英、紐、澳、美四國政府再造經驗對我國的啟示

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(11) ~*mq.~*m*~~BMM*~0~~. ~~A~Mt~~0~~!1§o~7~rr~-§. ~'~7~m~~OO~&~'~~~~~rr~. .'.~~ff5~Ml¥JrM~. rril&$J (Department of Finance and Administration )~ -fLfLJ\1f.- Ji 'm~-~/~~a~M~IIIJ (Perfonnance Improvement Cycle, PIC) fFli9 , " ~R&:±~a~~pJTJ~~fDjl¥J~~~:E;Ii'F: tliU. *@l1&( cost-recovery )'ftJfl~1t..( user pays) ~~t}~,fI~tJJjUm( accrual accounting principles) ~ftli~1t~~*~rjtmVit:. 0. (~)~rr• • • • ~*~* • • •mm0 ~J{:1":a:wHla~. Jt:m~.~M*tlff:f,f~9*~tc:f'. r M~~tT~. tT CTC ~ , ~JHI~~)1UmUm (DFA, 1998: 9-11) : (I)CTC ~lir<ffl.L-~fJE~~*Jj.~ffll: 'I¥JMt~1t (2)CTC ~lir<fflJt:~~~MfDjl¥J~ ~§. (3)~tT CTC ~~~fDj~1iigJfl1TJt~ o (4)~rr CTC W~r±~¥II0~~~~. ~H~!1§l¥Jl'.~* ' ~*5~fl$r~&~F~;fU*Ji. (5)&\~JUfE~0mJfO:f,f~I¥J.~M*ti pxJ~.l¥JfF~~1ir<~0~~~I¥JJjf;J. 0. (6)~fDj. 0. ( 1:;) 1T~~.Z1j[m ~?J+[~il&~~~3I~I¥J~fi $. 12. 0. ~. ~~1. Rosenl entrep' 1994:. 11' ~. rm ' ::fIiJ7tWtIWnm. 1rW*1. 0. ~~~. Clinton) Jt:-fLfL. B~ftr~~Il~~Ii~wflJ. (The National Perfonnance Review, NPR) ,. 1fj' fIg:f,f~*&~1iigitt!fArril&MJj., t)J!f~. fIg. ~M:±.MmM.~'~~MMm~mW~. -1f.~Ji. • ' l1i~£~ff5il&~I¥J~{I\ff!1§~Jt:J67t~fflji. iEliilh. ~~ft. m1~r±~I¥J~. ~~~~fuJ**~~ (B.. ~*'~~~~~~-M~~~I¥Jil&~~§. ~~). .~*&~fIg ,wnm~~a~~&~Ii.~ii!i~. 0. l!!l'&tlll. , -tmJtftl!. D.Osb. ~~it. r .~a~~M~1II J. 0. ~fJ)~. , JJ:t i*~lffliil&MB~m~ ,. .tlm~Jtm~a9Il~. 0. I. ( Fror Goverr. :±~~~I1I~l¥Jm*, 5IAm~~fIg*a~0. 0. , , , ,. *~R&:±~~fi&¥tltl~~~n!li(DFA, 1998: 7) :. ; (2)~1i!i~rmm ~1¥J~*;fO~1iig , tl1R:~tlDfPJa~.~ ; (3) ~ ,. ~ ffl tlo • • • • ~ (competitive tendering and contracting, CTC) ~a~~~Z IJl; (4)J1:t-M~lIItEJt:thhW1~~15"ttE~rm~ IIm~$ , 1iiM~~a~~.~l¥JfDjit~ , ~HjG~ J!:f,f~*&~1iigl¥'11ii* ; ~Iffl ' 1!?itlb>g~15". m~$,~~~~~m~rril&~.o~Mrm~. ~~B~. ~*-. (l)~lipJTJI}~rm~:g~Z~.. $ J A;Jtitlb~ff5~~~Mrm ' flIIiJfIg~lfX. • W• ~ :7r ~ (competitive tendering and contracting, CTC) ~1i~*~il:0~§~!1§ , Jt ~£~ CTC fIg~thU}]il&~Mrm~ffll!ll*Jj. (value for money) '~0$r~~1'.H~!1§1¥J. filjNPF y'. ~-M~:f,f~ift€:l~1iig:tJI¥Jil&M ~~1i~!I 0. ~~~~rr~b~~~~~~~~~'~. Partner:. 88 ).

