由思維歷程透視教學原理--杜威「思維術」方法論之衍釋

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݅೹࿡ җࡘᆢᐕำ೸ຎ௲Ꮲচ౛Ǻ׹࠶ȠࡘᆢೌȡБݤፕϐ़ញʳ 1

ඒߛઔߒႃע

ร؄Լ԰ᙀรԫཚʳ 2003 ڣ 3 ִʳ ଄ 1-29

ҥࡦᆰᐣแആຜఀᏰন౩Ȉ!

؇ࡄȮࡦᆰ೚ȯПݲ፣Ϟॊភ!

ݓ ഇ ࿯ ! ᄢ ! ौ

ء֮׌ڱڇ࣍૜ᤩޙ৖π৸ፂ๬ρԫ஼ऱ৸ፂֱऄᓵΔࠀ൶ߒࠡڇඒᖂ଺෻

ՂऱრᤖΖ٤֮٣א৸ፂ೯ԺΕ৸ፂኪ৫֗৸ፂֱऄ࿛Կଡٻ৫Δࠐᇞ࣫π৸ፂ

๬ρࢬ༼ଠऱ֘ઊ৸ፂΙڻ༉֘ઊ৸ፂፖඒᖂऱᣂএ܂ߓอ᤭ᤩΔᎅࣔޙ৖֨խ ऱ෻უඒᖂΔ۟֟ᚨץਔ׌೯ࢤΕؾᑑࢤΕݙᖞࢤࡉᤉᥛࢤ࿛؄ႈ௽ᔆΙ່৵Δ ኙπ৸ፂ๬ρऱֱऄᓵ༼נޅܒࢤऱ֘ઊΔਐנאઝᖂֱऄ੡ࠢᒤऱ֘ઊ৸ፂΔ ࠀॺޙ৖֨խഄԫڶᏝଖऱ৸ፂΔؘႊ᎖אᆖ᧭ֱऄ֗Գ֮৸ፂΔֱ౨ᨠᅃسࡎ ٤ᎎΔঅ٤Գᣊڜࡺऱ۰ࢬΖ

ᜢᗖӷǺ௲Ꮲচ౛ǵϸ࣪ࡘᆢǵࣽᏢБݤǵ࿶ᡍБݤǵ׹࠶

!!!!

ҁЎբޣࣁ୯ҥᆵ᡼ৣጄεᏢ௲ػᏢسୋ௲௤

ႝηແҹࣁǺ[email protected]

׫ዺВයǺ2002 ԃ 10 Д 31 Вǹ௦ҔВයǺ2003 ԃ 2 Д 14 В

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2ʳ ௲ػࣴز໣т! ಃ 49 ᒠ! ಃ 1 ය

Bulletin of Educational Research March, 2003, Vol. 49 No. 1 pp. 1-29

Investigating Principles of Teaching from the Perspective of Thinking Processes :

An Interpretation of the Methodology Highlighted in John Dewey’s How We Think

Ferng-Chyi Lin Abstract

The main purpose of this article is to illustrate John Dewey’s methodology of reflective thinking highlighted in How We Think (1933), and thereby investigate its implications for principles of teaching. Firstly, the author analyzes the content of reflective thinking, from three angles: incentives of thinking, attitudes toward thinking, and methods of thinking. Secondly, the author systematically describes the connections between reflective thinking and teaching. He points out that in Dewey’s mind, an ideal model of teaching should at least include four attributes: being positive, purpose-oriented, complete, and continuous. Lastly, the author offers a critical reflection on Dewey’s thinking methodology. He concludes that reflective thinking based on scientific method is not the only thinking model that Dewey takes to be valuable. It is

Associate Professor, Department of Education, National Taiwan Normal University E-mailǺ[email protected]

Manuscript received: Oct. 31, 2002;Accepted: Feb. 14, 2003

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only when we can utilize scientific thinking as well as humanistic thinking that we can comprehend the whole picture of life and safeguard our dwelling place.

