激發式動態呈現教學設計之研究-以一個排列組合問題為例

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(1)୯ҥҬ೯εᏢ ౛Ꮲଣᅺγӧᙍ஑੤ᆛၡᏢಞಔ ᅺ γ ፕ Ў. ᐟวԄ୏ᄊև౜௲Ꮲ೛ीϐࣴ‫ز‬ а΋ঁ௨ӈಔӝୢᚒࣁ‫ٯ‬ A Study on Instructional Design by Trigger-based Animation A Case Study of the Combinatorial Problem. ࣴ ‫ ز‬ғǺֆࡆዝ ࡰᏤ௲௤Ǻഋܴዞ റγ. ύ ๮ ҇ ୯ ΐ Μ Ύ ԃ Ύ Д. 1.

(2) ᐟวԄ୏ᄊև౜௲Ꮲ೛ीϐࣴ‫ز‬ а΋ঁ௨ӈಔӝୢᚒϐ௖૸ࣁ‫ٯ‬ A Study on Instructional Design by Trigger-based Animation A Case Study of the Combinatorial Problem. ࣴ ‫ ز‬ғǺֆࡆዝ. StudentǺTi-Ying Wu. ࡰᏤ௲௤Ǻഋܴዞ. AdvisorǺMingjang Chen. ୯ ҥ Ҭ ೯ ε Ꮲ ౛ᏢଣᆛၡᏢಞᏢำ ᅺ γ ፕ Ў A Thesis Submitted to Degree Program of E-Learning College of Science National Chiao Tung University in partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master in Degree Program of E-Learning July 2008 Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China. !. 2.

(3) ᐟวԄ୏ᄊև౜௲Ꮲ೛ीϐࣴ‫ز‬ а΋ঁ௨ӈಔӝୢᚒࣁ‫ٯ‬. ᏢғǺֆࡆዝ. ࡰᏤ௲௤Ǻഋܴዞ റγ ୯ҥҬ೯εᏢᅺγӧᙍ஑੤ᆛၡᏢಞಔ. ύЎᄔा ᐟวԄ୏ᄊև౜ࢂճҔ΋ঁ‫ނ‬ҹ྽ᐟวᏔ(trigger)௓‫ڋ‬΋ೱՍ‫୏ޑ‬ฝǴӕ ਔ΋ঁૻ৲ёа೏΋ঁа΢‫ޑ‬᝻วᏔ௓‫ڋ‬Ǵ‫ڐ‬շ௲Ꮲ‫ޣ‬፾྽Ӧև౜ૻ৲ǴЇ ᏤᏢಞ‫ݙޑޣ‬ཀΚǴ຾Չᇡ‫ޕ‬ᏢಞǴ٠೸ၸ௲‫׷‬೛ीၲ‫ৣډ‬ғϕ୏Ƕ ҁࣴ‫ز‬а΋ঁ௨ӈಔӝୢᚒࣁ‫ٯ‬Ǵ௦ྗჴᡍࣴ‫ݤز‬Ǵ௖૸ᐟวԄ୏ᄊև ౜࣬ၨ‫ܭ‬ᓉᄊև౜‫ޑ‬௲ᏢኳԄǴࢂցૈၲ‫ډ‬ၨӳ‫ޑ‬ᏢಞԋਏǴ٠फ़եᇡ‫ॄޕ‬ ಻Ƕ ่݀ว౜ӵΠǺ ΋.ʳ ௲‫׷‬և౜БԄჹᏢಞԋਏԖᡉ๱‫ޑ‬ቹៜǴᐟวԄ୏և౜ӧ૶Ꮻෳᡍ ᆶᙯϯෳᡍ೿Ԗၨ٫‫߄ޑ‬౜Ƕ Β.ʳ ௲‫׷‬և౜БԄჹᇡ‫಻ॄޕ‬Ԗᡉ๱‫ޑ‬ቹៜǴᐟวԄ୏ᄊև౜ёफ़եᇡ ‫಻ॄޕ‬Ƕ Ο.ʳ ᇡ‫಻ॄޕ‬ᆶᏢಞԋਏևᡉ๱ॄ࣬ᜢǶ. ᜢᗖຒǺᐟวԄ୏ᄊև౜ǵᇡ‫಻ॄޕ‬ǵӭ൞ᡏᏢಞ౛ፕǶ. i.

(4) A Study on Instructional Design by Trigger-based Animation A Case Study of the Combinatorial Problem. StudentǺTi-Ying Wu. AdvisorǺDr. Mingjang Chen. Degree Program of E-Learning National Chiao Tung University. Abstract Trigger-based Animation employs an object as a trigger to control a series of animations and a message can be controlled by more than one triggers which helps performers to show digital contexts and attract audiences’ attention. The learner's attention could be directed to learning by Trigger-based Animations. Moreover, the teacher-student interaction could be enhanced by proper teaching materials design in the Trigger-based Animation environment. This research is based on quasi-experimental designs focusing on a problem from combinatory to study whether trigger-based animation showing or static showing leads to a better learning achievement and reduces the difficulty of learning. The results are as following: 1. The way of showing teaching materials has large influence in learning achievement. Trigger-based Animation has better performance in retention test and transfer test. 2. The way of showing teaching materials has large influence in cognitive load. Trigger-based Animation can reduce cognitive load. 3. There was a remarkable negative correlation between cognitive load and learning achievements. Keyword: Trigger-based Animation , cognitive load , multimedia learning.. ii.

(5) ᇞᖴ ӧ௲ਜϖԃࡕǴΞӣ‫ډ‬Ꮲਠ‫ۺ‬ਜǴ΋Бय़‫׆‬ఈԾρૈ୼ᙖࣴ‫ޑ܌ز‬ፐำ ቚ຾‫ޕ‬᛽Ǵќ΋Бय़Ψёஒ‫܌‬ᏢᔈҔ‫ܭ‬௲ᏢύǶ೭‫ٿ‬ԃ‫يޑ‬ҽࡐ੝ձǴқϺ ྽ԴৣǴఁ΢྽ᏢғǴӕਔӧ໺௤‫֎ک‬ԏ‫ޕ‬᛽Ƕ ྽ฅǴπբᆶፐ཰ӕ٣ঋ៝ࢂό৒ܰ‫ޑ‬ǶҁፕЎૈ୼໩ճֹԋǴ२Ӄा གᖴࡰᏤ௲௤ഋܴዞԴৣჹ‫ޑך‬ಒЈࡰᏤǴᕴࢂόჇ‫ྠځ‬Ӧᆶ‫૸ॺך‬ፕ௲‫׷‬ ೛ीǵϩ‫݋‬౛ፕ٠଺၁ᅰӦᇥܴǴӧԴৣ‫ي‬΢ǴᏢ‫ޑډ‬ό໻ѝࢂ଺ࣴ‫ޑز‬Б ‫ݤ‬ᆶᏢୢǴ‫ډ࣮׳‬Դৣჹࣴ‫ޑز‬዗‫ו‬ᆶ୺๱Ƕ ӧፕЎα၂ය໔Ǵ੝ձགᖴα၂‫ہ‬঩໳εচǵ᛿ჱ։ǵමࡌሎǴΟՏ௲ ௤ჹҁፕЎගрᆒ៘‫ـޑ‬ှᆶᝊ຦‫ࡌޑ‬᝼Ǵ٬ளҁࣴ‫׳୼ૈز‬уᝄᙣǴӧԜ ठ΢‫ך‬ന၈ኑ‫ޑ‬ᖴཀǶ ੝ձགᖴ‫ޑך‬ӕ٣ᎄդኾǴ޸Αࡐӭ‫ޑ‬ਔ໔ᆶ‫૸ך‬ፕ௲‫ޑ׷‬ϣ৒Ǵ٠ϩ ‫݋‬ෳᡍᚒҞ‫ޑ‬፾Ҕ‫܄‬ǴӧբፕЎ‫ޑ‬ၸำύၶ‫ډ‬Α౟ᓍǴӭᖝᎄդኾග‫ٮ‬Αࡐ ෇‫ࡌޑ‬᝼ǴΨᖴᖴቅ৖ԋԴৣ‫ڐ‬շ‫ך‬௲Ꮲ຾Չ‫ޑ‬ᒵቹ‫ܡ‬ឪǶќѦǴགᖴৎΓ ܻ϶ჹ‫ޑך‬ᜢЈᆶᡏፊǴ‫϶ت‬ഋ҉๮ᕴࢂഉӧ‫يך‬ᜐǴ‫ڐ‬շೀ౛ႝတБय़‫ޑ‬ ୢᚒǴᔅԆਠ҅߃ዺǴ٠᠋‫ޑך‬α၂ൔ֋๏ϒ‫ׯ‬๓‫ޑ‬ཀ‫ـ‬Ƕ നࡕǴΨᖴᖴ‫زࣴޑך‬უՔॺǴᄪ۸ǵ࣓֮ǵએ၈ǵηችǴ‫ڐ‬շ‫ך‬ፕЎࣴ‫ز‬ ΢ၶ‫ޑډ‬ᅿᅿୢᚒǴ٠ӆԛᖴᖴഋܴዞԴৣ஼ЈࡰᏤǴ٬‫ך‬ᕇ੻‫ؼ‬ӭǶ. iii.

(6) Ҟᒵ ύЎᄔा .........................................................................................................................i Abstract ...........................................................................................................................ii ᇞᖴ................................................................................................................................iii Ҟᒵ................................................................................................................................iv ߄Ҟᒵ ...........................................................................................................................vi კҞᒵ ..........................................................................................................................vii ΋ǵᆣፕ ........................................................................................................................ 1 1-1. ࣴ‫୏ز‬ᐒ ......................................................................................................... 1. 1-2. ࣴ‫ز‬Ҟ‫ ޑ‬......................................................................................................... 3. 1-3. ࣴ‫ز‬ୢᚒ ......................................................................................................... 3. 1-4. ࣴ‫ࢬز‬ำ ......................................................................................................... 4. 1-5. ࣴ‫ز‬ጄൎᆶज़‫ڋ‬............................................................................................. 5 1-5-1 ࣴ‫ز‬ጄൎ ............................................................................................... 5 1-5-2 ࣴ‫ز‬ज़‫ ڋ‬............................................................................................... 5. ΒǵЎ᝘௖૸ ................................................................................................................ 7 2-1. ૻ৲ೀ౛Ꮲಞፕᆶ‫ޕ‬᝺ᐕำ ........................................................................ 7 2-1-1 ૻ৲ೀ౛Ꮲಞፕ ................................................................................... 7 2-1-2 ‫ޕ‬᝺ᐕำ ............................................................................................. 11 2-1-3 ‫ޕ‬᝺‫ڗ׎ֹޑ‬ӛ .................................................................................. 14. 2-2. ຎ᝺ཛྷ൨ᆶ‫ݙ‬ཀΚᒧ᏷ ............................................................................ 16 2-2-1 ຎ᝺ཛྷ൨౛ፕ ..................................................................................... 16 2-2-2 ‫ݙ‬ཀΚ‫ޑ‬ᒧ᏷ ..................................................................................... 19. 2-3. ӭ൞ᡏᏢಞ౛ፕ........................................................................................... 21. 2-4. ᇡ‫಻ॄޕ‬౛ፕ............................................................................................... 29 2-4-1 ᇡ‫ޑ಻ॄޕ‬ཀက ................................................................................. 29 2-4-2 ᇡ‫ޑ಻ॄޕ‬ᜪࠠǺ ............................................................................. 30 2-4-3 ᇡ‫ޑ಻ॄޕ‬ෳໆ ................................................................................. 33. 2-5. AMA ‫س‬಍..................................................................................................... 34. iv.

(7) Οǵࣴ‫ز‬Б‫ ݤ‬..............................................................................................................43 3-1. ࣴ‫ز‬೛ी .......................................................................................................43 3-1-1 ࣴ‫ز‬Б‫ޑݤ‬ᒧ᏷ .................................................................................43 3-1-2 ࣴ‫ز‬ᡂ໨ᆶଷ೛ .................................................................................43 3-1-3 ࣴ‫ࢎز‬ᄬ..............................................................................................45 3-1-4 ჴࡼࢬำ..............................................................................................45. 3-2. ࣴ‫ز‬ჹຝ .......................................................................................................47. 3-3. ࣴ‫ز‬π‫ڀ‬.....................................................................................................48 3-3-1 ᇡ‫಻ॄޕ‬ໆ߄ ......................................................................................48 3-3-2 ෳᡍ၂ᚒ..............................................................................................49 3-3-3 ௲‫׷‬೛ी..............................................................................................52. 3-4. ၗ਑ϩ‫݋‬Б‫ݤ‬...............................................................................................67. Ѥǵࣴ‫่݀ز‬ᆶ૸ፕ ..................................................................................................69 4-1. ‫ڙ‬ෳኬҁ‫௶ޑ‬ॊ಍ीၗ਑...........................................................................69 4-1-1 ჴᡍಔᆶ௓‫ڋ‬ಔჴᡍ࣬ᜢ௶ॊ಍ी .................................................69 4-1-2 Ꮲ཰ԋ൩ϩಔΠჴᡍಔᆶ௓‫ڋ‬ಔ‫࣬ޑ‬ᜢ௶ॊ಍ी.........................69. 4-2. ࣴ‫ز‬ଷ೛‫ޑ‬ᔠᡍ...........................................................................................71 4-2-1 ᐟวԄ୏ᄊև౜ჹόӕᏢ཰ԋ൩Ꮲғӧ૶Ꮻෳᡍ‫ޑ‬ቹៜ..............71 4-2-2 ᐟวԄ୏ᄊև౜ჹόӕᏢ཰ԋ൩Ꮲғӧᙯϯෳᡍ‫ޑ‬ቹៜ.............74 4-2-3 ᐟวԄ୏ᄊև౜ჹόӕᏢ཰ԋ൩Ꮲғӧᇡ‫ޑ಻ॄޕ‬ቹៜ.............76 4-2-4 ૶Ꮻෳᡍᆶᇡ‫಻ॄޕ‬ໆ‫࣬ޑ‬ᜢ‫ ܄‬.....................................................79 4-2-5 ᙯϯෳᡍᆶᇡ‫಻ॄޕ‬ໆ‫࣬ޑ‬ᜢ‫ ܄‬.....................................................80. 4-3 ่݀ᄔा ..........................................................................................................81 ϖǵ่ፕᆶࡌ᝼ ..........................................................................................................83 5-1. ่ፕ ...............................................................................................................83. 5-2. ࡌ᝼ ...............................................................................................................84 5-2-1 ჹ௲‫׷‬೛ी‫ࡌޑ‬᝼Ǻ .........................................................................84 5-2-2 ჹ҂ٰࣴ‫ࡌޑز‬᝼Ǻ .........................................................................85. ୖԵЎ᝘.......................................................................................................................86 ύЎ೽ϩ ................................................................................................................86 मЎ೽ϩ ................................................................................................................87 ߕᒵ...............................................................................................................................90. v.

(8) ߄Ҟᒵ ߄ 2 - 1 ௲Ꮲ೛ीচ߾................................................................................... 32 ߄ 3 - 1 ჴᡍಔǵ௓‫ڋ‬ಔࢤԵѳ֡ኧϷ኱ྗৡᄔा߄ .............................. 47 ߄ 3 - 2 ᐱҥኬҁ t Եᡍᄔा߄ȐΠᏢයಃ΋ǵΒԛࢤԵѳ֡ȑ........... 48 ߄ 3 - 3 ௲ᏢҞ኱ϩ‫݋‬................................................................................... 49 ߄ 3 - 4 ௲‫׷‬ᇙբᆶ௲Ꮲᖱॊᇥܴ .............................................................. 54 ߄ 4 - 1 ჴᡍಔᆶ௓‫ڋ‬ಔჴᡍ࣬ᜢ௶ॊ಍ीၗ਑ᄔाᕴ߄ ...................... 69 ߄ 4 - 2 ଯᏢ཰ԋ൩ϩಔΠჴᡍಔǵ௓‫ڋ‬ಔ࣬ᜢ௶ॊ಍ीၗ਑ᄔाᕴ߄ ................................................................................................................ 70 ߄ 4 - 3 եᏢ཰ԋ൩ϩಔΠჴᡍಔǵ௓‫ڋ‬ಔ࣬ᜢ௶ॊ಍ीၗ਑ᄔाᕴ߄ ................................................................................................................ 71 ߄ 4 - 4 ΒӢηᡂ౦ኧϩ‫݋‬ၗ਑Ȑ૶Ꮻෳᡍȑ .......................................... 72 ߄ 4 - 5 ΒӢηᡂ౦ኧϩ‫݋‬ᄔा߄Ȑ௲‫׷‬և౜ϩԄᆶᏢ཰ԋ൩ჹ૶Ꮻෳ ᡍȑ ........................................................................................................ 72 ߄ 4 - 6 ΒӢηᡂ౦ኧϩ‫݋‬ၗ਑Ȑᙯϯෳᡍȑ .......................................... 74 ߄ 4 - 7 ΒӢηᡂ౦ኧϩ‫݋‬ᄔा߄Ȑ௲‫׷‬և౜ϩԄᆶᏢ཰ԋ൩ჹᙯϯෳ ᡍȑ ........................................................................................................ 75 ߄ 4 - 8 ΒӢηᡂ౦ኧϩ‫݋‬ၗ਑Ȑᇡ‫಻ॄޕ‬ȑ .......................................... 77 ߄ 4 - 9 ΒӢηᡂ౦ኧϩ‫݋‬ᄔा߄Ȑ௲‫׷‬և౜ϩԄᆶᏢ཰ԋ൩ჹᇡ‫ॄޕ‬ ಻ȑ ........................................................................................................ 77 ߄ 4 - 10 ᇡ‫಻ॄޕ‬ໆᆶ૶Ꮻෳᡍ‫࣬ޑ‬ᜢϩ‫݋‬ၗ਑ .................................... 79 ߄ 4 - 11 ᇡ‫಻ॄޕ‬ໆᆶᙯϯෳᡍ‫࣬ޑ‬ᜢϩ‫݋‬ၗ਑ .................................... 80 ߄ 4 - 12 ่݀ᄔा߄..................................................................................... 81. vi.

