成果導向教育(OBE)的教育改革及其在美國實踐的經驗

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(1)~1fW~ f{1fW~. 2005. 8 fj. 55. , 2005 1f.. ' 55-74. JV~=M. ~*~~~W(OBE)~~W~~&~~mwa~~_. f*.J~,*. **IY:J~**. .~ fflG*~[t:iJIt1f. (Outcome-Based Education ' OBE). tt*~~. 90 if:~*)]M~~1t. ~~®m~mmWn~,~~~mltw~~®m~'rnm~~~~A~~m~. ~~~~fflG*,~~*ItW~~~®~~fflG*~m~.o~w'80if:~~MU*' ~mB:ff~~¥. .. ~g!HR. 1¥S11l~*~frltw25t~ I¥J~ifi. 0. :xit~~. ... .. ~~m. . 1t1fHM~~i{"}f1\1\lf§ilU5RtN OBE. , ifAIIJ25t~~~®~~~* ' {S~fl®1t25tWtP.9 rm;frn. , OBE ®Il~~*~ 10 if:®~?!~ffiiB1&. ,{tJ:p.~. 90 if:~~M. ~~W~o*:x.~rn~~~~OBEIt~~~.nif:-.It~~~,**~ltw ~~&25t~®m.. ~. 0. 1%Ait~~ , OBE ~-{li5j{@i1~{1r~®ItW~~&25t~Ii!~ , !Ill. OBE 1¥S1.MfEiJ~gil~¥A1T L®mm. . ~iJlffifU®~m ' ~fI{!l!iIl®~~ , g~ ,. OBE {11~~ll~)::KItW£j[~I¥~-1r~lIE~n[t:iJ. • •iii!] :. OBE .. fflG*~[t:iJltw. .. ~g1J~[t:iJ. 0. .. 1t1f25t~. f*~/~, : m:lZJJ&m*'Jm51~Q:repfi1iffi~~MtPfi~ ~~~:mft~~*~m51~1f~:rePfi~±m~:re~. ..

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(3) ~~ifti(Jfi~. 2005. 8~. mJ\~m=;WJ. 57. ;m Evans (1991) mte ' OBE i@~1t*5tJ::.m~~f3./-j7gg~~l¥J~~J1mi:1J:ct'; , " ~~miil~~1Tm~fl~jJ!tt:Rl¥J~~J1mi:1J:ct'; ~iWilfnf!f!{~'A'~fiI~. 0. l7.9Ilt ' Spady ( 1994). 5fR~. , OBE. 0. OBE UJ~~~m. 50 1f*fXwa1riJJ~~.JrFl¥Jlt£!fo/J ' 1l~j7g~~tl5~~~~i¥PHi. ( criterion-referenced measurement) , ft~~~ (mastery learning) , .~Jfff (accountability) ~fl~:1:]:*{ll.fX'Ff (competency-based education) (Gagne' Gronlund'. 1974 ;. 1970 ; Johnson' 1967 ; Spady' 1977 ' 1981 ' 1988 ; Tyler' 1950). :5t~tlO~ (King & Evans'. 0. ~. 1991) : - , ~~~ftiji¥Pi't : ~~~~i¥P i!E8 Glaser ~. 19631ffTfffIte ' flH!lOOJjU~~l¥J~DflE~1§~¥tl~*A'~~g[ , ffiitT::f~~¥tl~JJj!;f~ ~l¥J~~,ru~~l¥J~~~RfI~~ml¥J~~o~&UJ~m~~~OOi¥P.'*~ ~~~l¥J~~,~ttfX~'~&i¥P.~~:1J~l¥J~~o=,ft~~:ft~~ A'~tI~{@fflGT. 1980 1f~:f]JWJ~mfflG*~roJ~&$1im. Schools) l¥Ji!fi~. 0. ft~~~l¥JtI~5fR~. ft~~~j7gg~:pj~. (Network for Outcome-based. , fX~~i¥P.l¥J § l¥Jfti@jf!:fij{ll.~~~fl~. : i¥Pjtl¥J§~::fftWi5JU~~l¥J~~fflGit~~ , ffiJ~~fTfftf. ~~~~~;. , ~~~fflfrdjl¥Jrm~ , ;;sfl~m~3iSm~~tf-¥rdj , f!U~~~~~. ~fl~~px~~§~. 0. ft~~~l¥JfX~M~m:. Mpxtti¥PHi~M~fX~l¥J?J7.~::f!ffMfi. (-). ~~~~§~. ' ra¥tl7tfflG~~§~. 0. -. '. 0. (=) fX~,. .~Jfff. :. ~.~Jfff,m~~*&~~~~~~~~fflG~~Jf'~~~fIte~m~m~o 'fl~jJ*{ll.fXW: fl~jJ*{ll.fXffl¥JIi!~~Jj. 1960 1f~*WJit~m~a~~e<]@]~ ,. Ettf-¥A 1r].~~&fXff~1§fl~fJl~~~~~**~mjfj'fg , Il9IltfI{~flEjJ*{ll.fX W~Il~. 0. fl~jJ*{ll.fX~5fR~~&~fXW~~~T~~~fflG*§~' PJ*5t~fX~*~. ~f1il~~o. :~/. ... Irr.m. OBE A'~.;OO!tf[gOO~~ffi~JJ.jUm (Brandt,. 1993) :. ,~tfa)Jttt~~~fflG*:. ~~~~t~fX~:1J$~~~~~ft~OO~f§'M~~}~H&fl~1J;IE.~A':lflEjJ /l'vi'i":--t#1. '-~M~-~1fA'~~~mlfJJ4=!l. ~~tl¥J~I!i~~~~~~mf.rEitf-¥. 0. ,. Et~&PJ~~~m{'Fm~~~fX~. ' ~&tlflt~il~~ , fX~~i¥Pi't ' ~PJ~~A'~.