Keywords: principles of teaching, reflective thinking, scientific method, empirical method, John Dewey

Ferng-Chyi Lin Investigating Principles of Teaching

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4ʳ ௲ػࣴز໣т!ಃ 49 ᒠ!ಃ 1 ය

ಥă݈! ֏

ඒᖂऱګඓڇ࣍ਢܡ౨ജ֧࿇ڶயᖂ฾Δۖᖂ฾ګயऱᣂ᝶ΔԾڇᖂ฾੒೯ խᖂ฾ृ।෼נऱ৸ፂ঴ᔆΖࢬאΔຘመ৸ፂᖵ࿓ऱ։࣫Δࠐ֘ઊඒᖂ੒೯Δ௽

ܑױא᤭৩࿇პΔ੐ီඒᖂࢬאګࡉࢬאඓऱ෻طΖޙ৖ΰJohn Dewey,1859-1952α ਢ२זୃᖂ୮խނຍԫሐ෻઎൓ॺൄຘኧऱԫۯΔۖהኙ࣍৸ፂऱ։࣫Δֱऄᣤ

᠃Ε᧯ߓݙᖞΔኙ࣍ඒᖂڕ۶༳༽৸ፂऱ௽ࢤאګ༉ᚌᔆᖂ฾Δٍߠ෡Ե࣫ᓵΖ ޙ৖ڶᣂ৸ፂፖඒᖂֱ૿ऱ৸უΔך։چ୶෼ڇהऱټထπ৸ፂ๬ρΰHow We ThinkαΰDewey, 1933αԫ஼խΖᇠ஼լႛൕࠃඒߛ੒೯ऱԳᚨᇠףאຘኧઔߒΕ ՕԺ᤭ཆΔԫ౳ऱઔߒՠ܂ृΰࢨृࢬڶᣂ֨৸ፂګயऱԳαΔٍױൕխ޵࠷ྤᑇ ඒఛΖ

ء֮ऱؾऱܛڇ૜ᤩޙ৖π৸ፂ๬ρԫ஼խऱ৸უΔᇞ࣫वᢝᘸא৬مऱ৸ ፂᖵ࿓ΰץਔ৸ፂऱ೯ԺΕ৸ፂऱኪ৫֗৸ፂऱֱऄαΔࠀ༉৸ፂᖵ࿓ፖඒᖂֱऄ հၴऱᣂএ܂ߓอ᤭૪Δཚઐطڼٵޡኢ෎৸ፂֱऄࡉඒᖂ଺෻ऱຝ։௅ਾΖ່

৵Δঞኙπ৸ፂ๬ρ༼נૉե֘ઊΔਐנࠡآ෡Եᤛ֗ऱ৸ፂٻ৫Δࠀ᎖אޙ৖

ऱࠡהઌᣂထ܂ףאᇖךᎅࣔΔאޣኙޙ৖৸უڶԫለ੡ݙᖞۖ᠃ᣤऱᎁᢝΖ

෮ăޥჯજ˧

ޙ৖ጠ෻უऱ৸ፂ੡֘ઊ৸ፂΰreflective thinkingαΔᎁ੡֘ઊ৸ፂࠀॺڇ֨

խ೤࢙ೂ෼Εᙟܛ௣ຓΕᠧ႖ྤີऱψრᢝੌωΔٍॺլ֊ኔᎾऱ़ऑψუቝωΔ Ոլٵ࣍آᆖ᧭ᢞΔܛ෷ዿආ౏ऱψॾ࢚ωΖ֘ઊ৸ፂਢ֨ཕขسܺ༝Δެ֨૿ኙ ጊᣄΔࠀආ࠷۩೯ᇞެംᠲऱመ࿓֗ขढΖࣔػچᎅΔڶጊᣄթ૞֘៿৸ፂΖ֘

ઊ৸ፂऱ੒೯אᇞެጊᣄ੡ؾऱΔڶֱࠡٻࢤΔࢬאլਢే႖ऱრᢝੌΙڂ੡ؘ

ႊᇞެኔᎾऱംᠲΔࢬאՈլ౨ೖఎ़࣍ऑऱψუቝωΔࢨਢٚࢤᗑឰऱψॾ࢚ωΔ ൫ڶᔏኔ൶ߒΔگႃךߩऱࠃኔࡉᢞᖕΔթ౨൓ࠩڶயऱᇞ࿠Ζ១໢چᎅΔᅝԫ ଡԳᝩ܍լԱംᠲழΔ༉ྤऄլ৸ەΔۖڇޙ৖ऱ֨ؾխΔࢬᘯ֘ઊ৸ፂΔՕ᧯

