Appendix A Questionnaire A
班級: ______座號: ___姓名: ___________ 性別: ___ 學測英文成績: __________
項目 非常同意 同意 沒意見 不同意 非常不同意 (一) 個人部份:
1. 我一個字母一個字母地背單字 而且有或者沒有念出字的發音
2. 我用中文拼音或注音符號來背 單字，如door →豆兒，e-mail
→ 伊沒有
3. 我記得母音跟子音之發音,而可 根據發音去聯想出單字的拼字
4. 我知道每個字母或結合字母大 概念什麼音而可直接念出單字
5. 我會注意重音節位置及詞性 6. 我會注意複合字, 如 housework 乃 house 跟 work 之連結, 而非
h-o-u-s-e-w-o-r-k
7. 沒學過的單字,我會跳過不唸 8. 沒學過的單字,我會試著根據 發音規則念念看
9. 我藉由回想音標及念發音來背 單字
10. 我滿意自己背單字的情況 11. 我看到單字可琅琅上口 (二) 以前英文老師部份:
12. 詳細教音標 (continued) 親愛的同學: 你好!
以下這份問卷內容主要是針對你對英文字彙發音之了解情況而設計, 僅作為學術研究之用, 絕不對外公開, 請你安心並誠實地作答.
敬祝 學習順利愉快
英文老師 洪阿滿 中華民國九十一年九月二十三日
13. 詳細分析字母與發音之間的關係 14. 直接念出音, 學生跟著念即可 15. 直接放錄音帶, 學生跟著念即可 16. 除了課本上之發音練習外,還會
額外找資料來教
17. 會針對發音做評量 18. 下列方法可能有助於我背誦單字
__________________________________________________________________
♦問卷到此結束, 謝謝你的配合♦
Appendix B Questionnaire B
班級: 座號: 姓名: 性別: _________
項目 非常同意 同意 沒意見 不同意 非常不同意 1. 我一個字母一個字母地背單字 □ □ □ □ □ 而且有或者沒有念出字的發音
2. 我用中文拼音或注音符號來背 □ □ □ □ □ 單字，如door →豆兒，e-mail
→ 伊沒有
3. 我記得母音跟子音之發音，而 □ □ □ □ □ 可根據發音去聯想出單字的拼字
4. 我知道每個字母或結合字母大概 □ □ □ □ □ 念什麼音而可直接念出單字
5. 我會注意重音節位置及詞性 □ □ □ □ □ 6. 我會注意複合字，如 housework □ □ □ □ □ 乃 house 跟 work 之連結，而非
h-o-u-s-e-w-o-r-k
7. 沒學過的單字，我會跳過不唸 □ □ □ □ □ 8. 沒學過的單字，我會試著根據 □ □ □ □ □ 發音規則念念看
9. 我藉由回想音標及念發音來背 □ □ □ □ □ 單字
10.我滿意自己背單字的情況 □ □ □ □ □ 11 我看到單字可琅琅上口 □ □ □ □ □ 12.在學了自然發音法之後，你的感想是:
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
13.如果再讓你從頭學起，你會用何種方法記憶英文單字?
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
(continued) 親愛的同學: 你好!
本問卷的內容是為了瞭解你在學了自然發音法之後對英文字彙發音之了解 情況而設計，僅作為學術研究之用，絕不對外公開，請你安心並誠實地作答。
敬祝 學習順利愉快
英文老師 洪阿滿 中華民國九十二年一月
14.學了自然發音法之後，你對單字的發音及背誦有沒有進步?
有，因為___________________________________________________________
沒有，因為_________________________________________________________
◆ 問卷到此結束，謝謝你的配合 ◆
Appendix C
Forty-one Speech Sounds
I. Vowels: 17 in total (A) Monophthongs:
i u
0 C
e D Q o
G " C K
$
A
(B) Diphthongs: a0, a?, C0
II. Consonants: 24 in total
Bilabial Labio- dental
Inter- dental
Alveolar Palatal/
Alveopalatal
Velar Labio- velar
Glottal
Nasal
Stop m n H
Oral Stop
p b t d k E Fricative f v L M s z N I
Glide j w h
Liquid l
r
Affricate tN dI
Appendix D
Basic Phonic Generalizations
A. Pronunciation of consonants
(1) The letter c may be pronounced as /k/ or /s/.
i. When the letter c precedes a, o, or u or other consonant letters, it usually represents the sound /k/.