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(5) If{ffiJi\(Jfilli:ll: 2005. 8 FJ. mJ\~m=;!tF.I. 59. ~~'~~MOBE~mfi~~~~~w~mmI'~~~~~~M~m~~ m~t)&~~~m. · !/!3tH!Im~f4:ttffgW*Smtt~m. ~ttfj{JBlI5*ta'i~~~nlG*. 0. 0. *i~tt. ' ~:fI!t)[7g$fj{J ~ 1*. m-Jf::~~~rPJB'~ § ~ (curriculum-based objectives). ~~7~~~~~~&~~~~~'~.~ili~~~~~~mo tffi~ffijj§. • ~~M OBE ~~l5fl : ( -). JJU~.lG~Jf::-/J\$:'l:t~~~miJJtp. IH~~~~JJ!~fI!f~ill1'mOOlS.&frm. • ~~f~~~p.xm~@:B-.~miJJ. fjB'~~~&~~nx*1)J~t)1$~~f4~~{'l=m:B-m. ir. 0. 0. (_). • ffij~Jf::w..~~m*~lMH§*s. (-=) ~~W~¥:~~~~~~1)J~W~r(j*~,~~fI'j , ~p.x-~m~ti!J[. W.lE~~m~ts&1f4!J[~Wf*sir ~Wffg.ff~~ffgjJ. 0. (. ~. · ~;1P. 1m) ~~M OBE ~tp{J\fI!f~Jf::4im1J~~. • !/!3tYfBJr±$U~~~3::A~fBk. 0. (. li) 1$~M. OBE !/!3tyM5~. ~8~~~1$~*!t· ~DL~~~rdj" 3t~t)&~~~tif1:J:A;~rJ::l'~' m-fi*~&.5GI¥]~~p.x:§tt. 0. ="~OBE. ~~~ OBE ftm-mIm'-Jf4JNrPJI¥J~~M OBE · ;mmIm**~yj1i~ts~ff!i;~" ~M. OBE ~rl=1'. 0. ~~M. pfimlWiJ1j~ffgjJ. OBE 5S{~r%UJ1j~ffgjJW;1p*Smtl:~JJ!B'g~~p'x*. 0. · f*m:'l:t:fJTW1~rdj~if§1LfBJf* " t.fttJJ,~,~ " ~~im " ff!i;fflf4:tt ". :f!ilifb'm&m~rJ::l'~~ffgjJ. · ffij::fJf::~H~~fj{J~f-f.%J~. 5mJf::m~Ji1zffijf!t~I{'l=I¥J~m. 0. fifiID!J;1p*S~'~~m. ·. · $~t:£::f~:fi~*~ir~a~ · ~DmA@~W1~. ~~ft'~Jf::~rr§c~~~1:J~~~~~~~"~~"~fi&~.1:J:A;o~~. MOBE r1f5S{IDlfJ~~~p.x* • 1)J~~ftm-*~~f-f.:ttffg&*Smtl:~mL • mJt1$~ MOBE J!$~~il::f~~f-f.:P][I!)X~%J~~ffgjJ. 0. 'M~~Iii'L\~~~~1&ffg.ff~~m~~r(jPfi$B'~~J1j~ffgjJ. · ffiji1!f=r~. ~"~~W~.~~~wm~~·~~MOBE~~~~~ru~~~~~~~p.x* B'g~!ff. 0. !/!3tffij~~~M. OBE fffJ.JYm~f9U • -~z1JD~~~~ Township High School.