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ۖߢ༉ਢ൷࠹෼ኔە᧭Δ૿ኙംᠲΔࠀᇞެംᠲऱመ࿓֗࿨࣠Ζ

אޙ৖ኙ֘ઊ৸ፂऱ੺ࡳࠐᛀီඒߛ੒೯Δݺଚױא࿇෼๺ڍඒޗऱᒳᐊΔ

࢓࢓ೡૹംᠲ࿠ூऱܧ෼Δլൎᓳംᠲءߪڕ۶ݮګΕլጥޣ൓ᇞ࿠ऱመ࿓Εլ

᥽լٵᇞ࿠ऱױ౨ࢤΖ᜔հ༉ਢאګԳऱ৸ەึរΔ܂੡ࠝ࿙ऱᖂ฾ದរΖຍጟ ඒޗ಻ٽՂ׽ૹەᇢ࿨࣠ऱඒᖂΔขسՕ୮ᐡ֨ऱࠟଡംᠲΖรԫΔᖂ฾ੌ࣍ࠥ

ࣨऱಖᖋΔශྤ෻ᇞΖรԲΔᖂس؈װኙवᢝऱᑷൣΔ൛Աψቧव఑ωΖངߢհΔ ૹ࿨ᓵۖլૹംᠲრᢝऱඒᖂΔլႛ࢙ီԱᖂسऱ৸ፂಝᒭΔՈࠌהଚኙवᢝข سงᠦტΖᇨڕᚦዿΰJ. S. Mill, 1806-1873αࢬߢΔآᆖ᥯ᥨΕە᧭ऱॾ࢚Δؘല

؈װॾٛृऱ֭਍ᑷൣΖᚦዿਐנΰMill, 1962: 169-181αΔ՛ඒ੔ऱګ୉ֺՕඒ੔

ऱګ୉ޓᑷൣᖑᥨඒයऱ଺ڂΔڇ࣍Օඒ੔ऱॾයՕڍ๯ᎁࡳ੡լױ೯ᄀऱ࿨

ᓵΔ؆ࠐऱਗᖏլڍΔګ୉ऱ৸ፂڂڼະԵתጕఠऱणኪΙ֘ᨠ՛ඒ੔੡ԱسژΕ مߩΔᏁ૞լឰچ৙ཆΕ᥯ᥨ۞աऱխ֨৸უΔլ܀ڇ৸ፂՂለ੡ᤞᤚ੒ᥬΔኙ ඒයऱᎁٵტՈڂڼ᝟࣍ൎ௺Ζࢬאඒޗऱᒳᐊࡉඒᖂऱ๻ૠΔᚨᅝ࿳ش৸ፂऱ ຍጟψٻംᠲࢤωΔࠌᖂ฾መ࿓ګ੡࿇෼ംᠲΕ༼נംᠲΕ༈ޣᇞ࿠Εە᧭ᇞ࿠Ε ޣ൓ᇞ࿠Εᛧ࠷वᢝࠀᑷფवᢝऱ೯ኪᖵ࿓Ζᅝᖂ฾ृ᧯ᎁࠩवᢝኔᎾՂਢᇞެ

ംᠲऱՠࠠழΔঁᄎტᤚࠩᖂ฾वᢝऱრᆠΔࠀ෡ࠥᎁᢝ৸ፂࡉवᢝऱᣂএΖ

෼ڇݺଚԱᇞࠩటإऱवᢝਢ৸ፂ֗᧭ᢞመ࿓ऱขढΔۖ৸ፂऱ࿇سঞԾፖ

ംᠲრᢝΔא֗ᇞެംᠲऱᓢ೯ࡉؘ૞ࢤஒஒઌᣂΖംᠲრᢝऱඕᔲ৫෡࠹৸ፂ ګᑵ৫ऱᐙ᥼Ζ৸ፂګᑵ৫ᄎڂ৸ፂኙွۖ᧢֏ΔࠏڕڇਬԫࠃՂۍ৸լ൓ࠡᇞ ऱԳΔڇ׼ԫࠃՂথױ౨ԫ᢬ۖګΔࠡၴ஁ܑ࢓࢓ڇ࣍હནवᢝΖ౒׎હནवᢝ