Examples:
c + a c + o c + u c + C
camp code cute clay car concrete cup creep ii. When the letter c precedes e, i, or y, it usually represents the sound /s/.
Examples:
c + e c + i c + y
cent city cycle
cell excite agency
(2) The letter g may be pronounced as /E/ or /dI/.
i. When the letter g precedes a, o, or u, it usually represents the sound /E/.
Examples:
g + a g + o g + u
game god gun
gas gobble gull
ii. When the letter g precedes e, i, or y, it usually represents the sound /dI/.
Examples:
g + e g + i g + y
generous ginger gym
gentle magic gyro (continued)
iii. When letters gu- appear together, the letter g represents the sound /E/ and the letter u is often silent.
Examples: guess guide guest guilty
iv. The letters gh represent /E/ at the beginning of words, /f/ at the end, and become silent in the middle.
Examples:
/E/ /f/ silent
ghost enough night
ghastly laugh light
(3) The letter n represents /H/ when it is followed by the letter g (which often becomes silent) or k.
Examples:
n + g n + k
thing thank
ring think
(4) The letter x often represents /ks/, but when ex- appear together, they are pronounced as /0ks/, /Gks/, or /0Ez/.
Examples:
/ks/ /0ks/ /Gks/ /0gz/
ax excuse exercise example
ox excite exit exemplar
(5) digraph: Two consonant letters appear together to form one sound that is represented by neither of the letters.
i. The digraph qu represents the sound /k/ or /kw/.
Examples: (continued)
/k/ /kw/
mosquito quarter
antique queen
ii. The digraph ch can be pronounced as /tN/, /k/, or /N/.
Examples:
/tN/ /k/ /N/
teacher school machine
choose stomach brochure
iii. The digraph ph often represents the sound /f/.
Examples: telephone phrase phantom phoenix iv. The digraph sh almost always stands for the sound /N/.
Examples: shoe wash share slash v. The digraph th can be pronounced as /L/ or /M/.
Examples:
/L/ /M/
theater they
math whether
(5) Other common cases:
i. The letters sion often represent the sounds /IDn/.
Examples: vision lesion allusion conclusion ii. The letters tion often represent the sounds /NDn/ or /tNDn/.
Examples:
/ NDn/ /tNDn/
nation question deletion digestion
iii. The letters ture are often pronounced as the sounds /tNQ/. (continued)
Examples: picture mixture gesture adventure (6) Other single consonant letters:
b /b/ d /d/ f /f/ h /h/ j /dI/
k /k/ l /l/ m /m/ p /p/ r /r/
s /s/ t /t/ v /v/ w /w/ y /j/
z /z/
B. Pronunciation of Vowels
The letters a, e, i, o, and u are viewed as vowels.
(1) A single vowel in medial position, in a word or syllable, usually has its short sound.
letter name short vowel sound examples
a /$/ apple, sack
e /G/ red, leg
i /0/ nibble, witch
o /A/ doll, nod
u /K/ bug, dust
(2) In a two-vowel-letter syllable ending with e, the final e is usually not sounded and the first vowel usually represents its long sound.
letter name long vowel sound examples
a /e/ late, cake
e /i/ delete, Pete
i /a0/ nice, recite
o /o/ pose, nose u /ju/ cute, fuse
(3) When two vowels come together, the first one usually has its long sound and the second is not sounded. (continued)
letter names vowel sound examples ai /e/ waist, aid
ay /e/ day, stay
ea /i/ teach, leave ee /i/ feet, bee
oa /o/ goat, loan Exceptions:
letter names vowel sound examples
ea /G/ weather, measure ei /e/ neighbor, rein
oo /u/ cool, boot
/?/ hook, wood ou /K/ enough, touch
/a?/ house, lousy (4) R-controlled Vowels: When a vowel precedes the letter r, they represent
different sounds in single/stressed or unstressed syllables.
