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經濟社會學

(Syllabus for ECONOMIC SOCIOLOGY/ AN INTRODUCTION)

吳宗昇2009/09

經濟社會學,毫無疑問地已經成為近年來社會學的主流。特別在1980 年代之後,

新經濟社會學的興起,加上對工業市場的反省,使得經濟社會學在美國、歐洲或台灣 引用程度都大幅提高。一般說來,可以用三種角度來檢視經濟社會學興起的主要脈絡

第一種是研究社會和經濟之間的關係,特別是從韋伯(Max Weber)、馬克思(Karl

Marx)等古典理論的傳統,以及 1950 年代後派森斯(Talcott Parsons)、史美舍(Neil Smelser)的社會結構和經濟的傳統。第二種則是以社會學方法來研究經濟現象,諸如 齊美爾(George Simmel)的傳統,以及 1980 年代後的新經濟社會學。第三種方式,則 是同時結合兩者,既研究經濟和社會的關係,同時也使用社會學方法來研究經濟現 象,諸如Swerdberg, Baker, Granovetter 等人。但隨著各種次領域(sub field)以及對實際 經濟現象研究的增加,經濟社會學的界線越來越難以界定,但正因如此,經濟社會 學的影響力也正日益增加當中。

此門課設計的目的,第一個層次將提供生活中涉入經濟活動的實際思考。試想,

您每天將進行多少交易行為,您眼前進行了多少工業競爭,但是卻從來沒有進行思 考過;第二,本課將提供各種經濟社會學的理論觀點,幫助我們在各種觀點的爭議 中,理解並找尋自己的認識架構;第三,將對實際的經濟交易的現實現象進行分析 , 除了釐清社會和經濟之間的關係外,並將讓業界現身說法,從各個角度來檢視這些 經濟行動,同時也建立長期的視野(scope),讓個人生涯軌道和實際的產業活動作實 際的想像連結。

本課程將區分為三個部分,第一個部分將介紹主要經濟學和經濟社會學的傳統 與對話,討論經濟學傳統中對於經濟行動的假設,諸如完全理性、市場利益極大化,

以及社會學傳統如何面對這些經濟學的觀點與回應;第二個部分將介紹新經濟社會 學的諸概念,如鑲嵌(embeddedness)、網絡(networks)、市場(markets)、公司(firm)、社會 資本(social capital)、制度(Institutions)等等。此部分是目前經濟社會學的主流,各個概 念之間實際上也發展出種不同的研究方法工具;第三個部分將介紹各種次領域市場 的研究與經濟發展趨勢,如勞動關係、金融資本主義、企業發展、消費的具體發展。此 處,將引進最新的研究和現實狀況對話,並邀請產業界演說,討論實際經濟活動中 , 社會學想像與實際經濟活動的差異。當然,這也考驗經濟社會學的解釋力,以及理論 上的啟發是否能實際在情境中得到驗證。

評分方式:

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課堂討論40%(Participation in Discussion):主要標準為課堂主動參與討論,以及出缺 席狀況。

期末報告60%(Term Paper):於期中考後提出報告題目,並討論將觀察何種經濟現象,

擬以何種適當的觀點解釋。學期末提交10-15 頁報告,繳交日期依學校規定。

主要讀本(Core Reading):

Swedberg, Richard. 2003. The Principles of Economic Sociology. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Granovetter, Mark and Richard Swedberg, 2001, The Sociology of Economic Life, Boulder, Westview.

第一週、導論:經濟社會學的意義與主流

本週將簡介經濟社會學在當代社會學發展的過程以及重要性,並描述經濟社會 學的整體圖像。同時,介紹主要課程和教科書、評分方式。並在學生同意的基礎下,討 論課程方向以及修改課程內容的可能性。

第二週、古典經濟學與新古典經濟學的對話

本週將介紹古典經濟學的主要看法, Hirsch 的觀點比較反省了經濟學、政治經濟 學理論先行假設的缺失,亦即在過度去人性化的經濟模型以及過於強調政治力介入 的影響。此兩篇文章是做為經濟社會學進入的比較討論。

Hirsch, Paul, Stuart Michaels, and Ray Friedman, 1990, “Clean Models Versus Dirty Hands: Why Economics Is Different from Sociology.”: 39-56. in Structures of

Capital: The Social Organization of the Economy, edited by Sharon Zukin and Paul

DiMaggio. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

第三週、古典經濟社會學(The Classics in Economic Sociology)

本週將介紹古典經濟社會學的主要理論觀點,Swedberg 特別從利益(interest)的觀 點進入這個理論脈絡。請試著提問,這些理論觀點是否與以往的學習有不同強調之處 是否能喚起一些理論的記憶。

Swedberg, R. 2003. The Principles of Economic Sociology. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Chapter 1.