༉ᣄא෡Եނ༽ംᠲΔՈڂڼྤऄኙࠃढขسڶயऱ৸ፂ੒೯Ζਚۖךኔᖂسહ ནवᢝΔԯਢඒᖂ֧࿇ڶய৸ፂऱؘ૞යٙΙઌኙऱΔႚ඄መ৫ᜱ෡ऱփ୲Δ૞

ශྤഗ៕ऱᖂسሎش৸ፂΔؘྥྤயΖ

ྥۖΔਢլਢࠠໂહནवᢝΔ༉౨ขسᨋ੒ۖڶயऱ৸ፂΛ༉ᄎڶለඕᔲऱ

ംᠲრᢝࡋΛኙޙ৖ۖߢΔຍࠟଡംᠲऱ࿠ூۿ׏ຟਢܡࡳऱΖڕছࢬ૪Δޙ৖

ᎁ੡৸ፂऱ֘ઊࢤࢨޅܒࢤΔࠐ۞࣍ᇞެംᠲࢨ܌ࣚܺᣄऱᏁ૞Ζڂ੡ڶᇞެം

ᠲऱᏁ૞Δ৸ፂթ੒೯ದࠐΔٵழψؘႊωߓอ֏Εড়ᨠ֏Δլ౨ੌ࣍ᠧ႖ऱᜤ უࢨൣტشࠃΔܡঞሒլࠩؾऱΖڶऱᖂسڇᖂ฾Ա߷ᏖڍઝؾΔ൷ᤛԱ߷Ꮦڍ

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ऱ৸უࡉवᢝհ৵Δսྥڇ৸ፂՂΔ᧩נే႖ࡉܤࣨऱ෼ွΔທګຍጟ࿨࣠ऱױ ౨଺ڂհԫΔ༉ਢඒߛृലᖂسࡉ෼ኔس੒։ሶၲࠐΖ׀ئࡉ۔ஃ׽૞৘՗ނ஼

ψᦰωړΔࢢس੒෼ኔեឫהଚऱפᓰΔ૞הଚس੒ڇԫጟψ޲ڶംᠲωΔࢨृሖ

ࠩംᠲ᜔ਢطܑԳࠐ๠෻ऱᛩቼխΖ࣍ਢהଚ᧢൓׽Ꮑ૞ಖᖋΔլᏁ૞৸ەΔܛ ࠌ৸ەΔՈ޲ڶ෼ኔऱᣤ௑ە᧭Δݙ٤؈װ֘ઊ৸ፂऱᖲᄎΖ࿨࣠Δ஼ყആყܤ

ࣨΙᖂۯყ೏Δױ౨ೣߠՈყ෡Ζڕ࣠ᖂ฾ऱ׌૞ؾऱਢڕޙ৖ࢬᎅऱψᖂ฾ڕ ۶৸ፂωΔۖլ׽ਢಛஒऱᗨีΔ߷Ꮦإᒔऱඒᖂ࿜ฃΔۿ׏ᚨᇠਢ੡ᖂسψބ຾

ᅀωΔ໌ທᖂس૿ኙംᠲ֗ᇞެംᠲऱൣቼΔۖլਢނהଚऱംᠲຟ᧹ࠩݺଚऱߪ ՂࠐΔ׻הଚ؈װ৸ፂऱრ࢚Ζ

س੒խൄڶܺᣄࡉጊംΔీڇඒߛऱم໱ΔՏᆄլ౨ലᖂ฾ृࡉس੒෼ኔሶ ᠦΖ܀ਢຍࠀլਢᎅΔጊᣄ׽ཬ௅࣍س੒ΖጊᣄऱࠐᄭΔլ׽ڇس੒ՂΔՈױ౨ ਢഗ࣍ړ࡛Ε᧫ฆΖང؁ᇩᎅΔڶऱംᠲਢψ۞ބωࠐऱΔۖ׊ᇞެຍጟംᠲऱ ᏁޣΔڶழֺᇞެس੒ጊᣄޓ੡ᑷ֊Ζ݄ڇᤔ࣠ᖫՀΔ઎ࠩൾᆵऱᤔ࣠Δױ౨ਢ

