金屬離子與誘引劑處理對丹參毛狀根生長與丹參酮累積之影響
全文
(2) 50. 台灣農業研究. 提高二次代謝物產率與縮短培養週期等諸多優 點;此外,藉由改善培養基組成分、添加前驅 物與誘引劑及利用反應器培養等策略,經由放 大培養規模可大量獲得重要二次代謝物,具有 商 業 開 發 之 潛 力 (Bourgaud et al. 2001; Georgiev et al. 2007; Kim et al. 2002; Radman et al. 2003; Zhao et al. 2005; Zhong 2001)。近年 來,利用轉殖毛狀根培養應用於二次代謝物生 產,相較於細胞培養策略,毛狀根具有遺傳穩 定 性 高 及 產 率 較 高 之 優 點 (Bourgaud et al. 2001; Hamill & Lidgett 1997; Hu & Du 2006; Zhang et al. 2005)。毛狀根培養生產二次代謝物 並 可 藉 由 添 加 生 物 性 (biotic) 或 非 生 物 性 (abiotic) 誘引劑等處理,促進毛狀根的藥用成 分大量累積 (Hu & Du 2006; Georgiev et al. 2007; Radman et al. 2003; Zhang et al. 2005; Zhao et al. 2005);前者如真菌或細菌類誘引劑 (fungal or bacterial elicitors) (Ge & Wu 2005b; Pitta-Alvarez et al. 2000; Shi et al. 2007; Yan et al. 2005, 2006a);後者如乾旱、高鹽、受傷等環 境因子和金屬離子 (Cd2+, Co2+, Cu2+, Ag+ 等) (Ge & Wu 2005b; Pitta-Alvarez et al. 2000; Yan et al. 2006a) ; 此 外 , 許 多 訊 息 傳 導 物 質 (transduction signal) 及其衍生物,如水楊酸 (salicylic acid, SA) 、 茉 莉 酸 (jasmonic acid, JA)、茉莉酸甲酯 (methyl jasmonic acid, MJ)、 離層酸 (abscisic acid, ABA) 等物質也具有促 進二次代謝物累積的效果 (Kang et al. 2004; Ge & Wu 2005a; Wang et al. 2007);然而亦有部 份報告之結果顯示,施用誘引劑常會抑制毛狀 根生長 (Ge & Wu 2005a; Guo et al. 2005; Kang et al. 2004; Pitta-Alvarez et al. 2000; Yan et al. 2006a)。 目前,藉由丹參毛狀根培養生產丹參酮已 有相當的報導 (Chen et al. 2001; Ge & Wu 2005a, 2005b; Guo et al. 2005; Hu & Alfermann 1993, 1999; Shi et al. 2007; Wang et al. 2007;. 第 59 卷. 第1期. Yan et al. 2005, 2006a)。本研究室利用已建立之 丹參毛狀根固態培養系統 (Lin 2005),並以液 態培養繁殖毛狀根生產丹參酮,惟丹參酮類生 產效率仍待提高 (Chen et al. 2008)。因此,本 研究以添加生物性酵母誘引劑 (yeast elicitor, YE) 與非生物性之金屬離子、茉莉酸 (JA) 與 離層酸 (ABA),探討其施用濃度及時間對丹參 毛狀根生長與丹參酮累積之影響,作為建立丹 參毛狀根大量培養生產丹參酮系統之重要參考 依據。. 材料與方法 丹參毛狀根培養 本試驗所用之毛狀根為農桿根群菌 (Agrobacterium rhizogenes, R1601) 感 染 丹 參 (S. miltiorrhiza) 無菌瓶苗葉片所得 (Lin 2005)。 毛狀根培養於含有 3%蔗糖之 B5 (Gamborg et al. 1968) 固態培養基,於 25℃ ± 1℃恆溫、黑 暗環境靜置培養 4 週後,切取根尖 (長約 1.5 cm) 作為液態培養試驗接種材料。. 培養基製作與培養環境 固態培養基在加入 9 g/L Bacto-agar (Difco, U.S.A.) 前先以 0.1–1 N NaOH 及 HCl 將 pH 值 調至 5.7 ± 0.1,液態培養基之成分相同於固 態培養基,但不添加凝膠物質,且 pH 值調為 5.2 ± 0.1。培養基以 121℃、15 lb/in2 (1.05 kg/cm2) 進行高溫高壓滅菌 15 分鐘後冷卻備用。液態培 養於 250-mL 錐形瓶注入 40 mL B5 培養液,每 瓶接種 10 個根尖培植體,每處理接種 3 瓶,於 25℃、暗培養環境、以 80 rpm 速度之水平迴轉 振盪器振搖培養。. 誘引劑溶液之製備 酵母誘引劑 (yeast elicitor, YE) 係以 25 g yeast extract powder (酵母抽出物粉末,USB, USA) 溶於 125 mL 純水後加入 100 mL 甲醇 (methanol),置於 4℃冰箱 4 天後,移除上層液, 沉澱物再重複上述步驟 2 次後,加入 50 mL 純.
