Discovering Computers 2010

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Living in a Digital World

Discovering

Computers 2010

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Objectives Overview

Define the term, computer security risks, and briefly describe the types of

Describe various types of Internet and network attacks, and identify ways to safeguard against these attacks Discuss techniques to prevent unauthorized computer access and use

Identify safeguards against hardware theft and vandalism

Explain the ways software manufacturers protect against software piracy Discuss how encryption works, and explain why it is necessary

Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World

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Objectives Overview

Discuss the types of devices available that protect computers from system failure Explain the options available for backing up computer resources

Identify risks and safeguards associated with wireless communications

Discuss ways to prevent health-related disorders and injuries due to computer use

Recognize issues related to information accuracy, intellectual property rights, codes of conduct, and green computing Discuss issues surrounding information privacy

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Computer Security Risks

• A computer security risk is any event or action that could cause a loss of or damage to computer hardware,

software, data, information, or processing capability

• A cybercrime is an online or Internet-based illegal act

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Hackers Crackers

Script Kiddies Corporate Spies

Unethical Employees

Cyberextortionists

Cyberterrorists

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Computer Security Risks

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Pages 556 – 557 Figure 11-1

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Internet and Network Attacks

• Information transmitted over networks has a higher degree of security risk than information kept on an organization’s premises

• An online security service is a Web site that evaluates your computer to check for Internet and e-mail

vulnerabilities

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Page 558 Figure 11-2

Click to view Web Link,

click Chapter 11, Click Web Link from left

navigation,

then click Computer Emergency Response Team Coordination Center below Chapter 11

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Internet and Network Attacks

Computer

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Video: Attack of the Mobile Viruses

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CLICK TO START

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Internet and Network Attacks

• An infected computer has one or more of the following symptoms:

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Operating system runs much slower than usual Available memory is less than expected

Files become corrupted

Screen displays unusual message or image Music or unusual sound plays randomly Existing programs and files disappear Programs or files do not work properly

Unknown programs or files mysteriously appear System properties change

Operating system does not start up

Operating system shuts down unexpectedly

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Internet and Network Attacks

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Internet and Network Attacks

• Users can take several precautions to protect their home and work computers and mobile devices from these

malicious infections

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Internet and Network Attacks

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Internet and Network Attacks

• A botnet is a group of compromised computers connected to a network

– A compromised computer is known as a zombie

• A denial of service attack (DoS attack) disrupts computer access to Internet services

– Distributed DoS (DDoS)

• A back door is a program or set of instructions in a program that allow users to bypass security controls

• Spoofing is a technique intruders use to make their network or Internet transmission appear legitimate

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navigation,

then click DoS Attacks below Chapter 11

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Internet and Network Attacks

• A firewall is hardware and/or software that protects a network’s resources from intrusion

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Pages 563 - 564 Figure 11-8

navigation,

then click Firewalls below Chapter 11

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Internet and Network Attacks

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Unauthorized Access and Use

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Unauthorized Access and Use

• Organizations take

several measures to help prevent unauthorized

access and use

– Acceptable use policy – Disable file and printer

sharing – Firewalls

– Intrusion detection software

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Unauthorized Access and Use

• Access controls define who can access a

computer, when they can access it, and what actions they can take

– Two-phase processes called identification and authentication

– User name – Password – CAPTCHA

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Pages 565 – 566 Figure 11-11

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Unauthorized Access and Use

• A possessed object is any item that you must carry to gain access to a computer or computer facility

– Often are used in

combination with a personal identification number (PIN)

• A biometric device

authenticates a person’s identity by translating a

personal characteristic into a digital code that is

compared with a digital code in a computer

navigation,

then click Biometric Devices

below Chapter 11

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Unauthorized Access and Use

• Digital forensics is the discovery, collection, and analysis of evidence found on computers and

networks

• Many areas use digital forensics

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Law enforcement Criminal prosecutors Military intelligence Insurance agencies

Information security departments

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Hardware Theft and Vandalism

Hardware theft

Hardware vandalism

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Hardware Theft and Vandalism

• To help reduce the of chances of theft, companies and schools use a variety of security measures

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Physical access controls Alarm systems

Cables to lock equipment Real time location system

Passwords, possessed objects, and biometrics

navigation, then click RTLS below Chapter 11

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Software Theft

• Software theft occurs when someone:

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Steals software media

Intentionally erases programs Illegally copies a program

Illegally registers and/or activates a program

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Software Theft

• A single-user license agreement typically contains the following conditions:

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Software Theft

• Copying, loaning,

borrowing, renting, or distributing software can be a violation of copyright law

• Some software requires product activation to function fully

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navigation,

then click Business Software Alliance below Chapter 11

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Information Theft

• Information theft occurs when someone steals personal or confidential information

