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Borg CR-10 )*+,-./01234567 89:;<

Validity of Using Borg's CR-10 in Measuring Grip Force

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࿎ߦǴ܌Ԗޑ΋Ϫךஒుుآ૶ӧЈǴനࡕ໻аҁЎ᝘๏ම࿶ᜢЈǵྣ៝ǵᔅԆ ךޑৣߏǵܻ϶аϷৎΓǶ

මۘጎ ᙣ᛽ܭύ๮εᏢπ཰πำᆶس಍ᆅ౛Ꮲسᅺγ੤

ύ๮҇୯ΐΜΐԃΎД

Borg Category Rating 10 (CR-10)

CR-10 /

CR-10

CR-10 CR-10

CR-10

Abstract

Physical effort may be measured using both objective and subjective approaches.

Objective measures, such as heart rate and oxygen consumption, may be measured using measurement devices. Human responses are recorded either during or after physical activities for subjective measures. The subjective measures are called perceived exertion.

Borg has established the Category Rating 10 (CR-10) to quantify the perceived exertion of human subject. This research investigated the variations of males and females in using the CR-10 when performing the gripping tasks at different exertion levels. The differences between dominant and non-dominant hands, and between different postures were also discussed. It was found that males and females reported their perceived exertion differently when using the CR-10. This implied that the remedial adjustment may be required when comparing or discussing perceived hand grip exertion for males and females when using the CR-10.

Keywords: CR-10, rating of perceived exertion, regression analysis, grip

... i

Abstract ... ii

... iii

... v

... vii

... 1

... 1

... 2

... 2

... 2

... 4

... 4

... 6

... 10

... 10

... 12

... 14

... 14

... 15

/ ... 17

... 20

... 21

... 21

... 29

CR-10 ... 35

... 42

... 42

... 43

... 44

A ... 48

1 RPE & CR-10 ... 6

2 ... 14

3 Borg’s CR-10 ... 16

4 CR-10 2 ... 21

5 CR-10 2 ... 21

6 CR-10 5 ... 22

7 CR-10 5 ... 22

8 CR-10 7 ... 23

9 CR-10 7 ... 24

10 CR-10 10 ... 24

11 CR-10 10 ... 25

12 CR-10 Pearson ... 28

13 CR-10 Pearson ... 28

14 90° ... 31

15 180° ... 32

16 90° ... 33

17 180° ... 34

18 ... 35

19 90° ... 36

20 180° ... 37

21 90° ... 38

22 180° ... 39

23 ... 40

24 ... 40

25 40 ... 40

26 CR-10 ... 41

27 CR-10 ... 41

1 ... 3

2 ... 7

3 ... 7

4 ... 8

5 ... 9

6 ... 15

7 ... 16

8 90° ... 18

9 180° ... 18

10 90° ... 19

11 180° ... 19

12 CR-10 10 ... 26

13 CR-10 10 ... 26

14 & ... 27

15 ... 29

16 ... 30

(perceived exertion) (Borg &

Dahlstrom, 1959)

Borg (1982) Category Rating 10 (CR-10)

(scale for rating of perceived

exertion, RPE scale) 0 ( )

10 ( ) 12 CR-10

RPE

RPE CR-10

Borg(1985) (RPE scale)

6 ( 60 ) 20 (

200 )

15 RPE

RPE

20

RPE 10

-20 -30 ( 1999) RPE

(Li & Han, 2007; Li, et al. 2009)

Borg RPE CR-10

CR-10 CR-10

CR-10

( / 90 180 ) CR-10

1

CR-10

/

CR-10 10 kgf

CR-10 SPSS^®12.0

1

&

1975 - Wenner-Gren Center Borg

Dr.William Cane

Borg

Borg (1982)

CR-10 CR-10

CR-10

CR-10

( 2009)

CR-10

0- (no exertion at all) 10- (very strong)

10 CR-10 3 (moderate) 7

(very strong) CR-10 3~7

(Scale for Rating of Perceived Exertion), RPE 12~17 ( 1999) Borg CR-10

RPE 1 Borg RPE CR-10

(Borg & Ottoson, 1986)