(12) --------------------~jt~lll. Gore) 1ft-~~1Wtn'-tLJ1J\1f- FJ ' r ~~ Mb fJ:It IVJ ~ m lij j§ ~ ~ 1W J (National Partnership for Reinventing Government, illMi ffIJ NPR) -tLtL =1ftLFJtB • ff1'fpMtl~*_1C~m (AI. ~n~m~m~~~OO7ffl~#f'~~~n ~m01fftA.~~~-~' A~~*'t~mw~m f_Jf~{j\ a~~~~mlij~B~±~~rfimn&~ 0. tyj~D~ (tt~~. , I'U~. '. 88):. ~m~M.lli~,~~~<~~X~~~~ft. (-) mlUi~fflMi NPR !*Jt.lli1i1f~mMi=+1i~==f. ~*--~j§.~~*,.~~n~~m). ~~~~§~·~*~~*_1C~~1W~7.*~. (From Red Tape To Results : Creating A Government That Works Better & Costs Less) ,. 'J\~n~mm~f_J~~ • :mmMi~mi~.~~. ~ffi~E~~~±~~~~~~~~,~~. $~,~m~~~1W~N~x~Wre~,~. Osborne WT. Gaebler flWAPJT~~ (~~m ~IVJ) (Reinventing Government, 1992) :il::liltJ:il::~ffJ~mB~~~ , m9!~n~m~~. 1ft • ~~1il~mlijj§~t.r:p , J1Vfl:iJ~f:f~f_J. ~g EEtn'~1ila1(iJM.W~~i@J$:~fr~ft~. 1994,1995, 1996,1997,1998; Lachance, 1999: 12) ( ) 5!iiftIf'Frm;mlij~. 0. =+t~==ftLl:j~ 0 foJif*~~*JUi~~mMi. D.. ~*a'~a*, ~~-tLtLtL1f-FJffi' ~M fflMimi@J=+=~A' k0ft!i~n~m~~mif_J S~Z+1i(Gore,. 0. ~fH1' rnJ ' rzg1lt*ffIJ~ r *H1Ei~ J. (Ketti, 1994; Rosenbloom, 1995) ~ r :il::~~ft~:lJI!fH J (the entrepreneurial management paradigm) (Moe, 1994: 111) ~ffi5!ii~M~i@JNft*U ' ij l~rtJ ti~*U,' rm~~J: ' 3iS5.HsUg , :il::~lijj§Ifli! ~tm~f_J2~:iJ:1J~ · I1EI1EM7F*H0~ft~B~~ 11 ' ~-tLtL01ff~tJ*~~n~mft~xft. 0. ~~~*,.n~m-g.~1'~,~m. m1W:mi@J~M~tn'fi~A~'$~~~*_1C,W. 0. m*E*f_J~~'~~~OO.7~m~~f_J~. tN1rff Att~$U*UN::tJi!rp~mf_JfN~ ~ mm lli ' ~m$F~*O:il::~m*im~~gff~.&~;:c i1~~'I18151~~ , @EEtn':il::~$F~OOWmf®~ Il~'EfJ~* ' ~ffijtN~~"jt$tl~Jjrp~mW. ~~*~~f_Jfi~:iJ*H(tt~~,.~.,~. 1J[JtJa~~ ~~~.11f_J:il::~:W~*:1J~.1~. 88). ~~~.&~Xi1~~fJ=:Jjrfiom: (1 )~:;;~*. 0. 0. 0. *R;}~~rWI¥i: • ffiflJ~1'&\~f_Ji*m~Mift~~~. ~ftffij § • ~~~m:ffHi!i~~*~l:tll~ *1r'lmfflM~~:C}] ~m±f~fFf_J 0. ~~~f_Jfli!rr; ; (2)~m-**~I~=f2~:iJ. NPR ' Mrr;. ' tJ. ~l1Jt!U~JT*~f~jfiUli~ , ltit7~JI ~I1*m. l'$Jf~~~fi7 -f®.~:iJ1'fp , 1'fiff~fflMi7. 13.

