中、老年人自我知覺的成年期人格變化

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(1)r:pjaH;'~~~~fU ~+li~. (2002). ~-Wl. J{ 1-27. !.. ~'~~A~ftm.~~~MAm.re *fi~. I. m~~Am~~~~'Am§~~~~~'Am~m~~W~~~AAm~~.~~~~*~§ : Am~~:tE~AIltli~~;l't~~;/1:' fffi £l.:;!t~ Am~~. ~,*~~9t.f1ll-{l9l*1E~ il"J~AAm~~;ffl't~. :tE~AIltli~fr~f~gLLil"Ja9:~ 0 J\ftAm~~:f1!~~~-&rta'iillj;$' ~1f:A~Am~~ 0 *~Jl:tRIrxA $1f:M' ~1f:M) il"J. m~m:@fnBil"J:@~' m!t-.t §~mJt~J\fiAm~~:tE-=:'~AIltli~ (1f:~~1f:M'. I !. I I,. fj~;/1:W~1l::'~]f;. 0. 219;g$' ~1f:A~*iiff~~iiff~ai!i~U~~ 0. §~~o1t~Am~~J;)~1l::Am:l:. ~~§~'~;Ijl, -§~~f~Jl~' §~~*W~~**~Am §~lWfi5*JJOJ;) lWfi5 0 ~~*s*~iFJ\. §. ~m~~Am~~:tE-=:'~AIltli~~$'.Nil"J~~tto~~'$1f:MW~1f:M.~1f:~~1f:M:tE§~. m~~§::im'rt, *1E~'rt, jJg1l::'rt, ~~~'I:1' [<IJ~~'I!l]lH~f~~~il"Ji% 0 1f:~nli1f:MW$1f:M.lt~ 1f:M:tE§~mJtil"J• • tt,.~m~~m~D~il"J.o. .. rHI.~. :. ~1f:M. ' §~mJlt' Am~1l:: 'Am~Jt ' 1f:mj2~. On the basis of the literature review trait theory of personality, ego development of personality, cognitive theory of personality, and relevant empirical research concerning about adult personality development, this study constructed an integrated concept of adult . personality development: Personality traits show temporal stability and some personality traits change in mean levels across adulthood. Eight personality traits were identified that were reasonable to describe the personality of middle-aged and old adults. This study adopted the perspectives of cognitive theory of personality to examine the stability and change of eight self-perceived personality traits across three major phases of adult life (young adulthood, middle-aged adulthood, old adulthood). Two scales were administered to 219 middle-aged and old adults. Self-perceived personality was rated by varying instructional conditions to include concurrent, prospective, and retrospective self-assessments. Results revealed that eight self-perceived personality traits showed moderate to high stability across three adult stages. In addition, both middle-aged and old adulthood have higher self-perceived generativity, integrity, interiority, maturity, and empathy than young adulthood; both young and middle-aged adulthood have higher self-perceived complexity and energy than old adulthood. Keywords: adulthood, self-perception, personality changes, personality traits, age differences. II I. I. L. f'F:f! : *~!fff~1i):~:lLjJilaE1*~{J'~* L&~. 0. : 20011f: 8 Jj 17·S ; ~§!t : 20011f: 12 Jj 14 S. 0.