Spielholz (2006) Borg

20 Borg CR-10

44.5 142.8 (±69.0) to 62.3 (±58.3)

0 8.9

(Spielholz) CR-10

RPE

RPE

RPE

RPE

(Moyna, et al., 2001) RPE

( 1991)

RPE

(Covey, Larson & Wirtz, 1999) (Eston & Connolly, 1996)

1

RPE & CR-10

RPE CR-10

6 0.0

7 0.0

8 0.5

9 1.0

10 1.5

11 2.0

12 3.0

13 3.5

14 4.5

15 5.5

16 6.5

17 7.5

18 9.0

19 10.0

20 12.0

(Forearm Muscles) (Hand Muscles)

2 (Intrinsic Muscles)

3 ( 1993)

2

(2008 11 6 )

http://www.konjia.com.

3

(2008 11 6 )

http://www.konjia.com.

(Transverse Carpal

Ligament) 4(

2008)

4

(finger touch)

(palm touch) (pinch or plier grip) (hook grip) (tip grip)

(writing grip) (tinger-palm enclosure) (disk grip) (side

pinch) (power grasp) (Kromer, 1986 1970)

( 1996)

5( 2008)

5

(flexor digitorum superficialis) (flexor digitorum

profundus) (opponens pollicis) (abductor pollicis brevis)

(Hallback, et al., 1993)

(flexor pollicis longus) (flexor digitiminimibrevis) (parlmaris breris)

(opponens digitiminimi)

(Hallback & McMullin, 1993)

(Adams &

Perterson, 1988)

( )

( ) ( ) (

1995)

(1996)

50% 60% (Mathiowetz, 1988)

( Static muscle force)(Kroemer,

1970) (Isometric strength)

(Maximum Volitional Contraction)

10 (

2008) 4 6

3 (Caldwell et al., 1974)

(Peak strength ) (Dempsey & Ayoub, 1994)

?

(%MVC)

(Encoding the force levels)

(Maximum Volitional Contraction) (%MVC)

(the accuracy of grip strength reproduction)

0 ( 2008)

Kumar et al., (1994) Kumar & Simmonds (1994)

20%MVC 40%MVC 60%MVC

80%MVC

20%MVC 60% MVC 80%MVC (P

0.01) 40%MVC

Kumar, et al. (1997)

Kumar, et al. (1997) 40%MVC

Lowe (1995) 12

(Memory Load)

(2 4 ) 20%MVC

35%MVC 50%MVC 65%MVC (%MVC)

kg

5 5

Lowe (1995) 4

30 4

20%MVC 50%MVC

20%MVC 65%MVC

0 (

2008)

Deeb (1999) 40

50 500g

(Rating of Perceived Exertion, RPE)

17%

Wiktorin (1996) 14

1 5 11 15 30 kg (36cm×36cm

×22cm)

0.5 1.5 4.5 8.5

16.0kg - (size-weight illusion) (Luczak & Ge, 1989)

(Gamberale, 1990)

( )

Borg CR10 Borg CR10

20 20

40

20 29 22.1

172.3 cm 69.8 kg 21.9

164.3 cm 55.4 kg 2

2

(age) 22.10 2.51 (age) 21.95 2.32

(cm) 172.32 5.33 (cm) 164.37 4.26

(kg) 69.82 12.47 (kg) 55.44 8.97

Borg CR-10

6 TAKEI 5001 0

100 kg 0.5 kg ±2 kg

18 (±1.21) 60% RH(±3.31)

4 7

6

7

10 40 kg

7

Borg’s CR-10

Borg’s CR-10 3

0 ( ) 10 ( )

3

Borg’s CR-10 ( )

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0.5

0

/

/

90° 180°

90° 180°

90° 180° 8 9

5cm

Borg CR-10 2( ) 5( ) 7( ) 10( )

/ 90°/180°

90° 180° /

6.5 cm 7.5

cm 10.5 cm 10 11 10 kgf

Borg CR10 Borg RPE

90° 180° 90°

180°

8 90°

9 180°

10 90°

( / ) ( / )

