嬰幼兒按摩創意親職教育課程建構研究

明新科技大學 校內專題研究計畫成果報告

幼保專業與創意之整合型計畫- 子計畫六:嬰幼兒按摩創意

親職教育課程建構研究

An Integrated Study : The Exploration of Professionalism &

Creativity in Early Childhood Care and Education —

Development of a Creative Infant Massage Based Parenting

因應台灣多元文化衝擊以及家庭問題日益嚴重下家長對親職教育之需

求，本研究探究親職最初始之階段-嬰幼兒教養之知能，以嬰幼兒按摩發展親

職教育課程。依資料分析與文獻結果，運用嬰兒按摩知能以實驗法發展培育

嬰幼兒依附感、增進親職知能與自信之親職教育課程，並運用焦點團體訪談

法、電話訪問、前評量、後評量和追蹤評量評估課程與教學之成效逐步定型

課程。預期之成果為親職知能調查問卷、嬰幼兒按摩之親職教育課程-教材教

法、評量、教學資源。研究人員可學習 0~3 歲嬰幼兒發展與保育知能、嬰幼

兒按摩知能、課程建構、教學理論與實作、教育媒體製作、SPSS 資料分析軟

體運用、焦點訪談、電話訪談技巧與知識歸納法等。本研究將嬰幼兒按摩之

學術研究由親子影響與醫學探究層面擴展至課程與教學及社區預防之親職教

育領域，並將此國際性之課程本土化，對於嬰幼兒按摩在台灣之推廣與傳承

及社區親職教育課程之發展均有助益，幫助家庭培育身心建全之子女，促進

家庭和諧，社會安定，增進國家之競爭力，並為我國發展系統性親職教育課

程做奠基。

關鍵詞：課程發展、親職教育、嬰幼兒按摩、親職效能

For the purpose of conquering the multicultural impact on education and the family

problems rising in Taiwan, this research explores parenting competence in the beginning period of parent hood and develop an infant massage based parenting education curriculum.

The analysis on literature and the survey results will be served to frame up the coverage and direction of this infant massage based parenting education curriculum, follow up focus group interview and phone interview, pretest, after test and post test will then serve to refine the curriculum. Research results include the parenting competence of Taiwanese parents with infant, a complete infant massage based parenting education curriculum-curriculum and

instruction, teaching materials, and evaluation methods. Students involve in this study will gain knowledge on infant development, infant massage, curriculum and instruction theory and

practice, techniques of educational material production, SPSS soft ware, focus group interview, phone interview and knowledge analysis. This study expends the scope of infant massage research from studying its parenting influence and its impact in medication field to the fields of curriculum and instruction and prevention-functioned parenting education. Through

collaborations with daycares and kindergartens, this study successfully localized the renowned international infant massage curriculum (by IAIM) into a Taiwanese culture based

program. The outcomes from this study will benefit the development of parenting educations as well as the promotion of infant message in local communities. With fully incorporation of the proven infant message curriculum, a solid and complete foundation can be established for developing a systematic parenting education in Taiwan.

摘要

因應台灣多元文化衝擊以及家庭問題日益嚴重下家長對親職教育之需

求，本研究探究親職最初始之階段-嬰幼兒教養之知能，以嬰幼兒按摩發展親

職教育課程。依資料分析與文獻結果，運用嬰兒按摩知能以實驗法發展培育

嬰幼兒依附感、增進親職知能與自信之親職教育團體課程，並運用問卷調查

評估課程與教學之成效。研究成果包含嬰幼兒按摩團體課程設計、教材教法

與教學資源。本研究將嬰幼兒按摩之學術研究由親子影響與醫學探究層面擴

展至課程與教學及親職教育領域，並將此國際性之課程本土化，對於嬰幼兒

按摩在台灣之推廣與傳承及社區親職教育課程之發展均有助益，幫助家庭培

育身心建全之子女，促進家庭和諧，社會安定，增進國家之競爭力，並為我

國發展系統性親職教育課程做奠基。

關鍵詞：課程發展、親職教育、嬰幼兒按摩

For the purpose of conquering the multicultural impact on education and the family problems rising in Taiwan, this research develop an infant massage based parenting education curriculum and instruction.

The analysis on literature and the survey results will be served to frame up the coverage and direction of this infant massage based parenting education curriculum, follow up questionnaire to refine the curriculum. Research results a complete infant massage based parenting education curriculum-curriculum, instruction and teaching materials. This study expends the scope of infant massage research from studying its parenting influence and its impact in medication field to the fields of curriculum and instruction and parenting education. Through collaborations with daycares and kindergartens, this study successfully localized the renowned international infant massage curriculum (by IAIM) into a Taiwanese culture based program. The outcomes from this study will benefit the development of parenting educations as well as the promotion of infant message in local communities. With fully incorporation of the proven infant message

curriculum, a solid and complete foundation can be established for developing a systematic parenting education in Taiwan.