(2) ~4. A!¥JAmWJt~~ 1t rll! if4 fifH¥J~:R fffi1ff pJT*!!1~ ~ft ~ , {1~U1Etj, 3tHf!:~. ~,C,<E~!H~Hff5i:~§I:::f{*!¥Jrp5~. (Datan, Rodeheaver, & Hughes, 1987; Jones &. :::f~A~. -@i!t*c..D)*!¥Jm5i:m*fj~m~@rp5. mlZ9m5i:~1j. Meredith, 1996; McCrae & Costa, 1990). 0. ~M.m~,~~~~~m~~!¥J@~~~,-~~~~mAm~1ff.~tt. (stability) ':!B-f~~~~~mAm1t~±*!H~ (change) (Cavanaugh, 1997) o~ 7@~~.:::f~~,m5i:~$!¥J:::f~fiAmW.tt.!¥J:::f~,mm~~~~~~ ~±ltZ~!¥J@:lZ9o. To (~)Af~f~j AmW~. lli4*,-@m5i:~.~Am~~@~!¥J6~'.~~~~~~6~.~a. fffi If:~ ~W.:,@. Iltmm5i:~. Am~1ff.~. $m~m~~m.$~IT4.ft~!¥Jm5i:~*~~:::f~4.m!¥J~~~1ff:::f~±. {iMr~~~Am. $*~,~!¥Jt.EBm. (extraversiOl. ~;fr A±~~~AmW.!¥J'I~bt*~ITAmW.~~4WJ~1~!¥J'I~*3. '. 0. mm.D)i~Y.D)~.1*~IT4.*!!1~!¥Jm5i:B~ra5fi1t.. 0. ~~. ,. Cavanaugh (1997) ~!Bm~A~~!¥Jm5i:' ~D*fj~mAm~!B~fJ.~!¥J?#i!~fiAm ~~~~~Amw.m5i:$m~m!¥J~$~~~*,~m~~m~~~.$llim. personali ty). !¥J~@~~~OO~b~M.om~~m~$~IT4.~~~~~,~m5i:~*m. ~@~j11'~. ffim~~~~~*~.@~!¥J~.fi~**WJ~!¥J:::f.mm~~o. 'IE 'ft !¥J m5i: JZ:. ~~pg, 1ffruJ~4A~Am~1Tm~A2~*!!!¥Jm5i:f1Z~~D'. *.RE'" (1999). basic tendenc. ~~4A~$~~4±$~~~.!¥J~ITm5i:$~m~-HA!¥J~.$'$4A. 'lEtt o;f§~1B1:. li~4A~mm~~@tt~~1ff$h'~~4Ali$4A.1ff.~!¥J~@ruJ.fi. lZ9ff!tzJ5 ~ {If. ~6m5o*m5i:~~$~~4~~~~6!¥J~~~a~*±$!¥JAmmbt~m. m$8~±$*~,~. ~±$!¥JAmm~fimWJ**±$!¥JAmmbt,~mM~4AAm!¥J.~ttfi~. 1981; Costa &. 1~'1~*3. 1980; Siegler,. 0. m5i:!¥Jg:~{5j~*M~m.D)mM~4A~~ a~$ ~ ~4B~WJAmW.*!!1~. ; ${5j~*m.D) m*lt.~pg ~ 7Hff5i:1ffruJ~4Am*!!1~!¥J'I~bt~~1ff -¥!1:tl lZ9z ' *m5i:M~ :JWJf:ZAm~!B~D@~lfB!¥J?#i!~ , 1;:O~.~fiA±~~!¥J6!~~IT~4~WJAm~1~!¥J. *AmW.:::f~. mbto~m.~!¥J~Nfffi~,*m5i:~$~~4A~~~~4~WJAmmbt!¥J~. mW.1t~±r. 6~~~.;~A±~~!¥J~Nfffi~,*m5i:~IT$~~4Am~.!¥J~4±$. m7 jlff!:::f~~. !¥J~i*~~fi~4A~-fi&$ ~ ~4AAmW.*!!1~!¥JEP.-¥!1: 0. 1ft 0 iE~;frm9 ~~4WJ~1ff;f1.