(90°/180°) 4 640 (2×2×2×4×20)

/ 20 CR-10

32 (2×2×2×4)

/

* =0.05

Sheffe’s Least-Significant difference test (LSD) CR-10

CR-10 CR-10

4 CR-10 2

(p 0.001) =0.05

CR-10 2 5 (10.54 kgf)

(7.80 kgf)( p 0.05)

4

CR-10 2

F

53793.06 1 53793.06 10845.37 0.00

1200.39 1 1200.39 241.81 0.00

17.72 1 17.72 3.57 0.06

3.53 1 3.53 0.71 0.40

* 7.55 1 7.55 1.52 0.22

* 0.24 1 0.24 0.05 0.83

* 0.00 1 0.00 0.00 0.98

* * 3.83 1 3.83 0.77 0.38

3137.43 632 4.96

58163.75 640

5

CR-10 2

t

10.54 2.48

15.54 0.00*

7..80 1.95

6 CR-10 5

(p 0.001) (p 0.001) 7

CR-10 5 (24.42 kgf)

(14.62 kgf) (p 0.05) 180° (20.17 kgf) 90°

(18.87 kgf)

6

CR-10 5

F

243886.79 1 243886.79 16716.02 0.00

15381.10 1 15381.10 1053.99 0.00

48.68 1 48.68 3.34 0.07

269.75 1 269.75 18.49 0.00

* 8.91 1 8.91 0.61 0.44

* 2.69 1 2.69 0.18 0.67

* 0.79 1 0.79 0.05 0.82

* * 22.69 1 22.69 1.56 0.21

9222.86 632 14.59

268844.25 640

7

CR-10 5

t

24.42 4.89

32.01 0.00*

14.62 2.46

t

180 20.17 6.38

-2.64 0.00*

90 18.87 6.06

8 CR-10 7

(p 0.001) 9

CR-10 7 (32.64 kgf) (19.57

kgf)( p 0.001) (26.67 kgf) (25.53 kgf) ( p 0.001)

90 (25.38 kgf) 180 (26.83 kgf)

( p 0.001)

8

CR-10 7

F

436157.12 1 436157.12 40800.48 0.00

27320.22 1 27320.22 2554.75 0.00

209.88 1 209.88 19.63 0.00

338.58 1 338.58 31.66 0.00

* 2.20 1 2.20 0.21 0.65

* 21.57 1 21.57 2.02 0.16

* 7.99 1 7.99 0.75 0.39

* * 4.64 1 4.64 0.43 0.51

6758.55 632 10.69

470820.75 640

9

CR-10 7

t

32.64 3.99

48.72 0.00*

19.57 2.65

t

180 26.83 7.51

-2.51 0.01*

90 25.38 7.16

t

26.68 7.31

1.97 0.04*

25.53 7.38

CR-10 10 10

( p 0.001) * *

( p 0.05)

10

CR-10 10

F

728190.23 1 728190.23 36982.74 0.00

42755.25 1 42755.25 2171.58 0.00

1488.40 1 1488.40 75.60 0.00

1425.04 1 1425.04 72.38 0.00

* 50.06 1 50.06 2.54 0.11

* 88.51 1 88.51 4.50 0.03

* 108.08 1 108.08 5.49 0.02

* * 2.26 1 2.26 0.12 0.74

12443.18 632 19.69

786551.00 640

11 CR-10 10 (41.90kgf)

(p 0.05) (25.56kgf) (35.26kgf)

(32.21kgf) 180 (35.22kgf) 90

(32.24kgf)

11

CR-10 10

t

41.90 6.08

41.81 0.00*

25.56 3.45

t

180 32.24 9.87

-3.99 0.00*

90 35.22 9.01

t

35.26 9.82

4.09 0.00*

32.21 9.05

* * 12

CR-10 10 90 40.04(±5.49)

CR-10 10 180 43.77(±6.09) CR-10

10 90 24.44(±3.17) CR-10 10

180 26.68(±3.36)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

(kgf)