(9) კҞᒵ კ 1 - 1 ࣴ‫ࢬز‬ำკ.........................................................................................4 კ 2 - 1 ૻ৲ೀ౛ኳԄ(ЇԾ஭ࡾᑫǴ1994)..................................................7 კ 2 - 2 ‫ޕ‬᝺ᐕำ(ЇԾෞࡡξǴ1997)........................................................12 კ 2 - 3 ࣬ჹ‫(܄‬ЇԾ Sternberg, 2003) .........................................................13 კ 2 - 4 ௗ߈চ߾...........................................................................................14 კ 2 - 5 ࣬՟চ߾...........................................................................................15 კ 2 - 6 ೱុচ߾(ЇԾ Sternberg, 2003) .....................................................15 კ 2 - 7 ࠾ഈচ߾(ЇԾߋࡌ଻Ǵ2005)........................................................15 კ 2 - 8 ჹᆀ(ЇԾ Sternberg, 2003) .............................................................16 კ 2 - 9 ཛྷ൨բ཰‫ޑ‬ਏ౗،‫ܭۓ‬ЇᏤૻ৲‫ࠔޑ‬፦ (ЇԾ Sternberg,2003)18 კ 2 - 10 ЈඵၮբᐕำȐMayer, 2001ȑ....................................................22 კ 2 - 11 ٩‫ׇ‬ಒ࿯ϩࢤ(Successive Small Segments)(ЇԾ Mayer,2001)..24 კ 2 - 12 αॊЎӷᆶॣ኷ᝡ‫᠋ݾ‬᝺ᆅၰၗྍ(ЇԾ Mayer,2001).............25 კ 2 - 13 ѝԖკႽ࿶ຎ᝺ᆅၰ(ЇԾ Mayer,2001) .....................................26 კ 2 - 14 ӑ‫ڇ‬ЎӷᆶკႽ೿࿶ຎ᝺ᆅၰ(ЇԾ Mayer,2001) .....................26 კ 2 - 15 ӑ‫ڇ‬ЎӷᆶკႽ೿࿶ၸຎ᝺ᆅၰ(ЇԾ Mayer,2001))................27 კ 2 - 16 Gergets ‫ ک‬Scheiter ‫ޑ‬ᇡ‫಻ॄޕ‬౛ፕཷ‫ࢎۺ‬ᄬ (ЇԾഋஏਲǴ2003) ................................................................................................................31 კ 2 - 17 үԾฅξНฝ (ЇԾഋܴዞǴ2006)............................................35 კ 2 - 18 ፄᚇ‫ޑ‬ჹᆀᄬკ (ЇԾഋܴዞǴ2006) .......................................36 კ 3 - 1 ࣴ‫ࢎز‬ᄬ...........................................................................................45 კ 3 - 2 ჴࡼࢬำᆶӚ໘ࢤ຾Չਔ໔ ..........................................................46 კ 3 - 3 ૶Ꮻෳᡍಃ΋ᚒीϩᇥܴ ..............................................................50 კ 3 - 4 ૶ᏫෳᡍಃΒᚒीϩᇥܴ ..............................................................50 კ 3 - 5 ૶Ꮻෳᡍಃ΋ᚒीϩᇥܴ ..............................................................51 კ 3 - 6 Ӛ໘ࢤ௲ᏢҞ኱კ...........................................................................53 კ 3 - 7 ࣴ‫ز‬ၗ਑ϩ‫ࢎ݋‬ᄬკ.......................................................................68. vii.

(10) კ 4 - 1 а௲‫׷‬և౜БԄࣁঁձጕ .............................................................. 73 კ 4 - 2 аᏢ཰ԋ൩ࣁঁձጕ ...................................................................... 73 კ 4 - 3 ௲‫׷‬և౜БԄࣁঁձጕ .................................................................. 75 კ 4 - 4 аᏢ཰ԋ൩ࣁঁձጕ ...................................................................... 75 კ 4 - 5 а௲‫׷‬և౜БԄࣁঁձጕ .............................................................. 78 კ 4 - 6 аᏢ཰ԋ൩ࣁঁձጕ ...................................................................... 78. viii.

(11) ΋ǵᆣፕ 1-1. ࣴ‫୏ز‬ᐒ Ӣᔈ‫ז‬ೲ‫ޑ‬ၗૻࣽ‫מ‬ว৖Ǵऍ୯ǵ޹ើǵу৾εǵཥу‫ڵ‬ǵВҁ฻୯Ǵ. ࣬ᝩගр୯ৎၗૻ௲‫ػ‬қҜਜ‫܈‬ᕴᙔკǴԶѠ᡼Ψӧ҇୯ 89 ԃගрΐԃ΋ೣ ࡹ฼ǴமፓၗૻᑼΕӚࣽ௲ᏢǴ௲‫ػ‬БԄᒿ๱ၗૻ‫ޑ‬ว৖ౢғख़εᡂॠǶᏢ ғय़ჹ‫ޑ‬όӆൂൂѝࢂ໵݈ǵੇൔǴёૈࢂ΋ঁ‫׫‬ቹ‫܈‬ႝတ‫ޑ‬ᑻჿǴฝय़‫ޑ‬ ελ‫ׯ‬ᡂΑǴฝय़‫ޑ‬ϣ৒ᙦ൤ΑǴຎ᝺ǵ᠋᝺‫ڈޑ‬ᐟ‫׳‬மਗ਼ΑǴӚԄӭ൞ᡏ ‫ޑ‬ᔈҔ٬ளፐำ‫׳‬ӭϡǵԖ፪Ƕ௢୏ၗૻࣽ‫מ‬ᑼΕӚሦୱ௲ᏢǴ᏾ӝ௲Ꮲǵ Ꮲಞǵ‫ک‬ΓΚၗྍǴёቚу௲Ꮲബཥ‫ޑ‬ᐒ཮Ǵ٬௲Ꮲࢲ୏‫׳‬࿶ᔮԖਏ(ՖᄪਦǴ 2002)Ƕу΢ᆛၡ‫ޑ‬දϷǴ௲ৣࣗԿόሡԾՉᏢಞࣴ‫ز‬௲Ꮲ೬ᡏǴԖਔ‫׳‬ёа ᇸܰ‫ޑ‬ճҔᆛၡၗྍϩ٦ኧՏ௲‫׷‬ǹᏢಞ‫ޣ‬ΨёճҔൂᐒঁΓϯ‫ޑ‬௲Ꮲ൞ᡏ ԾՉ΢ᆛᏢಞǶၗૻਔж‫ׯ‬ᡂΑа۳‫ޑ‬௲ᏢኳԄǴ௲Ꮲ൞ᡏёϩࣁаȨᏢಞ ‫ࣁޣ‬ᏤӛȩᆶȨ௲ৣ௤ፐࣁᏤӛȩ Ǵ‫ޣٿ‬൞ᡏ‫ޑ‬੝፦ᆶৡ౦ᇥܴӵΠǺ ӧᏢಞ‫ࣁޣ‬Ꮴӛ‫ޑ‬௲ᏢኳԄΠǴᏢಞ‫ޣ‬य़ჹ‫ࢂޑ‬΋ѠႝတᑻჿǴёԾՉ ЬᏤ΢ፐ‫؁ޑ‬ፓǴ٩ኧՏ௲‫׷‬ҁ‫ي‬೛ी‫ޑ‬ϕ୏ኳԄǴ຾Չϕ୏Ꮲಞǹ௲ৣ௤ ፐࣁᏤӛᜪ՟໺಍໵݈௲ᏢǴനε‫ޑ‬όӕӧ‫ܭ‬Ꮲಞ‫ޣ‬Ьाय़ჹ‫ࢂޑ‬௲࠻‫ޑ‬ε ᑻჿǴຎ᝺΢௲ৣόࢂЬᡏǴӢԜ௲ৣҁ‫ަޑي‬ᡏᇟ‫ق‬ቹៜᔈόႽ໺಍௲Ꮲ ೭ሶεǴ௲ৣЬाග‫ٮ‬αॊ‫ޑ‬ᇥܴ٠ᏹբฝय़Ǵඓ௓ຎ᝺և౜ǶԜਔ௲‫ޑ׷‬ ೛ीሡԵໆ᏾ᡏ‫܄‬ᆶӕ‫܄؁‬Ǵӧӕ‫؁‬և౜ຎ᝺ૻ৲ਔǴΞाঋ៝‫ঁډ‬ձৡ౦Ƕ ௲ৣჹࡰ኱‫ޑ‬ᏹբቹៜᏢಞ‫ݙޑޣ‬ཀΚǴ௲‫׷‬և౜‫ޑ‬ೲࡋ߾ჹᏢಞ‫ޣ‬೷ԋᇡ ‫಻ॄޕ‬Ƕ ၗૻᑼΕ௲Ꮲ౛‫ۺ‬ჴՉ‫߃ޑ‬යǴӭኧΓѝ‫ݙ‬ཀ‫ډ‬ӭ൞ᡏ௲‫ࢂ׷‬ബཥ‫ޑ‬ǵ ࢂԖ፪‫ޑ‬ǵࢂёаЇଆ୏ᐒ‫ޑ‬Ǵࠅ۹ຎΑ௲ᏢБԄ‫ׯޑ‬ᡂёૈ೷ԋჹᏢಞ‫ޣ‬ ‫ޑ‬ቹៜǶᏢғॺᗨฅૈ೏ғ୏ࢲዃ‫ޑ‬კ‫୏܈׎‬ฝ‫֎܌‬ЇǴฅԶࠅค‫ݤ‬җ‫ځ‬ύ Ꮲಞ‫ډ‬ᔈԖ‫ۺཷޑ‬ǴԖਔংϸԶ཮೷ԋυᘋᏢಞ‫ޑ‬௃‫׎‬ȐRieber, 1996ȑǶ٬. 1.

(12) Ҕӭ൞ᡏ௲‫܌׷‬஥ٰ‫ޑ‬ቹႽǵᖂॣǵ୏ฝ…฻ਏ݀ΨӕਔቚуΑᏢಞᡂኧȐ݅ ᜽ীǴ2000ȑǶ ၗૻᑼΕ௲ᏢǴόՠ٬௲Ꮲᕉნ‫ׯ‬ᡂǴ௲Ꮲ‫ݤ‬ᆶ௲‫׷‬೛ीΨᔈᒿϐፓ ᏾Ƕ௲Ꮲ‫ޣ‬όᔈѝࢂ‫ޓ‬ҞӦ٬Ҕӭ൞ᡏ௲‫׷‬ǴѸሡቩ཈Եໆӧፐ୸௤ፐࣁᏤ ӛ‫ޑ‬௲ᏢኳԄΠǴӵՖӢᔈᏢಞ‫ঁޑޣ‬ձৡ౦ၲ‫ډ‬௲Ꮲԋਏǻ௲‫ޑ׷‬೛ीࢂ ց಄ӝᏢಞ‫ޑޣ‬ᇡ‫ޕ‬ᐕำǻӵՖӼ௨௲‫׷‬և౜‫ޑ‬БԄǻҗ‫ܭ‬Γᜪ‫ޕޑ‬᝺ᐕำ ཮ቹៜᏢಞǵཷ‫׎ޑۺ‬ԋǵୢᚒှ઩ૈΚаϷ‫ץ‬ղࡘԵϐว৖ǴӢԜຎ᝺კ Ⴝ೛ी‫ޣ‬ᔈඓඝΓᜪᇡ‫ޕ‬চ߾Ǵߦ٬ૈ୼ᇙբр‫ڀ׳‬ਏૈ‫ޑ‬௲Ꮲ൞ᡏǵ௲‫׷‬ ȐFleming & Levie, 1993ȑǶ௲‫׷‬೛ी‫⫠ؼޑ‬ቹៜ௲ᏢԋਏǴӭ൞ᡏ௲‫ޑ׷‬և ౜БԄջࢂ௲‫׷‬೛ीύख़ा΋ᕉǴඓඝΓᜪᇡ‫ޕ‬ᐕำǴωૈᔅշᏢಞǵ‫׎‬ԋ ཷ‫ۺ‬٠Ꭶԋှ،ୢᚒ‫ૈޑ‬ΚǶ ӧ Sweller(1989)ගр‫ޑ‬ᇡ‫಻ॄޕ‬౛ፕύǴᇥܴΑѦӧᇡ‫಻ॄޕ‬ЬाٰԾ ‫ܭ‬௲‫ޑ׷‬և౜БԄǴᙖҗ፾྽‫ޑ‬௲Ꮲ೛ीёԖਏफ़եᇡ‫಻ॄޕ‬Ǵаߦ຾୷ኳ ‫ࡌޑ‬ҥǶ୷‫ܭ‬ᇡ‫ޕ‬౛ፕǴഋܴዞറγගрᐟวԄ୏ᄊև౜ȐTrigger-based animationȑ‫ޑ‬௲ᏢኳԄǴၮҔȨ΋ঁ‫ނ‬ҹ྽ᐟวᏔ(trigger)௓‫ڋ‬΋ೱՍ‫୏ޑ‬ฝǴ ӕਔ΋ঁૻ৲ёа೏΋ঁа΢‫ޑ‬᝻วᏔ௓‫ڋ‬ȩ‫ޑ‬фૈǴ٬௲Ꮲ‫ޣ‬ёаႣӃӼ ௨ǵ‫܈‬ᒿཀ௓‫ૻڋ‬৲р౜‫ޑ‬໩‫ׇ‬ϷೲࡋǴቚ຾௲Ꮲ౜൑ৣғ‫ޑ‬ϕ୏Ǵ٠ёᙖ җᐟวᏔ(trigger)‫ޑ‬௓‫ڋ‬ǴЇว‫ݙ‬ཀΚǴ຾ԶЇᏤᏢಞǴफ़եᇡ‫಻ॄޕ‬Ƕ ҁࣴ‫ز‬аӭ൞ᡏᏢಞ౛ፕᆶᇡ‫಻ॄޕ‬౛ፕ‫܌‬ගϐ௲‫׷‬೛ीচ߾ࣁ٩Ᏽ ٰ೛ीӭ൞ᡏ௲‫׷‬ǴаᐟวԄ୏ᄊև౜ຎ᝺ૻ৲‫ޑ‬БԄǴ຾Չ΋ঁ௨ӈಔӝ ୢᚒϐ௖૸Ǵ‫׆‬ఈӧ‫ؼ‬ӳ‫ޑ‬௲‫׷‬೛ीᆶ፾྽‫ޑ‬և౜БԄΠǴёаफ़եѦӧᇡ ‫಻ॄޕ‬Ǵၲ‫ډ‬ᏢಞԋਏǶ௨ӈಔӝ‫ޑ‬ୢᚒচឦଯύ௲‫׷‬ጄᛑǴ೚ӭᏢғӧ೭ ঁൂϡ΢‫ޑ‬Ꮲಞག‫֚ډ‬ᜤǴჹ‫ܭ‬΋٤‫ܜ‬ຝᢀ‫ۺ‬ค‫ݤ‬౛ှ‫ޑ‬௃‫ݩ‬ΠǴനࡕ۳۳ ీࣁϦԄ‫૶ޑ‬Ꮻᆶ঺ҔԶςǶ‫ځ‬ჴ௨ӈಔӝ‫ޑ‬ୢᚒᆶВதғࢲ৲৲࣬ᜢǴЪ ‫ੋ܌ځ‬Ϸϐཷ‫ۺ‬ᆶচ౛ൂપǴ࣬ჹᐱҥᆶ‫ځ‬дൂϡǴऩૈӧຎ᝺კႽ΢๏ϒ ‫ڈޑ୼ى‬ᐟǴ٬Ꮲಞ‫ޣ‬ว౜‫ځ‬ύ‫ޑ‬ᜢᖄ‫܄‬Ǵٗሶ௨ӈಔӝஒ཮ࢂԖ፪ǵӳ‫ވ‬ ‫ޑ‬ୢᚒǶ. 2.

(13) ࣴ‫ز‬Ҟ‫ޑ‬. 1-2. ୷‫ܭ‬΢ॊࣴ‫୏ز‬ᐒǴҁࣴ‫ز‬а΋ঁ௨ӈಔӝୢᚒࣁ‫ٯ‬Ǵ௖૸ᐟวԄ୏ᄊ և౜ჹόӕᏢ཰ԋ൩ᏢғǴӧᏢಞԋਏᆶᇡ‫ޑ಻ॄޕ‬ቹៜǴᏢಞԋਏϩࣁ૶ ᏫᆶᙯϯୢᚒǶࣴ‫ز‬Ҟ‫௶ޑ‬ॊӵΠǺ 1.. ௖૸ᐟวԄ୏ᄊև౜ჹόӕᏢ཰ԋ൩Ꮲғӧ૶Ꮻෳᡍ‫ޑ‬ቹៜǶ. 2.. ௖૸ᐟวԄ୏ᄊև౜ჹόӕᏢ཰ԋ൩Ꮲғӧᙯϯෳᡍ‫ޑ‬ቹៜǶ. 3.. ௖૸ᐟวԄ୏ᄊև౜ჹόӕᏢ཰ԋ൩Ꮲғӧᇡ‫ޑ಻ॄޕ‬ቹៜǶ. 4.. ௖૸૶Ꮻǵᙯϯෳᡍᆶᇡ‫಻ॄޕ‬ໆ‫࣬ޑ‬ᜢ‫܄‬Ƕ. ࣴ‫ز‬ୢᚒ. 1-3. ਥᏵ΢ॊࣴ‫ز‬Ҟ‫ޑ‬Ǵҁࣴ‫ز‬ట௖૸‫ޑ‬ୢᚒӵΠǺ 1.. ᐟวԄ୏ᄊև౜ჹόӕᏢ཰ԋ൩Ꮲғӧ૶Ꮻෳᡍ‫ޑ‬ቹៜࣁՖǻ. 2.. ᐟวԄ୏ᄊև౜ჹόӕᏢ཰ԋ൩Ꮲғӧᙯϯෳᡍ‫ޑ‬ቹៜࣁՖǻ. 3.. วԄ୏ᄊև౜ჹόӕᏢ཰ԋ൩Ꮲғӧᇡ‫ޑ಻ॄޕ‬ቹៜࣁՖǻ. 4.. ૶Ꮻෳᡍᆶᇡ‫಻ॄޕ‬ໆ‫࣬ޑ‬ᜢ‫ࣁ܄‬Ֆǻ. 5.. ᙯϯෳᡍᆶᇡ‫಻ॄޕ‬ໆ‫࣬ޑ‬ᜢ‫ࣁ܄‬Ֆǻ. 3.

(14) 1-4. ࣴ‫ࢬز‬ำ. ᎙᠐࣬ᜢ౛ፕǵЎ᝘!. ࡌҥࣴ‫ز‬ୢᚒϷҞ‫!ޑ‬. ೕჄࣴ‫ز‬Б‫!ݤ‬. ᒧ‫ۓ‬௲‫׷‬ϣ৒!. ߃‫؁‬೛ी௲‫!׷‬. ਥᏵ౛ፕচ߾ϩ‫݋‬অ҅௲‫!׷‬. ᐟวԄ୏ᄊև౜௲‫!׷‬. ᓉᄊև౜௲‫!׷‬. ጓᇙෳᡍ၂ᚒ!. ຾Չ௲Ꮲჴᡍ!. ၗ਑ϩ‫!݋‬. ᏾౛ԏ໣ϐၗ਑Ǵ! ኗቪፕЎǴຑ‫!่݀݋‬ კ 1 - 1 ࣴ‫ࢬز‬ำკ!. 4.