(3) Aml¥JfjJE'I'iW~1~'IWi7C. ~. 0. =' 3t~~~if. , {,gc,l;)*~~. ~ fq) AmJ.lmffff,fn1G1f.MA m~1~:ff ~ fq) 1¥Jtm:,,~. s, 1987; Jones &. , n1G1f.MA m~ 1~ I¥J1iHJi:if.S:lf!:. :lli* ~g:J1:!~ {~Fp,. llilZ91iHJi:1J$I¥J~fq)WAm~ffttffl¥J~fq)W:ffm~.'H~ffi~x.@.~. A.m~:ff~JEti. To. laugh, 1997). o~. MTbt; s 'tto cI':{±'?A. ~ I=IJ Flt;7ElBl-v<,fIIl:Hilffi. (---)A m~ Jill fr~ tr.J Of! Am~ffJ.lmfff. (trait theory of personality). j:~A~:ff}t:'~mI.l¥J~ff'. ~~j:tm:~ft§B. rmllt~~ff~~1!lZ9'IWm~[QJffiJ:ffpfT~1~ 0 lZ9rr~' ~ffJ.l~~!B~11I1Hf1f.~I¥J~:R'. f~. Am~:fffjJE'~. 0. lltti1iHJi:1J. 0. Costa W McCrae ~lli1f.*Am~ffJ.l~:I1i~{-~~t!:I¥J~~ ,. J~~~:ff~fq)~. {-ili1r'j:~Am~ff"6J:5tm11.*lZ9*. ,W1EJf fq)B~ , [mfff I¥J ~i'#WA m r,I;)f,fxlX9=l tfjJ~ ~ , }t:1iHJi:~:lf!:lli. (extraversion). 0. ~ 0. ,*~:g-. (1999). JEP~9=l. "~1Bt~. (Big Five) : iillfi*~ff (neuroticism) "Jl-rt:IT'~. (openness to experience). MHI§W:ti (conscientiousness). "fD~tt. ,mtfj11.It9*I¥JAmJ.l~ifH. personality) (McCrae & Costa, 1996, 1999). 0. (agreeableness) ". (five-factor theory of. McCrae W Costa ~A (2000). EB@,IH:I{'~. " :ff~NI¥Jx:-B3:iHf~¥" ~fq)X1~A~Am~i'#I¥J~~'~WAml¥J~ 5E'~ I¥J 1iH~ X It. IDt; f!Ij 11.* A m~Jf ~ W~ {Jl * I¥J j7g 1.£~* fl;I rt:IT (endogenous basic tendencies) ,. ~1r'~~):l:¥U$m" ~m*~,~I¥J~WWJ!:ff;f§'i'r§Jfj~l¥Jfj. JEt!: °ffif.f~11.*Am~1fI¥J~~mH'Jm~t!: (characteristic adaptations) '~D lZ9B!tz0 " fl{~tm: " f&~ " JJI.~ " *~{EHm " §flttm:~~ , ~~):l:¥U$m " x1~. ' 9=l1f.A t r§J I¥J fq) J.lIUH!!W ¥I¥JAm'l'Pfi7C " J~. m~,,~m*~,~I¥J~~W~~~1~o1~. ,ml¥Jfj5Etiw~. 1981; Costa & McCrae, 1980, 1988, 1992, 1994; Costa, McCrae, & Arenberg,. fMAm~ff~1~. 1980; Siegler, George, & Okun, 1979). c;. :g~{5J~:lf!:"6J,I;). lZ9z '. *1iHJi:#~. 1970. 1f.{~~,-~*f;'t~f'l1:s'J1iHJi: (~D. Block,. ~W1Am~1f1.£nIGA/P'&~~:a~:fffjJE. '~o~~~1iHJi:~m~[QJI¥J1iHJi:f.f~"1iH~I~,~mffiJ§'~:lf!:D~Am~Jf. 1.£nIG1f.MJ¥. :ffffi&,r§Jfj~l¥JfjJE'~ McCrae W Costa ~A (2000) 0. !ME~g,9d.m11.. ~~MAm~1~1¥J. *Am~Jf~~$ml¥J~WffiJJ!:ffffi&,r§Jm~l¥Jfj5Ett'~~~1f.~I¥J~:R'A. fMAm'IWi7CI¥Jj:. m~Jf1!~~j7g1.£nIG~. r~ftl¥JnlG1f.~m. m7~B!~fq)~m$ml¥Jm~o~11.OO~fq)~*I¥J~~1iHJi:.fl~ff1iHJi:'. (intrinsic maturation). 1¥J~1~' Am~~1¥J~1~"6J~~~. ~'~.A~«~~~~.MA~.~. 3.