90 180

12 CR-10 10

13 CR-10 10 90

31.13 (±8.71) 180 33.29 (±9.27)

90 33.35 (±9.18) 180 37.16 (±

10.09)

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

(kgf)

90 180

13 CR-10 10

14 CR-10

2 10.54 (±2.48) CR-10 5 24.42 (±4.89) CR-10

7 32.64 (±4.00) CR-10 10 41.90(±6.08)

CR-10 2 7.79 (±1.93) CR-10 5 14.63 (±

2.44) CR-10 7 19.57 (±2.65) CR-10 10 25.56 (±

3.45)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

2 5 7 10

(kgf)

14 &

12 13 ( / *90° /180° )

CR-10 Pearson

90 180 CR-10

12

CR-10 Pearson

90° 90°CR10 180° 180°CR10 90° 90°CR10 180° 180°CR10

90° - -0.09 0.97** -0.09 0.97** -0.11 0.96** -0.10

90°CR10 - -0.07 0.87** -0.06 0.76** -0.08 0.89**

180° - -0.08 0.95** -.070 0.95** -0.08

180°CR10 - -0.05 0.85** -0.08 0.83**

90° - -0.09 0.97** -0.07

90°CR10 - -0.09 0.79**

180° - -0.08

180°CR10 -

13

CR-10 Pearson

90° 90°CR10 180° 180°CR10 90° 90°CR10 180° 180°CR10

90° - 0.08 0.95** -0.01 0.93** 0.02 0.93** 0.05

90°CR10 - 0.06 0.64** 0.05 0.47** -0.00 0.59**

180° - 0.00 0.93** 0.02 0.96** 0.06

180°CR10 - 0.08 0.48** 0.04 0.45**

90° - 0.02 0.94** 0.05

90°CR10 - 0.02 0.59**

180° - 0.05

180°CR10 -

SPSS^®12.0

CR-10 (2 5 7 10)

14 17

4.45 (±

0.24) 2.70 (±0.17)

