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國立臺北教育大學 98 學年度碩士班招生入學考試 心理與諮商學系碩士班 心理學 科試題
一、簡答題：（每題 7 分，共 84 分，請簡要回答，答案勿超過答案紙 3 行）
1.小美是一位厭食症患者，當她的身周朋友一直告訴她太瘦應該多吃點，
但她還是覺得自己吃太多，她可能會採取哪一種認知失調的因應策略？
2.假設阿力當年參加 Milgram 的電擊實驗，被電擊的學生是一位與阿力在 年齡、外貌等特質相近的男生，阿力是否可能比較不會產生 obedience to authority 的現象？為什麼？
3.假如當年說出演化論的 Darwin 發現自己其中一個兒子是同志，他會如 何解釋這個現象？為什麼？
4.DSM-Ⅳ第一軸的心理疾患中，哪些最可以稱之為 Episodic disorders？
5.仁仁在他 7 歲的時候，逐漸發展出 Conservation 的能力，這與 Sternberg 智力三元論中的哪一種能力最有關？
6.何謂“Contingencies of Self-Worth”，請舉例說明之。
7.請說明嬰兒在進行「視覺懸崖（visual cliff）」的實驗過程中，至少有幾 種深度知覺的線索會出現。
8.請從 Information processing 的觀點說明認知發展的意義。
9.小孫自稱是“Defensive Pessimism”型的籃球選手，請問在比賽之前他 會用何種方式面對？
10.請從認知取向（cognitive approach）的觀點說明 Freud 所謂的“Transference”
是如何發生的？
11.1990 年代發現「鏡像神經元（mirror neuron）」之後，有哪些心理學現象 因此而有新的看法？
12.以 Operant Condition 的觀點解釋迷信為何會發生。
第 2 頁，共 3 頁 二、申論題：共 16 分
以下所呈現的文章，乃是從一篇篇名為「Relationship of Attachment and Social Support to College Students’ Adjustment Following a Relationship Breakup」的學術期 刊研究摘述出來的文字，包括了該研究摘要與其中一段關於研究目的與假設的描 述：
ABSTRACT
Two constructs integral to adolescent development, continuing parental attachment, and social support, were investigated to assess whether the constructs are differentially related to indices of adjustment following a romantic relationship breakup. Participants were 241 undergraduate students (age mean=20.62 years, 61% female, 39% male) with a relationship breakup within the last year. As hypothesized, hierarchical regression analyses showed that current attachment levels were related to the outcome variables.
Indices of social support accounted for additional variance only when broadly conceptualized as perceived connection to the social environment, rather than perceived support from family and friends. Implications for counseling are discussed.
GOALS OF THE CURRENT STUDY
The research indicates that social support and a secure attachment style may independently contribute to one’s adjustment following the breakup of a relationship.
However, there is a dearth of research assessing the differential contributions of both attachment security and social support during stressful periods (Coble et al., 1996). This study aims to remedy this lack by exploring whether social support and secure attachment are differentially associated with indicators of distress following the breakup of a romantic relationship. Four dimensions of attachment were used as predictors of adjustment in this study: general attachment style and attachment to parents, peers, and romantic partners. Two measures of social support were also used as predictors: one measure of perceived social support from family and friends and one measure of connectedness to the social environment. Four measures of adjustment were included as outcome variables: self-reported loneliness, hopelessness, perceived stress, and
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symptomatology. These outcome measures were selected for their encompassing aspects of adjustment frequently used with a college student population (e.g., Kobak & Sceery, 1988；Larose & Boivin, 1997) and types of distress experienced by those coping with relationship breakup (e.g., Choo et al., 1996；Sprecher et al., 1998).
Due to theoretical associations between attachment and social support (Coble et al., 1996；Larose & Boivin, 1997), it was predicted that indices of these constructs would be correlated. Because of the empirically established roles of attachment and social support in coping and adjustment (Ptacek, 1996), it was predicted that measures of attachment and social support would also be correlated with post-breakup adjustment. However, because of the similarity between traditional definitions of social support and attachment, we sought to evaluate whether measures of social support have a unique association with adjustment when controlling for attachment.
請依據以上文章，試著回答以下問題：
(1)Attachment theory 強調人類的心理表徵是一種 Internal Working Model（IWM）
的運作方式，依據 IWM 的觀點，該研究結果的推論，可能犯了什麼樣錯誤？
(8 分)
(2)Murray 的需求理論認為，個體為了能獲得心理需求的滿足，而產生行為的 動力，你認為需求理論的學者可能會如何來評論此研究結果？(8 分)