(15) ࣴ‫ز‬ጄൎᆶज़‫ڋ‬. 1-5. 1-5-1 ࣴ‫ز‬ጄൎ 1.. ҁࣴ‫ز‬аਲ༜ᑜࢌ୯ύ‫ঁٿ‬੤ભࣁჴᡍჹຝǴӵట௢ቶԿ‫ځ‬дԃស ‫୔܈‬ୱ‫ޑ‬௲ᏢǴሡቩ཈ຑ՗Ƕ. 2.. ҁࣴ‫ز‬ԑӧ௖૸ᐟวԄ୏ᄊև౜௲Ꮲ‫ޑ‬ԋਏǶ௲Ꮲϣ৒ࣁ΋௨ӈಔ ӝୢᚒ-ӧ΋ঁତӈБତύ௖઩ߏБ‫ঁޑ׎‬ኧǴᒧ᏷Ԝୢᚒ଺ࣁჴᡍ ࣴ‫ز‬Ьᚒ‫ޑ‬চӢԖ‫ٿ‬ᗺǺ (1) ෧ϿӃഢ‫ޕ‬᛽‫ޑ‬ቹៜǴ୯ύኧᏢ‫ޑ‬ጓ௨аᖥ௽Ԅ೴ᅌуుу ቶǴ΋ঁЬᚒཷ‫ޑۺ‬౛ှ۳۳ੋϷ೚ӭӃഢ‫ޕ‬᛽Ǵࣁफ़ե‫ځ‬д Ӣનჹჴᡍ೷ԋ‫ޑ‬ቹៜǴΑှᐟวԄ୏ᄊև౜࣬ᜢচ߾ϐԋ ਏǴҁࣴ‫ز‬ᒧ᏷Ԝ௨ӈಔӝୢᚒࣁ௲Ꮲϣ৒ǴੋϷ‫ޑ‬ኧᏢ୷ҁ ཷ‫ൂۺ‬પǴѝሡԖу‫ݤ‬চ౛ᆶ४‫ݤ‬চ౛‫ۺཷޑ‬ǴЪᆶғࢲ࿶ᡍ ࣬ᜢǶ (2) ाЇᏤ౛ှԜཷ‫ۺ‬ǴሡଛӝკႽᇥܴǴ‫ڐ‬շว౜εໆૻ৲໔‫ޑ‬ ᜢᖄ‫܄‬Ǵటၲ‫ډ‬ԜҞ኱ǴճҔ໺಍໵݈ǵੇൔკ߄‫ځ܈‬д೬ᡏ Ѹౢғ֚ᜤǶӢԜࣴ‫ޣز‬ၮҔ AMA ‫س‬಍೛ी௲‫׷‬Ǵᙖҗᐟว Ԅ୏ᄊև౜௲ᏢБ‫ڐݤ‬շཛྷ൨ǵ௨ନᚇૻǵЇว‫ݙ‬ཀΚԶၲ‫ډ‬ ᏢಞԋਏǶ. 1-5-2 ࣴ‫ز‬ज़‫ڋ‬ 1.. ኬҁ‫ޑ‬ज़‫ڋ‬Ǻ ҁࣴ‫ܭ୷ز‬ΓΚ‫ނ‬Κ฻ၗྍ‫ޑ‬ज़‫ڋ‬Ǵค‫ݤ‬ᒿᐒ‫ڗܜ‬ኬҁǴԶ໻аࣴ ‫ޣز‬Һ௲੤ભύᒧр‫ঁٿ‬ન፦ำࡋၨࣁௗ߈‫ޑ‬੤ભ଺ࣁࣴ‫ز‬ჹຝǶ Ӣࣁኬҁߚᒿᐒᒧ‫ڗ‬ǴӢԜёૈ٬Ѧ೽ਏࡋफ़եǴԶค‫ݤ‬௢ቶǶ. 2.. ᇡ‫಻ॄޕ‬ໆ߄‫ޑ‬ज़‫ڋ‬Ǻ. 5.

(16) ҁࣴ‫ز‬ჹ‫ܭ‬ᇡ‫ޑ಻ॄޕ‬ෳໆ௦Ьᢀෳໆ‫ݤ‬Ǵঅ‫ֺׯ‬ᘑ‫(׊‬2000)ෳໆ ᇡ‫ޑ಻ॄޕ‬ᚒҞǶҗ‫ܭ‬Ҟ߻ჹ‫ܭ‬ᇡ‫ޑ಻ॄޕ‬ෳໆۘ҂ว৖р኱ྗϯ ‫ޑ‬ໆ߄ୢ‫ڔ‬ǴӢԜӧߞࡋǵਏࡋ΢ёૈั༮ό‫ى‬Ƕ 3.. Ꮲಞᕉნᆶঁձৡ౦Ǻ ҁࣴ‫ز‬௦ྗჴᡍࣴ‫ݤز‬Ǵҗ‫ܭ‬ቹៜ௲Ꮲԋਏ‫ޑ‬Ӣન౲ӭǴନΑ௲Ꮲ ‫ޣ‬ǵ௲‫׷‬೛ीѦǴ੤ભ੝፦ǵᏢಞ‫ޣ‬໔۶ԜቹៜǵᏢಞ‫ޣ‬ҁ‫୏ޑي‬ ᐒᆶᏢಞᄊࡋ೿ёૈቹៜᏢಞԋਏǴӢԜჴᡍ่݀ၨᜤ௢ፕ‫ځ‬дᏢ ಞᕉნᆶᏢಞ‫ޣ‬΢Ƕ. 6.

(17) ΒǵЎ᝘௖૸ ҁകӅϩࣁѤ࿯Ǵಃ΋࿯ࣁૻ৲ೀᏢಞፕᆶ‫ޕ‬᝺ᐕำǴಃΒ࿯ຎ᝺ཛྷ ൨ᆶ‫ݙ‬ཀΚᒧ᏷ǴಃΟ࿯ࣁӭ൞ᡏᏢಞ౛ፕǴಃѤ࿯ࣁᇡ‫಻ॄޕ‬౛ፕǴಃ ϖ࿯ჹҁࣴ‫܌ز‬٬Ҕ‫ޑ‬೬ᡏ-AMA ‫س‬಍଺ᇥܴǴϩॊӵΠǶ. 2-1. ૻ৲ೀ౛Ꮲಞፕᆶ‫ޕ‬᝺ᐕำ ૻ৲ೀ౛Ꮲಞፕᆶ‫ޕ‬᝺ᐕำ. 2-1-1 ૻ৲ೀ౛Ꮲಞፕ ૻ৲ೀ౛ᏢಞፕှញΑΓᜪӧᕉნύǴӵՖ࿶җག‫۔‬ჸ᝺ǵ‫ݙ‬ཀǵᒣ ᛽ǵᙯඤǵ૶Ꮻ฻ϣӧЈ౛ࢲ୏Ǵа֎ԏ٠ၮҔӧ‫ޕ‬᛽‫ޑ‬ᐕำ(஭ࡾᑫǴ 1994)Ƕा௖૸௲‫׷‬೛ी߻Ǵ௲Ꮲ‫ޣ‬ѸӃΑှᏢғӵՖௗԏૻ৲ǵӵՖᒧ᏷ ૻ৲ǵอය૶Ꮻ‫ޑ‬৒ໆज़‫ڋ‬ǵӵՖග‫ߏڗ‬ය૶Ꮻ္‫ޕޑ‬᛽…฻ୢᚒǴૻ৲ ೀ౛ኳԄᙁൂ‫ޑ‬ᇥǴࢂஒΓᜪ࣮ԋૻ৲‫ޑ‬ೀ౛‫ޣ‬Ǵ‫ځ‬ኳԄӵΠǺ. კ 2 - 1 ૻ৲ೀ౛ኳԄ(ЇԾ஭ࡾᑫǴ1994). ૻ৲ೀ౛ኳԄஒ૶ᏫϩࣁΟᜪǺག‫૶۔‬Ꮻǵอය૶Ꮻǵߏය૶Ꮻ. 7.

(18) 1. ག‫૶۔‬Ꮻ(Sensory MemoryǴᙁᆀ SR) ག‫૶۔‬Ꮻࢂࡰঁᡏຎǵ᠋ǵ‫ښ‬ǵ༘ǵ᝻᝺฻ག᝺Ꮤ‫۔‬ӧௗ‫୼ىډڙ‬ໆ ‫ڈޑ‬ᐟࡕǴஒૻ৲‫ޑ‬চ‫׎ۈ‬ԄᓯӸߥ੮‫ޑ‬໘ࢤ(ӧΟࣾដаΠ)Ƕঁᡏ ஒ،‫ۓ‬ག᝺૶Ꮻ္ԏᒵ‫ޑ‬চ‫ૻۈ‬৲ࢂց଺຾΋‫ޑ؁‬ೀ౛ǵ‫ݙ‬ཀ٠ϒа ጓዸǴց߾ջϒа‫ܫ‬కǴ‫׎‬ԋག‫۔‬ԏᒵၸ‫ޑ‬ᒪ‫ב‬Ƕ ൩ຎག᝺‫ޑ‬ቶࡋᆶຟӸԶፕǴ྽Ѧࣚ‫ૻޑ‬৲‫׫‬৔‫ډ‬౳࿊ਔǴ೭٤ૻ৲ ࿶җ౳ౚ൳ՖӀᏢ‫שޑ‬৔Ǵӧᆛጢ‫׎‬ԋΑቹႽǴ೭ঁၸำᆀࣁག‫۔‬ԏ ᒵ(ᎄࡿܴǴ1993)ǶਥᏵ Sperling(1960)‫زࣴޑ‬Ǵ΋ࣾដϐϣૻ৲ऩ҂ ᙯ‫ډ‬ၨΦ‫૶ޑ‬ᏫǴࡐ‫ז‬൩཮Ѩѐ(Sterberg, 2003)Ƕ᠋᝺Ψ‫ک‬ຎ᝺΋ ኬǴૈ୼ຟӸ᠋᝺‫ޑ‬ག᝺૶ᏫǴӧ DarwinǵTurvey ᆶ Crwoder(1972) ‫᠋ޑ‬᝺ჴᡍൔ֋ύࡰрǴ9 ঁ໨Ҟύѝૈӣൔ 4.2 ঁ໨ҞǴՠ᠋᝺ૻ ‫ߥޑ‬੮ਔ໔ၨຎ᝺ߏǴёߥ੮ϖࣾ‫ޑ‬ਔ໔(஭ࡾᑫǴ1994)Ƕҗ΢ॊࣴ ‫ز‬ё‫ޕ‬Ǵ‫ݙ‬ཀ‫ޑ‬ቶࡋ࣬྽੟ઞǴঁᡏӧག‫૶۔‬Ꮻ္ௗԏ‫ޑ‬εໆૻ৲ ύǴᒧ᏷‫܄‬Ӧ٩ҁ‫ޑي‬࿶ᡍǵ୏ᐒǵ‫܈‬ሡ‫؃‬ஒૻ৲уа‫ݙ‬ཀ٬‫ځ‬຾Ε อය૶ᏫύǶၮҔӭ൞ᡏ௲ᏢਔǴૻ৲և౜‫ޑ‬ೲࡋёૈၨа۳‫ז׳‬Ǵ ௲ৣόሡӧ໵݈΢ቪӷǵฝკǴΨόሡाᔔ໵݈Ǵ߻΋ঁૻ৲ёૈӆ ྖႵࡪΠࡕǴҥջ੃ѨǴ௲Ꮲ‫ޣ‬ᔈԵໆག‫۔‬ԏᒵ‫ޑ‬ਔ໔ߚதอǴӢԜ ӧ‫؂‬΋ঁૻ৲р౜ࡕǴाߥ੮‫ޑ୼ى‬ਔ໔๏ᏢғǴϐࡕӆϒаཥ‫ڈޑ‬ ᐟǴց߾ૻ৲ӧ҂‫ݙڙ‬ཀᆶ຾΋‫؁‬ጓዸ‫ޑ‬௃‫ݩ‬ΠǴଭ΢੃ଏǵᒪ‫ב‬Ǵ Ъ௲Ꮲ‫ޣ‬ᔈ‫ݙ‬ཀฝय़ύკ‫׎‬ǵЎӷǵᖂॣ฻ӭ൞ᡏ‫ޑ‬ଛ࿼Ǵၸໆૻ৲ ёૈϩණ‫ݙ‬ཀǶӧҁࣴ‫ز‬ύǴ൩ࢂ‫׆‬ఈճҔᐟวԄ୏ᄊև౜‫ޑ‬Б‫ݤ‬Ǵ ٬Ꮲಞ‫ޣ‬ёԾ୏ϯӦ‫ݙ‬ཀख़ाૻ৲Ǵ٬‫ځ‬຾Εอය૶Ꮻύ଺຾΋‫ޑ؁‬ ౛ှᆶࡘԵǶ 2. อය૶Ꮻ(Short-term StoreǴᙁᆀ STS) อය૶ᏫӢ‫ڀ‬ԖЈ౛ၮբ‫ޑ‬фૈǴӢԜΞᆀࣁၮբ૶Ꮻ(working memory) Ǵอය૶Ꮻჹঁᡏ‫ޑ‬Չࣁ‫ڀ‬Ԗ‫ٿ‬ᅿख़ाբҔǺ‫ځ‬΋ࢂჹ‫ڈ‬ ᐟ߄౜р፾྽ϸᔈǶ‫ॺך‬ፋ၉ਔᆶΓ‫ޑ‬ϸᔈǴ‫܈‬᎙᠐ਔჹЎӷ‫ޑ‬౛ ှǴ೿ࢂᜐ‫ڈڙ‬ᐟᜐ଺рϸᔈ‫ޑ‬Ј౛ࢲ୏ǶՠऩؒԖ੝ձ૶Ꮻǵ౛ှǴ ߾Ԝ໘ࢤௗԏ‫ૻޑډ‬৲ஒଭ΢ࢬѨǴ೷ԋᒪ‫ב‬Ƕอය૶Ꮻ‫ޑ‬ќ΋բҔ ࢂǴჹటߥ੮‫ૻޑ‬৲௦‫ڗ‬ൺಞ‫ޑ‬БԄǴቚߏૻ৲ߥ੮ਔ໔Ǵ٠ᒡΕߏ ය૶ᏫǶอය૶Ꮻ‫ޑ‬Ј౛ၮբΞёϩࣁΟঁቫԛǴЈඵ߄ቻǵᇡ‫ޕ‬ቫ ԛǵᆶࡕ೛ᇡ‫ޕ‬ǴаኧᏢ‫ޑ‬Ꮲಞࣁ‫ٯ‬ǴᏢғჹୢᚒ‫ޑ‬౛ှϸᔈࢂЈඵ 8.

(19) ߄ቻǴջΑှ‫܌‬ௗԏ‫ڈޑډ‬ᐟࣁՖǻჹୢᚒ‫ࡘޑ‬Եǵीᆉǵ୺Չឦ‫ܭ‬ ᇡ‫ޕ‬ቫԛǴऩૈ຾΋‫ޑ؁‬ᇥܴ‫؂‬΋ीᆉၸำ‫ޑ‬གྷ‫ݤ‬Ǵ٠଺ᔠᡍǴૈమ ཱှញԾ‫ޑي‬ᇡ‫ޕ‬ᐕำջࢂ‫ډ‬ၲ‫ࡕډ‬೛ᇡ‫ޑޕ‬ቫԛǶอය૶Ꮻ‫ޑ‬৒ໆ Ԗज़ǴӢԜ௲ৣନӧ௲ᏢၸำύѸ໪ЇଆᏢғ‫୏ޑ‬ᐒᆶ‫ݙ‬ཀѦǴۘ໪ ෧ϿόѸा‫ޑ‬ӭᎩૻ৲Ǵ٬‫ݙ‬ཀΚ໣ύӧख़ाૻ৲΢Ǵ٠ЇᏤᏢғග ‫ߏڗ‬ය૶Ꮻ‫ޑ‬ᙑ࿶ᡍᆶཥૻ৲຾ՉКჹǵ᏾ӝǴᕇளཥ‫ޕ‬᛽Ƕ 3. ߏය૶Ꮻ(Long-term MemoryǴᙁᆀ LTM) ߏය૶Ꮻࡰૻ৲ߥ࡭ߏයό‫҉ޑב‬Φૻ৲Ƕ ߏය૶Ꮻ‫ک‬อය૶ᏫԖΟᗺৡ౦Ǻಃ΋ᗺࢂਔज़΢‫ޑ‬όӕǴอය૶Ꮻ ᆢ࡭‫ޑ‬ਔ໔όຬၸΒΜࣾǴߏය૶Ꮻ߾ࢂ҉Φό‫ב‬ǶಃΒᗺࢂ৒ໆ‫ޑ‬ ज़‫ڋ‬Ǵอය૶ᏫࢂԖज़‫ޑ‬৒ໆǴԶߏය૶Ꮻࢂคज़‫ޑ‬ǴಃΟᗺࢂߏය ૶ᏫύຟӸ‫ૻޑ‬৲ӧ‫܄‬፦΢‫ک‬อය૶ᏫύኩਔຟӸ‫ޣ‬όӕǴεठϩࣁ ‫ٿ‬ᜪ:΋ᜪࣁ௃࿯૶ᏫǴࡰԖᜢғࢲ௃࿯‫ޑ‬ჴ‫૶ݩ‬ᏫǴᏃᆅԖ٤٣௃ วғ‫ޑ‬ਔ໔ΦᇻǴՠ‫ॺך‬٩ᙑёаჹ೭٤ӑຝు‫ޑڅ‬٣௃Ǵ၁ಒӣᏫ ྽ਔ‫ޑ‬௃‫ݩ‬Ƕќ΋ᜪࣁᇟཀ૶ᏫǴࢂࡰ΋٤ൂӷ‫܈‬٣‫ޑނ‬Ӝᆀ‫܈‬җᇟ Ў߄ၲ‫ۺཷޑ‬ǵচ߾ᆶ‫ૈמ‬Ǵ೭ᜪ‫૶ޑ‬Ꮻࢂ‫ॺך‬Ѹ໪ᚐѦӦбрո ΚǵόᘐӦግಞǵࡘԵ౛ှǵൺಞωૈஒ‫ځ‬Ӹӧߏය૶ᏫύǴᙁԶ‫ق‬ ϐǴᇟཀ૶ᏫΨ൩ࢂঁΓᏢள‫ޕޑ‬᛽Ǵ΋ѿ‫ॺך‬ஒ‫ޕ‬᛽࿶җόᘐ‫ޑ‬ᏹ բၮҔǴࡌҥ୷ኳǴջૈ٬‫ॺך‬Ծ୏ϯӦೀ౛΋٤‫ٯ‬Չ‫୏܄‬բ(ӵी ᆉᚒ‫ޑ‬ၮᆉǵᐒఓ‫ޑ‬ᏹբ..฻)Ǵ٠ᔅշ‫ॺך‬ჹཥ‫ޕ‬᛽‫ޑ‬౛ှᆶ᏾ӝǶ ૻ৲ೀ౛ࢂҬϕբҔ‫ޑ‬ፄᚇᐕำǴૻ৲‫ޑ‬຾Չߚൂӛ‫ޑ‬ǴԶࢂঁᡏᆶ ‫ڈ‬ᐟϐ໔วғፄᚇ‫ޑ‬ҬϕբҔ(஭ࡾᑫǴ1994)Ƕவკ 2-1 ࣮рǴԖ΋٤ጂ ᓐࢂϸӛ‫ޑ‬Ǵঁᡏ‫܌‬ௗԏ‫ૻޑډ‬৲Ǵё຾΋‫؁‬Ӧ଺౛ှᆶ֎ԏǴЬाচӢ ӧ‫ܭ‬ཥ‫ૻޑ‬৲ӧࢌ΋೽ϩᆶߏය૶Ꮻύ‫ޑ‬ᙑ࿶ᡍԖೱ஥ᜢ߯Ƕ ஒૻ৲ೀ౛Ꮲಞ౛ፕᔈҔ௲ᏢύǴЪଛӝҁࣴ‫ز‬ύᐟวԄ୏ᄊև౜‫ޑ‬ ௲ᏢኳԄǴёၲԋΠӈ൳ঁҞ‫ޑ‬Ǻ 1.. Їว‫ݙ‬ཀΚǶག‫۔‬ԏᒵ‫ૻޑ‬৲ӧঁᡏૈ‫ݙ‬ཀ‫ޑ‬௃‫ݩ‬ΠǴω཮຾Ε อය૶ᏫǶа۳‫ޑ‬໺಍໵݈௲ᏢǴ௲ৣаҁ‫ަޑي‬ᡏᇟ‫ق‬ǵᖂॣ ᆶঁΓ੝፦ٰ֎Ї‫ݙ‬ཀΚǴ‫ॺך‬ค‫ݤ‬ᙖҗ໵݈‫ޑ‬ຎ᝺‫ڈ‬ᐟٰЇଆ ‫ݙ‬ཀΚǴ೭٤ᓉᄊ‫ޑ‬Ўӷკ‫׎‬۳۳ѝૈ଺‫ޕ‬᛽‫ߥޑ‬੮ᆶᇥܴǴᏢ. 9.