y=β0 + β1x + εi y β1

x y β₁ x β₀

y=β1 x+εi y x

CR-10 ε_i ε_i 0

2 15 16

15

2.0 5.0 7.0 10.0

16

2.0 5.0 7.0 10.0

14

90°

B B

1 3.25 0.99 0.00 1 2.53 0.98 0.00

2 3.96 0.99 0.00 2 2.23 0.99 0.00

3 5.02 0.99 0.00 3 2.54 0.98 0.00

4 3.86 0.97 0.00 4 2.52 0.99 0.00

5 4.11 0.99 0.00 5 3.11 0.98 0.00

6 4.68 0.99 0.00 6 2.45 0.95 0.00

7 3.77 0.96 0.00 7 2.27 0.95 0.00

8 4.01 0.98 0.00 8 2.67 0.99 0.00

9 4.38 0.99 0.00 9 2.36 0.94 0.00

10 4.26 0.98 0.00 10 2.24 0.99 0.00

11 4.79 0.96 0.00 11 2.62 0.98 0.00

12 4.62 0.99 0.00 12 2.34 0.98 0.00

13 3.25 0.99 0.00 13 3.01 0.99 0.00

14 5.03 0.99 0.00 14 2.41 0.97 0.00

15 4.72 0.98 0.00 15 2.16 0.99 0.00

16 3.93 0.98 0.00 16 2.54 0.99 0.00

17 4.03 0.99 0.00 17 2.81 0.99 0.00

18 3.91 0.99 0.00 18 2.46 0.98 0.00

19 4.05 0.99 0.00 19 2.07 0.98 0.00

20 4.07 0.99 0.00 20 2.70 0.99 0.00

4.19 - - 2.50 - -

0.51 - - 0.27 - -

15

180°

B B

1 3.41 0.99 0.00 1 2.75 0.97 0.00

2 4.25 0.99 0.00 2 2.47 0.98 0.00

3 4.94 0.99 0.00 3 2.52 0.97 0.00

4 4.15 0.97 0.00 4 2.64 0.99 0.00

5 4.11 0.97 0.00 5 3.38 0.98 0.00

6 5.08 0.99 0.00 6 2.64 0.97 0.00

7 4.04 0.97 0.00 7 3.21 0.99 0.00

8 4.24 0.99 0.00 8 2.62 0.99 0.00

9 4.20 0.98 0.00 9 2.48 0.96 0.00

10 4.63 0.98 0.00 10 2.55 0.99 0.00

11 5.70 0.97 0.00 11 2.74 0.98 0.00

12 4.74 0.99 0.00 12 2.35 0.99 0.00

13 3.64 0.99 0.00 13 2.77 0.99 0.00

14 5.23 0.99 0.00 14 2.51 0.98 0.00

15 4.82 0.99 0.00 15 2.58 0.99 0.00

16 4.34 0.99 0.00 16 2.62 0.99 0.00

17 3.99 0.99 0.00 17 2.86 0.99 0.00

18 4.48 0.99 0.00 18 2.75 0.97 0.00

19 4.64 0.99 0.00 19 2.62 0.99 0.00

20 4.21 0.99 0.00 20 2.79 0.99 0.00

4.44 - - 2.69 - -

0.54 - - 0.24 - -

16 90°

B B

1 3.94 0.99 0.00 1 2.81 0.98 0.00

2 3.90 0.98 0.00 2 2.62 0.98 0.00

3 4.76 0.98 0.00 3 2.61 0.98 0.00

4 4.28 0.99 0.00 4 2.66 0.99 0.00

5 4.16 0.99 0.00 5 3.59 0.98 0.00

6 4.99 0.99 0.00 6 2.68 0.98 0.00

7 4.12 0.97 0.00 7 2.56 0.97 0.00

8 4.51 0.99 0.00 8 2.88 0.99 0.00

9 4.42 0.99 0.00 9 2.47 0.98 0.00

10 4.51 0.99 0.00 10 2.44 0.98 0.00

11 4.91 0.96 0.00 11 2.63 0.98 0.00

12 4.83 0.99 0.00 12 2.68 0.98 0.00

13 3.09 0.99 0.00 13 3.11 0.99 0.00

14 5.54 0.99 0.00 14 2.46 0.98 0.00

15 4.49 0.99 0.00 15 2.23 0.99 0.00

16 4.62 0.99 0.00 16 2.94 0.99 0.00

17 3.73 0.99 0.00 17 2.24 0.99 0.00

18 4.11 0.99 0.00 18 2.79 0.98 0.00

19 4.26 0.99 0.00 19 2.84 0.99 0.00

20 4.41 0.99 0.00 20 2.81 0.98 0.00

4.38 - - 2.70 - -

0.52 - - 0.30 - -

17 180°

B B

