跨國公司對在地國之影響: 以俄羅斯天然氣工業集團為例 - 政大學術集成
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(2) 摘. 要. 本文研究重點為探討跨國公司對在地國之影響,分析與比較俄羅斯天然氣工業 集團(Gazprom Group)在烏克蘭與白俄羅斯兩國之議價關係。 Gazprom 為全球壟斷性天然氣公司,在 2006 年冬季俄、烏天然氣談判破局而發 生歐洲大規模斷氣事件後,其對在地國的特殊影響力才逐漸成為各界熱烈討論之議 題。一般而言,在全球化下的跨國公司研究多半聚焦在跨國公司的經濟影響力,然 而 Gazprom 在母國政府的支持下,在全球市場上除了經濟面外,還對其他國家發揮. 治 政 大 對於 Gazprom 的主流評論認為 Gazprom 為母國外交工具,然而追溯 Gazprom、在地 立 著政治面向上的影響力,特別是在烏克蘭與白俄羅斯的例子上格外明顯。學界目前. 國與俄羅斯三方之天然氣關係背景,發現 Gazprom 在烏、白兩國之作為不能單純將. ‧ 國. 學. Gazprom 設想為「母國外交工具」 ,Gazprom 與兩國之天然氣衝突是俄羅斯政府「外. ‧. 交目標」與 Gazprom「商業獲利」考量下之綜合結果;以 Gazprom 為主體方向下思 考,對 Gazprom 來說,俄羅斯政府是企業對在地國的「產業政策影響工具」,更正. y. Nat. er. io. sit. 確地來說,Gazprom 與俄羅斯政府是屬於互相為用的關係。. 為破除既定「外交工具」思考方向,本文採議價能力衰減模型(Obsolescing. al. n. v i n Bargaining Model)作為基礎研究架構,以 Gazprom 為研究主體,突破以往傳統上單 Ch engchi U 層議價模型中只論跨國公司與在地國之議價過程,加入母國政府與在地國政府之議 價關係,分析俄與烏、白兩國政府議價結果與 Gazprom 影響力之關聯,以貼合本文 案例實際研究需要。. 關鍵字:跨國公司、俄羅斯天然氣工業集團、全球化、議價能力衰減模型、天然氣 糾紛. i.
(3) Abstract This paper examines the impact of multinational corporations (MNC) on host country, analyzes and compares the two cases in Ukraine and Belarus of bargaining relations between Gazprom Group and host governments. Gazprom is a global natural gas monopoly, after the breakup of gas negotiation between Russia and Ukraine and cut-off of Russian gas to Europe, its special impact on host country has attracted people of all the different circles to discuss it. In most cases of globalization researches on MNC’s role, people concentrate on the economic impact of MNC; however, with the support from home government, Gazprom has shown not only its economic power, but also its political impact on host country, especially on Ukraine and Belarus. Till now, the academic circle has seen Gazprom as an instrument of Russian foreign policy, but after tracing back the historical background of gas relations between Gazprom, host country, and Russia, we can figure out Gazprom can’t be simply regarded as the policy instrument, in fact, the Russia-Ukraine and Russia-Belarus gas disputes between are the complex of Russian foreign policy consideration and Gazprom commercial actions. For Gazprom, Russian government is an instrument as well to influence host country’s policy in gas sector. More correctly, Gazprom and Russian government use each other for their own purposes.. 立. 政 治 大. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. n. al. er. io. sit. y. Nat. To break through the existing “instrument of foreign policy” research direction, this paper uses obsolescing bargaining model as the basic framework, regarding Gazprom as the main subject, changing the traditional one-tier bargaining model into two-tier, including bargaining relationship between home government and host government, then analyzes the correlation between the governmental bargaining results and Gazprom’s bargaining power for the practical case study needs.. Ch. engchi. i n U. v. Keywords: MNC, Gazprom Group, Globalization, Obsolescing Bargaining Model, Gas dispute. ii.