๺ڍԳຟڶऱᆖ᧭Ζ܀ኙڍᑇԳۖߢΔຍଡᆖ᧭൅ࠐऱტᤚױ౨׽ਢᤚ൓۞ྥΕ

؏ٽࢨृᄶᒝΔࠀ޲ڶչᏖڶৱᇞެऱംᠲΖׄቅΰI. Newton, 1711-1776αথլ ٵΔຍଡᆖ᧭੡ה൅ࠐԱԫଡिᥚ๺ՆऱംᠲΚ੡չᏖᤔ࣠ਢٻՀᏼᆵΔۖլਢ

࢓ܑऱֱٻଆװࡋΛᇞެຍଡംᠲऱྐޣΔআࠌׄቅ୶ၲԫຑۭऱ৸ፂࡉ᧭ᢞ੒

೯Δ່ึ༼נထټऱᆄڶ֧Ժ෻ᓵΖࢬאΔှ،ୢᚒޑ዗ΚǴёૈٰԾѦӧޑғ ࢲሡाǴΨёૈٰԾϣӧޑӳڻЈϣѦӧޑ୏Κࢂࡘᆢࢲ୏ޑٿεਥҁΚ ໆǶ

۟࣍৸ፂ೯Ժਢڕ۶྇இࢨ௣؈ऱࡋΛຍೈԱፖኔᎾس੒ๅᆏڶᣂΔፖړ࡛

֨๯ᚘލՈๅլԱեএΖړ࡛֨ਢᆖ᧭ឩ୶ऱഗء૞ైΔՈਢ֘ઊ৸ፂհψᖲωΖ ޙ৖ΰDewey, 1933: 36-39αലړ࡛֨։੡ԿଡᐋڻΖଈ٣ਢسढࢤऱᐋڻΖຍጟ ړ࡛ਢࢬڶسࡎԺךުऱᨋࢤ೯ढຟڶऱ௽ᔆΖ᚛ࠝၲࡨ౨ജ۩ߨࡉނ༽ढٙ