i. in single/stressed syllables
letter names vowel sound examples ar /Ar/ card, alarm er /"/ certain, person ir /"/ bird, thirsty or /Cr/ afford, corner ur /"/ burst, murder ii. in unstressed syllables
letter names vowel sound examples
ar /Q/ scholar, altar (continued)
er /Q/ alter, teacher ir /Q/ circuitous or /Q/ doctor, actor ur /Q/ sulphur, pursue
iii. The ear combination in a stressed syllable often has two sounds /"/ and /0r/.
Examples: /"/ /0r/
learn year pearl hear
C. Diphthongs: Each of the two adjacent vowels contributes to the sound heard.
letter names vowel sound examples oi /C0/ join, boil
oy /C0/ oyster, toy
ow /a?/ flower, drown
ou (as discussed in [3] Exceptions)
Exception: The letters ow also has another pronunciation /o/.
letter names vowel sound examples
ow /o/ show, flow
(6) The letters aw and ew are often pronounced as /C/ and /ju/ respectively.
letter names vowel sound examples aw /C/ flaw, straw ew /ju/ few, new
(7) The schwa sound: When a vowel occurs in an unstressed syllable, it can be softened as the schwa sound represented by the symbol /D/.
letter name the schwa sound examples
a /D/ bedlam, alert
e /D/ beaten, enough (continued)
i /D/ beautiful, digestion o /D/ lion, beckon
u /D/ autumn, useful
Appendix E
The Words Tested in the Pre-test
以下這二十五個英文字, 都是你在國中學過的單字, 請你大聲地把它們唸出來.
1. cool 2. weight 3. sleep 4. yellow 5. thank 6. village 7. doctor 8. game 9. fresh 10. Sunday 11. national 12. learn 13. new 14. house 15. picture 16. stood 17. television 18. cute 19. exercise 20. down 21. join 22. Chinese 23. phone 24. saw 25. weather
Appendix F
The Words Tested in the Post-test
以下這二十五個英文字, 請你大聲地把它們唸出來.
1. freeze 2. bow 3. vine 4. treadmill 5. shape 6. toothbrush 7. toilet 8. tight 9. sulphur 10. hank 11. mention 12. allusion 13. jade 14. fume 15. culture 16. yawn 17. wagon 18. drowsy 19. dew 20. layout 21. concrete 22. pearl 23. wood 24. exchange 25. clothe
Appendix G
Background of the Three Foreign Evaluators
(1) Daniel Gravel
He grew up in a French Canadian city called Chicontimi until 12. At his home, French was spoken around his father, who could speak only basic English, and English was spoken with his mother, who was bilingual, and at school. His English has always been stronger.
At 12, moving to a more cosmopolitan city like Montreal, he, of course, continued his studies in English and also gravitated more towards speaking English with his friends.
He has a purely English accent, but French will occasionally come out if he is in a relaxed setting. His French, however, sounds heavily influenced by his English.
(2) Emily Balmain
(No personal information was provided.)
(3) Vittoria Tassone
Born and raised in Canada, she grew up in Montreal Quebec, a bilingual province in Canada. She is of Italian heritage and grew up speaking French, English, and Italian. She attended English school for her formal education and also completed Italian elementary education on weekends.
Appendix H
Evaluation Sheet (Sample)
Dear evaluators,
The evaluation is done for the purpose of research in phonics. Please listen to the tapes and check the sounds. If the pronunciation is correct, please put a check in the column. If it is not, please write down the wrong segment(s). If all the segments are mispronounced or not read out at all, please mark the column with a cross.
Thank you for your help. I appreciate it very much.
