以醬油篩選菌探討聚麩胺酸之生合成 吳珮貞、施英隆
E-mail: [email protected]
摘 要
聚麩胺酸具有極高之水溶性、可完全被微生物分解及可食等特性,該物質本身及其分解物對人體及環境皆無毒害,而且該 物質已證明可應用於食品、化妝品、醫藥材料、環保等領域,因此開發大量生產此環境友善之生態材料將對我們的環境及 環保有雙重貢獻。 本實驗由醬油麴中篩選出一株具有聚麩胺酸生產能力之菌株,該菌株之生理特性試驗發現為革蘭氏陽性 桿菌、具觸脢、運動性及好氧性,厭氧下不會生長,在含有錳離子(Mn2+)的條件下會形成孢子。此菌株經16S rDNA部 分序列分析及微生物脂肪酸鑑定系統分析,目前暫稱為Bacillus subtilis C1。 Bacillus subtilis C1菌株在含有檸檬酸、甘油及 氯化銨的培養基中並不需要外加L-麩氨酸即能生產聚麩胺酸;且檸檬酸、甘油及氯化銨為Bacillus subtilis C1菌株在生產聚 麩胺酸上扮演重要角色。因此本實驗以搖瓶培養方式探討Bacillus subtilis C1生產聚麩胺酸之最適條件,所得到的培養基T2 的組成:Citric acid:2.2﹪、NH4Cl:0.7﹪、Glycerin:17﹪、K2HPO4:0.05﹪、MgSO4 7H2O:0.05﹪、CaCl2
2H2O:0.015﹪,培養條件為37℃、150rpm及pH= 6.5下培養6天可得最高產量21.44 g/L。 Bacillus subtilis C1菌株所生產 出的聚麩胺酸以氨基酸分析可得到94﹪的麩氨酸組成,且幾乎沒有其他多醣類副產物;其分子量約為1×107;聚麩胺酸的 光學異構物(D/L麩氨酸)比例為94/6,顯示出大部分為D-麩氨酸(D-glutamate)形式。NMR發現此聚合物並非單純之 聚麩胺酸,此聚合物之H1-NMR光譜中發現其化學位移1.8-2.1 (m, 2H)、2.3-2.4 (b, 2H)、4.1-4.2 (b, 1H)及7.8 (N-H)分別為聚 麩胺酸中β、γ、α及N-H之氫原子位置,但明顯仍有化學位移3.50 ~ 3.77之波峰存在。另外在化學位移3.50 ~ 3.54(dd, 2H)、3.60 ~ 3.63(dd, 2H)及3.72 ~ 3.77(m, 1H)明顯為甘油之化學位移,因此Bacillus subtilis C1菌株所生產之聚合物 應是含甘油共價鍵結之聚麩胺酸衍生物。分析顯示該物質非單純之聚麩胺酸,應為與甘油共價鍵結之複合物,以微生物生 產此類之複合物目前並無前例,因此相當具有價值。 Bacillus subtilis C1所生產聚麩胺酸衍生物之分子量受離子強度而影響
,NaCl濃度愈高,分子量愈小,在含鹽量0.05%~0.5%的條件下聚麩胺酸的分子量為10,000~5,000 kDa,而當含鹽量增加 至5%時聚麩胺酸的分子量降至733 kDa,但其光學異構物(D/L麩氨酸比例)則不受Mn2+之影響。
關鍵詞 : 聚麩胺酸 ; 醬油
目錄
封面內頁 簽名頁 授權書 iii 中文摘要 v 英文摘要 vii 誌謝 x 目錄 xi 圖目錄 xv 表目錄 xvii 頁次 第一章 研究動機與目的 1 第 一節 研究動機 1 第二節 研究目的 3 第二章 文獻回顧 5 第一節 聚麩胺酸(γ-Poly glutamic acid)之發現與特性 5 第二節 生產 聚麩胺酸之菌株 8 一、Bacillus licheniformis ATCC9945a 8 二、Bacillus subtilis IFO3335 15 三、Bacillus subtilis IFO3336 19 四
、Bacillus subtilis (chungkookjang) 21 五、Bacillus subtilis TAM-4 24 六、Bacillus licheniformis A35 25 第三節 聚麩胺酸的水 解酵素 26 第四節 聚麩胺酸之應用 27 一、聚麩胺酸在環境保護領域的應用 28 二、聚麩胺酸在食品上的應用 30 三、聚麩胺 酸在生物醫學材料(Biomaterial)的應用 32 四、聚麩胺酸在化妝品的應用 32 五、聚麩胺酸之吸水特性 33 第三章 研究方法 與材料 34 第一節 儀器設備及材料 34 一、菌種來源 33 二、儀器設備 33 三、藥品及材料 34 第二節 菌株 39 一、篩選可生 產聚麩胺酸菌株之培養基 39 二、菌種篩選、純化、保存及鑑定 41 第三節 培養基組成及最適條件之探討 44 一、預培養 44 二、聚麩胺酸產量探討 44 三、聚麩胺酸之分離純化 46 第四節 分析方法 48 一、菌體生長量之測定(OD660、生菌數、乾 重) 48 二、氨基酸組成分析 48 三、高磁場核磁共振(NMR)分析 49 四、醣類分析 50 五、聚麩胺酸分子量測定 52 六、
聚麩胺酸之同分異構物分析 54 第四章 結果與討論 56 第一節 篩選聚麩胺酸生產菌 56 第二節 聚麩胺酸生長培養的最適條件 探討 60 一、菌株活化生長培養 60 二、物理條件對聚麩胺酸生產之影響 61 三、L-麩氨酸對聚麩胺酸生產之影響 64 四、甘 油(Glycerin)對聚麩胺酸生產之影響 66 五、檸檬酸(Citric acid)對聚麩胺酸生產之影響 69 六、醣類基質對聚麩胺酸生 產之影響 71 七、氮源對聚麩胺酸生產之影響 73 八、有機氮源對聚麩胺酸生產之影響 75 九、L-麩酸醯胺對聚麩胺酸生產 之影響 77 十、Biotin對聚麩胺酸生產之影響 78 十一、金屬陽離子對聚麩胺酸生產之影響 79 第三節 聚麩胺酸產物的鑑定與 分析 81 一、氨基酸分析 81 二、高磁場核磁共振(NMR)分析 81 三、分子量分佈 85 四、聚麩胺酸之同分異構物組成 85 五、NaCl對聚麩胺酸分子量的影響 88 六、金屬錳離子對聚麩胺酸的光學異構物的影響 90 第五章 結論與建議 91 參考文獻 95
參考文獻
1. 范宜琮(2001)「以苔蘚桿菌生產聚麩胺酸之研究」,大葉大學環境工程系 碩士論文。 2. Abe K, Ito Y, Ohmachi T, Asada Y (1997)
Purification and properties of two isozymes of γ-glutamyltranspeptidase from Bacillus subtilis TAM-4. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 61:1621-1625.
3. Ashiuchi M, Tani K, Soda K, Misono H (1998) Properties of glutamate racemase from Bacillus subtilis IFO 3336 producing poly-γ-glutamate.