1 4.67 0.98 0.00 1 2.78 0.97 0.00

2 4.16 0.97 0.00 2 2.74 0.99 0.00

3 5.02 0.98 0.00 3 2.62 0.98 0.00

4 4.54 0.96 0.00 4 2.90 0.98 0.00

5 4.09 0.99 0.00 5 3.96 0.99 0.00

6 5.24 0.99 0.00 6 2.99 0.99 0.00

7 4.31 0.99 0.00 7 3.20 0.99 0.00

8 4.77 0.99 0.00 8 3.11 0.99 0.00

9 5.10 0.99 0.00 9 2.85 0.97 0.00

10 5.18 0.99 0.00 10 2.73 0.99 0.00

11 5.19 0.98 0.00 11 2.97 0.99 0.00

12 4.98 0.99 0.00 12 2.49 0.99 0.00

13 3.92 0.99 0.00 13 3.00 0.99 0.00

14 5.97 0.99 0.00 14 2.66 0.97 0.00

15 4.88 0.99 0.00 15 2.69 0.99 0.00

16 5.14 0.99 0.00 16 3.00 0.99 0.00

17 3.99 0.99 0.00 17 2.53 0.99 0.00

18 4.71 0.99 0.00 18 2.99 0.99 0.00

19 5.06 0.99 0.00 19 2.92 0.99 0.00

20 4.43 0.99 0.00 20 3.25 0.99 0.00

4.77 - - 2.92 - -

0.51 - - 0.32 - -

LSD / 18

/ t 90

13.16 180 13.12 90 12.42

180 13.64

18

t

90 4.19 0.51

13.16 0.00

2.50 0.27

180 4.44 0.54

13.12 0.00

2.69 0.24

90 4.38 0.52

12.42 0.00

2.70 0.30

180 4.77 0.51

13.64 0.00

2.92 0.32

CR-10

10 kgf CR-10

10 kgf y=β₁ x

y 10 kgf x CR-10 β1

y 10 kgf y=β₁ x x=y/β1 β₁

CR-10 19

22

19

90°

1 4.0 3.08 0.92 1 5.0 3.96 1.04

2 6.0 2.53 3.47 2 8.0 4.48 3.52

3 4.0 1.99 2.01 3 8.0 3.93 4.07

4 5.0 2.59 2.41 4 6.0 3.98 2.02

5 5.0 2.43 2.57 5 9.0 3.21 5.79

6 3.0 2.14 0.86 6 7.0 4.08 2.92

7 4.0 2.66 1.34 7 5.0 4.40 0.60

8 3.0 2.50 0.51 8 7.0 3.75 3.25

9 5.0 2.29 2.71 9 8.0 4.23 3.77

10 6.0 2.35 3.65 10 7.0 4.46 2.54

11 2.0 2.09 -0.09 11 9.0 3.82 5.19

12 7.0 2.17 4.83 12 8.0 4.28 3.72

13 7.0 3.08 3.92 13 4.0 3.32 0.68

14 3.0 1.99 1.01 14 6.0 4.15 1.85

15 2.0 2.12 -0.12 15 5.0 4.62 0.38

16 0.5 2.55 -2.05 16 3.0 3.93 -0.93

17 2.0 2.48 -0.48 17 7.0 3.56 3.44

18 4.0 2.56 1.44 18 7.0 4.07 2.93

19 4.0 2.47 1.53 19 7.0 4.82 2.18

20 2.0 2.46 -0.46 20 3.0 3.70 -0.70

3.93 2.43 1.50 6.45 4.04 2.41

1.78 0.30 1.73 1.79 0.42 1.82

20

180°

1 4.0 2.93 1.07 1 5.0 3.63 1.37

2 5.0 2.36 2.64 2 7.0 4.06 2.95

3 3.0 2.03 0.98 3 9.0 3.97 5.03

4 4.0 2.41 1.59 4 5.0 3.79 1.21

5 8.0 2.43 5.57 5 10.0 2.96 7.04

6 3.0 1.97 1.03 6 3.0 3.80 -0.80

7 4.0 2.47 1.53 7 6.0 3.12 2.88

8 2.0 2.36 -0.36 8 7.0 3.81 3.19

9 5.0 2.38 2.62 9 8.0 4.04 3.96

10 7.0 2.16 4.84 10 7.0 3.92 3.08

11 2.0 1.75 0.25 11 8.0 3.65 4.35

12 5.0 2.11 2.89 12 7.0 4.26 2.74

13 5.0 2.75 2.25 13 6.0 3.61 2.39

14 3.0 1.91 1.09 14 7.0 3.99 3.01

15 2.0 2.07 -0.07 15 7.0 3.87 3.13

16 0.5 2.31 -1.81 16 3.0 3.81 -0.81

17 4.0 2.51 1.50 17 5.0 3.49 1.51

18 4.0 2.23 1.77 18 7.0 3.64 3.36