(20) ғ‫ޑ‬ຎ᝺ӧԴৣᆶ໵݈΢‫ޑ‬Ўӷ໔౽୏Ǵ௲ৣҁ‫ي‬੝፦ᆶ௲ᏢБ ‫ݤ‬ჹᏢಞౢғࡐε‫ޑ‬ቹៜǶӧᐟวԄ୏ᄊև౜‫ޑ‬௲ᏢኳԄΠǴᑻ ჿ΢ँฅр౜‫ޑ‬Ўӷ‫܈‬კТρ࿶ࢂ΋ঁ‫ݙ‬ཀΚЇว‫ޑ‬ाનǴԜਔ Ꮲಞ‫ޣ‬ஒ‫ݙ‬ཀΚ‫ܫ‬ӧр౜‫ޑ‬ख़ाૻ৲΢Ǵ௲ৣӆଛӝαॊ‫ޑ‬ᇥ ܴǴҞӀ‫ޑ‬஑‫ݙ‬ขᗺࢂ௲࠻္‫ޑ‬εᑻჿǴԴৣҁ‫ޑي‬੝፦ᆶަᡏ ᇟ‫ޑق‬ቹៜஒёफ़եǶ 2.. ගҢཥǵᙑૻ৲ϐ໔‫ޑ‬ᜢ߯Ƕ྽ঁᡏёஒཥ‫ૻޑ‬৲ᆶᙑ࿶ᡍ࣬ϕ Кჹ᏾ӝਔǴωёӧอය૶Ꮻύ଺Ԗਏ‫ޑ‬ၮբࡘᆢǶᗨฅ‫׫‬ቹᑻ ჿ‫ޑ‬ኞ‫ܫ‬БԄࢂ΋஭΋஭‫ޑ‬Ǵ‫؂‬΋ঁ‫׫‬ቹТ‫ޑ‬ᑻჿԖ‫ځ‬ฝय़΢‫ޑ‬ ज़‫ڋ‬Ǵՠჹ‫׫ܭ‬ቹТύ‫ࢌޑ‬΋ঁཷ‫ۺ‬Ѹሡ่ӝӃഢ࿶ᡍਔǴё଺ ࡪ່௓‫ڋ‬Ǵࡪ່‫ޑ‬ೱ่ёаӧӕ΋ฝय़Ǵ‫ځ܈‬д஭‫׫‬ቹТǴӵԜ ΋ٰǴ௲ৣ௲ᏢԖ΋‫ޑۓ‬ቸ‫܄‬ǴёຎᏢғ‫ݩރޑ‬ϒаፓ᏾Ƕ. 3.. ಔᙃ௲‫׷‬Ƕ྽௲‫ޑ׷‬և౜ࢂԖಔᙃᆶ่ᄬਔǴᏢಞ‫ޣ‬ёమཱ౛ှ ϡનϐ໔‫ޑ‬ᜢᖄ‫܄‬Ǵӆуа૶ᏫǵൺಞǴջёࡌᄬ‫ޕ‬᛽Ǵа୷ኳ ‫׎ޑ‬ԄӸ‫ߏܭ‬ය૶ᏫύǶ୷ኳ(schema)‫ࢂۺཷޑ‬җҜ٥ണ‫܌‬ග р Ǵ ё ຎ ࣁ ঁ ᡏ Ҕ а Α ှ ‫ ڬ‬ൎ Ш ࣚ ‫ ޑ‬ᇡ ‫ ่ ޕ‬ᄬ (cognitive structure)Ƕ୷ኳᒿ࿶ᡍቚуԶຫᖿፄᚇǴҗ‫ي‬ᡏག‫۔‬ᙯᡂࣁЈ౛ ‫ޑ܄‬ՉࣁኳԄǶ྽‫܌ॺך‬Ꮲ‫ޕޑډ‬᛽ᡂԋ΋ঁᇡ‫୷ޕ‬ኳਔǴёа Ծ୏ӦၮҔӧғࢲᆶᏢಞύǴ‫ٯ‬ӵ໒ًБԄ‫୷ޑ‬ኳǴኧᏢीᆉ‫ޑ‬ ୷ኳǶӧҁࣴ‫ز‬ύჹ‫ܭ‬௲‫ޑ׷‬೛ीǴமፓಔᙃ‫܄‬ᆶ่ᄬ‫ޑ܄‬ฝय़ Ӽ௨ǴӵԜஒё‫ڐ‬շᏢಞ‫ࡌޣ‬ᄬ‫ޕ‬᛽Ǵ‫׎‬ԋᇡ‫୷ޕ‬ኳǶ. ൩ࣴ‫ޣز‬ҁ‫ي‬Һᙍ୯ύኧᏢ௲ৣ‫ޑ‬࿶ᡍԶፕǴᏢғӧᏢಞኧᏢ‫ޕ‬᛽ ਔǴ۳۳ѝࢂஒीᆉ‫ޑ‬ೕ߾‫ک‬Б‫૶ݤ‬ΠǴࠅό‫ࣁޕ‬ՖӵԜǴ‫ٯ‬ӵ‫ޕ‬ၰӵՖ аอନ‫؃ݤ‬നεϦӢኧϷനλϦ७ኧǴࠅό‫ࣁޕ‬ՖाԖ೭ኬ‫ޑ‬ीᆉၸำϷ Б‫ݤ‬ǴԶᏤठӧय़ᖏᔈҔୢᚒਔ۳۳ཷ‫ۺ‬ష؏όమǶࣴ‫ޣز‬යఈૈၮҔᐟ วԄ୏ᄊև౜‫ޑ‬БԄǴٰЇᏤᏢಞǴ٬Ꮲғӧၮբ૶ᏫύૈჹኧᏢ‫ޕ‬᛽଺ ుΕ‫ޑ‬౛ှᆶࡘԵǴωૈஒ‫ߥځ‬੮ᙯඤԋ୷ኳӸ‫ߏܭ‬ය૶ᏫǶ. 10.

(21) 2-1-2 ‫ޕ‬᝺ᐕำ ‫ޕ‬᝺ࢂࡰঁᡏ౛ှѦӧᕉნύ‫ނޑޑ‬ᡏ‫ک‬٣ҹ‫ޑ‬᏾ᡏᐕำ(ෞࡡξ᝿Ǵ 1997)Ǵ‫ॺך‬ёᙖаᇡрǵಔᙃ‫ک‬౛ှ‫ॺך‬வᕉნ‫ڈ‬ᐟύௗԏ‫ޑډ‬ག᝺࿶ᡍǶʳ Gibson(1979)аᇻෳ‫ނ‬ᡏǵૻ৲൞ϟǵ߈ୁ‫ڈ‬ᐟ‫ޕک‬᝺‫ނ‬ᡏ฻ཷ‫ۺ‬ᇥ ܴ‫ޕ‬᝺วғၸำ‫ࢎޑ‬ᄬǺʳ ˄ˁ. ᇻୁ‫ނ‬ᡏǺ‫ނ‬ᡏҁ‫׎ޑي‬ᡏǴঁᡏаຎ᝺ǵ᠋᝺ǵ༘᝺ǵ‫ښ‬᝺ᆶ ᝻᝺ௗԏǶʳ. ˅ˁ. ૻ৲൞ϟǺࡰ‫ٰࢂޑ‬Ծᕉნύ‫ޑ‬ϸ৔Ӏጕǵᖂ‫ݢ‬ǵϯᏢϩηǵ᝻ ᝺ૻ৲Ƕʳ. ˆˁ. ߈ୁ‫ڈ‬ᐟǺ྽ૻ৲ௗ᝻‫ډ‬౳࿊ǵԸԚǵሷηǵҜጥ฻ག᝺ௗԏᏔ ਔǴౢғ߈ୁ‫ڈ‬ᐟǶʳ. 4.. ‫ޕ‬᝺‫ނ‬ᡏǺঁᡏϣӧჹ‫ނ‬ᡏаࢌᅿБԄϸᔈр‫ځ‬ҁ‫׎ޑي‬ᡏ੝፦ ਔǴౢғΑ‫ޕ‬᝺Ƕ. ΢ॊѤ໘ࢤ‫ޕޑ‬᝺ᐕำ٠ߚ໔ᘐ‫ޑ‬ǴԶࢂૻ৲ࢬ࿶‫س‬಍ύೱុ‫ޑ‬΋೽ ϩǴ‫ޕ‬᝺‫ޑ‬ౢғࣗԿวғӧག‫ૻ۔‬৲ፂናག‫۔‬ௗԏᏔϐ߻Ǵ‫ޕ‬᝺ୢᚒ‫ޑ‬ขᗺ ӧ‫ڈܭ‬ᐟ‫ࠔޑ‬፦(Sternberg, 2003)Ƕӧ௲Ꮲ௃ნύǴ‫ڈ‬ᐟࡰ‫ޑ‬൩ࢂ௲‫ޑ׷‬և ౜ǴЀ‫ځ‬ӭ൞ᡏҁ‫ي‬ჹ‫ૻܭ‬৲և౜‫ޑ‬ӭϡϯǴ೷ԋ‫ڈޑ‬ᐟᔈࢂ‫׳‬மਗ਼‫ޑ‬ǴӢ Ԝ௲Ꮲ‫ޣ‬ሡ٩Ᏽ‫ޕ‬᝺ᐕำǴԵቾᏢಞ‫ޣ‬ӵՖ‫ޕ‬᝺ᕉნύ‫ڈޑ‬ᐟǴ଺຾΋‫ޑ؁‬ ೀ౛ǶZimbardo ஒ‫ޕ‬᝺ᐕำϩࣁག᝺ǵ‫ޕ‬᝺ಔᙃǵᔠ‫ۓ‬/ᒣᇡΟঁ໘ࢤǺ. 11.

(22) კ 2 - 2 ‫ޕ‬᝺ᐕำ(ЇԾෞࡡξǴ1997). 1.. ག᝺Ǻག᝺ௗԏᏔௗԏѦٰ‫ڈޑ‬ᐟࡕǴ࿶‫ڬ‬ᜐઓ࿶໺‫ډ‬ύኰ‫س‬಍Ǵ‫ڈ‬ ᐟӧԜਔᒧ᏷٠଺ᙯඤǶ. 2.. ‫ޕ‬᝺ಔᙃǺεတೀ౛Ꮤಔᙃǵঅ҅வག᝺ୀୁᏔ‫܌‬ௗԏ‫ૻޑډ‬৲Ǵ٬ ᙁൂ‫ޑ‬ག᝺੝ቻಔᙃԋёаᒣ᛽‫ނޑ‬ᡏ‫ޕ‬᝺߄ႽǶ೭ঁ໘ࢤԖ‫ঁٿ‬ख़ ा‫ޑ‬фૈǴ΋ࢂஒག᝺ૻ৲่ӝӧ΋ଆǴ΋ࢂஒຎᆛጢ‫ڈޑ‬ᐟຎࣁό ᡂǴջ‫ޕ‬᝺‫ࡡޑ‬த‫(܄‬ដဃਠǴ1990)Ƕ. 3.. ᔠ‫ۓ‬/ᒣᇡǺҗၸѐ‫ޑ‬࿶ᡍύᔠ‫܈ۓ‬ᒣᇡ‫ނ‬ᡏ‫ޑ‬ཀကǴջԜ‫ނ‬ᡏ࣮ଆٰ ႽϙሶǴ‫ڀࢂ܈‬ԖϙሶҔೀ‫܈‬фૈǴੋϷΑ૶Ꮻǵሽॶᢀǵߞࡋᆶᄊ ࡋ‫ޑ‬ཀ᛽‫׎‬ᄊǶ ჹ‫ޕܭ‬᝺‫ޑ‬ೀ౛БԄǴёϩࣁ‫ٿ‬ᅿǴ΋ᅿࢂҗΠ۳΢‫ޑ‬ᐕำǴ΋ᅿࢂ. җ΢۳Π‫ޑ‬ᐕำȐAtkinson et al., 2002ȑǶʳ ˄ˁ. җΠ۳΢‫ޑ‬ᐕำ(bottom-up processing)Ǻ‫ޔ‬ௗ‫ޕ‬᝺ʳ ਥᏵ Gibson(1979)‫ޔޑ‬ௗ‫ޕ‬᝺౛ፕǴӧག᝺ௗԏᏔ΢‫ૻޑ‬৲Ǵόሡा ‫׳‬ଯቫԛ‫ޑ‬ᇡ‫ޕ‬ᐕำǴԶѝࢂჹૻ৲଺ғ‫ޑ܄ނ‬ϸᔈǴ‫ڈ‬ᐟᒡΕག ‫۔‬Ǵ᝻วΑ΋‫س‬ӈ‫ޑ‬ϣ೽ᇡ‫ޕ‬ำ‫(ׇ‬Sternberg, 2003)Ƕʳ. 12.

(23) 2.. җ΢۳Π‫ޑ‬ᐕำʻtop-down processingʼǺࡌᄬ‫ޕޑ‬᝺ʳ ‫ޕ‬᝺‫ࡌޣ‬ᄬ΋ঁჹ‫ڈ‬ᐟ‫ޑ‬ᇡ‫ޕ‬౛ှǴՠόаག᝺ૻ৲բࣁ่ᄬ‫୷ޑ‬ ᘵǴHelmholtz மፓ࿶ᡍӧ‫ޕ‬᝺ᐕำ‫ޑ‬ख़ा‫܄‬Ǵӧ‫ޕ‬᝺ᐕำύਥᏵ‫ך‬ ॺ‫܌‬ག᝺‫ޑډ‬ǵ‫ޕ‬ၰ‫(ޑ‬җ࿶ᡍள‫ک)ޕ‬௢ፕ‫(ޑ‬٬Ҕଯቫԛ‫ޑ‬ᇡ‫ޕ‬ᐕ ำ)Ǵ‫ז‬ೲ‫׎ޑ‬ԋ‫ک‬ᔠᡍӚᅿ‫ޕ‬᝺‫ޑ‬ଷ೛(Sternberg, 2003)ǴӢԜӚΓ ‫୏ޑ‬ᐒǵႣයЈ౛ёૈቹៜ‫ޕ‬᝺Ƕ ᆕӝ‫ٿ‬ᅿ‫ڗ‬ӛǴ྽‫ޕॺך‬᝺ᕉნਔǴ‫ځ‬ჴ೭‫ٿ‬ᅿᐕำࢂҬϕբҔ‫(ޑ‬ෞ. ࡡξ᝿Ǵ1997)Ǵ྽ᢀ࣮௃ნ‫ؼ‬ӳਔǴ‫ޕ‬᝺ёૈε೽ϩ‫ڗ‬،‫ܭ‬җΠ۳΢‫ޑ‬ᐕ ำǴԶ྽ᢀ࣮‫ޑ‬௃ნӢ‫ڈ‬ᐟև౜‫ޑ‬ೲࡋϼ‫ז‬Ǵ‫܈‬ό୼మཱਔǴ൩ሡाҗ΢ ۳Π‫ޑ‬ᐕำ(‫׵‬નঙ᝿Ǵ2003)Ƕ ‫ޕ‬᝺Ԗ‫ঁٿ‬੝ᗺǴ΋ǵ‫ޕ‬᝺‫ޑ‬วғ೯தੋϷӭᅿག‫ૻ۔‬৲Զߚᐱҥว ғǶΒǵҗ‫ܭ‬ᕓ໔ϣёૈԖคኧঁ‫ڈ‬ᐟวғǴঁᡏѝૈᒧ᏷‫܄‬ϸᔈ‫ځ‬ύϐ΋ǵ ΒȐKemp & Smellie, 1997ȑǶঁᡏჹ‫ڈ‬ᐟ‫ޑ‬ᒧ᏷஥ԖЬᢀ‫ޑ‬ԋҽǴ‫ޕ‬᝺Ԗ൳ ໨੝ቻǺʳ 1.. ࡡத‫܄‬Ǻ‫ޕ‬᝺ೀ౛‫س‬಍ჹ‫ޕܭ‬᝺ຎഁύ‫ނޑ‬ᡏவ٣࣬྽ό൨த‫ޑ‬ϩ ‫݋‬Ǵჹ‫࣬ܭ‬ӕ‫ނޑ‬ᡏǴӢࣁຯᚆ‫ޑ‬ᇻ߈٬ளຎᆛጢ΢ౢғόӕελ‫ޑ‬ ቹႽǴࠅϝё‫ޕ‬᝺ࣁӕ΋‫ނ‬ᡏǴ‫ޕ‬᝺ࡡத‫(܄‬perceptual constancy)٬‫ך‬ ॺёаԖਏೀ౛ѦӧШࣚ(Sternberg, 2003)Ƕ. 2.. ࣬ჹ‫܄‬ǺΓᜪჹ‫ނܭ‬ᡏ‫ޕޑ‬᝺Ǵ཮‫ڙ‬၀‫ނ‬ᡏ‫ڬ‬ൎ‫ڈ‬ᐟ‫܄‬፦‫ޑ‬ቹៜǶΠკ ύѰǵѓ‫ঁٿ‬კ‫׎‬ύ໔‫ޑ‬༝୮ࢂ΋ኬε‫ޑ‬Ǵՠ‫ॺך‬Ӣࣁ‫ޕ‬᝺‫࣬ޑ‬ჹ‫܄‬Ǵ ᇡࣁѰკύ໔‫ޑ‬༝୮ၨѓკλǶ. კ 2 - 3 ࣬ჹ‫(܄‬ЇԾ Sternberg, 2003). 3.. ᒧ᏷‫܄‬Ǻঁᡏ٠όࢂჹ‫܌‬Ԗ‫ڈޑ‬ᐟ೿௦࣬ӕ‫ޑ‬ϸᔈǴ‫ॺך‬࿶தѝ໣ύ ӧϿኧ‫ڈޑ‬ᐟ΢Ƕόӕ‫ޑ‬Γ࣮٣‫ޑނ‬य़ӛόӕǴขᗺΨόૈόӕǶ. 13.