J. Biochem. 123:1156-1163. 4. Ashiuchi M, Soda K, Misono H (1999a) A poly-γ-glutamate synthetic system of Bacillus subtilis IFO 3336: gene cloning and biochemical analysis of poly-γ-glutamate produced by Escherichia coli clone cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 263:6-12 5.
Ashiuchi M, Soda K, Misono H (1999b) Characterization of yrpC gene product of Bacillus subtilis IFO 3336 as glutamate racemase isozyme.
Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 63:792-798. 6. Ashiuchi M, Kamei T, Baek DH, Shin SY, Sung MH, Soda K, Yagi T, Misono H (2001) Isolation of Bacillus subtilis (chungkookjang), a poly-γ-glutamate producer with high genetic competence. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 57: 764— 769.
7. Birrer GA, Gromwick AM, Gross RA (1994) γ-Poly(glutamic acid) formation by Bacillus licheniformis ATCC9945A: Physiological and biochemical studies. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 16:265-275. 8. Bovarnick M(1942) The formation of extracellular D(-)glutamic acid polypeptide by Bacillus subtilis. J. Biol. Chem. 145:415-424. 9. Cheng C, Asada Y, Aaida T (1989) Production of γ-polyglutamic acid by Bacillus subtilis A35 under denitrifying conditions. Agric. Biol. Chem. 53:2369-2375. 10. Cromwick AM, Gross RA (1995a) Effect of manganese(Ⅱ) on Bacillus licheniformis ATCC9945A physiology and γ-poly(glutamic acid)formation .Int.J. Biol. Macromol. 16:265-275. 11. Cromwick AM, Gross RA
(1995b) Investigation by NMR OF metabolic routes to bacterialγ-poly(glutamic acid) using 13C labeled citrate and glutamate as media carbon source. Can. J. Microbiol. 41:902-909. 12. Fujii H (1963) On the formation of mucilage by Bacillus natto. Part ΙΙΙ. Chemical constitutions of mucilage in natto(1). Nippon Nogeikagaku Kaishi 37:407-411. 13. Goto A, Kunioka M (1992) Biosynthesis and hydrolysis of Poly(
γ-glutamic acid) from Bacillus subtilis IFO3335. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 56:1031-1035. 14. Guex-Holzer S, Tomcsik J (1956) The isolation and chemical nature of capsular and cell-wall haptens in a Bacillus species. J. Gen. Microbiol. 14:14—25. 15. Hanby WE, Rydon HN (1946) The capsule substance of Bacillus anthracis. J. Biochem. 40:297-309. 16. Holzar H (1969) Regulation of enzymes by enzyme-catalyzed chemical modification. Adv. Enzymol. 32:297-326. 17. Ing-Lung Shih, Yi-Tsong Van (2001) The production of poly-(γ-glutamic acid) from microorganisms and its various applications. Bioresource Technology 79:107-225. 18. Ito Y, Tanada T, Ohmachi T,Asada Y (1996) Glutamic acid independent production of Poly( γ-glutamic acid) by Bacillus subtilis TAM-4. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 60:1239-1242. 19. Ivanovics G, Bruckner V (1937) Chemishe und immunologische Studien uber den Mechanismus der Milzbrandinfektion und Immunitat; die chemische Struktur der Kapselsubstanz des Milzbrandbazillus und serologisch identishen spezifischen Substanz des Bacillus mesentericus. Z Immunitatsfordch 91:304-318. 20. Ivanovics G, Erdos L (1937) Ein Beitrag zum Wesen der Kapselsubstanz des Milzbrandbazillus. Z Immunitatsfordch 90:5-19.