(13) *'T1[~a1l:~.~B"J ~ EE ; (3)t£~IiIl:9HmiJ I~M. tJ.1It~~r.uB"J0~gi~. 1tI1'FmEflf ,t1Efj:jij~,&a1l:~fJ3.~llt)(1tI¥JWr~ ~~j (Gore, 1994;1995, 1996, 1997). naR~~~. 0. ~~~~~aR. Servic. '•. ~tt:. -ftftrzg~Efj!~~.~A. ~fij~aRgi~I¥J$*. ' tJ. ~~aR~ftgi~. ~~I¥J~~om~~~g~'~~A~~~~. 3'i:te ffltX. i&!~.naRI¥J~~W~~.~fiafj. ~l¥JaRgi~~~~fjjfjtJ.~1'F~:(1)~f4~.. ,t. rr;l¥Ji&!J!t~ftitl ' tJ.3&7*~:m~~~Dtt-~ , ~*. ~A~Z$*pg?G:; (2)~~~~~:m~~~.. 0. (. ). m~i&!J!t~flitl. ~1Ta~*;f§fij~ft. ; (3)~ffg~liiI~ , #:m '. ' E¥iJ I~A~I¥J::ffj!W. =. ~~l¥Jgi~1mJ!t. ;. r'. , J. (1\. B JL~IJJfmG.naR~- S ~pg~~'1:Mz ~n~~~ftilJm1it!i ' f&~*~~ftitl~~~IiIl~\ ~1t&~UtJ.~rzgr}j : (1 )JLelJii~rst1l7*:m ' :Mz~ ~~n;!tf&7*:m ; (2)~1Tf~:jij~ , m~~)(. J{'&~1#i J::J~~U;f§~l¥Jg~~; (5)~A~~1~PJ. ~W·~~.~mG*~~~A'&~~.~I¥J~. ~R ~. (National Infomlation. ~)(. Ii~~ ; (3).n'@' ~n!UEte~~ifilt ' fJi~WA. Infrastructure, NIl) 'K~Hg~~E1Hf!I1!J:. ~1*. ~'~~m~'&~haR~JL~n~~IiIl~;. ~r8~jl~Rf4~1¥J*~ ~nJ#iJ1JlaRfIT~teB"Jjl. W~. (4).~~ll!maRPJTiit~mGI¥J1:f:~ pg?G: ' ~[PJ. ~(i§O~01#i1¥J~~,±~~~~~-ftrzgO~. ~o. ~nmlhaR:jij~ , ffij~F-~~tJ.7*:m$~~. ~~~~~I¥J(i§O~01#i~'~.~~~l¥Jtt*. Ib~. *A~il1m°. W~~~~~7~.I¥J~m;~~,®fij~~. .;ij. ' 'ltfffrl]~jl~Rf4~. ({:. +. (rzg). (. 1It~~r.u7*~U. (Put the customer first). m. II J. ~ ~t. i!~]f!~iiAr.!~l¥Jfi~R~1-t. ~~ml¥J~*i!~~~,~~~;!ttt*~~1¥J. 0. ~M~~~~. ~fi:m~1¥J. 0. ~N~ NPR. ' ~¥-jL. jLft~*~~J!t ' .~aRWEEjl~Rf4~~1T. , ::f1J!mG~~~aR:jij~~tIlI¥J±~mU1U Z- , [PJ~i!1~mG-JJStfia)(1t1j[*'Tl¥JmifJ . • ~aR~~IHl::f1J!fJi~n;iEHI~g~~~ ~ , tff~~IHl]f!±Ih.1it!iHl~iji~WII~ ·. mEfj:jij~. , ::f1J!PJm~A~]f!~t;t(til¥Jiji~ , ]f!PJtffWli+rzgti~7CI¥J1it!iamG::l~:O NPR fIT• I¥J r a R jl ~R f4 ~ ij~ ~ ~ tj\ fJ3. J (. 14. Government. Information. B"JI[ ~I. ;mffljl~Rf4~~ftg~~rf1pf{. 0. 1¥J(i§O. *~tp~.®*~:@'A -:jij5~IDijJ-~l[r}j : HI. ~¥J:. ). 0. tnJ#iliJlaR~-ftft.::::.~elJ~te r ~*jl. mG~~.I¥J(i§O.±~.~aR:jij. *'. (Gore, 1995). 1~J!t(i§OfO'&~B"J~WJ. Technology. ~~.