(24) 4.. ᏾ᡏ‫܄‬ǺΓᜪ‫ޕ‬᝺‫ނ‬ᡏ࿶தࢂ᏾ᡏ‫ޑ܄‬Ǵ‫ٯ‬ӵ‫ډ࣮ॺך‬΋ঁΟ‫ޑ׎ف‬ ൳Ֆკ‫׎‬Ǵό཮‫ޕ‬᝺ࣁΟచጕࢤǶ. 5.. ಔᙃ‫܄‬Ǻֹ‫׎‬Ј౛ᏢЬ஭Ǵ‫ॺך‬தஔ߈‫ޑ‬ǵ࣬՟‫ޑ‬ᆶೱុ‫ނޑ‬ᡏᘜ ࣁ΋ᡏǴ‫܈‬Ԗ‫س‬಍‫ޑ‬ΚаಔᙃǶӧΠ΋࿯ύஒᇥֹܴ‫׎‬Ј౛Ꮲჹ‫ޕ‬᝺ ‫ޑ‬ဂϯբҔǶ. 2-1-3 ‫ޕ‬᝺‫ڗ׎ֹޑ‬ӛ ᜢ‫ܭ‬ΓᜪӵՖ‫ޕ‬᝺ԋဂ‫ނޑ‬ᡏǴ‫܈‬ӵՖவ‫ނ‬ᡏ‫ޑ‬೽ϩ‫ޕ‬᝺᏾ӝ‫ޑ‬᏾ ᡏǴԵϻь(Kurt Koffka)ǵ࢒ୌ(Wolfgang Kohler)‫ک‬᚟ੀᓨ(Max Westheimer) ബҥΑ‫ޕރ׎‬᝺‫ڗ׎ֹޑ‬ӛǴჹ‫ܭ‬ҺՖຎ᝺ૻ৲‫ޑ‬ௗԏǴ‫ॺך‬໼ӛаࢌᅿ БԄٰ‫ޕ‬᝺ѬǴ೭ᅿБԄനૈஒϩᚆ‫ޑ‬ϡનౢғᜢᖄǵဂϯ‫܄‬Ƕဂϯ (grouping)ࢂֹ‫׎‬Ј౛Ꮲനख़ा‫ޑ‬চ౛ϷЬ஭ǴനԐҗ᚟ੀᓨ‫ुڋ܌‬Ǵࡰ‫ޑ‬ ‫ޑ‬Ȩࢌ٤࣮ଆٰ‫׳‬у࣬߈࣬ឦ‫ޑ‬٣ჴȩ ǶԶ೭٤চ߾Ψёᇥࢂ΋ঁȨᜪ՟চ ౛ȩ‫ޑ‬ၮҔǴ΋ঁ‫׎‬ຝ‫ࢌޑ‬٤೽ϩӧ‫ޕ‬᝺੝፦΢‫ޑ‬ϕ࣬ᜪ՟ำࡋǴё،‫ۓ‬ Ѭॺϕ࣬ᗧឦ‫ޑ‬ำࡋ(ֆ౰ЕǴ1986)Ƕ ֹ‫׎‬Ј౛Ꮲ(Gestalt Psychology)Ǵ೏ᙌ᝿ࣁȨ਱Ԅ༣Ј౛Ꮲȩ Ǵ਱Ԅ༣ ȐGestaltȑԖ‫ٿ‬ᅿ఼ကǺࡰ‫(ރ׎‬shape)‫׎܈‬Ԅ(form)ཀࡘǶ਱Ԅ༣Ј౛Ꮲৎ ‫ܭ‬ΒΜШ߃ගр൳ঁԖӜ‫ޑ‬ဂϯচ߾-਱Ԅ༣চ౛ȐGestalt Lawsȑ Ǵϩॊӵ ΠǺ 1.. ௗ߈চ߾(principle of proximity)ǴΓᜪ‫ޕ‬᝺‫ނ‬ᡏਔǴ཮໼ӛஒ࣬ϕ᎞ ߈‫ނޑ‬ᡏ࣮ԋӕ΋ঁဂᡏǴ྽ฝय़ύӕኬ‫܄‬፦‫ܿޑ‬ՋϩණਔǴεတ཮ ਥᏵдॺӧฝय़ϣ‫ޜޑ‬໔ٰဂಔ‫ނ‬ҹǶ‫ॺך‬ஒΠკ‫ ޑ‬6 ঁ୮୮࣮ԋࢂ 2ǵ3ǵ1 ΟಔǶ. კ 2 - 4 ௗ߈চ߾. 2.. ࣬՟চ߾(principle of similarity)Ǵ‫཮ॺך‬ճҔ‫ނ‬ᡏ‫࣬ޑ‬՟‫ٰ܄‬ᘜᜪǴ ‫ނ‬ᡏ‫ޑ‬Յறǵ೷ࠠǵελǵܴࡋǵБӛǵೲࡋ฻฻‫ޑ‬೛ीाનᜪ՟ਔǴ ཮೏‫ޕॺך‬᝺ࣁဂಔǶΠკࢂа‫࣬ރ׎‬՟ᘜᜪ‫ޕޑ‬᝺Ƕ. 14.

(25) კ 2 - 5 ࣬՟চ߾. 3.. ೱុচ߾(principle of good continuation)Ǵ‫ޑॺך‬ຎ᝺໼ӛ‫ޕ‬᝺‫ډ‬ѳ໩ ‫܈୏ࢬޑ‬ೱុ‫ރ׎ޑ‬ǴԶόࢂύᘐ‫܈ޑ‬όೱុ‫ޑ‬კ‫׎‬Ƕೱុ‫ޑ‬კ‫׎‬ǵ ಄ဦ‫ڀ‬ԖԾฅಔᙃԋဂ‫ޑ‬໼ӛǶΠკ a ύǴ‫཮ॺך‬໼ӛ࣮ԋ΋ঁԔጕ ᆶ΋‫ޔ‬ጕǴӵკ b ‫܌‬ҢǴԶߚკ cǶ. კ 2 - 6 ೱុচ߾(ЇԾ Sternberg, 2003). ˇˁ. ࠾ഈচ߾(principle of closure)ǴΓᜪ‫ޕ‬᝺໼ӛஒόֹ᏾‫ނޑ‬ᡏ࣮ԋ࠾ ഈֹ᏾Ƕ྽კ‫ࣚޑ׎‬ጕ೏፿ጨ‫܈‬લϿ೽ϩ፺ᄂਔǴ‫཮ॺך‬Ծ୏ံሸ೏ ፿ጨ‫܈‬લϿ‫ޑ‬೽ϩʳ. კ 2 - 7࠾ഈচ߾(ЇԾߋࡌ଻Ǵ2005). 15.

(26) Ȝᇥܴȝ . კ a ‫ॺך‬໼ӛ࣮‫ډ‬΋ঁં‫׎‬፿ՐΑ΋೽ϩ‫ޑ‬༝‫׎‬ǶԶߚკ b ‫ޑ‬۱ ᆶߏБ‫׎‬Ƕ. . კ c Ӣࣁௗ߈ࡓ‫ॺך‬໼ӛஒკ‫࣮׎‬ԋ 1ǵ2ǵ2ǵ2ǵ1 ‫ ޑ‬5 ಔ‫ޔ‬ጕǴ ऩஒ‫ޔ‬ጕ‫ׯ‬ԋ۱ጕǴԜਔკ‫׎‬൩཮೏࣮ԋ 4 ಔࡴဦǶ. 5.. ჹᆀচ߾(principle of symmetry)Ǵӧ‫ޕ‬᝺΢‫ॺך‬໼ӛஒ‫ڀ‬Ԗჹᆀ‫ޑ܄‬ ‫ނ‬ᡏᘜࣁ΋ᡏǴՠሡԵቾࢂց‫ځڙ‬д‫ނ‬ҹ‫ޑ‬υᘋᆶฝय़‫ޑ‬᏾ᡏ‫܄‬ǶΠ კύ‫࣮཮ॺך‬ԋΟಔࡴဦǴԶߚϤঁ‫ނ‬ҹǶ. კ 2 - 8 ჹᆀ(ЇԾ Sternberg, 2003). ‫ޕ‬᝺੝ቻύ‫ޑ‬᏾ᡏ‫܄‬ᆶಔᙃ‫ۺཷ܄‬ᆶֹ‫׎‬Ј౛Ꮲ‫ޑ‬ဂϯচ߾ཷ‫࣬ۺ‬ ᜢǴᔈҔ‫ܭ‬௲Ꮲ΢Ǵё‫ڐ‬շᏢಞ‫ޣ‬ว౜ᜢᖄǴಔᙃૻ৲Ƕӧҁࣴ‫ޑز‬௲‫׷‬೛ ीύǴஒ࣬ᜢ‫ޑ‬კ‫׎‬ǵЎӷӼ௨ӧௗ߈‫ޑ‬Տ࿼΢(ௗ߈চ߾)Ǵόՠ٬Ꮲಞ‫ޣ‬ ܰ‫ܭ‬Кჹૻ৲໔‫࣬ޑ‬ᜢ‫܄‬Ǵ٠෧Ͽຎ᝺ཛྷ൨‫಻ॄޑ‬ǴՠԖਔӢࣁૻ৲ໆεǴ ፄᚇࡋଯԶค‫ݤ‬ၮҔௗ߈চ߾ਔǴ߾ሡа‫ځ‬дဂϯচ߾Б‫ݤ‬ඹжǶ. 2-2. ຎ᝺ཛྷ൨ᆶ‫ݙ‬ཀΚᒧ᏷. 2-2-1 ຎ᝺ཛྷ൨౛ፕ ‫ݙ‬ཀΚࡰ‫ॺךࢂޑ‬Ь୏‫ޑ‬ೀ౛Ԗज़ૻ৲Ǵӧག‫૶۔‬Ꮻύ‫܌‬ௗԏ‫ޑ‬εໆૻ ৲ǴѝԖϿ೽ϩૈ֎Їঁᡏϐ‫ݙ‬ཀΚԶ຾΋‫ߥ؁‬ӸΠٰ຾Επբ୔Ƕ‫ॺך‬࿶ தሡाჹ੝‫ڈޑۓ‬ᐟ଺Ь୏‫ޑ‬ཛྷ൨Ǵჹ‫ܭ‬ຎ᝺ૻ৲‫ޑ‬ཛྷ൨Ԗ‫ٿ‬ᗺा੝ձ‫ݙ‬ ཀǴಃ΋Ǵ‫ݙ‬ཀΚ‫ޑ‬ၗྍࢂԖज़‫ޑڋ‬Ǵૻ৲‫ޑ‬ௗԏ‫ֹډ‬ԋᒣᇡሡा΋ࢤਔ໔Ǵ ӧ೭ࢤਔ໔ϣ‫ځ‬д‫ૻޑ‬৲཮೏‫ڋ׭‬ԶᜤаᒣᇡǴԜջ‫ݙ‬ཀᕓಥਏᔈ(attention blink)(Raymond et al.,1992)ǶಃΒǴ҂೏‫ݙ‬ཀ‫ૻޑ‬৲ஒࡐ‫੃ޑז‬ଏǶӢԜǴ௲. 16.

(27) ৣӧ௲ᏢၸำύǴૻ৲໔‫ޑ‬և౜Ѹሡ໔႖΋ࢤਔ໔Ǵϼ‫ޑז‬և౜཮٬ளૻ৲ ค‫ݤ‬೏ᒣ᛽Ǵӆ‫ޣ‬Ǵࣁ٬ૻ৲ૈ୼຾Εอය૶ᏫύၮբǴӵՖЇଆ‫ݙ‬ཀΚᗉ խૻ৲‫੃ޑ‬ଏǴࢂख़ा‫ޑ‬ፐᚒǶаΠϟಏ൳ঁຎ᝺ཛྷ൨‫ޑ‬౛ፕǶ ΋.ʳ ੝ቻཛྷ൨౛ፕǶ ྽‫ॺך‬ёаჹૻ৲‫ډפ‬ᡉ๱‫ޑ‬੝ቻǴӵᚑՅǵελǵБՏ฻Ǵ߾ ё຾Չ੝ቻཛྷ൨ǶTreisman(1985)ࡰрӧ‫ॺך‬຾Չຎ᝺ཛྷ൨‫ޑ‬ኳࠠ ύǴჹ΋ঁ‫ڈ‬ᐟ‫܌ޑ‬Ԗёૈ੝ቻǴ೿཮Ԗ΋ঁЈ౛Ӧკٰ߄ቻຎ ഁύ‫ޑ‬੝‫ۓ‬੝ቻǶόӕࠠᄊ‫୷ޑ‬ҁຎ᝺੝ቻϩձฦᒵӧόӕ‫ޑ‬੝ ቻკȐfeature mapȑ Ǵჹ‫ঁܭ‬ձ‫ڈޑ‬ᐟ੝ቻǴ‫ॺך‬ёаҥջ‫ޑ‬ǵӕ ਔ‫ޑ‬Ǵόሡ٬Ҕ஑‫ݙ‬Κ൩ёཛྷ൨‫ډ‬Ҟ኱ǹཛྷ൨ࢂаѳՉ‫ޑ‬БԄೀ ౛Ǵฝय़‫ޑ‬ελό཮ቹៜཛྷ൨‫ޑ‬ೲࡋǶՠࢂ྽Ҟ኱‫่ࢂނ‬ӝ‫ঁٿ‬ а΢‫ޑ‬੝ቻਔǴа‫ׇ‬ӈБԄཛྷ൨Ǵ่ӝཛྷ൨ஒ཮ᡂளၨ֚ᜤǴӢ Ԝ ᡉ Ң ฝ य़ ‫ ޑ‬ε λ ஒ ཮ ቹ ៜ ཛྷ ൨ ೲ ࡋ Ƕ ќ Ѧ Ǵ Treisman ‫ک‬ Sato(1990)Ь஭੝ቻ‫ڋ׭‬ᇥǴᇥܴঁᡏૈஒคᜢ‫ޑ‬υᘋ੝ቻᓸ‫܈׭‬ ‫ڋ׭‬Ǵа٬ளঁᡏёஒ‫ݙ‬ཀΚ໣ύӧҞ኱΢Ƕ Β.ʳ ࣬՟‫܄‬౛ፕǶ Duncan ‫ ک‬Humphreys(1992)ගрόӕᆶ੝ቻ᏾ӝ౛ፕ‫ޑ‬གྷ‫ˇݤ‬ Ȩ࣬՟‫܄‬౛ፕȩ Ǵගрཛྷ൨բ཰‫֚ޑ‬ᜤࡋ،‫ܭۓ‬Ҟ኱‫ނ‬ᆶυᘋ‫ޑނ‬ ࣬՟ำࡋᆶυᘋ‫ނ‬ϐ໔‫࣬ޑ‬՟‫܄‬ǴԶߚӭϿ੝ቻሡा೏᏾ӝǶ࣬ ՟‫܄‬౛ፕёаှញࣁ྽Ҟ኱‫ނ‬ᆶυᘋ‫࣬ޑނ‬՟‫܄‬ቚуਔǴཛྷ൨բ ཰‫֚ޑ‬ᜤࡋΨ཮ቚуǴཛྷ൨բ཰‫֚ޑ‬ᜤࡋ‫ڗ‬،‫ܭ‬Ҟ኱‫ނ‬ᆶυᘋ ‫ނ‬ǵυᘋ‫ނ‬ᆶυᘋ‫ނ‬ϐ໔‫࣬ޑ‬՟ำࡋǶ Ο.ʳ ЇᏤཛྷ൨౛ፕǶ җ Wolfe ‫ ک‬Cave (1989)ගрǴӧԜ౛ፕύ‫ޑ‬ਡЈཷ‫ࡰۺ‬рคፕࢂ ੝ቻཛྷ൨‫่܈‬ӝཛྷ൨೿ੋϷ‫ঁٿ‬Ьाཷ‫ۺ‬Ǵ΋ǵӧѳՉ໘ࢤύǴ ঁᡏჹҞ኱‫ޑ‬੝ቻೀ౛ӕਔᐟวΑ‫܌‬Ԗёૈ‫ޑ‬Ј౛߄ቻǶΒǵӧ ‫ׇ‬ӈ໘ࢤύǴঁᡏஒѳՉ໘ࢤύ‫܌‬ᕇள‫ޑ‬ຎ᝺ૻ৲ҔٰЇᏤཛྷ ൨Ǵҗ೏ᐟว‫ޑ‬ϡનύᒧр੿҅‫ޑ‬Ҟ኱ǶаΠკѰࣁ‫ٯ‬ᇥܴǴట ӧѰკύ‫ډפ‬қ༝୮ǴӧѳՉ໘ࢤύ཮ᐟว‫܌‬Ԗ‫ޑ‬༝୮Ǵ٬‫ׇ‬ӈ ໘ࢤύࡐ‫ޑז‬ёа‫פ‬р‫܌‬Ԗ‫ޑ‬қ༝୮ǶԶӧΠკѓύ൨‫פ‬໵༝୮ ਔǴυᘋ‫ނ‬ԖқБ༧ǵқ༝୮‫ک‬໵Б༧ǴӧѳՉ໘ࢤ཮ᐟว໵༝ 17.