(4) ~~AffftFf. McCrae:W Costa $liA (1999) ~fJH:t 18 ~¥IJ 30 ~ , ~~i¥Jffi$~ff "' Ji-r~iJ'ti "' OO:05tti1f~{f\; , iSfD~'ti "' D~lgHf'ti1f:l:t1JD ; 30 ~.r)1~iQfH§{Pji¥Ja)(~fI;jrPJ ' fU~:tE~1~~MltJJ~Ij\ .r)CP~~~~liff~liM~iQf~¥U;f§~{~i¥Jliff~~* (Xiu, Wu, & Shui, 1996; Yang, McCrae, & Costa, 1998) m~~*IDtf!JjT~fI/GroJ )(1~i¥JnIG~A ' l~iIH!f~~i¥J:I:t:R ' Am!f,=fff1f~j:~tH~ , ffffi$*~ff "' Ji-rPJ'ti "' 00 :fjj{'[1:~{f\; , ffijfD~'[1: "' I(~I § 1f'[1::l:t1JDi¥Ja)(~fI;lrPJ ~lf..r) Mi¥J-~*1i£.'[1:liff~ iQj~tenIG~A~~~~i¥J:I:t:R' Am!f,=f:W1t~j:~1~oNeugarten (1973) .r)B:g:~",. ~. 7t}jum~w (i. 0. roJAj:~~~I¥J~. 0. 1982) Loevin 0. 1::; ff' it< ~. 0. 0. at. (conscienti, (individualisti. ~M~.:W~~liM40~80~*.~~ff~*tti¥J.*.~M+~i¥Jliff~,~m. tf:l cP ~ A ~ff ± j}] 5'Z ffi:lj: m i¥J!f,=fff ' ffij ~ ~ A ~U J! fft1t j}] 5'Z ffi:lj: m i¥J ~:W liM The Berkeley studies (Mass & Kuypers, 1974) i¥J*1i£Wtiliff~j;ftHi1T¥}:5:tfJT' Haan, Millsap W Hartka (1986) mtf:l[l~~fiji¥Jm~':f\flAm!f,=f:WCPi¥J1ifl. , {tP.JifTf£ te I. Am§fJG~jk/II. Am~ffff~j:~rPJ.~i¥JMrPJo.ffij~Z'Am!f,=fff~~±~Am!f,=f:W~Wj:. 111@:lm "' § ~ Levinson W M structure) 'ffij_. m*i¥J~tE~*MrPJ'~~~~i¥J~:R'Am!f,=fff~ff.~tt;~iQ~m~~~. ~F~' ~ill~M r¥. ~i¥Jitt:R. ~~.liMnlGA~. '. Am!f,=f,ff1f~j:~l£nIG~M8~jk~1~. 0. lZ9llt '. Am~:WfJ.~5:$~i¥J~. Ami¥J.~'ti ,is Ml/Gi~HP2.Ami¥J~1~1[1: 0 Ami¥J.~'tij~l¥J~l£/GroJ~~'~~'. t§~{~. Am!f,=f:W1£Ma cP t§ tJttH ill i¥J-f('ti ' ffijA mi¥J~ 1~tH~ i¥J jj!tE/G roJ ~~W~~~ , Am!f,=ffffjltLi¥Jl¥:~'r~i't ~Dllt~* ' Am~ff~~Ml/GRtM~~Am~ffl£. Ai¥JI@;**~. "'. 1964; Neugarte. nIG~'~~1f~j:fjltL~1~i¥Jlm~~. ~~~MAm~. 