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(16) 70. f*~J~,ID#f!f3~. fit '. JtX*~iBJ~1f (OBE) t¥J~1fa5t$1tJt:{E~mI.Rt¥J~.. 10 ' 71-81. ~~~ (2003. 0. !if: 8 f3. 4. B). ~liat. 0. 0. ,*,mffif~. , A2. 0. 1IftH~;ijtfO~~i3 (~) (L.G Katz & S.C. Chard ~) (1998). :1J~Ii!Jegl!l!.ft.5. N7\:;m. 0. iJ~t. : {J\l!I!. 0. t¥*~T/~'.1!t:W-. :. 0. (2003) 0 Ii~ ? ~m=:l 0 iJ~t. : INK E!J~IT. 0. Ji~t1 (2003) 0 lI~tp'J~tL~~Jl1l'12JnJJI~M 02003. ff 10 g. 13. B. 'flj. 1& § http://teach.eje.edu.tw/9CCIdeclare/declare. php mJJj~u (2003) 0 ~c1l:~{t~X~A~. ? ~tFJfW; , 283 ' 66-74 0. IlJ~~ (2003) 0 ~ttE*7~a1l:ftt.F.f. (-) 0 lf~fflJW5t~. at (. 6-7). IXm~ (1999) ~tf. 0. 0. iJ~t. : {J\l!I!. (IJ)' ~*7tl'~. 0. nff-J.r~WZ rmtE~wJ. (11) , tL~-Jl1l~l!I!.JP1lL~ (. WJS;fJT .~,*,*~m~;ftUff:re~Jm: 0. 14-28) iJ~t 0. : ,*,.~IiJ~;ftUff. ~~Jm:~~o fi*~ (2003) 0 ~~~J'? -Et~t. : JL<m! 0. Abrams, J. D. (1985). Making outcome-based education work. Educational Leadership, 43,30-32. Brandt, R. (1993). On outcome-based education: A conversation with Bill Spady.. Educational Leadership, 50, 66-70. Clevenger, C., Cowell, R. R., Longo, R. G, Rhoades, J., & Wise, H. D. (1993). School. reform in Pennsylvania. Paper presented at the meeting of the Education Commission ofthe State Forum and Annual, Pittsburgh, PA. Furman, G C. (1995). Administrators' perceptions of outcome-based education: A case study. The International Journal ofEducational Managements, 9, 32-42. Gagne, R. M. (1974). Essentials of learning for instruction. Hillsdale, Ill: The Dryden Press. Gronlund, N. E. (1970). Stating behavioral objectives for classroom instruction. New.

(17) lt~~~. 2005 ~ 8. R. ~J\~fjg=m. 71. York: Macmillan. Hargreaves, A., & Moore, S. (2000). Educational outcomes, modem and postmodem interpretations; Responses to Smyth and Dow. British Journal ofSociology. Education, 21, 1. Johnson, M. Jr. (1967). Definitions and models in curriculum theory. Educational. Theory, 17(2), 127-140. King, J. A., & Evans, K. M. (1991). Can we achieve outcome-based education?. Educational Leadership, 49, 73-75. Manno, B. V. (1995). The new school wars. Phi Delta Kappa, 76, 720-726. McQuaide, J., & Pliska, A. (1994). The challenge to Pennsylvania's education reform.. Educational Leadership, 51, 16-21. Morrison, G S. (2004). Early childhood education today (9th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice-Hall. Morrison, G S. (2005). Trends in early childhood education: What does the future hold? Paper presented at the meeting of the 2005 ECE Conference: In Search of Professionalism, Quality and Excellence, Taipei. Smyth, J., & Dow, A. (1998). What's wrong with outcomes? Spotter planes, action plans, and steerage of the educational workplace. British Journal ofSociology of. Education, 19,291-303. Spady, W. G (1994). Choosing outcomes of significance. Educational Leadership, 51, 18-22. Spady, W. G (1977). Competency based education: A bandwagon in search of a definition. Educational Research, 6(1), 9-14. Spady, W. G (1981). Outcome-based instructional management: A sociological. perspective. Washington, DC: National Institute of Education. Spady, W. G (1988). Organizing for results: The basis of authentic restructuring and.

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(19) ¥&1fil&m~. 2005 1f: 8. f3. 73. Lessons of the Implementation of Outcome-Based Education Reform in the US Lien-An Hsn *. Ming-Ying Lin **. Abstract Outcome-Based Education (OBE) has emerged as a major direction for educational reform in the US.. The OBE movement changed the focus of educational reform, from. inputs-emphasized to outcomes-emphasized, and greater accountability on teachers for results.. Though many school districts or states adopted OBE in U.S., the debates on. OBE has never ended.. This article reviews the concept of OBE and explores the case. of Pennsylvania OBE to reveal the difficulty in implementing an educational reform. We argue that the concept of OBE is a good educational reform concept, though its implementation or adoption needs more effort in defmition clarification and stakeholder consensus building.. Keywords: educational reform, OBE, outcome-based education. ... Lien-An Hsu: Assistant Professor, Director, Graduate Institute of Early Childhood Education, National Chang Chi University Ming-Ying Lin: Graduate Student of Master DtWee, Graduate Institute of Early Childhood Education, National Chang Chi University.

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