ழΔᄎ៬೯Ε਷઎Ε೾নΕࢮވढ঴ΔኙהۖߢΔޢԫᑌࠃढຟᄅ࡛Δຟױאक़ ՂՕת֚ऱפ֛װᇢ൶Εन઱אޣᑵ൜Ιۖڶᆖ᧭ऱګԳঁਢܓشؔࠝຍጟړ࡛

֨Δඒᄎהଚᎁᢝࠃढࠀ৬مದؘ૞ऱ฾ክΖطຍԫរΔݺଚՈױא઎נ೜ൈፖ

᚛ؔࠝऱཕ౨࿇୶ᒔኔയ֊ઌᣂΖ೜ൈլࠋΔړ࡛ऱسࡎΰࢨسढࢤα೯Ժঁᄎ

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Օ੡૾܅Δຑ൅ᐙ᥼ඒߛऱױ౨ࢤΖ

ړ࡛֨ऱรԲଡᐋڻਢषᄎࢤऱ୶෼Ζࠝ࿙ڇګ९ऱመ࿓խΔດዬტ࠹ࠩ๺

ڍࠃൣऱહ৵Δۿ׏ຟڶࠡᐖខऱრᆠΔۖ׊ՈԱᇞࠩګԳਢຍࠄრᆠऱ׌૞ᇞ ᎅृΔ࣍ਢࡉګԳઌ๠ழΔൄൄᑷൣچ༼נٺڤٺᑌऱംᠲΔࠏڕΔψԳ੡չᏖ׽

ڶࠟයፒΛωψׄᄎᎅᇩႯΛωψູ੡չᏖլᄎᄴֽΛω࿛࿛Ζຍࠄംᠲऱ༼נΔ

࢓࢓।قࠝ࿙ዬዬᚩ൓ሎشषᄎᇷᄭࠐឩ୶۞աኙ؆ڇ׈੺ऱᎁᢝΖࢬאΔࠝ࿙

षᄎᣂএऱᔆፖၦΔኙࠡړ࡛֨հ࿇୶ࡉየߩ࿪ኙڶ๕Օऱᐙ᥼Ζ

ړ࡛֨ऱรԿଡᐋڻ၌။سढࢤࡉषᄎࢤΔࣙဎ੡ԫጟᘣ۞༈ޣᇞ࿠ऱ२ۿ ψ෻ཕω۩੡Ζޙ৖ᎁ੡ΔڇψषᄎࢤωऱᐋڻխΔࠝ࿙ऱᘋᔊ࢓࢓׽ਢ༼נം

ᠲΔࠀլ௽ܑࣹრംᠲऱᇞ࿠ΔՈ޲ڶᒔࡳऱխ֨ᤜᠲΔࢬאംᠲឈྥԫଡ൷ထ ԫଡ༼נΔথ޲ڶຑ຃ࢤΔྤऄ।෼נኙԫࠃढհᖞ᧯෻ᇞऱٞቹΔࢨृኧࢍᇞ

࿠ԫଡംᠲऱެ֨ΖࠩԱψ෻ཕࢤωᐋڻΔࠝ࿙ऱړ࡛ڶԱؾᑑΔਢಾኙ௽ࡳം

ᠲޣ࠷ᇞ࿠ऱ৸ፂࡉ᧭ᢞऱመ࿓Ζڇຍመ࿓խڂ੡৸ፂ຃ࣹڇԫଡؾᑑΔࢬא౨ ڇੌዃխ୶෼נড়ᨠΕຑ຃Εڶݧࡉֱٻԫી࿛࿛෻ཕࢤऱ௽ᔆΖང؁ᇩᎅΔ෻

ཕࢤऱړ࡛।෼ڇ৸ፂՂழΔࠠڶψ᧢֏խऱอԫωΖ

ඒߛऱ׌૞ٚ೭հԫΔԯڇ࣍ඔ࿇ࠝ࿙֨ᨋհխऱຍጟ෻ཕࢤړ࡛Ζޙ৖ᎁ

੡૞࿇୶ຍጟړ࡛Δඒߛृؘႊ࣋ඵᗑឰऱ฾ክΖګԳऱᗑឰΔࠌࠝ࿙ᤚ൓ԫ֊

ຟਢࡐࡳऱΔ޲ڶչᏖڶৱ࿇෼ࢨ൶ಘऱࠃढΖլመඒߛृऱᗑឰΔ࢓࢓լਢࠥ

რ੡հΔۖਢ฾ࢤທګऱΖޙ৖ᎁ੡ΰDewey, 1933: 60-61αඒஃऱඒᖂ฾ࢤխΔ ڶԿጟ௽ܑᏁ૞ޏၞΚรԫਢψאա৫Գωऱ฾ࢤΔܛ׽൷࠹Εቔᚐࡉ۞ա৸ፂ ᑓڤԫીऱᖂسΔլԫીऱΔ࢓࢓࠹ࠩ᎘ီࢨᎄᇞΙรԲਢመ৫ଘᘸଡԳऱᐙ᥼

Ժࠐࠨᖿᖂسऱᖂ฾ᘋᔊΔ࢙ီඒޗऱءᔆᏝଖΔࠌ൓ᖂسፖඒஃऱᣂএ࠷זԱ ᖂسፖඒޗऱᜤᢀΔທګᖂسኙඒޗዣլᣂ֨Δ׽ૹඒஃኪ৫ऱ༞࣠¹ΖรԿਢψᑑ

1 म୯ণᏢৎҜቺࡘȐR. S. PetersȑᇡࣁȐPeters, 1970: 51-52ȑǴ௲׷ࢂΓᜪޗ཮࠼ᢀ ԶӅ٦ޑЎϯᆒ๮ǴΨࢂ௲ޣᆶᏢಞޣᒘаҥىޑȨઓဃ୷ᘵȩȐthe holy groundȑǶ ஒ௲ػຎࣁ௲ޣ٩ൻԾך౛ۺȨல༟ȩᏢಞޣޑᐕำǴ܈ࢂ௲ޣ٩Ꮲಞޣޑ܄ӛڐ շᏢಞޣȨғߏȩޑࢲ୏Ǵ೿Ԗ܌ୃǶٿޣޑୃѨǴ೿ӧ۹ౣ௲ػΏࢂ௲ৣЇᏤᏢ ғ௖઩ǵዕ஼ǵݒ፞ǵၮҔǵঅ҅ϷமϯΓᜪϐȨઓဃ୷ᘵȩޑᐕำǶ׹࠶ӧ೭္

(8)

ᄷඒஃ֏ωΔང؁ᇩᎅΔംᠲᇞ࿠ኙፖᙑΔݙ٤࠷ެ࣍ඒஃଡԳऱړ༞ۖॺড়ᨠऱ ᑑᄷΔψຍਢإᒔऱႯΛωࡉψຍᑌڃ࿠۔ஃᄎየრႯΛω᧢ګਢٵԫംᠲΔᣤૹ ᐙ᥼ᖂسᗑمܒឰԺऱ࿇୶ΖאՂԿጟඒᖂ฾ࢤΔຟױီ੡ᗑឰऱ।෼Δႜٻ࣍