(3) 誘引劑與毛狀根丹參酮累積. 水後備用 (Hahn et al. 1978) 。水楊酸 (salicylic acid, SA; Sigma)、茉莉酸 (jasmonic acid, JA; Sigma) 及 離 層 酸 [(±)- abscisic acid, ABA; Sigma] 以 95%乙醇 (ethyl alcohol) 溶解後,再 加入純水配製成 400 mg/L 溶液,以 0.45 μm 濾 膜 (Millipore,日本) 過濾備用。. 金屬離子對毛狀根乾重與丹參酮累積之影 響 毛狀根振搖培養至第 4 週時,於培養液中 添加 CoCl2、CuSO4、FeSO4 與 MnSO4 溶液,使 培養液中各金屬離子最終濃度分別為 2.5、5 μM Co2+,2.5、5 μM Cu2+,50、100 及 200 μM Fe2+, 30、60 及 120 μM Mn2+,再經 4 週振搖培養後, 調查毛狀根乾重與丹參酮含量。. 誘引劑處理對毛狀根乾重與丹參酮累積之 影響 毛狀根振搖培養達 8 週時,於培養液中加 入誘引劑溶液,使培養液中誘引劑之終濃度分 別為 1.875 mg/L JA、400 mg/L SA、400 mg/L YE 及 2 mg/L ABA,繼續培養 2 週後收獲調查。. 離層酸濃度處理對毛狀根生長與丹參酮累 積之影響 毛狀根振搖培養達 8 週時,於培養液中添 加 ABA 溶液,使其在培養液中之終濃度分別 為 1、2 與 4 mg/L,持續培養 1、2、3 及 4 週 後分別收獲調查。. 毛狀根乾重與丹參酮含量分析 毛狀根乾重、檢品製備與丹參酮之 HPLC 分析係依據 Chen et al. (2008) 之方法。簡述如 下:毛狀根乾重係將毛狀根於 45℃烘箱乾燥 2 天所得重量。乾燥毛狀根經研磨後,以二氯甲 烷 (dichloromethane):甲醇 = 1:4 混合溶劑萃 取兩次,合併濾液以真空減壓濃縮機 (EYELA, 日本) 濃縮,再以甲醇定容後以 0.45 μm 濾膜 過濾,以 HPLC 法分別檢測丹參酮 I (Tanshinone I, Tan I)、丹參酮 IIA (Tanshinone IIA, Tan IIA). 51. 與隱丹參酮 (Cryptotanshinone, Crypto) (丹參 酮類標準品購自九鼎生技,台灣)。萃取分析所 使用之溶劑,均使用 Merck (美國) 公司 LC 級 試劑。. 資料收集與統計分析 試 驗 採 用 完 全 逢 機 設 計 (Completely Randomized Design, CRD) 設計,每處理 3 重 複,毛狀根乾重與丹參酮含量係取自同批培養 3 瓶毛狀根之平均值。所得資料經 SAS 8.2 (SAS Institute Inc. 2001) 套裝統計分析軟體進行變 方分析 (ANOVA),若處理效應顯著 (p < 0.05), 則進而利用最小顯著性差異 (least significance difference, LSD) 測驗比較各處理平均值間之 差異。. 結. 果. 金屬離子對毛狀根乾重與丹參酮累積之影 響 表 1 結果顯示,4 種金屬離子中以添加 Cu2+ 處理之丹參毛狀根乾重最高, Fe2+與 Mn2+處理 次之,Co2+與對照組最低;而毛狀根中隱丹參 酮 (Crypto)、丹參酮 I (Tan I) 與丹參酮 IIA (Tan IIA) 之總量 (簡稱丹參酮含量) 的累積,則是 以添加 2.5、5 μM Co2+處理最高,分別達到 6.9、6.5 mg/g,100 μM Fe2+處理次之,60 μM Mn2+再次之,但均高於對照組之 4.46 mg/g。在 總產量方面則以 2.5 μM Co2+與 100 μM Fe2+處 理最高,分別達到 42、46 mg/L,其次為 60 μM Mn2+處理。所有金屬離子濃度之添加均較對照 組為高,僅 2.5 μM Cu2+相似於對照組。此外, 2.5 μM Co2+與 100 μM Fe2+處理促進丹參酮累 積之效果,主要均為 Crypto 含量的增加,分別 可達對照組的 1.5 與 1.8 倍。各金屬離子添加處 理之毛狀根生長情形如圖 1 所示,在毛狀根生 長量、毛狀根顏色與培養液顏色的表現均有差 異,毛狀根外觀紅色較深者經 HPLC 分析顯 示,其丹參酮含量亦較高。.