延伸閱讀與補充

Swedberg, R. 1997, “New Economic Sociology: What has Been Accomplished, What is Ahead?” Acta Sociologica :40: 161-182.

Granovetter, Mark, 1990, “The Old and the New Economic Sociology: A History and Agenda.”: 89-112 in Beyond the Marketplace: Rethinking Economy and Society,

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edited by Roger Friedland and A.F. Robertson. NewYork: Aldine de Gruyter

第四週、當代經濟社會學(Contemporary Economic Sociology)

本週將介紹新經濟社會的整體脈絡,以及基本的概念圖像。諸如鑲嵌、或是新經 濟社會學結構性的觀點。請試著提問,新經濟社會學所強調的結構(structure)是什麼?

與古典的經濟社會學有什麼差異?

Swedberg, R., 2003. The Principles of Economic Sociology, Princeton, Princeton University Press: Chapter 2

延伸閱讀與補充

Swedberg, R, Ulf Himmelstrand, and Goran Brulin. 1990. “The Paradigm of Economic Sociology.” pp.57-86 in Structures of Capital: The Social Organization of the

Economy, edited by Sharon Zukin and Paul DiMaggio. Cambridge, Cambridge

University Press.

Smelser, N., and Swedberg R., 1994. “The Sociological Perspective on the Economy.”

pp.3-26 in The Handbook of Economic Sociology, edited by Neil Smelser and Richard Swedberg. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

第五週、鑲嵌(embeddedness)

何謂鑲嵌,Polanyi 的此概念的脈絡為何?Granovetter 的鑲嵌概念具體定義為何?

本週將具體介紹此概念的歷史淵源與定義

Polanyi, Karl, 2001 [1957], “The Economy as Instituted Process.” : 31-50 in Sociology of

Economic Life, edited by Granovetter and Richard Swedberg. Boulder: Westview.

Granovetter, Mark, 1985. “Economic Action and Social Structure: The Problem of Embeddedness.” American Journal of Sociology 91: 481-510, in Sociology of

Economic Life, edited by Granovetter and Richard Swedberg. Boulder: Westview. Pp.

51-77.

延伸閱讀與補充

Barber, Bernard, 1985, “All economies are ‘embedded’: The Career of a Concept and Beyond.” Social Research, 62: 388-413.

Uzzi, Brian, 1999, “Embeddness in the Making of Financial Capital.”, American

Sociological Review, 64: 481-505.

Nee, Victor and Paul Ingram, 1998, “Embeddedness and Beyond: Institution, Exchange, and Social Structure.”: 19-45 in The New Institutionalism in Sociology, edited by Mary Brinton and Victor Nee. New York: Russell SageFoundation.

Burt, Ronald, 2004, “Structural Holes and Good Ideas.”, American Journal of Sociology 110(2); 349-399.

Uzzi, Brain, 1996, “Embeddedness and Economic Performance.: The Network Effect.”,

American Sociological Review: 61: 674-698.

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第六週、網絡(Network)

為何企業之間會形成網絡?網絡的存在有何重要性?經濟社會學家透過這個概 念來觀察社會組織的形式,並討論資本主義以及全球企業網絡的形式。網絡分析在經 濟社會學中也已經發展出重要的分析工具,本章將介紹這個概念的成因、背景與必要 性。

Swedberg, Richard. 2003, The Principles of Economic Sociology. Princeton: Princeton University Press: Chapter 3.

延伸閱讀與補充 White, Harrison

1981, “Where Do Markets Come From”, The American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 87 NO.

3: 517-547.

Granovetter, Mark, 1979, “The Strength of Weak Ties.”, American Journal of Sociology 78:1360-80.

Uzzi, Brian, 1997, “Social Structure and Competition in Inter-firm Networks: The Paradox of Embdeddedness.” Administrative Science Quarterly:42: 35-67.