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(15) ~tloaJR~1!§- A. V.. , fJ3.. Wildavsky. EfJpg51~lfi!jE. 0. ~1!§-. .~~~. -nAO~~~*g.~fiaM. M~EfJ~~[Z;]~. ~~1¥i~~ 7 ~J1!51HmlfimEfJ~1f:;. , ZPfft)f* !&*J3.~pgtS~*1i.EfJ~~ , JJ~[Z;]~f§~~ A 1M ~51~$lfi!jE~3m~~EfJ*-'¥~JR ' 7U~~;ttPff. O. E. Hughes M*R-t!r:$t;~I. ,. *~/f/N;~JU[YJj~[l9. gJjJil ) ; ~$). EfJjji±~. (Hughes, 1998: 8-19) :. ( -) aM$r~JjJfig~~ , ~talE~1j:~~ § -nAO~~t)* 'lllmaMtS~r~~t;f ~,. EfJIDI-e ~. ~. fi*&~figbf§~/fJE' B~A1MPff~m;fO~. ~0j. ~,~~~ftEfJe~~~ft~'ffW~~EfJ~. .'~$~~~~=niID:~-,aMEfJmm. 1¥i~~'W~~~~~lfi!jE~~EfJ-~@J1!o. ( scale) ~* ' lJ3&afliaRJG::zfs:/fIllf.7tfi r=:r~. Iflf:Efr fffij. ~.®~'~-~~0#~~W~~~@J1!~. ~*i ' tlj(1¥i1!§-~*aMJ1!~jI(f1tm~fomfm~. li::zfs:±iljitttr (post-capitalist society) (1ftmi. ~t)./J\aMm:fl. ,aMEfJilBfIl ( scope ). J1!~~. m~~I~±il,~m~±il&~~~±il). -;1;;.*, i£ntiLEfJaM&'®~~figEfJaM' ~1¥i 1!§- ±5N~~~~$.~~1f:;*.!j\aMEfJfB fIl ; -, aMW1'FEfJn~ (methods) /f1'€J ~ , A;~~~~'gmEfJ~Bih:!:i'[j:ta~*1i.a~A FJT~~?J~ , tlj(1¥i1!§-miiij r~m~§ EEWi¥EfJ ta~lI~g , *m1f:;aM$r~EfJJjJfig (=) ~ti~~~~!fIftiJj{B , ~~mij rtlj(1¥i1T~. RIfl~. ~0#~~W~EfJ±J!§'~~iti! ' RP*§. fO~i. :fJTti~~~~EfJ~1Ilf§IDI~g~ , ~fr50#.~. BEE:. , 1~~A~~fOy:~RJG::zfs:~g~ , ~~1Il~ ~§-ntO~~~~~ • • ~~~.~ ~ , iHffl1lifO~~}H~~~EfJaMM~ 0#.. ~*j. EU~EfJm~1Jot)M~. ~~. (Elcock, 1991: 61). 0. : iID~~~1~EfJ~~~ , ~~0jHTiOOIt. ~B~~zb'~~~~~0#~~EfJ~~n. fig &. f& 24-25) -. IfJj (Farnham and Horton, 1996: 0. ~~::zfs:iH~z~m. ' JJ!l5UtlOE :. " .::§. 3t..~ iii $. is l1tiI~.$.t 1jf:Em ~lit~. *. 0. ~ ~*.:fl3iz:..t ~e~~mEfJ~~*~,aMM~EfJ.% .~~~~~=+~~,~-ntA~~~EfJ m~~1¥i&-ntn~~~. ~g~. ••• ~AIfJj.. j{B~ , .®~-nAO~~~f$.5N~-~i±t. WJi1.lI. (tI~~. , Itl!$tl '. ~ 88). 0. ;. ~1!§-*. 'tl. § (-. :. ( glo B~. ~~. ~Ji1.:. 0. ~~~~~-re-'¥.nru~~maM$M~. ~j~Ifl' m.~I~~~EfJaMta~mA'. mm~UEfJ~~ , ~j~tBEE~aMlIlDI~zm~. g~A~I~~~~~~~~'~~*EfJ*1i.. Wi¥lIfig , lJ3&/flEima<]0#Mft~ ( fljEfJ. :rl1fig{j!I«I«Mr~j,@mJM1 ' /ffi~firr~~ffij!. ~~~UW0)'~~~~0#M('g~ff*. 16. ([Y.