(4) 52. 第 59 卷. 台灣農業研究. 第1期. 表 1. 添加金屬離子對丹參毛狀根乾重與丹參酮含量的影響 Table 1. Influence of metal ions on dry weight and tanshinone production of Salvia miltiorrhiza hairy root culture. Treatment (μM) z Control 2+. Co (2.5) 2+. Tanshinones x (mg/g dw). Dry weight (g/L). Tan IIA. SUM. Yield (mg/L). 1.17 ± 0.031 d. 0.82 ± 0.031 c. 4.46 ± 0.084 d. 24.89 ± 1.078 f. 4.47 ± 0.016 a. 1.55 ± 0.009 a. 0.89 ± 0.005 b. 6.91 ± 0.030 a. 42.02 ± 4.230 a. Crypto y. 2.47 ± 0.022 b. 6.08 ± 0.629 cd. 5.58 ± 0.144 d. Tan I. Co (5.0). 4.33 ± 1.433 e. 4.11 ± 0.003 a. 1.48 ± 0.032 a. 0.85 ± 0.013 b. 6.45 ± 0.048 a. 27.93 ± 9.307 e. Cu2+ (2.5). 10.67 ± 0.382 a. 0.92 ± 0.020 e. 0.50 ± 0.037 e. 0.68 ± 0.002 d. 2.09 ± 0.057 f. 22.31 ± 0.617 f. 2+. 10.50 ± 0.500 a. 0.60 ± 0.017 f. 0.37 ± 0.015 f. 0.27 ± 0.001 e. 1.24 ± 0.032 g. 13.02 ± 0.831 g. 2+. 8.32 ± 0.012 b. 1.99 ± 0.008 c. 1.04 ± 0.005 cd. 0.79 ± 0.004 c. 3.82 ± 0.017 e. 30.77 ± 0.140 d. 2+. 8.29 ± 0.016 b. 3.59 ± 0.002 ab. 1.32 ± 0.001 ab. 0.90 ± 0.001 b. 5.81 ± 0.005 b. 45.86 ± 1.410 a. 2+. Cu (5.0) Fe (50) Fe (100) Fe (200). 8.51 ± 0.028 b. 1.92 ± 0.003 d. 0.85 ± 0.001 d. 0.60 ± 0.001 d. 3.37 ± 0.004 e. 27.15 ± 0.820 e. 2+. 8.02 ± 0.020 bc. 2.14 ± 0.001 c. 1.26 ± 0.002 bc. 0.95 ± 0.001 a. 4.35 ± 0.001 d. 34.79 ± 1.090 c. 2+. 7.53 ± 0.010 c. 2.70 ± 0.006 b. 1.31 ± 0.004 ab. 0.95 ± 0.003 a. 4.96 ± 0.013 c. 38.21 ± 0.100 b. 2+. 7.86 ± 0.026 bc. 2.05 ± 0.007 c. 1.10 ± 0.003 cd. 0.77 ± 0.002 c. 3.92 ± 0.012 e. 31.14 ± 2.180 d. Mn (30) Mn (60) Mn (120) z. y x. Hairy root of Salvia miltiorrhiza was cultured on liquid B5 medium for 4 weeks at 80 rpm shaking speed condition, and then treated with various concentration of cobalt ion (Co2+), copper ion (Cu2+), iron ion (Fe2+), and manganese ion (Mn2+) for an additional 4 weeks of culture. Values are mean ± SE of three samples. Means with different letters in the same column are significantly different (p < 0.05) by least significance difference test. Tanshinones include cryptotanshinone (Crypto), tanshinone I (Tan I), and tanshinone IIA (Tan IIA). SUM is the total content summing up of Crypto, Tan I and Tan II A.. 誘引劑處理對毛狀根乾重與丹參酮累積之 影響. 與 2%乙醇之對照組,在顏色表現方面與未添 加純水與乙醇前相比較並無明顯不同。. 不同誘引劑添加試驗結果如表 2 所示,誘 引劑處理組在乾重上與對照組無顯著差異,顯 示四種誘引劑處理對毛狀根生長無不良影響。 誘引劑處理組之丹參酮含量為 0.51–2 mg/g dw; 其中茉莉酸、酵母誘引劑及離層酸處理之丹參 酮單位含量均高於對照組,其中離層酸單位含 量約為對照組的 3.4 倍最佳;而茉莉酸與酵母 誘引劑則分別約為對照組的 1.8 及 1.5 倍次之, 水楊酸處理對於丹參酮累積則無效果。在丹參 酮總產量方面,茉莉酸、酵母誘引劑及離層酸 處理組均明顯高於對照組。圖 2 (A1–F1) 為誘 引劑處理前之毛狀根生長情形,而圖 2 之 C2–F2 可明顯看出添加誘引劑後培養液紅色加 深的現象,而圖 2 之 A2 與 B2 為分別加入純水. 離層酸處理濃度對毛狀根生長與丹參酮累 積之影響 於添加 1、2 及 4 mg/L ABA 後 1–4 週收穫 毛狀根調查之結果如圖 3 顯示,就乾重而言, ABA 處理組間在添加處理後 1–4 週之毛狀根乾 重約為 3.5–4.7 g/ L 之間,處理組間差異並不顯 著,但均較對照組為低,且在 ABA 處理後第 3 週時之差異達顯著水準,第 4 週時則 ABA 處 理間已無顯著差異,但仍均高於對照組。若就 丹參酮單位含量而言,在 ABA 處理後 1–3 週 時,1 mg/L ABA 處理對於丹參酮累積效果最 佳,在 ABA 處理後第 3 週時可達 5.1 mg/g,且 顯著高於 2、4 mg/L ABA 處理與對照組。在丹 參酮總產量方面,1、2 及 4 mg/L ABA 處理在.
(5) 誘引劑與毛狀根丹參酮累積. 53. 圖 1. 鈷、銅、鐵與錳離子對丹參毛狀根生長與丹參酮累積之影響。 Fig. 1. Influence of cobalt ion (Co2+), copper ion (Cu2+), iron ion (Fe2+), and manganese ion (Mn2+) on growth and tanshinone production of Salvia miltiorrhiza hairy root culture. Hairy root was cultured on a liquid B5 medium for 4 weeks at 80 rpm shaking speed in the dark (A), and then treated with 0 μM (B), 2.5 μM Co2+ (C), 5 μM Co2+ (D), 2.5 μM Cu2+ (E), 5 μM Cu2+ (F), 50 μM Fe2+ (G), 100 μM Fe2+ (H), 200 μM Fe2+ (I), 30 μM Mn2+ (J), 60 μM Mn2+ (K), and 120 μM Mn2+ (L) for an additional 4 weeks of culture..