0. 0. 0. Am§. Heincke (1983) jk~~liMCP"'~ ±iJ:&Amjj!EEllIa~. ~ffFo~1m. '. jJj3~. tEi¥JnIG~~Ji-tEI¥JM*.*~li~mffij~~l¥JoAm~jkW.~llIAj:'/GroJ~. mrr.I~. 0. jJj3~. ~~~i¥JllIaff/G~i¥JM1fff~:W~~'~M1fff~:W~~~~~~i¥J:I:t:Rffija)(. f~¥U i¥Jliff~*5*. Am§fJG~jkfJ.~. (ego development of personality). ~~'~~M1f$~i¥Jfi~iQ$ • • te~~,~f(Ami¥Ja)(~omf!Jj~i¥J'Am ~fJG~jkfJ.~~~~~~fii¥J:I:t:R'OOAI¥JAm1f~~$~",j:m$~",j:m~ .i¥J~~ffij~j:~1~. lung (1933) 5:$~CP~Ai¥J~fJG{@1tE1~:wmti1~' ~~A i¥J~fJG~~ (self-illumination) W~fJGCPJc.\ lung ~P2.m~~~~i¥J:I:t:R ' Ji-~ '[1: (extraversion) i~&~' ~rPJ'ti (introversion) :l:t5:$' ffij~~ "' ~1[1:~ff1fill CP~ir (Cavanaugh, 1997) Buhler (1935) 5:$~CP~Aff§fJG#l~i¥J1T~' ffij. Am~mfJ.i. 0. 0. 0. 1'Fm~Am~jkl ~. 0. 1Ia1fmJt~. ~h~"'Ami¥J~.

(5) ~4A1f~~[7gJC.'fD~1¥J1T~. Erikson ~.Am EI~~jkfJ.~:li~-J~'~~'[1:I¥J~ ~ , 'i!!pJTmttiI¥JJc.<f:lfft±it~~~~WJ~4~glG4.A ' cF4.A " ~4.AI¥J~jkfEr9J 7tJju~mw (intimacy) "~~~1iJ (generativity) ,,~¥§;fij't~ (integrity) , ~ ~A~mffil¥J~[qJ~jk':I~~E8~[qJ1¥J1T~1JA:@G.Am-:Yj;j:itJt,G1l':fJi (Erikson, 1982) oLoevinger (1976) mttiAmEl~~~~ffi,;tt.cF/\11ID~ffi~~1EJt,G4Wj, '8 ff' it( 4 at tt ~ I¥J 111& r¥ 7t JjU ~ 111& ftE 1f (conformist) " ~ 5Jill 111& ftE 1f (conscientious-conformist) " ~ ~O I¥J (conscientious) " {lID II 1~ (individualistic) "EI ::ttl: (autonomous) ,,~-§r'[1: (integrated) Loevinger I¥J. fr[M~JI. " J}~tl: " F§'~ I¥J a1I: ~ ftl ~ , ¥J1i1fJEif.5* (Xiu, ~IDmJj 7 ~HI~ [qJ ~JI " J}~tl: " ~ ¥J-~ Mtt.'[1: 1i1fJE ~n. (1973). j;ja:g~". t41¥J1i1fJE,~m. 0. AmEla~~Mffi~@II1I¥J~5Jill~~~~1fg'1E~[qJ1¥J4ti~ffi'OOIlI¥J~~". ft :i~~1T¥.