車禍肇事中人體受正面撞擊之損傷分析 吳建昌、鄧作樑
E-mail: 9224278@mail.dyu.edu.tw
摘 要
在車禍事故中乘客頭部受傷機率高達58.1﹪，其損傷往往是導致嚴重受傷甚至死亡的主要原因，因此探討車禍事故中乘員 之損傷，是各大車廠以及消費者關心的議題。在歐、美先進國家，為取得車禍事故之結果，均成立實車碰撞實驗室，以獲 取接近實際車禍之結果；但其耗用之成本所費不貲且實車承受撞擊後已無法重複使用，另在人體樣本方面，不論是以自願 者或是以屍體實驗，其來源十分不易、重複性不高，亦不符人道立場。因此，在經過多年的發展後，大部分的實驗改用台 車衝擊實驗代替實車碰撞，以HybridⅢ實驗人偶代替真人，其優點為節省成本且能獲得完整數據。而隨著電腦的發展，利 用有限元素等數值分析方法模擬衝擊實驗能更進一步節省成本。因此本論文藉由有限元素分析程式LS-DYNA進行可變形 有限元素人偶各部位模擬驗證，進一步與實驗值進行可信度之比較，另亦探討35mph台車衝擊試驗模擬進行撞擊損傷分析
，進一步與剛性有限元素人偶進行適用性之比較。另有鑑於交通事故所衍生的肇事糾紛，直至現今仍未從損傷分析的角度 作考量；因此本研究將探討不同速度正面撞擊中，計算人偶頭部加速度值，並依據美國FMVSS 208法規計算頭部傷害指標
（HIC）之量化值，來判斷乘客損傷程度與受傷量化值之關係，由已知之受傷結果反推撞擊前之速度，以增進現行肇事鑑 定作業程序之客觀因素，提供相關單位作為肇事鑑定之參考。
關鍵詞 : 台車衝擊實驗，頭部傷害指標，實車碰撞，肇事鑑定 目錄
第一章 前言 1.1 研究動機 ...1 1.2 文獻回顧 ...4 1.2.1 車輛碰撞與人體損傷 分析 ...4 1.2.2 傷害指標 ...9 1.3 研究目的 ...12 1.4 論文架 構 ...13 第二章 基本理論 ...17 2.1 數值分析軟體 ...17 2.1.1 偏微分程式之空間離散法 ...18 2.1.2 等向性彈性材料組構關係 ...20 2.1.3 運動方程式 ...21 2.1.4 程式之應用 ...26 2.2 損傷分析 ...33 2.2.1 頭部 傷害指標 ...34 2.2.2 頸部傷害指標 ...35 2.2.3 胸部傷害指標
...36 2.2.4 下四肢傷害指標 ...37 2.3 撞擊傷害機轉 ...37 2.3.1 頭部之傷害機轉 ...38 2.3.2 胸部之傷害機轉 ...38 2.3.3 腰部之傷害機轉
...39 2.4 簡易損傷指標 ...39 第三章 Hybrid Ⅲ實驗人偶以及實車、台車衝擊試驗之 簡介 3.1 Hybrid Ⅲ實驗人偶發展 ...51 3.2 Hybrid Ⅲ﹪人偶構造 ...52 3.3 正面撞擊實車 碰撞試驗方法 ...55 3.4 台車衝擊試驗 ...57 第四章 有限元素人偶模型之建構 4.1 人偶有 限元素模型之建構 ...72 4.2 Hybrid Ⅲ實驗人偶標準試驗規範與驗證 ...78 4.2.1 頭部落下驗證 ...79 4.2.2 頸部擺臂撞擊驗證 ...80 4.2.3 胸部擺錘撞擊驗證
...80 4.2.4 膝部擺錘撞擊驗證 ...81 4.3 Hybrid Ⅲ有限元素人偶驗證
...82 4.3.1 頭部落下模擬驗證 ...83 4.3.2 頸部擺臂撞擊模擬驗證 ...84 4.3.3 胸部擺錘撞擊模型驗證 ...87 4.3.4 膝部擺錘撞擊模型驗證 ...88 第五章 正面撞擊人體損 傷分析 5.1正面撞擊人體損傷分析 ...134 5.1.1台車衝擊試驗實驗環境 ...135 5.1.2 台車衝 擊實驗數值模型 ...136 5.1.3 損傷分析結果 ...137 5.1.4 可變形人偶與剛性人偶之比較分 析 ...140 5.2肇事重建模式 ...142 5.2.1 肇事重建之損傷基礎 ...142 5.2.2 人體各部位損傷與簡易損傷程度之關係 ...143 5.2.3 人體損傷程度與AIS損傷等級關係之建構 ...145 5.2.4 撞擊 速度與頭部HIC值之對應關係 ...145 5.2.5 肇事重建之流程 ...146 5.2.6 肇事重建實例分析 ...147 第六章 結論與未來展望 ...165 參考文獻 ...168 參考文獻
1.行政院內政部警政署, http://nweb.npa.gov.tw 2.美國國家高速公路安全局 http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov 3.Kallieris D., Otte D., Mattern R., and Wiedmnn P., "Comparison of Sled Tests with Real Traffic Accidents", SAE Paper No.952707, 1995 4.Milan S. L., Hegel R. W., "A Mathematical Model of the Chrysler Hyge Impact Simulation", SAE Paper No.710167, 1971. 5.Cheng H., Rizer A. L., "Articulated Total Body Model Version V: User's Manual", Biodynamics and Protection Division, Human Effectiveness Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Feb.