(6) 54. 台灣農業研究. 第 59 卷. 第1期. 表 2. 酵母誘引劑、茉莉酸、水楊酸及離層酸對丹參毛狀根乾重與丹參酮含量的影響 Table 2. Influence of yeast elicitor, jasmonic acid, salicylic acid, and abscisic acid on dry weight and tanshinone production of Salvia miltiorrhiza hairy root culture. Treatment (weeks). z. Control (4). Tanshinones w (mg/g dw). Dry weight (g/L) 3.00 ± 0.104 c. Crypto y. Tan I. 0.17 ± 0.001 d 0.12 ± 0.001 c. Tan IIA nd. x. SUM. Yield (mg/L). 0.29 ± 0.002 d. 0.87 ± 0.031 e. Control (8). 5.17 ± 0.667 b. 0.22 ± 0.002 c 0.17 ± 0.001 c. 0.16 ± 0.001 c. 0.55 ± 0.003 c. 2.84 ± 0.359 d. Control (10). 8.02 ± 0.145 a. 0.11 ± 0.001 d 0.23 ± 0.002 b. 0.24 ± 0.002 b. 0.58 ± 0.002 c. 4.65 ± 0.045 c. YE 400 mg/L (10). 7.77 ± 0.460 a. 0.42 ± 0.001 b 0.26 ± 0.002 b. 0.20 ± 0.005 b. 0.88 ± 0.004 b. 6.84 ± 0.421 b. JA 1.875 mg/L (10). 7.72 ± 0.426 a. 0.42 ± 0.001 b 0.35 ± 0.013 a. 0.25 ± 0.004 b. 1.02 ± 0.016 b. 7.87 ± 0.376 b. SA 400 mg/L (10). 7.87 ± 0.242 a. 0.20 ± 0.003 c 0.17 ± 0.004 c. 0.14 ± 0.002 c. 0.51 ± 0.003 c. 4.01 ± 0.124 d. ABA 2 mg/L (10). 8.60 ± 0.362 a. 1.19 ± 0.002 a 0.39 ± 0.005 a. 0.42 ± 0.001 a. 2.00 ± 0.001 a. 17.20 ± 0.730 a. z. y x w. Hairy root of Salvia miltiorrhiza was cultured on liquid B5 medium for 8 weeks at 80 rpm, and then treated with 1250 mg/L yeast elicitor (YE), 1.875 mg/L jasmonic acid (JA), 400 mg/L salicylic acid (SA), and 2 mg/L abscisic acid (ABA) for an additional 2 weeks of culture. Values are mean ± SE of three samples. Means with different letters in the same column are significantly different (p < 0.05) by least significance difference test. nd = non-detected. Tanshinones include cryptotanshinone (Crypto), tanshinone I (TanI), and tanshinone IIA (Tan IIA). SUM is the total content of Crypto, TanI, and Tan IIA.. 處理後 1 及 2 週時之產量分別約為 7.8–10.4 mg/g 及 12.3–14.3 mg/g 之間,處理間差異並不顯著; 但在處理後第 3 週時,1 mg/L ABA 處理組之丹 參酮總產量可達 22.9 mg/L,顯著高於 2 及 4 mg/L ABA 處理與對照組,但在第 4 週時則降為 21.6 mg/L,但仍顯著高於對照組。此外,2 及 4 mg/L ABA 處理後第 3 週時已達 16.7 mg/L 與 17.4 mg/L,亦顯著高於對照組,但在第 4 週時 與對照組相較已無顯著差異。 表 3 結果為 ABA 處理後第 3 週之各別丹參 酮含量,顯示 ABA 處理對 3 種丹參酮累積均有 促進效果,但 ABA 三種濃度處理間並無顯著差 異,其中以隱丹參酮的累積效果最佳,1 mg/L ABA 處理之隱丹參酮含量達 3.93 mg/g;丹參酮 IIA 累積也以 1 mg/L ABA 處理最高可達 0.41 mg/g;丹 參酮 I 含量與對照組相較差異並不顯著。. 討. 論. 植物於自然環境遭受微生物侵襲或各種不 利生長的環境因子的影響時,會啟動本身之防. 禦機制,常以產生某些二次代謝物以抵抗逆 境,此類物質稱為植物防禦素 (phytoalexin); 而這些誘導植物防禦素形成的物質即可稱之為 誘引劑或誘導子 (elicitor) (Bourgaud et al. 2001; Radman et al. 2003)。在細胞或器官培養過程中 添加誘引劑,具有誘使培養物產生特定產物之 功效,因此在離體培養上常被用來提高二次代 謝物之方法 (Wasternack et al. 1998; Radman et al. 2003; Zhao et al. 2005)。 Guo et al. (2005) 於丹參 (S. miltiorrhiza) 不定根培養結果指出,Fe2+與 Mn2+濃度太高與 不足均抑制不定根生長,Cu2+與 Mg2+於高濃度 下可促進其生長,而在低濃度 Zn2+、Cu2+、 Mg2+與高濃度 Fe2+、Mn2+的條件下均具有促 進 Tan IIA 累積的效果。本研究結果顯示,Cu2+ 處理有利於毛狀根乾重增加,但不利於丹參酮 的累積,而 Co2+處理之效果主要在促進丹參酮 的累積。適當濃度之 Fe2+與 Mn2+處理不但可促 進毛狀根乾重的提高,亦可提高丹參酮的含 量,其中以 100 μM Fe2+處理效果最佳,此結果.