(28) ୮Ҟ኱‫کނ‬໵Б༧ǵқ༝୮υᘋ໨‫ޑ‬Ј౛ӦკǶӧ‫ׇ‬ӈ໘ࢤύǴ ঁᡏ೏Ҟ኱‫ނ‬໵༝୮‫ޑ‬ຎ᝺੝ቻЇᏤǴՠӧ௨ନυᘋ໨ϐ߻Ǵ٩ ฅ཮ჹυᘋ໨໵Б༧ᆶқ༝୮Ǵբ‫ׇ‬ӈཛྷ൨‫ޑ‬ຑ՗Ƕ. კ 2 - 9 ཛྷ൨բ཰‫ޑ‬ਏ౗،‫ܭۓ‬ЇᏤૻ৲‫ࠔޑ‬፦ (ЇԾ Sternberg, 2003). Ѥ.ʳ ၮ୏ၸᘠᏔ౛ፕǶ ၮ୏ёаቚ຾ຎ᝺ཛྷ൨‫ޑ‬৒ܰࡋᆶೲࡋǴՠΨёૈ཮‫ڋ׭‬ຎ᝺‫ޑ‬ཛྷ ൨ǶMcleod, Driver(1991)ว౜Ǵ྽ၮ୏੝ቻᆶ‫ځ‬д‫ޑ‬੝ቻ่ӝ཮ౢ ғҟ࣯‫ޑ‬ਏ݀Ƕᖐ‫ٰٯ‬ᇥǴ྽ၮ୏ᆶҞ኱໨‫ޑ‬΋ঁᡉ๱੝ቻ่ӝ‫ޑ‬ ਔংǴ཮Кൂᐱа೭ঁ੝ቻཛྷ൨ࣁ‫ז‬ǶMcleod(1991)ගрଷ೛Ǵᇡ ࣁΓᜪ‫ڀ‬Ԗ΋ঁၮ୏ၸᘠ‫ޑ‬ᐒ‫ڋ‬Ǵᐱҥ‫ځܭ‬дຎ᝺੝ቻǴёஒ‫ݙ‬ཀ ΚЇᏤԿ‫ڀ‬ԖӅӕၮ୏੝ቻ‫ޑ‬ᐒ‫ڋ‬΢Ƕ ा‫ݙ‬ཀ‫ࢂޑ‬Ǵӕ‫ޑ؁‬ၮ୏ёૈ೷ԋᒱ᝺‫ޑ‬ౢғǴᖐ‫ٰٯ‬ᇥǴ྽‫ॺך‬൨‫פ‬ ‫ޑ‬Ҟ኱‫ࢂނ‬΋ঁқՅ୮୮ਔǴԜਔ‫ڬ‬ൎຎഁύр౜ΑқՅБ༧‫ک‬ԪՅ༝୮Ǵ ‫ॺך‬ёаஒ‫ٿ‬ᅿ‫ނ‬ᡏᒱᇤ‫่ޑ‬ӝǴаࣁ࣮‫ډ‬Α΋ঁқՅ୮୮Ƕӧᒱ᝺่ӝύǴ ‫ॺך‬ᒱᇤӦ‫ޕ‬᝺υᘋ‫ڈ‬ᐟᏱԖёаӧҞ኱‫ڈ‬ᐟ‫่ޑډפ‬ӝ੝ቻ(Sternberg, 2003)ǶԶ྽ᒱ᝺่ӝวғЪ‫ڀ‬Ԗၮ୏੝ቻਔǴ‫ࣗॺך‬Կ཮аஒυᘋ‫࣮ނ‬ԋࢂ Ҟ኱‫ނ‬Ƕᒱ᝺่ӝวғӧᢀჸ‫ݙޑޣ‬ཀΚό໣ύǴ‫ڈ܈‬ᐟૻ৲όֹ᏾ਔǶ ᕴ่΢ॊ൳ঁຎ᝺ཛྷ൨౛ፕǴ‫ޕॺך‬ၰ௲‫ޑ׷‬೛ीѸሡӃЇଆ‫ݙ‬ཀǴ٬ Ꮲಞ‫ޑޣ‬ຎ᝺Ծ୏Ӧଶ੮ӧ௲Ꮲ‫ޣ‬టЇᏤ‫ޑ‬ख़ाૻ৲΢ǶԶाၲ‫ډ‬೭ঁҞ ‫ޑ‬Ǵ‫ॺך‬ሡ੮ཀЬाૻ৲ࢂցԖܴᡉё‫ޑـ‬੝ቻǴԛाૻ৲ᆶЬाૻ৲੝ቻ ΢‫࣬ޑ‬՟ೀࢂց཮೷ԋυᘋǴ٠ᗉխၮ୏੝ቻёૈ೷ԋ‫ޑ‬ᒱ᝺่ӝǶ. 18.

(29) 2-2-2 ‫ݙ‬ཀΚ‫ޑ‬ᒧ᏷ ‫ݙ‬ཀΚ‫ޑ‬ЇวԖਔࢂӧคཀ᛽ϐΠ຾ՉǴ‫ॺך‬ёૈ‫ޕ‬ၰ‫ݙ‬ཀ‫ޑ‬ᐕำ҅ӧ ຾ՉǴࠅడό຤Κ‫ޑ‬ǵؒԖཀკ‫ޑ‬ǵёаѳՉೀ౛‫ޑ‬Ǵ೭൩ࢂ‫ݙ‬ཀΚ‫ޑ‬Ծ୏ ϯᐕำ(automatic process)Ǵӧғࢲύ‫ॺך‬ಞᄍ‫୏ޑ‬բǴӵᖱ၉ǵ໒ًǴ೿ࢂ ΋ᅿԾ୏ϯ‫ޑ‬ᐕำǴԜਔჹ‫ݙ‬ཀΚၗྍ‫઻ޑ‬຤ࢂ࣬྽Ͽ‫ޑ‬Ǵ‫ॺך‬ёа΋ᜐᖱ ၉΋ᜐ଺ৎ٣Ǵ΋ᜐ໒ً΋ᜐ᠋ॣ኷Ƕ࣬ჹ‫ޑ‬ǴԖ٤ੋϷཀ᛽ቫय़‫ݙޑ‬ཀǴ ሡଯቫԛ‫ޑ‬ᇡ‫ޕ‬ೀ౛ਔǴ߾ࢂ‫ݙ‬ཀΚ‫ޑ‬௓‫ڋ‬ᐕำ(controlled process)ǴԾ୏ϯ ‫ک‬௓‫ڋ‬ᐕำϐ໔ёૈࢂೱុ‫ޑ‬Ǵჹ‫ܭ‬΋ঁ໒ً‫ޑ‬ཥЋԶ‫ق‬Ǵ໒ًࢂ΋ঁ௓‫ڋ‬ ᐕำǴሡाֹӄ‫ޑ‬ཀ᛽᝺‫ޕ‬Ǵ઻຤ࡐε‫ݙޑ‬ཀΚၗྍǴѸሡஒ‫ݙ‬ཀΚ໣ύӧ ໒ً‫ޑ‬ၸำύǴԶ࿶ၸ΋ࢤਔ໔‫ޑ‬ግಞࡕǴ೴ᅌಞᄍ໒ًࡕǴ൩ᡂԋΑԾ୏ ϯ‫ޑ‬ᐕำΑǶ ฅԶǴӧག‫۔‬ௗԏ‫ޑډ‬εໆૻ৲ύǴ‫ॺך‬ΞࢂӵՖჹ‫ڈ‬ᐟ଺ᒧ᏷‫܈‬۹ౣ ‫ګ‬ǻᙖ๱۹ౣ‫܈‬όமፓࢌঁ‫ڈ‬ᐟǴ‫ॺך‬ёаӢԜсᡉࢌ٤ᡉ๱‫ޑ‬੝ቻǴ໣ύ ‫ݙ‬ཀΚ‫ޑ‬ขᗺǴаቚ຾‫ॺך‬ჹ೭ঁ‫ڈ‬ᐟ଺‫׳‬ుΕ‫ޑ‬ᇡ‫ޕ‬౛ှǶ‫ݙ‬ཀΚ‫ޑ‬ᒧ᏷ Ԗ൳ᅿόӕ‫ޑ‬ှញǴᇥܴӵΠǶ ΋.ʳ Broadbent ‫ޑ‬ኳࠠǺ Boradbent ᇡࣁӧག᝺‫ڈ‬ᐟ‫ޑ‬ӭख़ᆅၰ΢཮ၶ‫ډ‬΋ঁ‫ݙ‬ཀΚ‫ޑ‬ၸᘠ ᏔǴ٬Ҟ኱‫ڈ‬ᐟ೯ၸၸᘠᏔǴ຾Ε‫ޕ‬᝺ᐕำǴ଺ၨଯቫԛ‫ޑ‬ೀ౛Ǵ ନΑҞ኱‫ڈ‬ᐟѦǴ΋٤Ԗᡉ๱ག᝺੝‫ૻޑ܄‬৲Ψёа೯ၸ‫ݙ‬ཀΚ‫س‬ ಍ǶԶ‫ځ‬д‫ڈޑ‬ᐟ߾཮ӧག᝺ၸᘠᏔύ೏ᘠ௞Ǵ҉ᇻค‫ݤ‬೯ၸᆅၰ ຾Ε‫ޕ‬᝺‫ޑ‬ቫԛǶ Β.ʳ Moray ‫ޑ‬ᒧ᏷‫܄‬ၸᘠᏔኳࠠ(Selective Filter Model)Ǻ Moray ᇡࣁ٠ߚ‫܌‬Ԗό೏‫ݙ‬ཀ‫ૻޑ‬৲೿ค‫ݤ‬೯ၸᘠᏔǴ྽மεǵଯ ࡋᡉ๱‫ૻޑ‬৲р౜ਔǴёँઇၸᘠᏔ‫ޑ‬ᐒ‫ڋ‬Ǵ٬ߚ‫ڈ‬ᐟҞ኱຾Ε‫ޕ‬ ᝺ቫԛǶMoray(1959)ว౜ୖᆶჴᡍ‫ޑ‬ΓǴ཮۹ౣε೽ϩ҂‫ݙ‬ཀ‫ૻޑ‬ ৲Ǵՠࢂ྽҂‫ݙ‬ཀ‫ޑ‬΋Ըр౜Ծρ‫ޑ‬ӜӷਔǴдॺϝё‫ݙ‬ཀ‫ډ‬ (Sternberg, 2003)Ƕ Ο.ʳ Treisman ‫ޑ‬෧১ኳࠠ(Atenuation Model) Treisman ӧჴᡍύว౜ǴၸᘠᏔᐒ‫ڋ‬ѝࢂȨ෧১ȩߚҞ኱‫ڈ‬ᐟǴԶ. 19.

(30) ߚֹӄȨߔᘐȩ‫܌‬Ԗ‫ߚޑ‬Ҟ኱‫ڈ‬ᐟǶTreisman ӧჴᡍύว౜‫ঁٿ‬౜ ຝǴ (1) ྽ૻ৲җ‫ݙ‬ཀ‫ޑ‬΋Ըँฅᙯ‫ډ‬ό‫ݙ‬ཀ‫ޑ‬΋ԸǴୖᆶ‫ډ᠋཮ޣ‬ό‫ݙ‬ ཀٗԸ࣬ӕૻ৲‫߻ޑ‬൳ঁӷǶᡉҢે๎཮อኩӦЇᏤୖᆶ‫ݙޣ‬ཀ дҁٰᔈ၀۹ౣ‫ૻޑ‬৲Ƕ (2) ҂‫ݙ‬ཀ‫ૻޑ‬৲ᆶ‫ݙ‬ཀ‫ૻޑ‬৲࣬ӕਔǴࣗԿࢂр౜‫ޑ‬ਔ໔όӕ‫؁‬Ǵ ‫܌‬Ԗ‫ୖޑ‬ᆶ‫ޣ‬೿཮‫ݙ‬ཀ‫ډ‬Ƕ ჴᡍ‫่݀ޑ‬ᇥܴΑၸᘠᏔ‫ޑ‬෧১ਏ݀٠ؒԖε‫ىډ‬аߔЗ೭٤ၨம‫ޑ‬ ‫ڈ‬ᐟ຾Ε‫ޕ‬᝺‫س‬಍Ƕ Ѥ.ʳ Deutsch ‫ ک‬Deutsch ‫ࡕޑ‬ၸᘠᏔኳࠠ όӕ‫߻ܭ‬य़Οᅿᜢ‫ݙܭ‬ཀΚ‫ޑ‬ၸᘠᏔ౛ፕǴࡕၸᘠᏔ౛ፕᇡࣁၸᘠ Ꮤࢂӧ‫ޕ‬᝺Ϸཷ‫ۺ‬ϩ‫ࡕޑ݋‬य़ǴаԜှញ‫ॺך‬ёа᠋‫ډ‬Ծρ‫ޑ‬Ӝӷ ‫܈‬ჹᚈᇟ‫ޣ‬Զ‫ق‬ё‫ݙ‬ཀќ΋Ը‫ޑ‬ᙌ᝿Ƕ Neisser(1967)ᆕӝԐයၸᘠᏔ‫ک‬ఁයၸᘠᏔኳࠠǴගр‫ݙ‬ཀΚࢂ‫ݙ߻ڙ‬ ཀᐕำᆶ‫ݙ‬ཀΚᐕำ‫ٿ‬໘ࢤ‫ޑ‬ၮբ(Sternberg, 2003)Ƕ߻‫ݙ‬ཀΚᐕำࢂԾ୏ϯ ‫זޑ‬ೲၮբǴёჸ᝺‫ߚډ‬Ҟ኱‫ڈ‬ᐟ‫ނޑ‬౛ག᝺੝‫܄‬ǴԶค‫ݤ‬ᒣ᛽ཀကǶ‫ݙ‬ཀ Κᐕำࢂ‫ڙ‬ཀ᛽௓‫ޑڋ‬ǴวғၨఁЪ‫ׇ‬ӈ‫୺ޑ‬ՉǴ੃઻ਔ໔‫ݙک‬ཀΚၗྍǶ ‫ځ‬ჴቹៜ‫ݙ‬ཀΚ‫ޑ‬ӢનࡐӭǴхࡴঁᡏ‫ޑ‬ᆒઓ‫ރ‬ᄊǵჹҞ኱‫ڈ‬ᐟ‫ޑ‬ᑫ፪ǵբ ཰ᜤࡋǵግಞਏ݀…฻Ӣન೿٬཮ቹៜ‫ॺך‬ჹ‫ݙ‬ཀΚ‫ޑ‬ᒧ᏷Ƕ җ΢ॊ൳ঁჹ‫ݙܭ‬ཀΚᒧ᏷ᐒ‫ޑڋ‬ᇥܴǴ‫ॺך‬Αှঁᡏჹ‫ݙ‬ཀΚ‫ޑ‬຾Ε ‫ڀ‬Ԗᒧ᏷‫܄‬Ǵ྽மεǵଯࡋᡉ๱‫ૻޑ‬৲р౜ਔǴёँઇၸᘠᏔ‫ޑ‬ᐒ‫ڋ‬Ǵ຾Ε ‫ޕ‬᝺ቫԛၮբǴҗԜё‫ـ‬Ǵ௲‫׷‬և౜ਔѝाૈ୼ँᡉЬाૻ৲ǵѐନᚇૻǴ ‫ڈ‬ᐟ൩ё೯ၸၸᘠᏔǶ஭ඳൟ(1991)ࡰр௲Ꮲ൞ᡏόሡፄᚇӭᡂǴѝाૈȨँ рȩ൩ёၲ‫ډ‬Їଆ‫ݙ‬ཀ‫ޑ‬Ҟ‫ޑ‬ǴԶ‫܌‬ᒏ‫ँޑ‬р൩ࢂࡰග‫ڈޑٮ‬ᐟёаᐟว‫ݙ‬ ཀΚǴ٬೭٤ၨம‫ڈޑ‬ᐟ೯ၸǶӧᐟวԄ୏ᄊև౜‫ޑ‬௲ᏢၸำύǴ‫ॺך‬ᙖҗ ӧፄᚇฝय़ύуΕ‫ँ܈‬ᡉૻ৲Ǵаமϯ‫ڈ‬ᐟٰྍǴЇวᏢಞ‫ݙޑޣ‬ཀǶ. 20.

(31) ӭ൞ᡏᏢಞ౛ፕ. 2-3. ᒿ๱ࣽ‫ޑמ‬ว৖Ǵႝတ೬ᡏ‫زࣴޑ‬٬Ҕ‫ک‬ᆛၡ‫ޑ‬දϷǴ೭٤Ӣન೿٬ள ௲‫ޑػ‬БԄᖿӛӭϡϯǶ྽‫ॺך‬य़ᖏࣽ‫ޑמ‬ᡂॠǴЋύඝԖᙦ൤‫ޑ‬ၗྍӕਔǴ ‫׳‬ाΑှ௲‫ےޑػ‬ԑ٩ᙑࢂԖཀက‫ޑ‬ᏢಞǴԶόࢂ৖౜௲Ꮲ೛ഢ‫ޑ‬຾‫؁‬Ƕ‫ך‬ ॺाӧཀ‫ޑ‬όࢂႝတࣽ‫଺ૈמ‬٤ϙሶфૈǴ‫܈‬ᇡࣁႝတࣽ‫܌מ‬஥ٰ‫ޑ‬ᖂॣკ Ⴝૈ୼‫ڗ‬жԴৣ‫فޑ‬ՅǴ࿶ၸ൳ԃٰ‫ॺךزࣴޑ‬ว౜ٗ٤౛ፕനࡕ೿ࢂѨ௳ ‫ޑ‬Ƕӧӭ൞ᡏ౛ፕύமፓаᏢಞ‫ࣁޣ‬ύЈǴΑှΓᜪ‫ޑ‬Јඵၮբ٠၂ୢाӵ Ֆ٬Ҕӭ൞ᡏٰߦ຾Γᜪ‫ޑ‬ᏢಞǶӧ೭ঁᢀᗺύᏢғࢂЬ୏‫ޑ‬Ꮲಞ‫ޣ‬ǴԴৣ ‫فޑ‬Յѝࢂӧߦ຾ᏢಞԶρǶ ٣ჴ΢Ǵႝတ‫ޑ‬р౜‫ޑ‬ዴჹຎ᝺‫ޑ‬և౜БԄ೷ԋѮε‫ޑ‬ᙯᡂǴٗሶ‫ॺך‬ ၀ӵՖև౜೭٤ӭ൞ᡏૻ৲‫ګ‬ǻӧϙሶਔᐒёаӧЎӷѦӆуΕຎ᝺‫ޑ‬և ౜ǻЎӷᆶკ‫ޑ׎‬և౜ӧ௲Ꮲ΢཮Ԗϙሶኬ‫่݀ޑ‬ǻԖЎӷ‫ک‬ຎ᝺‫׎‬Ԅ‫ޑ‬௲ Ꮲ཮Ԗϙሶቹៜǻӭ൞ᡏև౜ёаߦ຾Ꮲಞ༏ǻ Mayer ஒӭ൞ᡏᏢಞ౛ፕࡌҥӧᇡ‫ޕ‬Ꮲಞ΢ǴдගрΑΟঁଷ೛Ǵϩձ ፕॊӵΠǺ 1.. ᚈዸ౛ፕଷ೛(Dual-Channel Assumption) Paivio ӧ 1960 ԃжఁය‫ ک‬1970 ԃжԐයගрᚈዸ౛ፕǴࡰрΓᜪ аკႽ‫ޑ‬ጓዸ‫ک‬ᇟ‫ޑق‬ጓዸ߄ቻૻ৲ǶMayer ӧӭ൞ᡏ೛ीচ߾ύ Ψஒૻ৲‫ޑ‬և౜БԄϩࣁ‫ঁٿ‬ᆅၰǴ΋ঁࢂ᠋᝺‫ޑ‬Ǵ΋ঁࢂຎ᝺ϯ ‫ޑ‬Ƕ‫ॺך‬ஒαᇟϯ‫ޑ‬Ўӷ‫܈‬คαᇟϯ‫ޑ‬ᖂॣ࿶җԸԚௗԏǴᒧ᏷ૻ ৲຾Επբ૶Ꮻ୔ǴಔᙃЎӷᡂԋ΋ঁαᇟኳࠠǹԶკႽϯ‫ޑ‬ຎ᝺ ૻ৲߾࿶җ౳࿊ௗԏ຾Επբ૶Ꮻ୔ࡕǴӆಔᙃԋკႽኳࠠǶ೭җ ೭‫ঁٿ‬ᆅၰύௗԏ‫ૻޑډ‬৲Ξёаϕ࣬ᙯඤǴ‫ॺך‬ёаஒ࣮‫ޑډ‬Ў ӷӧЈ္‫ۺ‬рǴஒຎ᝺ૻ৲ᙯඤԋαᇟૻ৲Ƕ࣬ӕ‫ޑ‬Ǵ‫ॺך‬Ψёૈ ӧ᠋‫ډ‬΋ࢤαᇟϯ‫௶ޑ‬ॊࡕǴஒ᠋‫ޑډ‬ᖂॣӧЈ౛΢ᙯϯԋቹႽǶ ӧᚈዸ౛ፕύǴ‫ॺך‬ᇡࣁૈ٬Ҕ‫ٿ‬ᅿᆅၰٰௗԏૻ৲ࢂКၨૈᕇள ԋਏ‫ޑ‬Ƕ‫ٿ‬ᅿૻ৲໔Ԗϕံ‫ޑ‬բҔǴЈඵёа᏾ӝ೭‫ঁٿ‬ᆅၰௗԏ ‫ૻޑ‬৲ǴԶ౛ှ൩วғӧᏢಞ‫ૈޣ‬ஒຎ᝺‫᠋ک‬᝺‫ٿ‬ᅿૻ৲ࡌҥԖཀ 21.