1998. 6.美國LS-DYNA總公司 http://www.ls-dyna.com 7.McHenry R. R., "Analysis of The Dynamics of Automobile Passenger-Restraint Systems", Proceedings of The 7th Stapp Conference,1963. 8.Robbins D. H., Roberts V. L., "Development of Two- and Three-Dimensional Crash Victim Simulators", HSRI Report No. Bio M-70-3,1970. 9.黃世疇，汽車碰撞中人體動力反應模擬模型的探討，第十五屆全 國力學會議，工 業技術研究院機械工業研究所，新竹， pp1205-1211，1991 10.張凱敦，人體模型之動力系統分析，碩士論文，逢甲大學機械 研究所，
台中，1997 11.Otte D.,"Comparison and Realism of crash Simulation Tests and Real Accident Situation for the Biomechanical Movements in Car Collisions",SAE Paper No.902329,1990. 12.Deng Y.C.,"Simulation of belt-restrained occupant response in 30 mph barrier impact", International Journal of Vehicle Design,Vol.12,No.2,pp.160-174.1991. 13.Brian W., Nicholas M., John G.,Neil R.,"The Crash Analysis of a passenger Vehicle Under Differing Frontal Crash Conditions"SAE Paper No.932910,1993. 14.Deng Y.C.,"How Air Bags and Seat Belt Work Together in Frontal Crashes"SAE Paper No.952702,1995. 15.Lin T.C., Wawa C., Khalil T.B.,"Evaluation of the Hybrid ⅢDummy Interactions with Air Bag in Frontal Crash by Finite Element Simulation"SAE Paper No.952705,1995. 16.Nilson G.,"An Analytical Method to Assess the Risk of the Lap-Belt Slipping off the Pelvis in Frontal Impact"SAE Paper No.952708,1995. 17.Moss S., Huang Y., "Development of an Advanced Finite Element Model Database of the Hybrid Ⅲ Crash Test Dummy Family", SAE Paper No.971042, 1997. 18.Marzougui D., Kan C.D., Bedwi N.
E.,"Development and Validation of an NCAP Simulation Using LS-DYNA3D"NCAC paper,1996 19.Staffan H.,"Validation of Coupled
PC-CRASH-MADYMO Occupant Simulation Model"SAE Paper No.2000-01-0471,2000. 20.謝裕忠，應用非線性有限性元素法於汽車安全設 計之分析與模擬，碩士論文，中正大學機械研究所，嘉義，1993. 21.朱健源，汽車後撞中人體動態反應模擬，碩士論文，成功大學 醫學 工程所，台南，1994. 22.蔡文魁，Hybrid Ⅲ衝擊人偶有限元素模型的建立與應用，碩士論文，中正大學機械研究所，嘉義，1994. 23.周 正賓，人體動態有限元素分析，碩士論文，成功大學醫學工程研究所，台南，1995. 24.賴大鵬，應用有限元素法電腦模擬台車衝擊實驗
，碩士論文，中正大學機械研究所，嘉義，1995. 25.楊秉文，車禍事故中人體頭頸部之損傷分析，碩士論文，國防大學中正理工學院兵 器系統工程研究所，桃園，2002. 26.Walsh .M.J., Romeo D.J.,"Results of Cadaver and Anthropomorphic Dummy Tests in Identical Crash Situations" SAE Paper No.760803,1976. 27.Bruno J.Y., Hartemann F., Thomas C., Fayon A., Tarriere C., "Correlation Between Thoracic Lesions and Force Values Measured at the shoulder of 92 belted Occupants Involved in Real Accidents"SAE Paper No.780892,1978. 28.Alem N.,
Bowman B., Melvin J., Benson J.,"Whole-Body Human Surrogate Response to Three-Point Harness Restraint" SAE Paper No.780895,1978.