Hung A-man
(Evaluator’s Signature) 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 1.cool 2.weight
3.sleep 4.yellow
5.thank
6.village
7.doctor
8.game 9.fresh
10.Sunday
11.national
12.learn
13.new
14.house
15.picture
16.stood
17.television
18.cute
19.exercise
20.down
21.join
22.Chinese
23.phone
24.saw
25.weather
Appendix I
Handout Sample Adapted from美式發音法 KK音標正音版
跟著讀並注意粗體字母的發音
Sound Patterns That Sound as Long a
a a e ai ay ea, ei(gh)
Amy age wait day great
lady late raise say steak
radio gate tail way eight paper take pain today weight later name rain maybe neighbor
Sound Pattern That Sounds as Short a a
apple answer have ankle jacket backpack after happen Saturday
Sound Patterns That Sound as Long e
e e e ee ea ie, ei
he these bee tea piece
she eve see sea niece
we scene feet eat movie
me gene deep leave cookie Peter Pete coffee teacher either
Sound Patterns That Sound as Short e e ea
yes better head ready ten tennis dead heavy men seven bread weather desk pencil health breakfast left pepper wealth
Appendix J
Junior High School Vocabulary with onset/rime ideas
Rime Vocabulary Rime Vocabulary -able comfortable, fashionable, vegetable -ace face, place, space -ack back, black, snack -ad dad, had, sad, bad, glad
-ade grade, made -age garbage, language, village -ain gain, rain, train -air air, chair, hair, pair
-ake cake, fake, make, take, wake, lake -alk walk, talk
-al(l) all, ball, call, baseball, basketball, -al(l) animal, hospital, illegal, several, fall, small, softball, tall, wall special, unusual
-am am, cram, exam, jam, swam -ame became, came, game, name, same -an an, began, businessman, Superman, -and and, brand, hand, stand,
can, fan, man, ran, than, plan understand
-and England, husband, thousand -ass glass, class -at at, cat, hat, that -aw draw, saw
-ate ate, celebrate, classmate, -ay away, way, birthday, day, May, concentrate, create, date, decorate, holiday, pay, play, say, stay, graduate, hate, late, mate, skate subway, today, yesterday,
Sunday, Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday
-e be, he, maybe, me, she, we -ea sea, tea
-each beach, teach, each, reach -ead bread, dead, head, read, spread -eak break, steak -eak speak, weak -ean clean, mean -ear clear, dear, hear, year, near
-eat eat, seat -ed bed, hundred, red (continued)
-ee coffee, free, see, three, tree -eed need, weed
-een been, between, fifteen, thirteen, -eep sleep, asleep, keep fourteen, sixteen, seventeen, -eet meet, street
eighteen, nineteen, green -ell cell, bell, doorbell, sell, spell, tell, -en pen, men, ten, then, when well
-en bitten, children, eleven, even, -end attend, end, send, spend, weekend
garden, happen, kitchen, listen, -ent convenient, different, parent, businessmen, often, open, seven present, student, talent
-er brother, cancer, better, computer, -et get, forget, let, met, set daughter, September, December, -et jacket, market, supermarket, October, November, dinner, driver, ticket, wallet
other, either, enter, ever, father, -ew grew, new, review, preview, few finger, flower, granddaughter,
grandfather, grandmother,
hamburger, learner, letter, mother, never, newspaper, number, over, passenger, player, poster, remember, roller, semester, singer, sister, soccer, speaker, stranger, summer, sweater, teacher, theater, together, under, waiter, water, weather, whether, winter, wonder, worker
-ice nice, price, rice, twice -ice notice, office, practice -id did, stupid -ide decide, outside, ride
-ie cookie, movie -ight flight, light, might, night, right -ike bike, hike, like -ill bill, still, will (continued)