(7) 誘引劑與毛狀根丹參酮累積. 與 Guo et al. (2005) 丹參不定根培養所得結果 相似。此外,本研究之培養液萃取後經 HPLC 分析,其紅色深淺與丹參酮含量有關,顯示丹 參酮可由毛狀根釋放至培養基中 (資料未列)。. 55. Chen et al. (2001) 於丹參毛狀根培養過程 添加不同濃度的 YE 溶液,結果顯示毛狀根乾 重從 3.9 g/L 增至 7.3 g/L;而隱丹參酮含量也從 0.001%增至 0.096%。Ge & Wu (2005a) 於丹參毛. 圖 2. 酵母誘引劑、茉莉酸、水楊酸與 ABA 對丹參毛狀根生長與丹參酮累積之影響。 Fig. 2. Influence of yeast elicitor (YE), jasmonic acid (JA), salicylic acid (SA) and abscisic acid (ABA) on growth and tanshinones production of Salvia miltiorrhiza hairy root culture. Hairy root was cultured on a liquid B5 medium for 8 weeks at 80 rpm shaking speed condition, root growth before (A1, B1, C1, D1, E1, and F1) and after treated with H2O (A2), 2% ethyl alcohol (B2), 1250 mg/L YE (C2), 1.875 mg/L JA (D2), 400 mg/L SA (E2), and 2 mg/L ABA (F2) for an additional 2 weeks of culture..
(8) 56. 台灣農業研究. 第 59 卷. 第1期. 圖 3. 添加離層酸對丹參毛狀根乾重與丹參酮在培養期間之表現。 Fig. 3. Time-course study of additional abscisic acid (ABA) on dry weight (A), tanshinones content (B) and tanshinones yield (C) of Salvia miltiorrhiza hairy root culture. Hairy root was cultured on a liquid B5 medium for 8 weeks at 80 rpm shaking speed condition, and then treated with 2% ethyl alcohol (control), 1, 2 and 4 mg/L ABA for an additional 1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks of culture.. 狀根試驗結果指出,β-氨基丁酸 (β-aminobutyric acid, BABA) 與 BABA + YE 處理均可促進丹 參酮累積,且 BABA 具有提高 YE 促進丹參酮 累積的效果,雖然 MJ 也具有誘發 YE 促進丹 參酮累積的效果,但 MJ 效果較差,然 BABA 會抑制丹參毛狀根生長,而 MJ 則對其生長並 無影響。Yan et al. (2006a) 指出生物性與非生. 物性誘引劑均能提升丹參毛狀根丹參酮的產 量,但其中 Co 2+ 處理會抑制毛狀根生長的結 果,且生物性誘引劑所誘導之丹參酮主要以 Crypto 為主,而非生物性誘引劑則以促進 Tan I 產生為主。Yan et al. (2006b) 於丹參毛狀根的 培養過程中添加 100 mg/L YE,其丹參酮 (Crypto + Tan I + Tan IIA) 含量從 0.46 mg/g 增.
(9) 誘引劑與毛狀根丹參酮累積. 57. 表 3. 離層酸處理對丹參毛狀根之不同種類丹參酮含量的影響 Table 3. Influence of abscisic acid (ABA) on content of various tanshinones in Salvia miltiorrhiza hairy root culture Treatment (culturing weeks) z. Tanshinones x (mg/g dw) Crypto. Tan I. Tan IIA. Control (4). 0.15 ± 0.000 c. 0.50 ± 0.000 b. 0.20 ± 0.001 b. Control (8). 0.84 ± 0.002 b. 0.34 ± 0.000 c. 0.15 ± 0.000 b. Control (11). 1.22 ± 0.017 b. 0.69 ± 0.011 ab. 0.18 ± 0.000 b. ABA 1 mg/L (11). 3.93 ± 0.006 a. 0.75 ± 0.000 a. 0.41 ± 0.002 a. ABA 2 mg/L (11). 3.56 ± 0.000 a. 0.81 ± 0.000 a. 0.39 ± 0.002 a. ABA 4 mg/L (11). 3.44 ± 0.007 a. 0.73 ± 0.001 a. 0.36 ± 0.001 a. z y x. Hairy root of Salvia miltiorrhiza was cultured on liquid B5 medium for 8 weeks at 80 rpm, and then treated with 1, 2, and 4 mg/L abscisic acid (ABA) for an additional 3 weeks of culture. Values are mean ± SE of three samples. Means with different letters in the same column are significantly different (p < 0.05) by least significance difference test. Tanshinones include cryptotanshinone (Crypto), tanshinone I (Tan I), and tanshinone IIA (Tan IIA).. 為 1.37 mg/g;生物性誘引劑 [YE、寡半乳糖醛 酸 (oligogalacturonids) 及真菌 (fungal elicitor)] 與非生物性誘引劑 [Ag+、Co2+及 α-氨基異丁酸 (α-amino isobutyric acid)] 的比較試驗結果顯 示,生物性誘引劑對丹參酮類成分的誘導能力 較非生物性誘引劑為佳。本研究預備試驗結果 顯示,在丹參毛狀根培養中添加酵母誘引劑 (YE)、茉莉酸 (JA)、水楊酸 (SA) 及離層酸 (ABA) 等誘引劑處理結果顯示,不僅對毛狀根 無生長抑制的現象,且對丹參酮累積具有促進 效果,而各處理組均有其表現最佳的處理濃度 (資料未列),因此後續誘引劑處理即採用其最 佳處理濃度進行試驗。表 2 結果顯示添加適當 濃度之 YE、JA、SA 及 ABA 對丹參毛狀根生 長並無不良影響,但就丹參酮含量而言,以 ABA 對丹參酮累積效果最佳,添加 ABA 處理 2 週後丹參酮 (Crypto + Tan I + Tan IIA) 含量約 為對照組的 3.4 倍,且 ABA 處理對 3 種主要丹參 酮皆有促進效果。本研究進一步測試不同 ABA 濃度處理不同時間之試驗結果則顯示 1 mg/L ABA 對丹參酮的誘導累積效果最佳,處理後 第 3 週之丹參酮含量為對照組的 2.4 倍,而總 產量為對照組的 1.9 倍,但 ABA 處理則會抑制. 毛狀根生長,在第 3 週時的差異已達顯著水準 (圖 3)。 Shi et al. (2007) 於丹參毛狀根培養結果指 出,在含有蔗糖的培養基中添加 YE 或山梨糖 醇 (sorbitol) 可促進丹參酮累積,但若是無蔗 糖的條件下則毛狀根無法生長,且無促進丹參 酮累積,顯示 Sorbitol 僅具有調節培養基滲透 壓 (osmotic pressure) 作用的角色,並無法被毛 狀根培養所吸收利用。Li et al. (2003) 於丹參 Ti 轉殖細胞懸浮培養中進行 YE、SA 及 YE + SA 的 添加處理,結果顯示單獨 SA 處理雖然無法增加 丹參酮含量,但 YE + SA 處理則可促進 Crypto 大量累積,同時也會抑制細胞生長,此時細胞 內 ABA 含量比對照組增加 9.8 倍,此結果似乎 顯示 ABA 與細胞生長及二次代謝物累積有 關。本研究結果顯示,ABA 處理對 3 種丹參酮 累積均有促進效果,其中對隱丹參酮的累積效 果最佳,約為對照組的 3.2 倍,丹參酮 IIA 累積 效果次之,約為對照組的 2.3 倍,而丹參酮 I 累 積雖然較對照組高,但是未達顯著水準 (表 3)。 Wang et al. (2007) 於丹參毛狀根培養結果 指出,添加 MJ 可促進丹參酮累積,並證實是 藉 由 DXP 路 徑 (deoxyxylulose phosphate,.