(32) က‫ޑ‬ೱ่Ƕ 2.. Ԗज़৒ໆଷ೛(Limited-Capacity Assumption) Γᜪ‫ޑ‬πբ૶Ꮻ୔৒ໆࢂԖज़‫ޑ‬Ǵ‫ॺך‬ค‫ݤ‬΋ԛௗԏεໆ‫ૻޑ‬৲Ƕ πբ૶Ꮻ୔ೀ౛‫ૻޑ‬৲ࢂ࿶ၸᒧ᏷Ǵ٠ाуаಔᙃǵ᏾ӝӃഢ‫ޕ‬᛽Ƕ Sweller ‫܌‬ග‫ޑ‬ᇡ‫಻ॄޕ‬ջࢂӢࣁอ૶ᏫԖज़৒ໆ‫ޑ‬ଷ೛Ǵ٬ၸӭ‫ޑ‬ ૻ৲‫܈‬ϼᜤ‫ૻޑ‬৲՞Ҕอය૶Ꮻ‫ޜ‬໔ǴԶౢғᇡ‫಻ॄޕ‬ǶӢࣁπբ ૶Ꮻ္৒ໆ‫ޑ‬ज़‫ڋ‬Ǵ‫ॺך‬ᙖҗࡕ೛ᇡ‫ޕ‬฼ౣٰ،‫ࢂۓ‬ব٤ૻ৲ࢂԖ Ҕ‫ޑ‬Ǵ‫ݙ‬ཀ‫ޑ‬ขᗺᔈ၀‫ܫ‬ӧব္ǴӵՖ᏾ӝǵ‫ڐ‬ፓ૶Ꮻ୔္ૻ৲Ƕ. 3.. Ь୏Ꮲಞଷ೛(Active-Processing Assumption) Ԗཀက‫ޑ‬Ꮲಞࢂӧ‫ܭ‬Ꮲಞ‫ૈޣ‬Ь୏ࡌᄬ‫ޕ‬᛽Ǵхࡴ‫ݙ‬ཀǵಔᙃૻ৲ǵ ٠᏾ӝཥૻ৲‫ک‬Ӄഢ‫ޕ‬᛽࿶ᡍǶᏢಞ‫ޣ‬ԾՉவև౜‫ޑ‬௲‫׷‬ύ൨‫࣬؃‬ ᜢ‫ޑ‬Јඵ߄౜Ƕ‫ޕ‬᛽ࢂᏢಞ‫ޣ‬ԾՉࡌᄬ‫ޑ‬ǴᏢғόࢂ‫ޔ‬ௗྣൂӄԏ Ӧ֎ԏԴৣ໺௤‫ޕޑ‬᛽ǴԶࢂஒҁ‫ޑډ᠋ي‬ǵ࣮‫ૻޑډ‬৲ཀကϯǴ ᆶӃഢ‫ޕ‬᛽բ᏾ӝǴΨӢԜ‫ঁ؂‬Γᗨฅ೿᠋ӕ΋ঁԴৣ‫ޑ‬௲ᏢǴ‫܌‬ ࡌᄬр‫ޕޑ‬᛽ࠅόᅰ࣬ӕǶ୷ҁ‫ޕޑ‬᛽ࡌᄬБ‫ݤ‬х֖‫؁‬ᡯϯǵКၨ ‫ݤ‬ǵᘜય‫ݤ‬ǵӈᖐ‫ݤ‬ǵϩᜪ‫ݤ‬Ƕ. ௲‫ޑ׷‬೛ीᔈ๱ख़‫ܭ‬ӵՖ٬ΓᜪӧЈඵၮբύౢғԖཀက‫ޑ‬ᏢಞǶԶૻ ৲‫ޑ‬և౜ӧЈඵύΞࢂӵՖၮբ‫ګޑ‬ǻᏢಞ‫ޣ‬ӵՖᒧ᏷ǵಔᙃǵ᏾ӝૻ৲‫ګ‬ǻ ૻ৲‫ޑ‬ᅿᜪёϩࣁΟᅿǴკႽǵαॊЎӷǵӑ‫ڇ‬ЎӷǴΠკࣁ೭Οᅿૻ ৲຾ΕЈඵၮբኳԄ‫ޑ‬ᐕำǶ. კ 2 - 10 ЈඵၮբᐕำȐMayer, 2001ȑ. კႽ‫܈‬Ўӷ࿶җག‫૶۔‬Ꮻύ‫ޑ‬౳࿊‫܈‬ԸԚௗԏǴག‫૶۔‬Ꮻёаӧอਔ໔ ϣௗԏ‫ډ‬εໆ‫ૻޑ‬৲Ǵόሡ޸຤ЈΚǴՠӧΠঁ໘ࢤύǴૻ৲຾Επբ૶Ꮻ. 22.

(33) ୔ύ‫ૻޑ‬৲൩ሡाᇡ‫ޕ‬ၮբٰᒧ᏷ԖҔ‫ޑ‬ቹႽ‫܈‬ᖂॣૻ৲ǴӢࣁπբ૶Ꮻ୔ ္‫ޑ‬৒ໆज़‫ڋ‬ୢᚒǴ‫ॺך‬ӧ‫؂‬΋ԛௗԏ‫ૻޑډ‬৲ໆ೿ࢂ᏾ᡏ‫ޑ‬΋λ೽ϩǴࡑ ຾΋‫؁‬ಔᙃ೭٤Тᘐ‫ޑ‬ቹႽǵᖂॣǴ‫׎‬ԋኳࠠࡕǴӆவߏය૶Ꮻύග‫ڗ‬Ӄഢ ‫ޕ‬᛽٬ᆶཥૻ৲଺᏾ӝǵ‫ڐ‬ፓǶ ԶЎӷૻ৲ନΑவαᇟ‫᠋ޑ‬᝺຾ΕǴΨёૈࢂӑр‫ޑ‬ЎӷǴаຎ᝺ௗ ԏǴౢғЈႽǴ٠ӧЈ္‫ۺ‬рᖂॣǴ‫׎‬ԋαᇟኳࠠǴӆᆶӃഢ‫ޕ‬᛽଺ೱ่Ƕ ௲‫ޑ׷‬೛ीև౜БԄѸሡ಄ӝЈඵ‫ޑ‬ၮբǴMayer ஒჴᡍ‫่݀ޑ‬ᘜયр аΠ൳ঁ௲‫׷‬೛ीচ߾Ǻ 1.. ӭ൞ᡏচ߾(Multimedia Principle) Ꮲಞ‫ޣ‬வЎӷϷკТᏢಞ‫ޑ‬ਏ݀Кҗൂ΋‫ޑ‬БԄᏢಞਏ݀ӳǶЎӷ ࿶җ᠋᝺ᆅၰ຾ΕǴკТ߾࿶җຎ᝺ᆅၰ຾Επբ૶Ꮻ୔Ǵ‫ٿ‬ᅿᆅ ၰӚԾௗԏ‫ޑ‬፾ໆૻ৲ёа۶Ԝ᏾ӝԶΞόቚу૶Ꮻ୔္‫಻ॄޑ‬Ƕ ٬ҔЎӷሡЈඵ΢‫ޑ‬ոΚωளаᙯඤǴԶკႽ߾ࢂၨ‫ޔ‬ௗ‫ޑ‬ຎ᝺ག ᢀǴค‫ݤ‬ϕ࣬‫ڗ‬жࠅԖϕံ‫ޑ‬բҔǶ. 2.. ‫ޜ‬໔ௗ߈চ߾(Spatial Contiguity Principle) ྽Ўӷ‫ک‬კТૻ৲‫ޑ‬և౜ӧ‫ޜ‬໔΢ௗ߈ਔǴૈౢғၨӳ‫ޑ‬Ꮲಞਏ ݀ǶᏢಞ‫ޣ‬ӧௗԏຎ᝺ૻ৲ਔǴऩЎӷ‫ޑ‬ᇥܴ‫ک‬კႽӧ‫ޜ‬໔΢‫ޑ‬ຯ ᚆϼᇻǴᏢಞ‫ޣ‬Ѹ໪эҔᇡ‫ޜޕ‬໔ٰཛྷ൨࣬ᜢ‫ૻޑ‬৲ǶӢԜ‫ॺך‬ӧ ೛ी௲‫׷‬ਔǴคፕࢂаਜय़‫ޑ‬БԄ‫܈‬ႝတᑻჿև౜Ǵ೿ᔈ‫ݙ‬ཀ‫࣬ډ‬ ᜢЎӷǵკႽ‫ޑ‬ଛ࿼Ƕ ᗨฅ‫ॺך‬চ߾΢‫׆‬ఈૈஒ࣬ᜢ‫ޑ‬ЎӷᆶკႽӼ௨ӧௗ߈‫ޑ‬Տ࿼΢Ǵ ՠԖਔᛖ‫ૻܭ‬৲ໆϼӭǵϼፄᚇǴค‫ֹݤ‬๓ଛ࿼ฝय़ǴԜਔǴ‫ॺך‬ ёଛӝ਱Ԅ༣চ౛‫ޑ‬ဂϯচ߾ǴၮҔ࣬՟‫܄‬ǵೱុ‫܄‬ǵ࠾ഈ‫܄‬ǵჹ ᆀ‫ٰ܄‬ЇᏤᏢಞǴ෧ϿᏢಞ‫ޣ‬ຎ᝺ཛྷ൨‫಻ॄޑ‬Ǵ٠ၮҔᐟวԄ୏ᄊ фૈǴӧፄᚇ‫ૻޑ‬৲ฝय़΢Ǵᙁൂև౜ࢌ٤࣬ᜢૻ৲Ǵ٠٩௲Ꮲ௃ ნǴቸ‫܄‬Ӧ௓‫ڋ‬р౜‫ૻޑ‬৲ໆǴа෧ϿᏢಞ‫઻ޣ‬຤ᇡ‫ޕ‬ၗྍ‫ૻܭ‬৲ ‫ޑ‬ཛྷ൨ჹྣ΢Ƕ. 3.. ਔ໔ௗ߈চ߾(Temporal Contiguity Principle) ࣬ᜢ‫ޑ‬Ўӷ‫ک‬კТӕਔр౜‫ޑ‬Ꮲಞਏ݀К໔ᘐਔ໔‫ޑ‬р౜ਏ݀ӳǶ Ꮲಞ‫ࢂޣ‬Ь୏ࡌᄬ‫ޕ‬᛽‫ޑ‬Ǵ྽Ўӷ‫ک‬კ‫׎‬᏾ӝև౜ਔǴᏢಞ‫ૈޣ‬ஒ 23.

(34) ᏾ӝ‫ૻޑ‬৲ӧπբ૶ᏫύኩӸǴ่ӝຎ᝺߄ቻᆶ᠋᝺߄ቻ‫ޑ‬ᜢᖄ ‫܄‬ǶऩӃр౜Ўӷૻ৲Ǵӆр౜კТǴٗሶஒ೷ԋπբ૶Ꮻ‫಻ॄޑ‬Ǵ ྽კТև౜ਔǴЎӷ‫૶ޑ‬ᏫςѨѐ೽ϩख़ाૻ৲ǴԜਔӆ଺Ўӷǵ კТ‫ޑ‬ೱ่ஒ೷ԋ֚ᜤǶMayer ٠຾΋‫؁‬Ӧ௖૸Ǵऩஒ௲‫׷‬ϣ৒ϩ ԋλࢤပ(Small Segments)ǴԜਔ໔ᘐਔ໔‫ޑ‬ЎӷǵკТև౜ਔǴ཮ ೷ԋϙሶ่݀ǻӧჴᡍύǴдஒ΋ঁ௲Ꮲϣ৒‫୏ޑ‬ฝᆶᖱॊ೿ϩࣁ 16 ঁ೽ϩǴӧಃ΋ঁ೽ҽ‫ޑ‬ᖱॊϐࡕǴௗ๱ಃ΋ঁ೽ϩ‫୏ޑ‬ฝǴௗ ๱ಃΒ೽ϩ‫ޑ‬ᖱॊǵಃΒ೽ϩ‫୏ޑ‬ฝ…аԜᜪ௢ǴӵΠკӵҢǺ ่݀ว౜Ǵӧ௲‫׷‬ϣ৒ϩപࣁλ೽ҽਔǴᖱॊᆶ୏ฝ໔ᘐр౜ᆶӕ ਔр౜‫ޑ‬ਏ݀ࢂ࣬ӕ‫ޑ‬Ǵ೭ঁ่݀ᡉҢѝाᖱॊᆶ୏ฝ‫ޑ‬р౜ਔ໔ ࢂߚதௗ߈‫ޑ‬ǴӧᏢಞ‫ޑޣ‬ຎ᝺‫᠋܈‬᝺‫ޑ‬ௗԏۘ҂੃ଏਔǴёа٬ Ўӷᆶკ‫׎‬໔଺፾྽‫ޑ‬ჹྣᆶೱ่Ƕ. კ 2 - 11 ٩‫ׇ‬ಒ࿯ϩࢤ(Successive Small Segments)(ЇԾ Mayer,2001). ᐟวԄ୏ᄊև౜‫ޑ‬௲ᏢБ‫ࢂݤ‬ஒૻ৲٩ᡄᒠཷ‫଺ۺ‬Ԗਏ‫ޑ‬ϩപǴಒ ೽Ϫപ‫ૻޑ‬৲ё٩Ᏽ௲Ꮲሡ‫؃‬೽ϩဂϯᡉҢǴόӕ‫ܭ‬΢კύ‫ޑ‬λࢤ ပ(Small Segments)ࢂ٩‫ׇ‬р౜ǴᐟวԄ୏ᄊև౜ࢂҔόӕ‫ޑ‬ᐟวᏔ (trigger)௓‫ڋ‬Ǵஒ‫ڀ׳‬ቸ‫܄‬ᆶᒿཀ‫܄‬Ƕ 4.. ࣬ᜢচ߾(Coherence Priniciple) ྽ӭᎩ‫ޑ‬ЎӷǵკТ‫ک‬ᖂॣ೏௨ନਔǴ཮Ԗၨ٫‫ޑ‬Ꮲಞਏ݀Ƕ߈൳ ԃٰ௲‫ޑػ‬БӛႴᓰബཥ‫܄‬ǵࢲዃϯǴՠऩ௲‫׷‬ቚу‫ޑ‬Ԗ፪ǵࢲዃ ϣ৒‫ک‬Ьाૻ৲ࢂό࣬ᜢ‫ޑ‬ǴჹᏢಞؒԖᔅշǴٗሶஒѝࢂ೷ԋᏢ ಞ‫ॄޑ‬ᏼϷ໾্ǶMayer ࡰрӭᎩ‫ૻޑ‬৲ஒ೷ԋπբ૶Ꮻ୔ύၗྍ ϕ࣬ᝡ‫ݾ‬ǵϩණᏢಞ‫ݙޑޣ‬ཀΚǵϪᘐૻ৲‫ޑ‬ೱೣ‫܄‬ǵ٬Ꮲಞ‫ޣ‬ஒ ЈΚ޸຤ӧόख़ा‫ૻޑ‬৲΢Ƕӧ௲‫ޑ׷‬೛ी΢Ǵ‫ॺך‬යఈᏢಞ‫ޣ‬ஒ ‫ݙ‬ཀΚ‫ܫ‬ӧ௲ᏢҞ኱‫ޑ‬ขᗺ΢ǴԶߚคᜢ‫ޑ‬კТ‫୏܈‬ฝǴӭᎩ‫ޑ‬ǵ ό࣬υ‫ૻޑ‬৲ቚуǴஒफ़եᏢಞԋਏǶаΠკࣁ‫ٯ‬Ǵӧᖱॊύቚу ॣ኷‫ޑ‬ኞ‫ܫ‬Ǵஒ٬ளαॊЎӷᆶॣ኷೿࿶ၸԸԚ຾Ε᠋᝺ᆅၰǴӧ Ԗज़৒ໆ‫ޑ‬ज़‫ڋ‬ΠǴᏢಞ‫ޣ‬ค‫ݤ‬஑‫ܭݙ‬ᖱॊϣ৒ǴԶค‫ݤ‬Ԗਏಔᙃ. 24.