Ebers, Mar, ed. 1997, The Formation of Inter-Organizational Networks. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Podolny, Joel and Toby Stuart, 1995, “A Role-Based Ecology of Technological Change.”

American Journal of Sociology:100(5): 1224-1260.

Podolny, Joel, 2001, “Networks as the Pipes and Prisms of the Market.” American Journal

of Sociology:107: 33-60.

第七週、社會資本(social capital)

社會資本是近年來東亞企業研究的重要概念,無可否認也是目前當紅的經濟社 會學討論議題。此概念往往與信任、文化和社會地位的組成因素合併討論。與網絡分析

的相同點是,分享了許多研究和分析工具。本章將同時介紹Bourdieu 對此概念的討論

以及將社會資本的概念延伸,討論社會整體資源運作的有效性。

Swedberg, R, 2003, The Principles of Economic Sociology, Princeton: Princeton University Press: Chapter 9-10

延伸閱讀與補充

Bourdieu, Pierre, 2001, “The Forms of Capital.”: 96-111 in The Sociology of Economic

Life, edited by Mark Granoveter and Richard Swedberg. Boulder: Westview Press.

Coleman, James, 1988, “Social Capital in the Creation of Human Capital.” American

Journal of Sociology, 94: 95-121.

Portes, Alejandro, 1998, “Social Capital: Its Origins and Applications in Modern Sociology”, Annual Review of Sociology 24: 1-24.

第八週、公司(Firm)

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在經濟社會學的脈絡上,對於公司的討論實際上相當龐雜。本章將主要介紹公司 的經濟理論、交易成本、行動理論等觀點。當然,Weber 的觀點、工業社會學的研究,

都與此討論相關高度相關。請試著提問,公司、網絡、社會資本這些概念有什麼重疊性?

差異性?討論的意義和重要性?

Swedberg, R., 2003. The Principles of Economic Sociology, Princeton, Princeton University Press: Chapter 4.

延伸閱讀與補充

Chandler, Alfred. 1984. “The Emergence of managerial Capitalism.” Business History Review 58 (4): 473-507.

Williamson, Oliver, 1981, “The Modern Corporation: Origins, Evolution, Attributes.”

Journal of Economic literature,19(4): 1537-1568.

Coase, Ronald, 1937, “The Nature of the Firm.” Econometrica:4: 386-405

Granovetter, M., 2001, “Coase Revisited: Business Groups in the Modern economy.”: 327- 356, in Sociology of Economic Life, edited by Granovetter and Richard Swedberg.

Boulder: Westview.

第九週、制度(Institution)

制度論在經濟社會學的脈絡中,始終曖昧不明。因為到新制度論牽涉到物質科技 發展、區位分析、政治結構、政策影響等社會條件。但新制度論對於經濟活動分析的洞 察力,絕對是無庸置疑的。本週將主要介紹Meyer 與 DiMaggio 制度論的看法,將經 濟組織視為社會制度的一部份,並具體分析組織和制度的辯證關係。請試著提問,此 看法與第三章的經濟組織討論有何不同。

Meyer, John and Brian Rowan, 1977, “Institutionalized Organizations: Formal Structures as Myth and Ceremony.” American Journal of Sociology:83: 340-63.

DiMaggio, Paul and Walter Powell, 1983, “The Iron Cage Revisited: Institutional Isomorphism and Collective Rationality in Organizational Fields.” American

Sociological Review 48: 147-160.

延伸閱讀與補充

Whitley, Richard, 1999, Divergent Capitalisms: The Social Structuring and Change of

Business Systems. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Scott, Richard, 2004, “Competing Logics in Healthcare: Professional, State, and Managerial.”: 267-287, in The Sociology of the Economy, edited by Frank Dobbin.

New York: Russell Sage Foundation.

Lindblom, Charles, 1977, Politics and Markets. New York: Basic Books, pp. 3-62.

Hollinsworth, J, Rogers, 1997. “Coordination of Economic Actors and Social Systems of Production.” : 1-47, in Contemporary Capitalism: The Embeddedness of Institutions, edited by J. Rogers Hollinsworth and Robert Boyer. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

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Jessop, Bob, 1990, “Regulation Theories in Retrospect and Prospect.”, Economy and

Society:19: 153-216.

Boyer. Robert, 1990, The Regulation School: A Critical Introduction. New York: Columbia University Press.