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(23) , 5!t!'[j:f~ , j.;). &R~m • • M~rA~ • • ft~J. ( human resource management) **1C ; M~ ,. Hal G. Rainey ~~~~fi~ , 0jt.tg~Jm B ~. Wf "'A~:tJ. ~HII wi I{$fo.m. -ffljmfJl~~Jmat-=fm~~' ~m:. tl~r~Bt~j. 0jt.ft~~~~J!!'i':fE r A~.* J. ~~~-=fm. management). iil~iii. ,,:m~5~~5t;flf~. (human. 0. ,. flHf Robert T. Golembiewski' (l)WAf§1H1. .5&~~~. (human process interventions) , ~, . capital) ~m~~)Jt'!ta~~ fJl~UI~im1:.1LlilDl~. , f]eAjJ.*~. M~A~,~a&m.~~m~~~~' ft'EEm=~-=fm. 0. ( t ) ~fH§li~mU9)~i&JMfJl~~~JTxf~ frli~l5rtu~fF.~ , i&JM~i&&\~~M*m~. (third-party interventions) ,. 'atrQ,m ' 'WI BtiWIf1f;. ~~~,~~&~m~~~ft~~~~ff-=f. *ti~o[qJ~. ; (2) f1 f1jtj *ti f1li ~ -=f m (technostructural. ft~frf,4f:. ~~~~~.~~~~~~m~o-nAO~. interventions) ''WUtlDfJl~~mtmflij,. ~m~frW~~~M~~~~~'~~~~lli. ~I~A&If'J:~§t~-=fm~~; (3)AjJ.~. 1II& 1J!?Jii ~ 1JT ; ~j.;) ,. -Jif$:{.\~J&;:17Ji~*--IIi~7*f{1J (customers. at -=f m (human resource management. ~'~,IJ~&. rule) '?Jj\F1P' tlD~rlr~J&;Jj]:f:I!!1}t@]IIi~~x. interventions) ,'WtitlD*i~ft~, 1*1~~WhWJ. .~iW:lH. · &\~~~IJ~~ftj~IIi~~$* '. m~J&;~~fij!m~~~-=fm~~; j.;)&(4)~~. ~fig~RX;1. ,~ituJ&;*&~m.~Rf4f1' f]e~~Fm~1!. '[j:-=fm (strategic interventions) ':±JH*~~ ~J!!Jfiil • •~*.m~":m • •ft~~-=f. f,@f]e:±ft~. m~~o. ~~'.~if. f~~fff~'. ~~, ~'i' 13. f!t.m~H~~~1Ii. [qJ.~. , i&JMtlD~r~~m~JTjtf~A~~fB. o. ~~x~'~~~~~~~IIi~'~~~~~B'I9~ ,e~H~~~~JTfJl~x1~;. {8frlftztW. 0jt.ft~J!!5~~~m~~fD ' ~{J!mit~. 'i&JMa~. (A)~.i&JMM~~*~~.m~mm~. ~lHJIJ~.:. A~~tt~:±a~~~o. 88 : 260). '0jt.ft~fr:±. ~n7*~~~~~~$'m~fr~~~~~0. 5RfTi& §:±f~~5!t!'[j: f~Bt [qJ~ , ~5~~fTi&~ jf~m~'[j: ; ~0jt.ft~.it~$~m-1$ , f8tlD~~W~ftfij~ , 1f.fd:~0~ , &~m~ fTi&~jf , f{u;!tIE'i'tt&il7*'[j:~~1!Hffr. tl~r~~~~1:.~Jfiil' j.;)&Ul.@]J!!A~atfi. (+).G~.~~~.~ft~~~nftM. ~~~-=fm*~ i&JMM~. (reinventing government). ~-M r ~f-tm~$ J. (. BJ&;. Zeitgeist) 'ffttt~ff. 0. 24. 'WtltlDfI~. , [qJ~~mff!fl0SP:fD~:± ' [jim • •figWIi~H~~fi~~ , ~~;&0jt.flJ~fD. *~~fig. 0. &\~llfmD atmJ!~::. (n)0jt.ft~J!!.~~m~~Wffi&~.. r~J!!'i'%~~-Ji~,w : i&JM~~~~~~fi. *- ' ~~~7*f§1i~~. -r-T.L!-"-'-'I. Day, 1992. .=. ... -*. ilifF. ~VltjWfiM. f§'M'fJi1z.