一、研究計畫之背景 嬰幼兒按摩是 0~3 歲嬰幼兒保育技術中普遍被運用的技巧，是 東方古老民族文化的傳統育兒藝術，在印度、埃及和古希臘的許多古 蹟繪畫當中，都可以看到嬰幼兒按摩的圖像，而中國更早在春秋戰國 時代，古籍皇帝內經中即有嬰幼兒按摩(小兒推拿)的詳盡記載，但仍 屬於中醫學之醫療養生專業，並非一般家庭之育兒技術。現代，雖然 嬰幼兒按摩在許多開發中國家，例如印度、巴里島、菲律賓、南美洲、 愛斯基摩、尼泊爾、北斯堪地那半島…等仍可見到，但是，在已開發 中國家此技術逐漸成為一般家庭育兒技巧則始自 McClure(1986)創立 國際嬰幼兒按摩協會，並培訓講師以嬰幼兒按摩親子課程教導父母親 藉由肌膚與子女做親密的接觸，進而發展出親子間心靈密切的依附關 係。 近 20 年來，探究嬰幼兒按摩之影響的研究與論述(McClure, 1998；Dellinger-Bavolek, J. 1996; Muscarella, E.1996; Scafidi, etc. 1990; Schneider, 1996；Cigales, etc. 1997; Field, 1995; Lundy, etc. 1996; Malphurs. etc. 1996; Molloy, 2000; Montague, 1986; 鄒國英, 2000)肯定了嬰幼兒按摩對幼兒的好處。例如，促進 發育、放鬆、提高身體自覺、促進血液、荷爾蒙、淋巴與消化系統循 環、提昇肌肉發展以及增進睡眠品質。此外，對於運用嬰幼兒按摩的 父母，嬰幼兒按摩亦幫助他們增進親子關係與增加親子一對一互動之 機會，並且提昇親職的自信與能力(Lappin, 2005; Lapin &

二、研究計畫之目的

者，在子女嬰幼兒期或未出生前即瞭解嬰幼兒發展與保育之知能，建 立正向之母嬰/父嬰依附行為，培養日後良好的親子關係，增加父母 親的親職效能，在尚未形成家庭與社會問題之前即做好預防工作，為 社會國家培育優秀之國民，增強台灣之國力與世界競爭力。本研究所 發展之嬰幼兒按摩為主的親職教育課程可提升一般父母親之親職效 能，更能輔導特殊對象例如未婚媽媽、未成年父母親、單親家庭之青 少年子女、新住民、隔代教養之祖父母，使弱勢團體之子女可以在嬰 幼兒期即受到良好之照顧，繼而有健全之發展。此外，本課程之運用 亦有助於傳統台灣民俗嬰幼兒按摩文化的傳承，讓黑麻油按摩新生兒 傳統不成為傳說。 1. (1) 嬰幼 技術 的 名詞定義 兒按摩 嬰幼兒按摩是傳統的民俗保育技藝，各民族運用嬰幼兒按 摩時有其不同的方法。本研究所指之嬰幼兒按摩為現代開發中 國家普遍使用的以 McClure(1986)發展出的系統性按摩手法為 主，此技術亦是專家學者研究嬰幼兒按摩時所普遍運用的基礎

亦即平均四位台灣適婚男人即有一人選擇與大陸或東南亞女性結 婚。

預防親職教育 課程，茲分述嬰幼兒按摩與親職教育之影響於下。

3. 嬰幼

ield, et al., 1996; Field, et al.,

對的，孩子亦對母親微笑、兒語，母親和他玩耍時，孩子也能以大 笑回應。母親抱他時，他的身體鬆軟，不再躬身或僵直，在按摩時 或按摩後，嬰兒亦增加了對自己和他人身體的探索，尤其是對他母 親和 學者 Bowlby 於 1969 年提出依附感 理論 索週遭世界時即能發展出安全感，並且內化 為正 即母親對幼兒的敏銳度對於幼兒依附 感的 ，而是家庭的 氣氛 察、正確瞭解與適當的回應幫助父母親培育 姐姐，這樣的身體探索幫助他發展空間的自覺性。 Lappin 之研究顯示出嬰幼兒按摩之訓練課程在短期內改變母 嬰之互動與依附行為的改變，而依附感正是嬰兒與其主要照顧者親 密連繫後建立的行為模式，外國 (Attachment Theory)。 Bowlby (1969) 指出，現實生活中，所有的嬰兒都與其主要 照顧者(通常為父母親)建立依附感，此依附感因為性質的差異可分 為安全型、驅避型和拒絕型三個類別。有安全型依附感的幼兒將父 母親視為探索世界的基石，當遇到困擾時他們會尋求父母的慰藉； 驅避型依附感的幼兒則在遇到困擾時想辦法避免父母的接觸。例 如，避免眼光的接觸或是退離；拒絕型依附感的幼兒遇到困擾時會 尋找父母，但同時卻也對父母表現出生氣的行為。拒絕或忽視幼兒 的父母誘發幼兒的不安全感，而如果父母親展現能培育嬰幼兒依附 感的行為時，幼兒在探 向的自我概念。

De Wolff 和 van Ijzendoorn (1997) 的研究則明確的指出培 育母嬰安全型依附感的特徵。在他們針對 106 個嬰幼兒的多年期研 究中發現，母親與嬰幼兒表現出特定的依附類型時，例如母親對幼 兒行為一致性的理解、正確的判斷以及適當的回應、、、等，培育 出幼兒安全完善的依附感。亦 培育扮演著重要角色。 Bowlby(1969)進一步指出，當幼兒被迫與所依附的照顧者分離 時，親密的情感連繫與所產生的安全感會被破壞，並因此導致幼兒 人格的偏差發展。Bornstein 與 Lamb (1992) 認為依附感是特定人 與人之間持續性的情緒連繫，而此人的存在對其社會人格的發展有 極其重要的影響。Klein (1995)指出了父母親與嬰幼兒早期依附感 建立的重要性，他認為嬰兒早期依附感的建立在其一生均扮演著重 要的角色，如果早期母嬰依附感被破壞，則將形成憂鬱、焦慮以及 成人人際關係的問題。此論述亦解釋了部份單親家庭子女之人格與 行為偏差問題，如學者(Herzog & Sudia, 1971, 1973)所指出的， 單親家庭子女之行為與人格問題並非家庭結構的影響

與互動模式及家庭過程才是影響之關鍵因素。

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