19 4.0 2.18 1.84 19 5.0 3.81 1.19

20 2.0 2.38 -0.38 20 6.0 3.59 2.41

3.83 2.29 1.54 6.40 3.74 2.66

1.77 0.28 1.71 1.76 0.31 1.81

21 90°

1 4.0 2.55 1.45 1 5.0 3.56 1.44

2 4.0 2.56 1.44 2 7.0 3.82 3.18

3 4.0 2.10 1.90 3 7.0 3.83 3.17

4 4.0 2.34 1.66 4 5.0 3.76 1.24

5 7.0 2.40 4.60 5 7.0 2.79 4.21

6 3.0 2.00 0.99 6 5.0 3.73 1.27

7 3.0 2.43 0.57 7 5.0 3.91 1.10

8 2.0 2.22 -0.22 8 8.0 3.47 4.53

9 4.0 2.26 1.74 9 7.0 4.06 2.94

10 7.0 2.22 4.78 10 3.0 4.11 -1.11

11 2.0 2.04 -0.04 11 6.0 3.80 2.20

12 5.0 2.07 2.93 12 7.0 3.73 3.27

13 5.0 3.24 1.76 13 5.0 3.22 1.78

14 2.0 1.81 0.20 14 5.0 4.06 0.94

15 2.0 2.23 -0.23 15 5.0 4.49 0.51

16 2.0 2.17 -0.17 16 4.0 3.40 0.60

17 3.0 2.68 0.32 17 3.0 4.46 -1.46

18 3.0 2.44 0.57 18 5.0 3.58 1.42

19 2.0 2.35 -0.35 19 4.0 3.52 0.48

20 2.0 2.27 -0.27 20 5.0 3.56 1.44

3.50 2.32 1.18 5.40 3.74 1.66

1.57 0.30 1.51 1.39 0.40 1.56

22 180°

1 3.0 2.14 0.86 1 6.0 3.60 2.40

2 4.0 2.40 1.60 2 7.0 3.68 3.35

3 4.0 1.99 2.01 3 8.0 3.82 4.19

4 3.0 2.20 0.80 4 5.0 3.45 1.55

5 6.0 2.45 3.55 5 7.0 2.53 4.48

6 2.0 1.91 0.09 6 5.0 3.34 1.66

7 3.0 2.32 0.68 7 7.0 3.13 3.87

8 2.0 2.10 -0.10 8 7.0 3.21 3.79

9 4.0 1.96 2.04 9 7.0 3.51 3.49

10 5.0 1.93 3.07 10 3.0 3.66 -0.66

11 1.0 1.93 -0.93 11 9.0 3.37 5.63

12 7.0 2.01 4.99 12 8.0 4.02 3.98

13 5.0 2.55 2.45 13 4.0 3.33 0.67

14 2.0 1.67 0.33 14 4.0 3.76 0.24

15 2.0 2.05 -0.05 15 5.0 3.72 1.28

16 1.0 1.94 -0.94 16 4.0 3.33 0.67

17 3.0 2.52 0.48 17 7.0 3.95 3.05

18 3.0 2.12 0.88 18 3.0 3.35 -0.35

19 2.0 1.98 0.02 19 2.0 3.43 -1.43

20 2.0 2.26 -0.26 20 5.0 3.08 1.92

3.20 2.12 1.08 5.65 3.46 2.19

1.61 0.23 1.54 1.93 0.34 1.94

23

3.61 2.29 t 7.37 0.00

CR-10 CR-10

24 5.98 3.75 t 11.14

0.00 CR-10

23

t

CR10 3.61 1.68

7.37 0.00*

CR10 2.29 0.30

24

t

CR10 5.98 1.76

11.14 0.00*

CR10 3.75 0.41

40 CR-10 CR-10 25

CR-10 4.79 3.02

t 12.81 (p 0.01)

CR-10

25 40

t

CR10 4.79 2.08

12.81 0.01*

CR10 3.02 0.81

/ / 90 /180

26 CR-10 1.33(±1.60) 2.23(±1.79)

t -3.36 (p 0.001)

26

CR-10

t

1.33 1.60

-3.36 0.00*

2.23 1.79

y 10 kgf (y=β1 x) CR-10

27 y 5 7 10 15 20kgf (y=β₁ x)

7 kgf 10 kgf

10 kgf 15 kgf

27 CR-10

5 1.12 1.85

7 1.57 2.60

10 2.25 3.70

15 3.37 5.56

20 4.49 7.41

kgf

Borg CR-10

CR-10 2 CR-10 5

CR-10 7

CR-10 10

* *

CR-10 CR-10

p 0.001 CR-10 CR-10

(p 0.001) (p

0.001) CR-10

(p 0.001)

CR-10 CR-10

CR-10 CR-10

(1999) ( ) 18

(1995)

(1996)

4(1) 43-58

(2009)

(2008 11 6 )

http://www.konjia.com.