Amable, Bruno, 2000, “Institutional Complementarity and Diversity of Social Systems of

第十週、政治與經濟

政治與經濟有什麼關係?為何兩岸政策會影響到經濟發展?本章將全景式的介

紹國家在經濟社會學中扮演的角色,以及國家/政府對經濟或產業產生什麼樣的影響。

經濟學和社會學各有什麼樣的討論,在經濟社會學的脈絡中,又將什麼方式分析國 家與經濟的關係。

Swedberg, R., 2003. The Principles of Economic Sociology, Princeton, Princeton University Press: Chapter 7.

延伸閱讀與補充

Fligstein, Neil, 1996, “Markets as Politics: A Political-Cultural Approach to Market Institutions.” American Sociological Review,61: 656-73.

Campbell, John and Leon Lindberg, 1990, “Property Rights and the Organization of Economic Activity by the State.” American Sociological Review:55(5): 634-47.

Fligstein, Neil, 2001, The Architecture of Markets: An Economic Sociology of Twentieth-

First-Century Capitalist Societies, Princeton: Princeton University

Press.

Biggart, Nicole and Mauro Guillen, 1999, “Developing Difference: Social Organization and the Rise of the Auto Industries in South Korea, Taiwan, Spain and Argentina.”,

American Sociological Review: 64: 722-47.

第十一週、合約

你簽過合約嗎?當理性化的社會發展時,法律體系和經濟活動的規則就變得複 雜了。合約無疑最基本形式的法律限制,那麼,這些法律系統如何構成一個社會,並 對經濟行動產生影響?本週將簡述法律社會的興起,並討論法律和經濟的關係。

Swedberg, R., 2003. The Principles of Economic Sociology, Princeton, Princeton University Press: Chapter 8.

延伸閱讀與補充

Williamson, Oliver, 1985, The Economic Institutions of Capitalism. New York: Free Press.

Chapter 2, “Contractual Man” and Chapter 3, “The Governance of Contractual Relations”, pp.43-84.

Akerloff, George, 1986, “Labor Contracts as Partial Gift Exchange.”:66-92, in Efficiency

Wage Models of the Labor Market, edited by George Akerloff and J. L. Yellen.

Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

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Dore, Ronald, 1992, “Goodwill and the Spirit of Market Capitalism.” in The Sociology of

Economic Life, edited by Mark Granovetter and Richard Swedberg. Boulder:

Westview Press.

第十二週、期中考

第十三週、全球商品鍊(Global Commodity Chains)

全球商品鍊也是個很Hot 的概念,其解釋的範圍包山包海。小至穿的 NIKE 球鞋,

大到坐的TOYOTA、FORD 汽車。你有想過全球的牛仔褲有一半是台灣做的嗎?你有

想過條碼(bar code)的發明,讓你每天到 7-11 買的可樂,都被一一地傳回統計中心嗎?

這個有趣的概念,值得介紹一番。

Gereffi, Gary, 1994, “The Organization of Buyer-Driven Global Commodity Chains: How U.S. Retailers Shape Overseas Production Networks.”: 95-122, in Commodity Chains

and Global Capitalism, edited by Gary Gereffi and Miguel Korzeniewicz. London:

Praeger.

延伸閱讀與補充

Gereffi, Gary, 1998. “Commodity Chains and Regional Divisions of Labor in East Asia.” : 93-124. in The Four Asian Tigers: Economic Development and the Global Political

Economy, edited by Eun Mee Kim. San Diego: Academic Press.

Bonacich, Edna(eds.), 1994, Global Production: The Apparel Industry in the Pacific Rim.

Philadelphia, Temple University Press.

黃慧琦,2003,《條碼的秘密:連鎖零售業如何改變我們的生活?》,台北,左岸。

第十四週、演講

TFT-LCD 的市場、人力資源與競爭。

第十五週、市場I(Markets I)

市場是什麼?如何定義?從Weber 到最新流行的行銷理論(marketing theory),我 們究竟應該採取什麼看法?本週將簡略介紹經濟學、經濟社會學對市場的界定和看法 提供這個問題的初步印象。

Swedberg, Richard, 2003, The Principles of Economic Sociology. Princeton, Princeton University Press: Chapter 5.

延伸閱讀與補充

Dobbin, Frank and Timothy Dowd, 2000, “The Market that Anti-trust Built”, American

Sociological Review: 65: 631-657.