(4) 目錄 第一章 緒論 ..................................................................................................... 1 第一節 第二節 第三節 第四節 第五節. 第二章. 研究動機與目的 ............................................................................................. 1 研究方法 ......................................................................................................... 5 研究範圍與限制 ............................................................................................. 6 文獻回顧 ......................................................................................................... 8 章節安排 ....................................................................................................... 19. 跨國公司理論與 Gazprom............................................................ 21. 第一節 議價能力衰減模型 ....................................................................................... 21 第二節 Gazprom 與議價能力衰減模型 ................................................................... 34 第三節 小結 ............................................................................................................... 42. 個案研究:烏克蘭 ......................................................................... 45. ‧ 國. 學. 第三章. 立. 政 治 大. ‧. 第一節 俄烏天然氣關係背景 ................................................................................... 46 第二節 俄烏天然氣議價分析 ................................................................................... 64 第三節 小結 ............................................................................................................... 91. Nat. y. 個案研究:白俄羅斯 ..................................................................... 93. sit. 第四章. n. al. er. io. 第一節 俄白天然氣關係背景 ................................................................................... 94 第二節 俄白天然氣議價分析 ................................................................................. 102 第三節 小結 ............................................................................................................. 118. 第五章. Ch. hi. en. i n U. v. gc 結論 ............................................................................................... 120. 參考文獻 ....................................................................................................... 124. i.
(5) 表目錄 表 1-1 2003-2010 年 Gazprom 對 CIS 及波羅的海國家之天然氣出口量 ........................ 3 表 2-1 1999-2010 年 Gazprom 天然氣開採量................................................................... 36 表 2-2 2001-2008 年 Gazprom 俄羅斯國內天然氣市場供應與需求量........................... 37 表 2-3 Gazprom 議價對象及目標 ...................................................................................... 40 表 2-4 2003-2010 年歐洲天然氣市場需求量及 Gazprom 供應量對照表....................... 41 表 2-5 2003-2010 年 Gazprom 對各消費市場平均售價................................................... 41 表 3-1 Gazprom 天然氣消費市場售價比較表 .................................................................. 67 表 3-2 2006 年俄、烏天然氣糾紛各主要行為者及其議價目標 ..................................... 71 表 3-3 2009 年俄、烏天然氣糾紛各主要行為者及其議價目標 ..................................... 83 表 4-1 2004 年俄、白天然氣糾紛各主要行為者及其議價目標 ................................... 104 表 4-2 2007 年俄、白天然氣糾紛各主要行為者及其議價目標 ................................... 107 表 4-3 2010 年俄、白天然氣糾紛各主要行為者及其議價目標 ................................... 118. 立. 政 治 大. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. n. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. Ch. engchi. ii. i n U. v.
(6) 圖目錄 圖 1-1 Gazprom 天然氣管線分佈圖 .................................................................................... 4 圖 2-1 OBM 模型―跨國公司和在地國議價能力消長趨勢 ............................................ 23 圖 2-2 傳統 OBM 模型 ...................................................................................................... 29 圖 2-3 OBM 兩層議價模型 ................................................................................................ 31 圖 2-4 1999-2010 年 Gazprom 天然氣產量成長率........................................................... 37 圖 2-5 2010 年俄羅斯能源消耗種類比例 ......................................................................... 38 圖 2-6 2003-2010 年 Gazprom 稅後淨利統計.................................................................. 39 圖 2-7 1996-2011 年 Gazprom 市值統計 ........................................................................... 39 圖 2-8 Gazprom 與在地國議價分析架構 .......................................................................... 43 圖 3-1 2007 年烏克蘭能源消耗種類 ................................................................................. 47 圖 4-1 2007 年白俄羅斯能源消耗種類比例 ..................................................................... 94. 立. 政 治 大. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. n. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. Ch. engchi. iii. i n U. v.
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