(10) 58. 台灣農業研究. non-mevolanate, non-MVA pathway) 所促進。 然而,Ge & Wu (2005b) 於丹參 (S. miltiorrhiza) 毛狀根培養結果指出,添加 YE 與 Ag+均可促 進丹參酮累積,但兩者所導致的丹參酮累積係 分 別 來 自 DXP 途 徑 與 異 戊 二 烯 代 謝 途 徑 (mevalonate, MVA pathway)。本研究結果顯 示,JA、YE 及各種金屬離子皆有利於丹參酮 累積,應與上述研究指出之代謝途徑有關聯, 但本研究中所使用之 ABA 對於丹參酮的累積 效果是否亦經由上述兩種途徑之一或另有其他 途徑,則有待進一步證實。 綜合本研究結果得知,適當的 Fe2+、Mn2+、 Co2+離子不但有助毛狀根乾重的累積,且可提 高毛狀根之丹參酮含量,添加 Cu2+僅對毛狀根 生長有幫助,但不利於丹參酮之生產。誘引劑 除 SA 不利丹參酮之累積外,JA 與 ABA 皆具 有促進其丹參酮累積的效果,其中 ABA 濃度 配合處理時間對丹參酮的累積將更有效率,而 且培養過程有部份丹參酮會釋放至培養液中, 可直接抽離回收而純化。因此,本研究後續將 利用適當誘引劑的添加,配合反應器培養之饋 料與吸附等問題,進行放大培養與提高產率之 相關研究,期能建構生產丹參二次代謝產物最 具優勢的生產策略。. 誌. 謝. 本試驗研究承農委會農業生物技術國家型 計畫經費補助 (NSC 95-2317-B-055-003、NSC 96-2317-B-055-007),特此申謝。. 引用文獻 (Literature cited) Bourgaud, F., A. Gravot, S. Milesi, and E. Gontier. 2001. Production of plant secondary metabolites: a historical perspective. Plant Sci. 161:839–851. Chen, H., F. Chen, C. K. Francis, C. K. Chiu, and M. Y. Lo. 2001. The effect of yeast elicitor on the growth and secondary metabolism of hairy root cultures of Salvia miltiorrhiza. Enzyme Microb. Tech. 28: 100–105.. 第 59 卷. 第1期. Chen, U. C., H. S. Chan, C. Y. Lee, J. Y. Tsao, J. C. Liu, Y. C. Lee, and C. N. Hsia. 2008. Production of tanshinones of Salvia miltiorrhiza in hairy root culture. J. Taiwan Agric. Res. 57:305–316. (in Chinese with English abstract) Gamborg, O. L., T. Miller, and K. ojima. 1968. Nutrient requirements of suspension sultures of soybean root cell. Exp. Cell Rep. 50:151–158. Ge, X. and J. Wu. 2005a. Induction and potentiation of diterpenoid tanshinone accumulation in Salvia miltiorrhiza hairy roots by β-aminobutyric acid. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 68:183–188. Ge, X. and J. Wu. 2005b. Tanshinone production and isoprenoid pathways in Salvia miltiorrhiza hairy roots induced by Ag+ and yeast elicitor. Plant Sci. 168:487–491. Georgiev, M. I., A. I. Pavlov, and T. Bley. 2007. Hairy root type plant in vitro systems as sources of bioactive substances. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 74:1175– 1185. Guo, X. H., W. Y. Gao, H. X. Chen, and L. Q. Huang. 2005. Effects of mineral cations on the accumulation of tanshinone IIA and protocatechuic aldehyde in the adventitious root culture of Salvia miltiorrhiza. China J. Chin. Mater. Med. 30:885– 888. (in Chinese with English abstract) Hamill, J. D. and A. J. Lidgett. 1997. Hairy root cultures: Opportunities and key protocols for studies in metabolic engineering. p.1–29. in: Hairy Roots: Culture and Applications. (Doran, P. M., ed.) Harwood Academic. Australia. Hahn, M. G. and P. Albersheim. 1978. Host-pathogen interactions. XIV. Isolation and partial characterization of elicitor from yeast extract. Plant Physiol. 62:107–11. Hu, P., Q. L. Liang, G. A. Luo, Z. Z. Zhao, and Z. H. Jiang. 2005. Multi-component HPLC fingerprinting of Radix Salviae miltiorrhizae and its LC-MS-MS identification. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 53:677–683. Hu, Z. B. and A. W. Alfermann. 1993. Diterpenoid production in hairy root cultures of Salvia miltiorrhiza. Phytochemistry 32:699–703. Hu, Z. B. and M. Du. 2006. Hairy root and its application in plant genetic engineering. J. Integ. Plant Biol. 48:121–127. Hu, Z. B., D. Liu, and A. W. Alfermann. 1999. Genetic transformation of Salvia miltiorrhiza. p.249–260..
