高中足球運動員運動領導信任與焦慮之研究

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壹、緒論

對於信任的探討，早先起源於心理學家開始研究信任對於人際關係的影響，之後在社會學、經濟學、管理學、行銷學等領域中，信任也是經常被探討且重視的課題（Doney & Cannon, 1997; Parkhe, 1998）。Costa（2003）指出，近年來由於組織的功能與思考模式開始有了變化，組織結構變得扁平、變得更多以團隊的方式來運作，所以現在更為強調的是，在工作場所中的人際關係與群體的互動，而信任即被視為一個非常關鍵的要素。信任與交易夥伴間之心理狀態有關，由於信任使夥伴願意進一步互動，以達到共同目標（Turban, Lee, King, & Chung, 2000）。黃敏萍（2000）也指出，團體成員間的互信能夠促進知識分享，透過團隊合作及有效協調彼此的行動，進而有良好的績效表現以達成目標。信任也使交易雙方對彼此間關係感到可靠與完整，使交易雙方能夠從短期的交易關係轉變為更成熟的長期關係，雙方均能因此獲利（Warrington, Abgrab, & Caldwell, 2000）。

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2. 「無法掌控另一方的行為」指無法控制另一方必定會做出對自己有利或有益的行為，因此信任是具有風險及易受傷害(be vulnerable)可能（Gambetta, 1988; Whitener, Brodt, Korsgaard, & Jon, 1998）。

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在信任對於團隊重要性的相關研究指出，信任能夠有效增強組織的凝聚力（Bradach & Eccles, 1989），並且有效溝通或影響訊息流通的質與量（Kasperson, Golding, & Tuler, 1992; Pincus, Knipp, & Rayfield, 1990）、減少團隊情緒上的不良衝突（Edmondson, 1999；田靜婷，2003），也是團隊間合作關係的潤滑劑（Butler, 1995）。另外，對領導者高度的信任會提高團隊績效，而對領導者的不信任則可能會使下屬的工作激勵大打折扣（Kim & Mauborgne, 2003）。

在過去探討團隊信任的相關研究中，Dirks（2000）以美國大學 NCAA 籃球員為研究對象，結果發現球員對教練的信任可增強球隊的績效，且球員對於教練的信任和球隊績效的影響要比球員間的信任更重要。Gould, Greenleaf, Guinan & Chung（2002）則針對 1996 年亞特蘭大奧運的美國隊進行信任研究，結果發現選手信任教練的智慧與經驗，會影響奧運會期間的教練效能。因此團隊信任最重要的是選手對教練的領導信任，信任領導者除了可增進團隊的表現之外，也可以降低交易成本及提升領導者與成員間關係的發展（Doney, Cannon, & Mullen, 1998）。

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意力，並且被煩惱和憂慮所干擾而因此分散注意力，並且對於表現會有負面的效果（Liao & Masters，2002）。運動競賽時，一方面希望降低心理壓力以提昇較佳狀態與心理情緒；另一方面則擔心因心理壓力所伴隨的動作協調失衡而導致運動表現欠佳，因此減低選手賽前及賽中的心理壓力是改善運動表現的重要一環（盧俊宏、卓國雄、陳龍弘，2005）。後續則有許多研究對於焦慮提出更多重、多樣化的看法，認為焦慮並非僅是一種穩定的特質，它會隨著情境、時間與壓力狀況的不同而有差異（Woodman & Hardy, 2003）。特質焦慮的傾向會明顯地影響運動員對客觀情境威脅的知覺，進而誘發出狀態焦慮。因此，許多學者皆認為掌握特質焦慮將有助於掌握運動員的狀態性焦慮，才能對運動員的焦慮能夠有效的管理，避免焦慮影響到運動表現。事實上，競賽者對客觀競賽情境的知覺感受來自其主觀競賽情境，即競賽特質性焦慮。因此指出，如果能掌握一個人的競賽特質性焦慮可以預測他的狀態焦慮反應的高或低（R. Martens et al., 1990）。

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本研究僅針對高中、職足球運動員為研究對象，探討選手知覺教練領導信任與運動競賽焦慮之研究。未來研究對象可擴大針對不同層級，例如大專隊、社會隊、國家代表隊或是職業隊進行比較，尤其職業隊的運動員是否會因職業隊長期、經常性的出賽，以及戰績優劣而對教練的領導信任有所影響，及與競賽焦慮的關係，值得更深入加以探討。

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The investigation between trust in leader and sport

competition anxiety of high school soccer players

Lin, Che-Ming

Fooyin University

Abstract

Purpose: This paper examines the relations between the trust of leadership in high

school soccer team and the levels of sport competition anxiety. In other words, to understand the high school soccer athletes’ trust of leadership in different levels of sports anxieties during the competitions. Methods: The questionnaire used in this study was modified from “Measurement Scale for Trust in Leader” and “Sport

Competition Anxiety Test”. A total of 336 respondents completed a survey conducted from the participants of the 2011 High school Football League. The data was analyzed by using multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA), one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Scheffe’ s test. Results: The results reveal that the athletes with moderate sports competition anxiety have the highest trust level of leadership. On the other hand, the athletes with highest sports competition anxiety have an inclination to poor leadership trust. Conclusion: The findings indicated that the trust between coach and athlete is an important contributor to sport competition anxiety. In addition, behaviors that the coach demonstrates relative to enhance trust can be influential in competition results.