(24) --------------------~~tfll. ,iI&. ~ , 0~~~~mrlli't1it1m~iI&~fI}~m~tJ~. :I '. lfffil&iWJt ~tfB~it~1'v ' rlllf it~~ftlf~30¥].~~tllt. ~. ~~~~~u.~~~~~~~m~,wil&~. iI&~fI}~~~~'lfM~m~.~&.mil&~. rfJI. $r'l¥JiWJt1JtJ~filf. fI}~~~M1. 0. mr~~.t~~~. n~~~o*x~~,~~iI&~tE~A~-~. , ~~t).. (. .~~~~~~~m~~lf~~~ff~~L. ). '. n~Jt~~tlD~. :. iI&~fI}~&\~Jt~.~l!lJtm. ~~It~~&.~~~~~~~~m~~~. , iI&~fI}~~:±~1Jr*lf=tm : Lffij~ (top-down) '-~EE~ffij L. :r. ~~o~~~M~~mU~$lf:§*,.~. (bottom-up) '~-~EErpra'~~~Jirm~e. ral. ~~tE~ff~1ifijL.JJtfH~. ~. ~r~~m ' wtltlm~IIJ.~tf1~~~f~. , ~I!lf~. , tgti!i9HI' Miffi. ,. ~&.~~~*tElf~~WOO~~.*~~. tJj. tff ; ~t). , tlO*1'EY~~?t~I!~~JJtffij~*~ ~ , ~U~!1l\ilji~~'11~~J& ~* lf~L ' .~~It~-liIiI&rtif4mi~~fj , ~1t*ti;!jJ!!1l\ ~JHi~~PX~2!i~~~~1Efj~~~ , MLmf~~rzg. ~. :nt ~ ~. Yi f. (Middle-out). fJEfj!:±~frjJli~~-~5§i11::11'F&Jf. 0. ¥U~qm-tm1J$fi~. ,. ML~~~,~~M~~2!i~ffim~~~~lJtm o. '. 0. 0. WtltlO~~Jft~UIE~ff~ NPR iI&~f!}~. 'it~EE~ffijL~1J$; ffij9t~ffit:t$r If ~g+~ J. (Next Steps) ~iI&~f!}~illIJ. ~~fflEELffij~~1Jr*. ar& '. 0. '. ~U. ~)1~ • EErprm~~~. Jiit~~iI&~fI}~,B~§mrML~~~'. M~~m~*~lf.~~~a~~~~~,~. Wit~~llt-~r~f~'Mm~ , rzg~rp~~~A~. RD' .~~It~~*llJf~~~f'F~~m&Witf. ~1M~x'§II1tUpg~rp~~$' J!~iI&~fI}~. ~~~,H~~liJm~~~~~~~rzg,. ~:±~~lT~ , :Efj~lJtitJ1t-~Ji~~~:±1IJ. M~~.'~.~m~.fJlffimZil&m1J. ' .. it~ML~At:t$~~I~'~1MliJU~.~±. P. ~flI/IJ~.~~tE.fJI~ffl~ ( Carter, Klein and. ~,J!liJu*.m~iI&~fI}~~PX~.*o. o. Day, 1992; Kettle, 1998 ; IT~~. ~. 88 : 260). if!. .=.. ......4frt~~iE'i'.~pn:Q:8!J:!t~iii. &. rf o. ~. t,~". , Itl:hfIti '. (=) iI&~fI}~H!~~~~1I::A~~fj iI&~fI}~ffi~ffl~:±~m~lf=tm:-1'v. 0. "~A (incremental) ~G)(~ , -~lJt~A. ( radical) ~. ~~*,0~~~~~~.~~ffi.~~. ~. ,. ~. lIT. ~. A. ( discontinuity) ~tl)(~ (Jft~filJt1.~~1J. ~~UJfiM~liJ~f~~~~ , ffiiM~~iWmBf&. f~'MJJ:rzlilft ' f.S~'[Jm~11t~. 2!i. =. A)offi~~~fflqm-tm1JA·W~U-tm~. +-t!t~f@jffin~. 1I::A~~fj (evolutionary process). 25. *t:t$1J.