21. Kubota H, Matsunobu T, Uotani K, Satoh A, Tanaka T, Taniguchi M (1993a) Production of poly(γ-glutamic acid)by Bacillus subtilis F-2-01. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 57:1212-1213. 22. Kubota H, Nambu Y, Ento T (1993b) Convenient and quantitative esterification of poly(γ-glutamic acid) produced by microorganisms. J. Polym. Sci. Part A Polym. Chem. 31:2877-2878. 23. Kunioka M (1995) Biosynthesis of Poly( γ-glutamic acid) from L-glutamine, citric acid and ammonium sulfate in Bacillus subtilis IFO3335. Appl. Microbiol Biotechnol.
44:501-506. 24. Kunioka M (1997) Biosynthesis and chemical reactions of poly(amino acids) from microorganisms. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol.
47:469-475. 25. Leonard CG, Housewright RD, Thorne CB (1958) Effect of metal ions on glutamyl polypeptide synthesis by Bacillus subtilis. J.
Bacteriol. 76: 499-503. 26. Leonard CG, Housewright RD, ThorneCB (1958) Effect of metal ions on the optical specificity of glutamine synthetase and glutamyl transferase of Bacillus licheniformis. Biochem. Biophys. Acta. 62:432-434. 27. Nagai T, Phan Tran LS, Inatsu Y, Itoh Y (2000) A new IS4 family insertion sequence, IS4Bsu1, responsible for genetic instability of poly-?-glutamic acid production in Bacillus subtilis. J.
Bacteriol. 182:2387-2392. 28. Ogawa Y, Yamaguchi F, Yuasa K, Tahara Y (1997) Efficient production of ?-polyglutamic acid by Bacillus subtilis (natto) in jar fermenters. Biosci. Biotechno. Biochem. 61:1684—1687. 29. Ontni Y, Tabata Y, Ikada Y (1996) A new biological glue from gelatin and poly(L-glutamic acid). J. Biomed. Mater. Res:31, 157-166. 30. Ontni Y, Tabata Y, Ikada Y (1996) Rapidly curable biological glue composed of gelatin and poly(L-glutamic acid). Biomaterials. 17:1381-1391. 31. Perez-Camero G, Congregado F, Bou JJ, Munoz-Cuerra S (1999
) Biosynthesis and Ultrsonic degradation bacterial poly(γ-glutamic acid). Biotechnol. Bioengin. 63:110-115. 32. Stadtman ER (1966)
Allosteric regulation of enzyme acticity. Adv Enzymol. 28:41-154. 33. Tanimoto H, Sato H, Kuraishi C, Kido K, Seguto K(1995) High absorption mineral-containing composition and foods. US patent 5447,732. 34. Tanimoto H, Sato H, Karasawa M, Iwasaki K, Oshima A, Adachi S (2000) Feed composition containing poly-γ-glutamic acid. JP. Patent WO96353399. 35. Tanaka T, Hiruta O, Uotani K, Oi S (1993)
Purification and characterization of poly(γ-glutamic acid) hydrolase from a filamentous fungus, Myrothecium sp. TM-422. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 57:2148-2153. 36. Tanaka T, Fujita K, Uotani K, Taniguchi M (1997) Existence of an optically heterogeneous peptide unit in poly(
γ-glutamic acid) produced by Bacillus subtilis. J Ferment Bioeng 84:361-364. 37. Thorne CB, Gomez, CG, Blind GR, Housewright RD(1953
) Synthesis of glutamic acid and glutamyl polypeptide by Bacillus anthracis. ΙΙΙ. Factors affecting peptide production in synthetic liquid media. J. Bacteriol. 65:472-478. 38. Thorne CB, Gomez CG, Noyes HE, Housewright RD(1954) Production of glutamyl polypeptide by Bacillus subtilis. J. Bacteriol. 68:307-315. 39. Troy FA (1973) Chemistry and biosynthesis of the poly(γ-D-glutamyl) capsule in Bacillus licheniformis. 1. Properties of the membrane-mediated biosynthetic reaction. J. Biol. Chem. 248:305-316. 40. Yokoi H, Natsuda O, Hirose J, Takasaki Y (1995) Characteristic of a biopolymer flocculant produced by Bacillus subtilis PY-90. J. Ferment. Bioeng. 79:378-380. 41. Yokoi H, Arima T, Hirose J, Hayashi S, Takasaki Y (1996) Flocculation properties of poly(γ-glutamic acid) produced by Bacillus subtilis. J. Ferment.
Bioeng. 82:84-87.