(11) 誘引劑與毛狀根丹參酮累積. 59. in: Biotechnology in Agriculture and Forestry, vol. 45 (Bajaj, Y. P. S., ed.) Transgenetic Medical Plants, Springer-Verlag. New York.. Bunge (red or Chinese sage) hairy-root culture by hyperosmotic stress and yeast elicitor. Biotechnol. Appl. Biochem. 46:191–196.. Kang, S. M., H. Y. Jung, Y. M. Kang, D. J. Yun, J. D. Bahk, J. K. Yang, and M. S. Choi. 2004. Effects of methyl jasmonate and salicylic acid on the production of tropane alkaloids and the expression of PMT and H6H in adventitious root cultures of Scopolia parviflora. Plant Sci. 166:745–751.. Tang, W. and G. Eisenbrand. 1992. Salvia spp. p.891–902. in: Chinese Drugs of Plant Origin, Chemistry, Pharmacology, and Use in Traditional and Modern Medicine (Tang, W. and G. Eisenbrand, eds.) Springer-Verlag. New York.. Kim, Y. J., B. E. Wyslouzil, and P. J. Weathers. 2002. Secondary metabolism of hairy root cultures in bioreactors. In Vitro Cell Dev. Biol. Plant 38:1–10. Li, G. J., S. C. Wang, K. Xia, and X. Zhou. 2003. Effect of yeast elicitor and salicylic acid on the fluctuation of phytohormone contents in Ti-transformend Salvia miltiorrhiza cell cultures. Plant Growth Regul. 39:27–32. Li, H. B., J. P. Lai, Y. Jiang, and F. Chen. 2002. Preparative isolation and purification of salvianolic acid B from the Chinese medicinal plant Salvia miltiorrhiza by high-speed counter-current chromatography. J. Chromatogr. A 943:235–239. Lin, J. F. 2005. Development of Hairy Root Transformation System and Its Secondary Metabolites Production of Salvia miltiorrhiza. Master Thesis. National Chung Hsing University. Taichung, Taiwan. 76 pp. (in Chinese with English abstract) Lin, Y. L., C. Y. Liu, T. H. Chen, M. Y. Kang, and M. J. Don. 2003. Acetyl danshenxinkun a from Salvia miltiorrhiza. J. Chin. Med. 14:123–128. Park, S., J. S. Song, D. K. Lee, and C. H. Yang. 1999. Suppression of AP-1 activity by tanshinone and cancer cell growth inhibition. Bull. Korean Chem. Soc. 20:925–928. Pitta-Alvarez, S. I., T. C. Spollansky, and A. M. Giulietti. 2000. The influence of different biotic and abiotic elicitors on the production and profile of tropane alkaloids in hairy root cultures of Brugmansia candida. Enzyme Microb. Technol. 26:252–258. Radman, R., T. Saez, C. Bucke, and T. Keshavarz. 2003. Elicitation of plants and microbial cell system. Biotechnol. Appl. Biochem. 37:91–102. SAS Institute Inc. 2001. SAS/STAT User’s Guide. Version 8.2, vol 2. SAS Inst. Cary, NC, USA. 943 pp. Shi, M., K. W. Kwok, and J. Y. Wu. 2007. Enhancement of tanshinone production in Salvia miltiorrhiza. Wang, X. Y., G. H. Cui, L. Q. Huang, and D. Y. Qiu. 2007. Effects of methyl jasmonate on accumulation and release of tanshinones in suspension cultures of Salvia miltiorrhiza hairy root. China J. Chin. Mater. Med. 32:300–302. (in Chinese with English abstract) Wasternack, C., O. Miersch, R. Kramell, B. Hause, J. Ward, M. Beale, W. Boland, B. Parthier, and I. Feussner. 1998. Jasmonic acid: biosynthesis, signal transduction, gene expression. Fett/Lipid 100:139– 146. Yan, Q., Z. D. Hu, and J. Y. Wu. 2006a. Influence of biotic and abiotic elicitors on production of tanshinones in Salvia miltiorrhiza hairy root culture. Chin. Tradit Herb Drugs 37:262–265. (in Chinese with English abstract) Yan, Q., Z. D. Hu, R. X. Tan, and J. Y. Wu. 2005. Efficient production and recovery of diterpenoid tanshinones in Salvia miltiorrhiza hairy root cultures with in situ adsorption, elicitation and semi-continuous operation. J. Biotechnol. 119:416– 424. Yan, Q., M. Shi, J. Ng, and J. Wu. 2006b. Elicitor-induced rosmarinic acid accumulation and secondary metabolism enzyme activities in Salvia miltiorrhiza hairy roots. Plant Sci. 170:853–858. Zhang, G. Q., B. C. Wang, C. R. Duan, and K. Hu. 2005. Methods and techniques to enhance the production of secondary metabolites in hairy roots. J. Chongqing Univ. 28:121–124. (in Chinese with English abstract) Zhao, J., L. C. Davis, and R. Verpoorte. 2005. Elicitor signal transduction leading to production of plant secondary metabolites. Biotechnol. Adv. 23:283– 333. Zhong, J. J. 2001. Biochemical engineering of the production of plantspecific secondary metabolites by cell suspension cultures. Adv. Biochem. Eng. Biotechnol. 72:1–26..