}7t;fJT '. c~¥§I¥J~JI. 0. flf@1l " § *I ' 1T~ 1JAit~~;f.&*tl:I¥J~1~ Levinson, Darrow, Kline, Levinson ~ McKee (1978) ::t ~ ~ {lID Jt,G A ~ ffi fi ;tt.11ll ~ I¥J ~ ¥§ if.5 iW (life structure) 'ffff B~flIDJt,GAI¥'~ffifi;tt.~~I¥Jre:~Wfr~ 1JA' ,i!!1r~~JjU5$~~{IIDI¥'~ ,E~iI=~~tlt~WjI¥Jre:~W1T~1JA" AmI¥J2j(~ f§[qJI¥J, Sheehy (1976,1995) I¥J ~m.ftglGAI¥'~ffil¥Jre:~Wfr~1JA " Ama1l:~l¥J~t*~ Levinson ~AI¥J~$ f§~'~ AmEla~~fJ.~pJTmttifig~4MAm~1~l¥Jft"~ , *?f;f'&~~1fflID AI¥JIm,**~,~ " l'ga[7g?G=~ff:g~~rp~*5*I¥J::tft~$ 13t*fi~1i1fJE~ (Gruen, 1964; Neugarten, 1973; Valliant, 1977) ~ffH~!Jtmu~~rp5~t*li~*~~cF" 0. A..m~JIcFl¥J1ifl. t&Am~JI~~~. ., is..I-H §j7J ~ Y.«< IB f.:l:: -. 0. ~ 1lJc,\JilWJf\.:C~~. ~JIfJ.~5$~I¥J~ 1E~[qJ4i$~ffi '. r.±~~4~I¥'~ffi. 0. 0. '. 0. M~~Am~JI1E. ~4~MAm~fr~1JA~~I¥J~~';tt.if.5*~~~+7t~Mm~~~o~ff~. Heincke (1983) ~~13t*I¥J1i1fJE~1i1f~pJT1~¥UI¥Jif.5*~~1N~t=ifj;j11AmEla~ ~~~WcF"~4WjAm~fr~a1I:~I¥J~~'~~~.*1i1f~~M~ffll¥J1i1f~I t&Am~E8@1I1[7g. ~fi~e'~~1i1f~I~m~mJt,GI¥J~.I~'W~~m.1i1f~~~_.~.1¥J. ~'IIDA~. • • I~o~~m~I¥J1i1f~IA~~m• • I¥J.m1i1f~~~I¥J• •. , ~[qJ4. ,~~,;tt.M. m~I¥J1i1f~M*,.~it~~~.~1fMttiAo. 14i$l¥Jtt~ffffa1l:. ofNI¥jKmI¥J ' Am t¥§¥,tf" ~¥§*~ ~mtt:1~ , ~4A. (=:) A 1~ ~gio}]! rnDtr.J ft'Ji Am~PJffifJ.~. (cognitive theory of personality). ::t~~PJ5JillA~~m:I¥J~1L. fatl¥Jtt~'J}~. ~ffl~Am~jkl¥J~~'Aml¥Ja1I:~~~~.fr~l¥Ja1I:~'ffff~ffi.~fr~l¥Ja1I:. ~. " :tc[1: ~ JIit ~. ~o@lllitffi.~~~4fi~ffi'OO~~[qJ~¥§mm~*I¥J.~'~ffff5Jill.~fr. , ffff. ~1JA"Aml¥J~1~oThomae (1970) l¥J.Am~5Jill~MH~PJ~fr~a1I:~l¥Jffi.::t~. fJG.~1¥J1T~. !. l. ~'~~Aru.~.~~~*A*.~. 5.

