨȂȲȮ౑ࠓφȯᄈȮ֗Ы ࢍऎȯޠ᝸ܜᇅึදȳȂԞᓄܼചჃᔗлጢȂȮၿঢ়НϾःفȯಒΫѳᒯȞ1998ȟȈ352Ȅ

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