• Encryption is a process of converting readable data into unreadable characters to prevent

unauthorized access

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Information Theft

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Information Theft

• A digital signature is an encrypted code that a person, Web site, or organization attaches to an electronic message to verify the identity of the sender

– Often used to ensure that an impostor is not participating in an Internet transaction

• Web browsers and Web sites use encryption techniques

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Information Theft

• Popular security techniques include

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Pages 574 - 575

Digital Certificates

Transport Layer Security (TLS) Secure HTTP

VPN

navigation, then click Digital Certificates below Chapter 11

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Information Theft

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Pages 574 - 575 Figures 11-19 – 11-20

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System Failure

• A system failure is the prolonged malfunction of a computer

• A variety of factors can lead to system failure, including:

– Aging hardware – Natural disasters

– Electrical power problems

• Noise, undervoltages, and overvoltages

– Errors in computer programs

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System Failure

• Two ways to protect from system failures caused by electrical power variations include surge

protectors and uninterruptable power supplies (UPS)

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Figures 11-21 – 11-22

navigation, then click Surge Protectors below Chapter 11

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Backing Up – The Ultimate Safeguard

• A backup is a duplicate of a file, program, or disk that can be used if the original is lost, damaged, or destroyed

– To back up a file means to make a copy of it

• Offsite backups are stored in a location separate from the computer site

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Cloud

Storage

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Backing Up – The Ultimate Safeguard

• Two categories of backups:

– Full backup

– Selective backup

• Three-generation backup policy

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Wireless Security

• Wireless access poses additional security risks

– About 80 percent of wireless networks have no security protection

• War driving allows individuals to detect wireless networks while driving a vehicle through the area

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navigation,

then click War Driving below Chapter 11

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Wireless Security

• In additional to using firewalls, some safeguards improve security of wireless networks:

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A wireless access point should not broadcast an SSID Change the default SSID

Configure a WAP so that only certain devices can access it

Use WPA or WPA2 security standards

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Health Concerns of Computer Use

• The widespread use of computers has led to health concerns

– Repetitive strain injury (RSI)

– Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS)

– Computer vision syndrome (CVS)

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Health Concerns of Computer Use

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Health Concerns of Computer Use

• Ergonomics is an

applied science devoted to incorporating

comfort, efficiency, and safety into the design of items in the workplace

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Health Concerns of Computer Use

• Computer addiction occurs when the computer consumes someone’s entire social life

• Symptoms of users include:

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Craves computer time Overjoy

Unable to stop computer activity Irritable when not at the computer Neglects family and friends

Problems at work or school

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Ethics and Society

• Computer ethics are the moral guidelines that govern the use of computers and

information systems

• Information accuracy is a concern

– Not all information on the Web is correct

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Ethics and Society

Intellectual property rights

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navigation, then click Digital Rights Management below Chapter 11

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Ethics and Society

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Ethics and Society

• Green computing involves reducing the electricity and environmental waste while using a computer

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Ethics and Society

• Information privacy refers to the right of

individuals and companies to deny or restrict the collection and use of information about them

• Huge databases store data online

• It is important to safeguard your information

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Ethics and Society

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Ethics and Society

• When you fill out a

form, the merchant that receives the form

usually enters it into a database

• Many companies today allow people to specify whether they want their personal information

distributed

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Ethics and Society

• A cookie is a small text file that a Web server stores on your computer

• Web sites use cookies for a variety of reasons:

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Allow for personalization Store users’ passwords Assist with online shopping

Track how often users visit a site Target advertisements

navigation,

then click Cookies below Chapter 11

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Ethics and Society

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Ethics and Society

• Spam is an unsolicited e-mail message or

newsgroup posting

• E-mail filtering blocks e- mail messages from

designated sources

• Anti-spam programs attempt to remove

spam before it reaches your inbox

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Ethics and Society

• Phishing is a scam in

which a perpetrator sends an official looking e-mail message that attempts to obtain your personal and financial information

• Pharming is a scam where a perpetrator attempts to obtain your personal and financial information via spoofing

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Ethics and Society

• The concern about privacy has led to the

enactment of federal and state laws regarding the storage and disclosure of personal data

– See Figure 11-36 on page 589 for a listing of major U.S.

government laws concerning privacy

• The 1970 Fair Credit Reporting Act limits the rights of others viewing a credit report to only those with a legitimate business need

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Ethics and Society

Social engineering

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navigation, then click Social Engineering below Chapter 11

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Ethics and Society

• Content filtering is the process of restricting

access to certain material on the Web

• Many businesses use content filtering

• Internet Content Rating Association (ICRA)

• Web filtering software

restricts access to specified Web sites

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Summary

Potential computer risks and the safeguards Wireless security risks and safeguards

Computer-related health issues and preventions

Ethical issues surrounding information accuracy, intellectual property rights, codes of conduct, green computing, and information privacy

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