ᚘލ෻ཕࢤऱړ࡛ΔᚨᅝףאඈೈΖ

ೈԱඒஃऱඒᖂ฾ࢤհ؆Δ׼ԫଡᐙ᥼෻ཕࢤړ࡛࿇୶ऱڂైਢႚอڤऱᖂ

ீඒߛګ๵Ζޙ৖ਐנႚอᖂீඒߛመ࣍ൎᓳધ৳ࡉ఼ݧΔኙᖂسᚨش२׏૨ࠃ

֏ऱ๵ಝΔԫ֊ڇᖞᏘቤԫऱܤࣨᑓڤՀၞ۩ΖڇຍጟᖂீխΔඒઝ஼๯ᎁ੡ਢ ഄԫڶఛऱᦰढΔࠡה஼ᤄऱઔᦰ٤ڇᆃַհ٨ΙٵழΔඒऄᝑߒࡐࡳᑓڤΔඈ

؞۞ྥΕᄅ࡛ࢨृ༄᧢֏ऱඒᖂ੒೯Ζຍጟඒߛឈྥ౨ജګפچ৬مದᖂسऱᖲ ඳ฾ክΔথᥔ੪Ա໌ᄅऱጲళࡉၞ࠷ऱ੒ԺΖઌኙऱΔᄅڤඒߛխొאᄅ࡛੡ؾ ऱऱඒᖂ੒೯Δڇޙ৖ऱ઎ऄᇙΔՈྤఛ࣍෻ཕࢤړ࡛ऱ࿇୶Ζᄅ࡛׽ਢ֧࿇ᨠ ኘࡉ൶౉ऱᎈڂΔլ౨੡Աᄅ࡛ۖᄅ࡛Δࠌ൓ඒᖂࡉᖂ฾෠੡ශྤवᢝีᗨ܂ش ऱᓅ෍ᐁᚭΖڼ؆Δޙ৖࿇෼ԫ౳ᖂீᇙऱᖂ฾੒೯Δழၴ࢓࢓መ࣍࿍আΔࠌ൓

੒೯լ౨ኧࢍ୶ၲΔທګᖂسऱ৸ፂᖵ࿓ྲྀ౒լ٤Δլ܀ྤऄ൓ࠩႉ෻ګີऱ࿨

ᓵΔՈధᡏߜړ৸ፂ฾ክऱ৬مΖ

᜔ۖߢհΔޙ৖ᎁ੡ΰDewey, 1933: 40αඒஃऱٚ೭ڇ࣍༼ࠎޗறࡉයٙΔ ࠌᖂسऱسढࢤړ࡛᝟ٻڶؾऱΕڶ࿨࣠Ε౨ᏺ९वᢝऱ෻ཕࢤ൶ߒΔࠀᎈᖄΕ

᠏֏षᄎࢤऱ൶౉ᘋᔊΔࠌࠡګ੡ᇞ࿠ംᠲழဠ֨፦ႃᇷಛऱ౨ԺΖ!

ણăޥჯၗޘ

ڕছࢬ૪Δړ࡛֨֗ᇞެംᠲऱᏁޣΔԯਢ֘ઊ৸ፂऱࠟՕ೯ԺΖ܀ਢൎঢ ऱ৸ፂ೯ԺΔᝫ૞಻ٽߜړऱ৸ፂኪ৫Δթ౨൓ࠩࡌ٤ऱ৸ፂګ࣠Ζࢬᘯ৸ፂऱ ኪ৫Δױאᎅਢ৸ፂ฾ࢤऱ؆ڇ।෼Ζޙ৖ᎁ੡ΰDewey, 1933: 22-23αΔլᓵඒߛ