(1993)

(1996) 13(2)

145-155

(1997)

(1991) - 5 1

88-97

(2008)

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Borg, G. (1985). An introduction to Borg’s RPE-scale. Ithaca, NY: Mouvement.

Caldwell, L. S., Chaffin, D. B., Dukes-Dobos, F. N., Kroemer, K. H. E., Laubach, L.

L., Snook, S. H. & Wasserman, D. E. (1974). A proposed standard procedure for static muscle strength testing. American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, 35(4), 201-206.

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Dempsey, P. G. & Ayoub, M. M. (1994). The influence of gender, grasp type, pinch width and wrist position on sustained pinch strength. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 17, 259-273.

Deeb, J. M. (1999). Muscular fatigue and its effects on weight perception.

International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 24, 223-233.

Eston, R. G. & Connolly, D. (1996). The use of ratings of perceived exertion for exercise prescription in patients receiving beta-blocker therapy. Sports Medicine, 21, 176-190.

Gamberale, F. (1990). Perception of effort in manual materials handling.

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Hallback, M. S. & McMullin, D. L. (1993). Maximal power grasp and three-jaw chack. Dinch force as a function of wrist position, age, and glove type.

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Kumar, S. & Simmonds, M. (1994). The accuracy of magnitude production of submaximal precision and power grips and gross motor efforts. International Journal of IndustrialErgonomics, 37, 1345-1353.

Kumar, S., Narayan, Y. & Chouinard, K. (1997). Effort reproduction accuracy in pinching, gripping, and lifting among industrial males. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 20, 109.

Kumar, S., Simmonds, M. & Lechelt, D. (1994). Maximal and graded effort perception by young females in stoop lifting, hand grip and finger pinch activity with comparisons to males. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 13, 3-13.

Kromer K. H. (1970). Human Strength: Terminology, Measurement, and Interpretation of Data. Human Factors, 12(3), 297-313.

Kromer K. H. (1986). Coupling the Hand with the Handle: an Improved Notation of Touch, Grip, and Grasp. Human Factors, 28(3), 337-339.

Li, K. W., Yu, R. f. & Han, X. L. (2007). Physiological and psychophysical responses in handling maximum acceptable weights under different footwear-floor friction conditions. Applied Ergonomics, 38, 259-265.

Li, K. W., Yu, R. f., Gao, Y, Maikala, R. V. & Tsai, H. H. (2009). Chinese workers performing combined manual materials handling tasks. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, in press, 39, 422-427.

Lowe, B. D. (1995). Repeatability of magnitude production in isometric, hand-grip force estimation: a working-memory approach. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 80, 659-667.

Luczak, H. & Ge, S. (1989). Fuzzy modeling of relations between physical weight and perceived heaviness: the effect of size-weight illusion in industrial lifting tasks. Ergonomics, 32, 823-837.

Moyna N. M., Robertson Robert J., Meckes C. L., Peoples J. A., Millich N. B. &

Thompson P. D. (2001). Intermodal comparison of energy expenditure at exercise intensities corresponding to the perceptual preference range. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 33(8), 1404-1410.

Mathiowetz, V. (1988). Cumulative Trauma Disorders, A manual for musculoskeletal disease of the upper limbs. Taylor & Fraucis, London.

Spielholz, P. (2006). Calibrating Borg scale ratings of hand force exertion. Applied Ergonomics, 37, 615-618.

Wiktorin, C., Selin, K., Ekenvall, L., Kilbom, A. & Alfredsson, L. (1996). Evaluation of perceived and self-reported manual forces exerted in occupational materials handling. International Journal of IndustrialErgonomics, 27(4), 231-239.

A

Borg CR-10

(03)5186583