(12) 60. 台灣農業研究. 第 59 卷. 第1期. Influence of Metal Ion and Elicitor on Hairy Root Growth and Production of Tanshinones of Salvia miltiorrhiza 1 Uei-Chern Chen2, Choi-Yi Lee2, Hsiao-Sung Chan3, Chin-Yi Tsao2, and Chi-Ni Hsia2,4 Abstract Chen, U. C., C. Y. Lee, H. S. Chan, J. Y. Tsao, and C. N. Hsia. 2010. Influence of metal ion and elicitor on hairy root growth and production of tanshinones of Salvia miltiorrhiza. J. Taiwan Agric. Res. 59:49–60.. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of metal ions and elicitors on root growth and tanshinones production of Salvia miltiorrhiza hairy root culture. Metal ions of Cu2+, Fe2+, Mn2+, and Co2+ with various concentrations were tested. Results showed except Co2+ treatment that Fe2+, Mn2+, and Cu2+ were all able to increase the dry weight of hairy roots, significantly comparing the control treatment. Moreover, applications of suitable concentration of Fe2+, Mn2+ and Co2+ into the medium could promote tanshinones accumulation. Among them, the 100 μM Fe2+ treatment the highest yield of tanshinones had a 1.8-fold increase than that of the control. Elicitors of yeast elicitor, jasmonic acid, abscisic acid and salicylic acid were found no effect on root growth however only the first three could enhance tanshinones production. Among elicitor treatments, best result with a 3.4-fold increase on tanshinones production was found by using 2 mg/L ABA than the control. Consecutive experiment using 1, 2, and 4 mg/L ABA in combination with expose duration was conducted. All ABA treatments resulted in higher tanshinones production than that of the control. The highest tanshinones production 22.9 mg/L was found using 1 mg/L ABA for 3-weeks exposure duration and cryptotanshinone and tanshinone IIA were counted for the major increasing part of the yield. Key words: Danshen, Salvia miltiorrhiza, Metal ion, Elicitator, Abscisic acid (ABA), Yeast elicitor (YE), Secondary metabolites, Tanshinones, Hairy root culture.. 1. Contribution No.2398 from Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute (TARI), Council of Agriculture. Accepted: March 17, 2010. 2. Respectively, Assistant Researcher, Assistant, Assistant Researcher, and Associate Researcher, Biotechnology Division, TARI, Wufeng, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC. 3. Assistant Professor, Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, Chaoyang University of Technology, Wufeng, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC. 4. Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected]; Fax: (04)23302806..
(13)
相關文件
A cylindrical glass of radius r and height L is filled with water and then tilted until the water remaining in the glass exactly covers its base.. (a) Determine a way to “slice”
In order to facilitate the schools using integrated or mixed mode of curriculum organization to adopt the modules of Life and Society (S1-3) for improving their
Then, we recast the signal recovery problem as a smoothing penalized least squares optimization problem, and apply the nonlinear conjugate gradient method to solve the smoothing
A subgroup N which is open in the norm topology by Theorem 3.1.3 is a group of norms N L/K L ∗ of a finite abelian extension L/K.. Then N is open in the norm topology if and only if
(i) spectral factorization associated with circular cones; (ii) smooth and nonsmooth analysis for f L θ given as in (7); (iii) the so-called L θ -convexity; and (iv) L θ
• Given a direction of propagation, there are two k values that are intersections of propagation direction and normal surface.. – k values ⇒ different phase velocities ( ω /k)
Project implementation steps of a DFSS t eam in Samsung SDI(2/2).. DFSS 案例
據在大馬棚者聲稱, 當時見最遠之棚,由遠而近接續倒塌, 迨後即見有數百人在 棚下之竹木攀緣逃走,