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(28) ---------------------~tti"111. ~w. 0~'W~H!miT ,fjSl,~aJfJ8kJmJ!lt1JJ;\ , ~li~Da. ~HI. J#~~iHIIH¥]*/J\}jUfi'. ~.m. jfj(JfJmn,HfqijJW/iltjl }jIm ' 4§.~&jfj(JfJPfTIDlji{8kJ~i!\}jUfi ' ~~~Ji.. 'g4§.. ~jfj(JfJ~~.}jIm°~fl&~,0~'W~~~. ,~. ~. ,fjSl, El. ~D filJ (connections). tffi!. ~. H! iT t!t. rn 8kJ -. ~a. 1:elli:~~. , i§:~1¥-* '. 0. ~r*Jjfj(JfJ~[Bj0~. A~ffi~~8kJI~~n:i!Mffi*fl8kJ,a~B. ~{it. ~*Jtt:fHt~Ji~.~ , ~;.;i~*Jt~~M~~db. 0. !I ' 0~A~·!tfl~iTJts;I,*lWEUiT~i! ' ~JlU. 0~'W~~Xm~ I ' .~t. Ilt'Ji~JEM~8kJM~fD~* 0~A~~\~~. wi. 0. /1:1. ~t'J. ,a. ~8kJ~$Bffift®@o(~~~*m~~ftjfj(. :11: :t!t. m*~0~1fjfj(~~~r;t' Ilii$tt~2:~*~. rn. .,. ~ :f±. " .... Ilf ~. 0. 0. 0~$~sg~~*M4gm , ~ftjfj(tf:l*~0~1f. jfj(~*iW±ft*~A' m~:ffil!~A$1fjfj(JajAn r. f. ". 0. 84' r 0~'W~m%~~~(1:: ' ~) J ' ~~JZW0i*f:i fU ' mlZY~mn ' +M ' W 18-26 ' 21-29 a*3JE ' 1ifIiftg~ , ~ 87 ' 4§.~1fjfj($iTmom El.mMfij:t.~7}:fJT ' 1fjfj(~1iJf~*IGEP -- '~X$5J Barzelay, M., 1992, Breaking Through. JfJffl)r~tp. fl. ,. &!ill~~ ,~ftjfj(if:l*~0~tfjfj(~* iW±ft*. Bureaucracy:. ~A). Managing in Government.. tpXtf~5J. ±~~~'~87!. rjfj(JfJM~Z~M-~~. *1~ZB5UF J '1fjfj(~*A$1fjfj(Jaj0~. An• •tp{,\wa1iJfY"G1Mfi. A. New. Vision. for. Berkeley:. University of California Press. Behn, R. D., 1995, "the Big Question of Public Management", Public Administration Review, July! August, Vol. 55, No.4. pp.313-324. Borins, S., 1994, Government on transition: A. .~:){fX. ,. : JG~ililt&. J.t.~ , ~. m,i§:~Mffi*fl~mn~~ffft~ffifl~jfj(. , ::f5J~r*J~:9~ , ?fr\~tp~jfj(JfJW!fg }jjfj(JfJ~~]JU ; :i!J;J ' ~~jfj(JfJm.fDXB~. 0. 0. '0~sg~::fJJl1mi~'&1n'*~~. 3~. :.4. 'Itli$tf- ' ~ 88 '::ii?:~~aJfJ : ~~ , .~ , ~J51, ' .~t WMJiliIt&Wd: m~fil!'~87' r.M~~XB~M• •Z 1iJfY"G J 'A$1fa ' 122 M ' W50-60 m~:ftl ' ~ 87' r .M~~XBftuM~$W .~ (1:: ' ~) J 'A$f:i ftl ' 27 ~ 2 ' 3Mo :WMJililt& ~*fJJ ' ~ 87 ! 0~sg~ · 1Ii± ~*fJJ ' tDl~~ , Golembiewski, R. T.::EIG '. 1m ~ ~. Ilrn ' JtftiH[I]El.~.:trJ:H!:i!~~tt8kJ. fEf&. :. i[lb~~. 0. 29.

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