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6 聲波

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(1)

6 聲波

How does a horseshoe bat detect a moth in total darkness?

(2)

6.1 縱波

Sonar, Seismic Waves and Ultrasound

(3)

6.2 聲速

property

inertial

property

elastic

v

V V

B p

/

Bulk Modulus B

v B 容積彈性模數

(4)

氣體液體與固體中的聲速

(5)

例一 聲源的方向

v D v

D v t D

v D v

t d

w

w w

sin

90 sin

(a) sin

13

sin vw

v

(6)

Displacement amplitude of an air element

) cos(

) ,

(x t s kx t

s

6.3 行進聲波

位移

(7)

m m

m

m

m m

s k v

s Bk p

t kx

Bks p

t kx

x Bks B s

p

x A

s B A

V B V

p

t kx

s t

x s

) (

) (

) sin(

) sin(

) cos(

) , (

2

位移與壓力

(8)

pm 28Pa sm 11m

例二 人耳耳膜可感知的最大 與最小壓力差與位移

pm s

pm 2810 5 Pa m 11

(9)

光程差和相位差

2) ( 1

) 2

2)(

( 1

)

2 (

2 2

m L

m

m L

m

L L

6.4 干涉

Fully

constructive

destructive interference

(10)

(a)λP1= 0, λP2= D =1.5λ

φP1 = 0, φP2= (1.5λ/λ)2π= 3π (b) N = 6 around the circle

例三 圓上有幾個完全建設性 干涉點

(11)

• 通過單位面積之平均功率

2 2

2 1

) /

( 2

sm

v

A

dt dK

A I P

6.5 強度與聲級

Intensity

The Sound Level

(12)

I P

r I P

rL

s s

4 2 2

強度隨距離之變化

(13)

• The Decibel Scale

y

x x

y

x y

1

log 10

log

) 10

log(

log

分貝

(14)

 (10 ) log

0

dB I

I

聲級 β

(15)

例四 The WHO –the loudest concert

The Who: 120 dB 鑽孔機 : 92

dB

I1: I2 = 630!

(16)

6.6 音樂聲源

pipe

 

2 1 2 3

1 2 3 L

n n f v nv

n , , , ,

, , , , (2 open ends)

(17)

end) open

(1

, 5 , 3 , 1

4 ,

, 5 , 3 , 1 4 ,

n

L nv f v

n n L

駐波與共振

(18)

橫笛雙簧管和薩克斯風

(19)

例五 紙筒的聲音

(a) 靠近耳朵

f v

L

4 343 128

4 0.670 Hz

(b) 離開耳朵

f v

L

2 343 256

2 0.670 Hz

(20)

6.7 Beats 拍

s s s s t t

s t t

m m

  

 

1 2 1 2

1 2 1 2

2

1 2 1 2

(cos cos ) [ cos ]cos

/ ( ) / ( )

   

s s t t

f f f

m

beat

  

 

[ cos ]cos

( )

2

2 2 1

2 1 2 1 2

   

(21)

6.7 Beats 拍 - II

(22)

7.8 The Dopper Effect

(a) Detector moving; source stationary

(23)

f vt t

v f vt v t t

v v

f v v

v f f v v

v f f v v

v

D D

D D D

 

 

  

/ ( ) /

/

頻率變化 – (a)

(24)

Source moving;

detector stationary

(25)

) 1

(

/ /

v f u

v f v

v f v

f

v v

f v v f

v f v f

v v

f v

f v f

v

v T

v vT

v f v

s D

s s

s

s

(general) (low speed)

頻率變化 – (b)

(26)

sin vt v t

v

s vs

6.9 超聲速–震波

(27)

例六 玩具火箭發射聲波

f = 1250Hz v = 242m/s (a) f ’ 偵測器接收的頻率

 

f f v

v vs 4250Hz

Hz 7240

Hz 4250

 v

v v

v v f v

f D D

(b) f ’’ 火箭偵測到反射波的頻率

(28)

例七 蝙蝠和飛蛾

(a) fm when fbd = 83kHz

(b) fbe when fbd = 83kHz

kHz

79

m

m b m

bd f

v v

v f v

f

f f v v

v v f

m be m

b

be

 75kHz

(29)

6.10 光的都卜勒效應

  

 

   

f f u c u c

u c u c

u

c u c

( / )

( / ) ( / )

1

1 1 1

 

(30)

例八 The M87 galaxy

(31)

500 7 0 90

5 39 10

2 1 10

5

2

2

9

. .

.

.

nm nm

m / s

Ms

u c

GmM

r ma mu

r M

超大黑洞

(32)

敬請期待

物理 VII– 溫度與熱

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