(35) ૻ৲Ƕ ӧҁࣴ‫ز‬೛ी‫ޑ‬௲‫׷‬ύǴεӭࢂ‫ޜ‬қङඳǴฝय़ύؒԖคᜢ‫ޑ‬კਢ ‫୏܈‬ฝǴᖂॣΨѝԖፐ୸΢Դৣ‫ޑ‬αॊှᖱǴ୤Ԗ‫ٿ‬஭‫׫‬ቹТၨ੝ ձǴ٬Ҕ໵݈௃ნङඳǴᗨฅӭΑ΋٤คᜢૻ৲Ǵӵણ฽ǵ݈ᔔ฻ კਢǴՠࠅૈԖਏЇଆ୏ᐒǴᆶғࢲ࿶ᡍ଺࣬ᜢ‫ޑ‬ೱ่ǶЪЬाૻ ৲և౜ฝय़‫ޑ‬ύѧǴࢂᏢಞ‫ޣ‬৒ܰ‫ݙ‬ཀ‫ޑ‬ขᗺǴคᜢ‫ޑ‬კਢङඳό ठቹៜᏢಞԋਏǶ. კ 2 - 12 αॊЎӷᆶॣ኷ᝡ‫᠋ݾ‬᝺ᆅၰၗྍ(ЇԾ Mayer,2001). 5.. ‫׎‬Ԅচ߾(Modality Principle) Ꮲಞ‫ޣ‬வ୏ฝ‫ک‬αॊЎӷ‫ޑ‬ਏ݀Кவ୏ฝ‫ک‬ᑻჿ΢‫ޑ‬Ўӷਏ݀ӳǶ Ӣࣁ୏ฝ‫ک‬ᑻჿ΢‫ޑ‬Ўӷ೿࿶җຎ᝺ᆅၰ຾πբ૶ᏫύǴԶ೭‫ٿ‬ᅿ ૻ৲ӧຎ᝺ᆅၰύ۶Ԝᝡ‫ݾ‬ᇡ‫ޕ‬ၗྍǴࠅஒ᠋᝺ᆅၰ‫ޑ‬ၗྍ‫ܫ‬࿼ό Ҕǹ࣬ჹӦǴऩ‫ૈॺך‬٬Ўӷ࿶җ᠋᝺ᆅၰǵ୏ฝ࿶җຎ᝺ᆅၰǴ ٬ૻ৲ૈ፾྽Ӧ೏ௗԏǴஒёၲԋѳᑽǶ. 25.

(36) კ 2 - 13 ѝԖკႽ࿶ຎ᝺ᆅၰ(ЇԾ Mayer,2001). კ 2 - 14 ӑ‫ڇ‬ЎӷᆶკႽ೿࿶ຎ᝺ᆅၰ(ЇԾ Mayer,2001). 6.. ӭᎩচ߾(Redundancy Principle) ૻ৲а୏ฝ‫ک‬ᖱॊٰև౜‫ޑ‬ਏ݀ၨӳǴቚуᑻჿ΢‫ޑ‬Ўӷஒᡂԋࢂ ӭᎩ‫ޑ‬ǶЎӷ‫ޑ‬և౜ё࿶җຎ᝺‫᠋܈‬᝺ᆅ຾ΕǴ྽ฅǴ᠋᝺‫ޑ‬຾Ε БԄჹᇡ‫ޑޕ‬ၸำԶ‫ࢂق‬Кၨᙁൂǵ‫ޔ‬᝺‫ޑ‬Ǵόሡஒຎ᝺‫ޑ‬ၗૻӆ ӭ΋ঁ‫؁‬ᡯᙯϯԋ᠋᝺ၗૻǶӢԜ྽‫ॺך‬ςஒૻ৲࿶᠋᝺ᆅၰև౜ ਔǴ൩ό໪ஒ࣬ӕ‫ૻޑ‬৲ӆаᑻჿ΢‫ޑ‬Ўӷख़ᙟև౜Ǵᑻჿ΢ӭᎩ ‫ޑ‬Ўӷ཮ቚуຎ᝺ᆅၰ‫ޑ‬ᇡ‫಻ॄޕ‬Ǵ٬ၨϿ‫ޑ‬Јඵၗྍ೏Ҕ‫ࡌܭ‬ҥ ࣬ჹᔈ‫ޑ‬Ўӷ‫ک‬კТૻ৲Ƕՠ೭ঁচ߾٠ό߄Ң‫ॺך‬όૈஒᑻჿ΢ ‫ޑ‬Ўӷ(‫܈‬ӑ‫ڇ‬Ўӷ)‫ک‬ᖱॊ΋ଆև౜ǴѸሡຎ௃‫ݩ‬Զ‫ۓ‬Ǵ྽և౜‫ޑ‬ ೲࡋКၨᄌ‫ؒࢂ܈‬ԖკТӕਔр౜ਔǴᑻჿ΢‫ޑ‬Ўӷࢂёаև౜‫ޑ‬ӵख़ᗺගҢǴᄽᖱ….฻Ƕ. 26.

(37) კ 2 - 15 ӑ‫ڇ‬ЎӷᆶკႽ೿࿶ၸຎ᝺ᆅၰ(ЇԾ Mayer, 2001)). ҁࣴ‫܌ز‬೛ीϐ௲‫׷‬аȨᖱॊȩǵ Ȩკ‫׎‬ȩᆶȨख़ा‫ޑ‬ᙁॊЎӷȩଛ ӝᇥܴǶ٩ᏵӭᎩচ߾Ǵკ‫׎‬ᆶᑻჿ΢‫ޑ‬Ўӷ೿ࢂҗຎ᝺ᆅၰ຾ ΕǴऩ‫ޣٿ‬ϣ৒ֹӄ΋ठǴ߾όሡᑻჿ΢‫ޑ‬ӭᎩЎӷǴՠ೭ঁচ߾ ΨᇥܴΑӧࢌ٤௃‫ݩ‬ΠǴߥ੮ख़ᗺЎӷࢂѸा‫ޑ‬Ǵӧ AMA ‫ޑ‬௲‫׷‬ ೛ीচ߾ύග‫ޑډ‬ሒௗ/ೱೣ/ख़᏾Ǵջࢂமፓߥ੮ૻ৲‫ޑ‬Ѹा‫܄‬Ǵ ٬ፐ୸΢΋ਔϩЈ‫ޑ‬Ꮲғӆӣ‫ډ‬΢ፐϣ৒ύǴёаଭ΢ሒௗǶ. 7.. ঁձৡ౦চ߾(Individual Principle) ௲‫׷‬೛ी‫ޑ‬ਏ݀ჹ‫ܭ‬ե‫ޕ‬᛽‫کޣ‬ଯ‫ޜ‬໔‫ޣ‬Ԗၨε‫ޑ‬ቹៜǶᏱԖଯ‫ޕ‬ ᛽‫ޑ‬Ꮲಞ‫ޣ‬ǴӢࣁҁ‫ޑي‬Ӄഢ‫ޕ‬᛽ၨֹ᏾Ǵૈլܺ௲‫׷‬೛ीύ‫ޑ‬લ ѨǶՠჹ‫ܭ‬ե‫ޕ‬᛽Ꮲಞ‫ޣ‬Զ‫ق‬ǴӃഢ‫ޕ‬᛽‫ޑ‬ό‫ى‬൩੝ձሡһᒘ‫ؼ‬ӳ ‫ޑ‬௲‫׷‬೛ीև౜Ǵ፾྽‫ࡰޑ‬Їωૈफ़եѦӧᇡ‫಻ॄޕ‬ǶԶଯ‫ޜ‬໔Ꮲ ಞ‫ޣ‬ӧ᏾ӝຎ᝺ϷᇟЎ߄ቻ‫ૈޑ‬ΚၨமǴե‫ޜ‬໔‫ޑ‬Ꮲಞ‫߾ޣ‬Ѹ໪ஒ εӭ‫ޑ‬ᇡ‫ૈޕ‬ΚҔ‫૶ܭ‬Ꮻ‫ߥޑ‬੮Ǵаठ‫ܭ‬ӧЈඵ᏾ӝБय़‫ૈޑ‬Κό ‫ى‬Ƕ. 8.. ϕ୏চ߾(Interactivity Principle) җ‫ܭ‬อය૶Ꮻ৒ໆԖज़‫ޑ‬ଷ೛ǴᏢಞ‫ޣ‬ค‫ݤ‬΋ԛௗԏεໆ‫ૻޑ‬৲Ǵ ӢԜऩૻ৲р౜‫؁ޑ‬ፓᆶᏢಞ‫ޑޣ‬ௗԏ‫ࢂݩރޑ‬ό΋ठ‫ޑ‬Ǵёૈ೷ ԋᇡ‫಻ॄޕ‬Ƕϕ୏চ߾ύᇥܴӧᏢಞ‫ޣ‬ёа௓‫ڋ‬௲‫׷‬և౜‫؁ޑ‬ፓ ਔǴᏢಞਏ݀཮Кၨӳ(݅ྤ৥Ǵ2008)Ƕҁࣴ‫ز‬Ьाట௖૸ӧፐ୸ ௤ፐ‫ޑ‬ᕉნΠǴᐟวԄ୏ᄊև౜ࢂցૈၲ‫ډ‬ၨ٫‫ޑ‬ᏢಞԋਏǴᗨฅ ௲‫׷‬և౜‫ޑ‬໩‫ࢂׇ‬җ௲Ꮲ‫ޣ‬௓‫ڋ‬ǴՠྖႵࡰ኱ଛӝᜢ໒ૻ৲‫ޑ‬р. 27.

(38) ౜Ǵ٬௲‫ޑ׷‬೛ी‫ڀ‬Ԗϕ୏‫܄‬Ǵ௲Ꮲ‫ޣ‬ё٩Ꮲಞ‫ޑޣ‬ϕ୏ϸᔈቸ‫܄‬ ௓‫ڋ‬௲‫ޑ׷‬և౜Ƕ 9.. ߞဦচ߾(Signaling Principle) ፾྽‫ޑ‬ගҢᆶ௲‫׷‬ϣ৒‫ޑ‬ಔᙃ่ᄬёЇᏤᏢಞ‫ݙޑޣ‬ཀΚǴ٬‫ځ‬ஒ ‫ݙ‬ཀΚ‫ݙ׫‬ӧख़ा‫ૻޑ‬৲΢ǴᗉխᏢಞ‫ݙޑޣ‬ཀΚ೏ᙯ౽Կό࣬ᜢ ‫܈‬όख़ा‫ૻޑ‬৲ǴԶ೷ԋᇡ‫ޕ‬ၗྍ‫ੁޑ‬຤Ƕߞဦচ߾தҔ‫ޑ‬БԄࣁ Ȩँᡉ኱ᚒȩᆶȨமፓᜢᗖૻ৲ȩ( Mayer, 2005)Ƕҁࣴ‫ز‬ӧ௲‫׷‬೛ ी΢Ǵฝय़‫ޑ‬Ӽ௨а่ᄬǵჹК‫׎ޑ‬Ԅև౜ǴёЇᏤᏢಞ‫ݙޑޣ‬ཀ ΚǴԶᐟวԄ୏ᄊև౜բҔᆶߞဦচ߾࣬ӕǴ೿ӧ‫ܭ‬Їଆ‫ݙ‬ཀǴफ़ եѦӧᇡ‫಻ॄޕ‬ǴՠБԄ߾Ԗ‫܌‬ৡ౦ǴᐟวԄ୏ᄊև౜ЬाаྖႵ բࣁຎ᝺ЇᏤ‫ࡰޑ‬኱ǴаྖႵᗺᔐࡕȨँฅр౜ȩ‫ޑ‬ၮ୏੝ቻЇว ‫ڈ‬ᐟǴЇଆ‫ݙ‬ཀǶӧຎ᝺ཛྷ൨౛ፕύࡰрǴ྽ૻ৲‫ڀ‬Ԗ୷ҁຎ᝺੝ ቻਔǴόሡᏢಞ‫܈‬ግಞ൩ૈӧ߻‫ݙ‬ཀೀ౛ᐕำаԾ୏ϯ‫ޑ‬БԄၮ բǴ Ȩ‫ރ׎‬੝ቻȩ ǵ ȨᚑՅ੝ቻȩ ǵ Ȩుࡋ੝ቻȩᆶȨၮ୏੝ቻȩ೿ឦ୷ ҁຎ᝺੝ቻǶᐟวԄ୏ᄊև౜‫ޑ‬௲ᏢБԄջࢂၮҔၮ୏੝ቻ‫ޑ‬ਏ݀ ‫ڐ‬շຎ᝺ཛྷ൨аϷЇᏤ‫ݙ‬ཀΚ‫ޑ‬੝‫܄‬Ǵၮ୏੝ቻх֖ΑȨँฅр౜ ȐNew objectȑȩ ǵ ȨᕓᡂȐTransientȑȩ ǵ Ȩௗ߈ȐLoomingȑ ȩ ǵ Ȩँฅҗ ᓉԶ୏ȐNew motionȑ ȩ ǵ ȨଢᛉȐFlickerȑ ȩ ǵ Ȩၮ୏БӛȐDirectionȑ ȩ аϷȨၮ୏΋ठ‫܄‬ȐCoherenceȑ ȩΎᅿख़ा੝ቻ(݅ྤ৥Ǵ2008)Ƕ ୏੝ቻ‫ڀ‬Ԗ‫ঁٿ‬ᐱ੝‫ޑ‬фૈǺ (1) ၮ୏੝ቻ‫ڀ‬Ԗᐱ੝‫ޑ‬Ȩ֎Ї‫ݙ‬ཀΚȐcapturing attentionȑ ȩ‫ૈޑ‬ ΚǶ (2) ၮ୏੝ቻёаȨ୏ᄊ‫ׯ‬ᡂȩᢀჸ‫ݙޣ‬ཀΚ‫ޑݙ׫‬Տ࿼Ƕ. Yantis ᆶ Jonides ӧ 1984 ԃ‫ޑ‬ፕЎύග‫ډ‬Ȩᐱ੝Ъँฅ໒‫ޑۈ‬ຎ᝺‫ڈ‬ᐟ ૈ‫ז‬ೲЪԾ୏ϯӦ֎Ї‫ݙ‬ཀΚ‫ܭݙ׫‬ԜՏ࿼ȩ(݅ྤ৥Ǵ2008)Ƕ೭ᅿ‫ݙ‬ཀΚ ଛ࿼ࢂߚԾว‫ޑ܄‬Ǵҗ‫ޕ‬᝺‫س‬಍ௗԏѦٰ‫ڈ‬ᐟࡕԾ୏วғǶԶӧҁࣴ‫ز‬ύᐟ วԄ୏ᄊև౜ᙖҗȨᜢ-໒ȩ‫່ࡪޑ‬೛ीǴ٬ૻ৲аँฅр౜‫ޑ‬БԄᐟว‫ݙ‬ཀ ΚǴЇᏤᏢಞ‫ޣ‬ஒ‫ݙ‬ཀΚ‫ݙ׫‬ӧЬाૻ৲΢Ƕ. 28.

(39) ᇡ‫಻ॄޕ‬౛ፕ. 2-4. 2-4-1 ᇡ‫ޑ಻ॄޕ‬ཀက ᇡ‫಻ॄޕ‬౛ፕࢂҗ 1980 ԃжᐞࢪཥࠄ࠶ᅟථεᏢ௲‫ػ‬Ꮲଣ‫ ޑ‬John Sweller ‫܌‬ගрǴдว౜߃Ꮲ‫ޣ‬ᆶ஑ৎ‫ޑ‬όӕϐೀӧ‫୷ܭ‬ኳ‫ޑ‬ᕇளᆶցǶਥᏵ Ҝ٥ണ‫ޑ‬ᢀᗺǴ୷ኳࢂΓᜪೀ౛ୢᚒਔ‫୷ޑ‬ҁՉࣁኳԄǴࢂΓᜪ֎ԏ‫ޕ‬᛽‫ޑ‬ ୷ҁ่ᄬǴঁᡏ‫୷ޑ‬ኳᒿԃសቚߏϷᏢಞԶౢғ‫ׯ‬ᡂ(஭ࡾᆶǴ1994)ǶԶӧ Ꮲಞ‫ޑ‬ၸำύǴ΋٤ᆶᏢಞคᜢ‫ޑ‬ၗૻǴஒ཮՞Ҕอය૶Ꮻ‫ޑ‬৒ໆǴ೷ԋᇡ ‫಻ॄޕ‬ǴቹៜᏢಞǶӢԜӧ Sweller ‫زࣴޑ‬ύ௖૸ӵՖၮҔ௲ᏢБ‫ݤ‬ǵ௲Ꮲ ϣ৒‫ׯޑ‬๓ٰफ़եᇡ‫಻ॄޕ‬Ǵ෧ϿᏢಞၸำύჹཷ‫ۺ‬ᕇள‫ॄޑ‬य़ቹៜ(໳լ ЎǴ1996ǹഋஏਲǴ2003) Sweller ฻Γ(1998)ᇡࣁᇡ‫ࢂॄޕ‬ஒ΋੝‫ۓ‬πբуፏ‫ܭ‬Ꮲಞ‫ޑޣ‬ᇡ‫سޕ‬಍ ਔǴ‫܌‬ౢғ‫಻ॄޑ‬Ƕ྽‫ॺך‬ӧ୺ՉࢌᅿҺ୍ਔǴӧᇡ‫سޕ‬಍ύ‫܌‬ག‫ޑډڙ‬Ј ඵॄ಻ᆶ‫ޕ‬᝺‫֚ޑډ‬ᜤࡋຫଯǴ߾ౢғຫε‫ޑ‬ᇡ‫಻ॄޕ‬གǶ ᇡ‫಻ॄޕ‬ჹΓᜪᇡ‫ࢎޕ‬ᄬԖ൳ᗺ୷ҁଷ‫ۓ‬ϩॊӵΠǺ 1.. ၮբ૶Ꮻ‫ޑ‬৒ໆࢂԖज़‫ޑ‬Ƕ ૻ৲‫ޑ‬ೀ౛Ьाӧၮբ૶ᏫύǴჹௗԏ‫ૻޑډ‬৲଺‫׳‬຾΋‫ޑ؁‬ಔᙃ ᆶ౛ှǴਥᏵ BaddeleyȐ1992ȑ‫ޑ‬πբ૶Ꮻ౛ፕǴऩࡑೀ౛‫ૻޑ‬৲ ϣ৒ाન໔ϕ୏‫܄‬மǴԖଯࡋᜢᖄ‫܄‬Ǵሡϕ࣬ୖྣωૈΑှǴஒ઻ ຤อය૶Ꮻ৒ໆǴౢғ‫׳‬ε‫ޑ‬ᇡ‫಻ॄޕ‬ǴᏤठᏢಞ΢‫֚ޑ‬ᜤ(೾ᐵ ᒑǴ2003)Ƕ. 2.. ߏය૶Ꮻ‫ޑ‬৒ໆࢂคज़‫ޑ‬Ƕ ஑ৎӢࣁߏය૶Ꮻ္‫ޑ‬ᙦ൤‫ޕ‬᛽࿶ᡍǴ྽य़ᖏୢᚒਔёҥջԾߏය ૶Ꮻύග‫ڗ‬ёҔၗૻǴԶғЋࠅሡӧၮբ૶Ꮻύ຾Չ௢౛‫ک‬ཛྷ൨Ǵ ӢԶ઻຤ၮբ૶Ꮻ৒ໆǶ. 3.. ߏය૶Ꮻύ‫ޑ‬ϣ৒а୷ኳ‫ࠠޑ‬ᄊᓯӸǶ ঁᡏᏢಞ‫܌‬ள‫ޕ‬᛽ཷ‫ۺ‬а୷ኳ‫׎ޑ‬ԄӸ‫ߏܭ‬ය૶ᏫύǴ୷ኳёаಔ 29.