(6) fi~~~~~.'W~~~~fi~~~~oR~~a~.~~a~fi~~~7'. :uH~M*R. , W~~JjUA~i~H!i?,~ ~ as"J1j~~:S:~~ {I?flB1r~~Jtt ~1It~U±~S"JIUHADMf~*;gf~fDw¥1t±m~mS"J~1~ , ~[PJS"Jif:~~f&~~[PJ S"J±m~m ' IZ9z ' ~D.S"J1j~:1JA~A~1r~±~1~ Whitbourne (1987) g!i?,. S"Jmtt~II1:W. ~I¥JW1j~]. ~A~1r~~~a.~~w±m,m~m~~~a~.~'%~±$~~MM. if:A~:S:~D'. (life-span construct) 'l1tMMmtt-7 ~£l(;~*, f.w.tEfD**S"J~~ ±$~f.§!M .E8±m~1II (scenario) w±m*~~ (life story) *J3.~ ~[PJS"Jif:~~f&~~ [PJ~±m~liIIw±m*~~ '{I?flBlZ9fffi1r~D.tU1j~:1JA' A~S"JaJl:~ McAdams (1993, 1994) ~£~A{F'1rm~m~aA±EI3~fr~tU~M~±$i!&$' ill{I?fl±$i!& $l£~if:M 1r~~{I?flB pql£S"JaJl:~WJ}l£$m aJl:~ S"JW*W~1T{~lE @as"J ~. ~m~~*1. 1~. £l(;.~'A~1r~~±$i!&$S"J.lEW~.lEW~±~1~o~W~Z'A~~~. ~~if:MAt. @~~~~£l(;~.~A~::t~~lES"JA~*m'A~1r*W¥~A±~~f&S"J±m. tU if: ~~ if:". ~mW%~~~f&~±m~IIIW±$i!&$olZ9~A±~~f&~±mmm.tiW±. ~mjjj±~;. $i!&$~[PJ, {l?flmI¥JA~B~~~{j5Ett' 1StP.1f~.tU1j~:1JA' A~~~1~ 0. (comfortab. ::t~~lES"J1j~aJl:~. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 1£~J}. {~~ trY ffd: 1f. ~!f-f~-~. &. McCrae,. ~D.I¥JA~1. , illMA1. , 1W1Bl±~ ~£l(;~D.S"JA~~1~:uH~.JmS"J.~ttjg,gMm~~~ Woodruff WBirren (1972) mMTf:fwpif:~MtUcpif:~MS"JA~aJl:~'Frf%' 1if!. ±$~*§~. ~RmtE~M~@AM~.~~aA~~~S"J~~~.mR±S"JA~~~*m. 1~Jit JL,'l¥JfD~. ~. 0. Ryff WBaltes (1976) mM~if:Af.t{I?flAfJ{OO:~I¥J±~~~~.' 1if!{F'J~tfj -9:ti~ if: A f.t~ f~ 100:$to/J ~ IBl JL,'Tf:f cp if:~ ~ mf.t I~ tt1~ 100: (instrumental values) S"JIUiJL,"'~tU~mf.t~t~tE.1~{OO: (terminal value) S"JIUiJL"oI~'fifJ100:. (1976) 'Ryf. 0. S"J$to/J~DMHE§gti~~~{~~ (~§g~J[*JjJ:m) '~~'~1~100:S"J$to/J~DiiJW\S"J± ff~~~~ (pqtEfD~). oRyff. (1982) m1<lM'~7. Ryff WBaltes S"Jm~M*'. (1m) ~ /llJ ifF ~. .$. mMAfi (Iongit lUi ~ if:MA ~. ~:uH~[PJ~tP.~~~~±~~£l(;~.l¥Jft~mMRg~~M~~S"J-@1r~~~. ~±~1~S"J~. A~!f-fJf (~gtl~,. (Datan, Rod ~ iiJ P):Mz?G1¥ A ~!f-fJftE fli f§ f.t tili 1ll: I¥J. 3i:ffiHi '. ffd:1r~iiJ'~ '3C~'1~) fD-@~1raJl:~S"JA~!f-fJf. (~~tt,~~tt'OO~tt,.~tt) l£CP'~if:~MS"J~~'~M*Rmcpif:~. A~£l(;~.~1r~~I¥JA~!f-fJftE~if:~M~±7.1~'WM~cp'~~-9:~~ ~£l(;~D.tU~1raJl:~I¥JA~!f-fJfl£CP '~if:~M~~{j5E. Ryff WReincke (1983) ~*if:~~if:A' CPif:A ' ~if:A~~~f.tif:~~if:~M ' cpif:a~M ' ~ if:~MtEA~!f-f~ (1<l*fE'~' ±~II1: ' ~~Iri ,pq1~111:) J:S"J±~~£l(;W¥1r!i,;tt 0. m~cpp~ ffit~z-o-.

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