-im him, swin -in begin, in, thin, twin -ine fine, mine, nine, shine, wine -ing ring, thing, everything, sing, -ink link, think during, morning, evening -ion condition, communication, -ip tip, trip
conversation, invention, station, -ish dish, English, finish, fish, wish pollution, prescription, vacation -it credit, it, quit, sit, visit
-ite excite, quite, invite, polite, white, -ive drive, five
write -ive active, expensive, give, live -ize criticize, size
-o kilo, piano, so, Tokyo, vedio, zero, -ock block, clock, lock ago, also, go, hello, no, radio -o do, to, who
-og dialog(ue), dog -oke broke, coke, joke, smoke -old old, cold, hold, sold, told -ome become, come, some -ome handsome, welcome -ong long, along, wrong -one phone, telephone -one done, everyone, one -ook book, cook, look, notebook, took -ool school, cool
-oo zoo, too -oon noon, afternoon, soon, typhoon -oor door, floor -op mop, shop, stop
-ope envelope, Europe, hope -ose close, those -ot lot, forgot, got, hot, not, shot -ound around, found, ground, -ought bought, brought underground
-out out, about, without -ous dangerous, delicious, famous,
-ow how, now serious
-ow borrow, follow, grow, know, low, -own brown, down, town show, slow, tomorrow, tow, -oy boy, cowboy, enjoy, toy window, yellow (continued)
-ul beautiful, careful, useful, wonderful -um museum, vacuum -ure future, picture -ut but, shut
-y cry, July, dry, my, sky, try, why -y already, any, busy, city, copy,
country, dictionary, early, easy,
eighty, elementary, every, factory,
family, February, fifty, forty, funny, happy, heavy, history, hungry, hurry, January, lucky, many, marry, ninety, opportunity, party, pretty, ready, seventy, sixty, sorry, story, study, thirsty, thirty, twenty, unhappy, very, worry, finally, heavily, happily, only, quickly, really, safely, slowly, usually
Onset Vocabulary
bl- black, block, blue br- brand, bread, breakfast, broke, brother
cl- class, classmate, clean, clearly, clerk, clock, close, closet cr- cram, create, credit, criticize, cry
dr- draw, drank, dream, dress, drink, drive, driver, drunk, dry fl- flight, floor, flower
fr- free, fresh, Friday, friend, fries, from (continued)
gl- glad, glass, glasses
gr- grade, graduate, granddaughter, grandmother, grandson, great, green, grew, ground, grownup, grow
kn- knew, knife, know
pl- place, plane, play, player, please
pr- practice, prepare, prescription, present, pretty, preview, price, problem, produce, proud
qu- question, quickly, quiet, quit, quite sk- skate, skirt, ski, sky
sl- sleep, slept, slowly sm- small, smoke
sp- space, speak, speaker, special, spell, spend, sport, spread, spring
st- stand, star, start, station, stay, steak, still, stop, story, strange, stranger, street, strict, strong, student, study, stupid
sw- swam, sweater, swim, swum tr- traffic, train, tree, trip, true, try tw- twelve, twenty, twice, twin wr- write, written, wrong, wrote
Appendix K
All Participants’ Final Scores
No. pre-test post-test No. pre-test post-test No. pre-test post-test 102 15 13 126 4 14 213 22 16 103 7 8 127 24 20 214 3 16 104 18 16 128 16 17 216 22 21 105 11 6 129 1 8 217 15 16 106 18 18 130 0 3 218 10 13 107 18 16 132 6 11 219 16 15 108 15 17 133 6 10 220 12 15 109 19 15 134 10 13 221 22 15 110 23 21 135 5 16 222 25 22 111 6 16 136 17 21 223 20 16 112 20 21 137 16 12 224 24 15 113 7 17 138 17 14 225 16 14 114 6 15 201 25 20 226 18 17 115 20 15 202 11 13 227 18 17 116 17 19 203 17 8 228 23 14 117 20 15 204 0 14 229 4 6 118 15 16 205 17 8 230 16 10 119 18 18 206 6 8 231 16 12 120 23 21 207 15 11 232 10 8 121 11 14 208 14 16 233 1 10 122 22 21 209 14 8 235 8 14 123 5 19 210 22 23 236 9 10 124 13 7 211 23 18
125 19 18 212 18 17