29.Cesari D., Ramet M.,"Evaluation of Human Tolerance in Frontal Impacts"SAE Paper No.791032,1979. 30.Mills P.J., Hobbs C.D.,"The Probability of Injury to Car Occupants in Frontal and Side Impacts" SAE Paper No.841652,1984. 31.Wismans J., Spenny C.H.,"Head-Neck Response in Frontal Flexion"SAE Paper No.841666,1984. 32.Yoganandan N., Skrade D.,"Thoracic Deformation Contours in a Frontal Impact"SAE Paper No.912591,1991. 33.Otte D.,"Review of the Air Bag Effectiveness in Real Life Accidents Demands -for Positioning and Optimal Deployment of Air Bag Systems" SAE Paper No.952701,1995. 34.Muser M.H., Krabbel G., Utzinger U., Prescher V.,"Optimised Restraint Systems for Low Mass Vehicles" SAE Paper No.962435,1996. 35.Bruno J.Y., Trosseille X., Coz J.Y.,"Thoracic Injury Risk in Frontal Car Crashes with Occupant Restrained with Belt Load Limiter"SAE Paper No.983166,1998. 36.Kroonenberg V.D., Philippens M., Cappon H., Wismans J.,"Human Head-Neck Response during Low-Speed Rear End Impacts" SAE Paper No.983158,1998. 37.Gurdjian E.S., Lange W.A., Patrick L.M., Thomas L.M (eds)., "Impact injury and crash protection", Charles C. Thomas, Springfield, IL, pp 308-349, 1970. 38.Gadd C.W.,
"Use of a Weighted-Impulse Criterion for Estimating Injury Hazard," Proceedings of The 10th Stapp Conference No. 660793 ,1966. 39.Versace J.,
"A Review of the Severity Index," Proceedings of The 10th Stapp Conference No. 710881 ,1971. 40.Ward C., Chan M., Nahum.,"Intracranial Pressure-A Brain Injury Criterion"Proceedings of The 24th Stapp Conference No. 801304 ,1980. 41.Mertz H.J., Patrick L.M., "Strength and Response of the Human Neck," Proceedings of The 15th Stapp Conference No.710881 ,1971. 42.Mertz H.J., Hodgson V.R., Thomas L.M., Nyquist G.W., "An Assessment of Compressive Neck Loads Under Injury-Producing ConditionS," Physician and Sports Medicine ,Vol 6, No.11,PP95-106 ,1978. 43.Nyquist G.W., Begman P.C., King A. I., and Mertz H. J., "Correlation of Field Injuries and GM Hybrid III Dummy Response for Lap-Shoulder Belt Restraint," Journal of Biomechanical Engineering, Vol. 102, pp.487-493, 1980. 44.Kleinberger M., Sun E., Eppinger R., Kuppa S., and Saul R., Development of Improved Injury Criteria for the Assessment of Advanced Automotive Restraint Systems, NHTSA , 1998 45.Parad P., Daniel R.P., "A Biomechanical Analysis of Head, Neck, and Torso Injuries to Child Surrogates Due to Sudden Torso Acceleration," SAE Paper No.841656, 1984. 46.Klinich K.D., Saul R.A., August G., Backaities S., Kleinberger M."Techniques for Developing Child Dummy Protection Reference Values"NHTSA Docket No.74-41, Notioce97, Item 069,1996. 47.Langwieder K., Danner M., Schmelzing W
"Comparison of Passenger Injuries in Frontal Car Collisions With Dummy Loadings in Equivalent Simulation ," SAE Paper No.791009, 1979.
48.Melvin J.W., Stalnaker R.L., Alem N.M.,Benson J.B., Mohan D., "Impact Response and Tolerance of the Lower Extremities," SAE Paper No.751159, 1975. 49.Roberts D.P., Donnelly B.R.,"Comparison of Cadaver and Hybrid Ⅲ Dummy Response to Axial Impacts of the Femur"
SAE Paper No.872204, 1987. 50.Hodgson V.R., Thomas L.M., Gurdjian E.S., Fernando O.U.,Greenberg S.W., Chason J.,"Advances In Understanding of Experimental Concussion Mechanisms" SAE Paper No.690796, 1969. 51.西班牙車輛測試中心 http://www.idiada.es 52.財團 法人車輛研究測試中心，"2002年實車碰撞技術應用研討 論文集",91/12/23 53.Foster J. K., Kortge J. O., and Wolanin M. J., " Hybrid III biomechanically-based crash test dummy," Proceedings of The 21th Stapp Conference No. 770938 ,1977. 54.財團法人車輛研究測試中心
，"2002年實車碰撞技術應用研討 會",91/5/21 55.Khalil T.B., Lin T.C.,"Simulation of the Hybrid Ⅲ Response to Impact by Nonlinear Finite Element Analysis" SAE Paper No.942227, 1994. 56.財團法人車輛研究測試中心 57.Prasad P.,"Comparative Evaluation of the Dynamic Responses of the HybridⅡand the HybridⅢDummies"SAE Paper No.902318, 1990. 58.Midoun D.E., Rao M.K., Kalidindi B.,"Dummy Models for Crash Simulation in Finite Element Program" SAE Paper No.912912, 1991. 59.Baudrit P., Hamon J.,"Comparative Studies of Dummy and
Human Body Models Behavior in Frontal and Lateral Impact Conditions" SAE Paper No.99SC05, 1999. 60.Langwieder K., Danner M., Schmelzing W.,"Comparison of Passenger Injuries in Frontal Car Collisions with Dummy Loadings in Equivalent Simulations"SAE Paper No.791009, 1979. 61.美國醫學規則系統章程 http://www.medal.org 62.Morgan R.M., Eppinger R.H., Haffner M.P.,"Thoracic Trauma Assessment Formulations for Restrained Driver in Simulated Frontal Impact"SAE Paper No.942206, 1994.