Callon, Michael, 1998, “Introduction: The Embeddedness of Economic Markets in Economics.” : 1-57, in The Laws of the Market, edited by Michael Callon. Oxford:

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Blackwell.

Mackenzie, Donald and Yuval Millo, 2003, “Constructing a Market, Performing Theory:

The Historical Sociology of a Financial Derivatives Exchange.” American Journal of

Sociology:109(1): 107-145.

Abolafia, Mitchel, 1998, “Markets as Cultures: An Ethnographic Approach.”: 69-85, in The

Laws of the Market, edited by Michael Callon. Oxford: Blackwell.

Fligstein, Neil, 1996, “Markets as Politics: A Political-cultural Approach to Market Institutions.” American Sociological Review: 61(4): 656-673.

Block, Fred, 1990, “The Market.”: 46-74, in Postindustrial Possibilities: A Critique of

Economic Discourse, by Fred Block, Berkeley and Los Angeles, University of

Californi Press.

Polanyi, Karl, 1944, The Great Transformation. Boston: Beacon Press. Chapters 4-6: 43-76 .

Weber, M.

1981(1923), General Economic History (translated by Frank H. Knight), New Brunswick, Transaction Publisher.

2000(1894), “Stock and Commodity Exchange” (tranclated by Steven Lestition), in

Economy and Society, 29:305-338.

第十六週、市場II(Markets II):

我們將繼續上一週的主題,介紹市場的歷史發展過程,市場終究是以何種形式 存在?如何以各種角度來看市場。請試著提問,經濟學和經濟社會學對於市場的界定 有何不同?Weber 所採取的市場定義,在範圍上有什麼不同?如果與歷史發展過程 比較,差異性何在?最重要的是,透過市場的研究與發展的概念,我們對於實際的 經濟活動能考察出什麼?

Swedberg, Richard, 2003, The Principles of Economic Sociology. Princeton: Princeton University Press: Chapter 6.

延伸閱讀與補充

Polanyi, Karl. 1957 (1944). The Great Transformation: The Political and Economic Origins of Our Time. Boston: Beacon Press:33-129

White, Harrison, 1981, “Where do Markets Come From?” American Journal of Sociology 87(3): 517-547.

Swedberg, R.

1994, “Market as Social Structure”, in The Handbook of Economic Sociology, edited by Smelser N. and Swedberg R., New Jersey, Princeton University Press.

2005, “Markets in Society.” In The Handbook of Economic Sociology, edited by Neil Smelser and Richard Swedberg. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Geertz, Clifford, 1978, “The Bazaar Economy: Information and Search in Peasant

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Marketing.” American Economic Review: 68: 28-32

Zelizer, Viviana, 1979, Morals and Markets: The Development of Life Insurance in the

United States, New York: Transaction Publishers.

第十七週、經濟社會學的兩難與趨勢

經濟社會學是否能解釋所有的經濟活動,是否或出現什麼難題?本週將介紹結 構的經濟社會學觀點、利益的角色、客體性、反思性,以及經濟社會學是否能成為一門 政策科學(Policy science)的兩難。當然,我們將介紹一些目前被沒有被討論的很詳細 的發展趨勢,諸如市場的認識論辯論、產品的社會學分析等等。

Swedberg, R., 2003. The Principles of Economic Sociology, Princeton, Princeton University Press: Chapter 12.

延伸閱讀與補充

Knorr Certina, Karin and Urs Bruegger

2000, “The Market as object of attachment: Exploring the postsocial relations in financial Markets”, Canadian Journal of Sociology, 25(2): 141-168.

2002a, “Global Microstructure: The Virtual Societies of Financial Markets”, American

Journal of Sociology, 107(4): 905-50.

2002b, “Inhabting Technology: The Global Life form of Financial Markets”, Current

Sociology Vol. 50 No.3: 27-44.

Zuckerman, E. W.

1999, “The Categorical Imperative: Securities Analyst and the Illegitimacy Discount”, in

The American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 104, No. 5(Mar): 1398-1438.

2004, “Structural Incoherence and Stock Market Activity”, in American Sociological

Review, Vol. 69, No. 3: 405-432.

第十八週、期末報告討論

本週將請各組報告研究題目、問題意識、文獻分析,若能對具體的議題提出討論 則是最佳的發展。但仍以課堂所討論概念、議題為主要參考架構。

參考文獻

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