ृਢܡࠥრഛᕆΔࠝ࿙ຟᄎດዬݮګ௽ࡳऱ৸ፂ฾ࢤࢨृ।෼נ௽௘ऱ৸ፂኪ ৫Ιڂ੡৸ፂኪ৫ᐙ᥼৸ፂ঴ᔆΔࢬאΔඒߛृኔڇլױլშΖೣ஁ऱ৸ፂኪ৫Δ

܌ᇥޑ௲ᏢᄄᆄǴᆶҜቺࡘ܌ᇥޑȨᓁ༟ȩԄ௲ػޑЛੰǴሥё࣬ϕ၍ញǶ

(9)

լႛࠌ৸უྤऄឭๅء౨Ε඿ඨΕክࢤࡉ؉ࢤऱ൳ࠫΔૻࠫ৸ፂ࿇୶ऱᐖ৫Δٵ ழᝫᄎࠌ৸ፂٻᙑᎄऱֱٻ࿇୶Δขسೣ஁ऱᨠ࢚ΔኙԳऱٲ୭ࡉ൳ࠫԺڶழޓ

੷࣍ಮॾΖ

Գᣊೣ஁ऱ৸ፂኪ৫ڶ๺ڍΔޙ৖௽ܑ֧شഛ௅ΰFrancis Bacon, 1561-1626α ऱೝቝ෻ᓵࠐᎅࣔԳᣊ༓ଡࠢীऱ৸ፂೣ஁ႜٻΖഛ௅ΰUlich, 1957: 310-311αא ψೝቝωΰidolsα܂੡Գᣊ৸ፂೣചऱွᐛΔڂ੡Գᣊ૿ኙೝቝழΔ࢓࢓ळؾΕ ചထΕൣፃ֏ۖլ᥽ԫ֊Ζഛ௅ᜰ૪ऱ৸ፂೝቝ٥ڶ؄ृΔ։ܑ੡ψጟගೝቝω ΰidols of the raceαΕψؑ໱ೝቝωΰidols of the marketαΕψ੐لೝቝωΰidols of the caveαࡉψᏣ໱ೝቝωΰidols of the theatreαΖࢬᘯψጟගೝቝωΔਢਐԳᣊගᆢ٥ ຏऱ৸ፂኤጤΖࠏڕΔ׈Գ᜔ਢא۞ݺගᣊऱم໱נ࿇ࠐ઎ৱ׈੺Δࠀא੡۞ա ࢬߠࢬፊΔ༉ਢటኔऱΔ࢙ฃࠡխױ౨ᑨ៲ءගխ֨ऱೣ஁Ζײݦᢊୃᖂ୮᝛ᘭ ख़؍ΰXenophane of Colophon, 570-475 BCα༉མᏭᘰچᎅΰHussey, 1995: 920αΚ ڕ್࣠ᄎᢄ྽Δ߷Ꮦ್྽ऱళΔԫࡳࡉ್ࠝ޲չᏖࠟᑌΖຍᇙ᝛ᘭख़؍ᝑऱ᧩ྥ

Ոਢءගխ֨ऱ᠄ᎄΖࠡڻΔࢬᘯψؑ໱ೝቝωਢਐԳᣊ࣐࠹፿ߢಮᎽᐙ᥼ۖ઎

լ෎ࢨށڴࠃኔటઌΖؑ໱࿛ֆฒ໱഑ਢԳᣊཋؒۘ፿ऱൄߠ໱ࢬΙۖԳᣊ൷گ

ۘ፿ழΔ࢓࢓լᆖ਷ᢞܛ᎘ॾΔࠀ׊א๽ႚ๽Ζ଺ء፿ߢਢش࣍༴૪ࢨႚᎠࠃኔ ऱՠࠠΔ܀থൄൄګԱᎄᇞࢨ೗ွऱࠐᄭΔ௅ء෻طհԫΔܛڇԳᣊ୲࣐լᆖ֨

چނ፿ߢࢬႚሒऱΔီ੡ࠃኔءߪΖ٦ृΔࢬᘯψ੐لೝቝωრਐԫ౳Գ݄մᨠ

֚Δؾ٠௿ስऱणउΖຍଡೝቝଗ໧۞ਹࢮቹψ෻უഏωᇙऱ੐ل༅ߢΖڇ੐ل

༅ߢխΔਹࢮቹΰLee, 1987: 514a-517eαނԳ༴૪ګึس๯؅ᆃڇچՀ੐لऱ؅

ஈΔߪ՗๯ᔯڇᛥՂྤऄ᠏೯Δຶֲࢬߠ׽ਢٺጟढ᧯ᆖመ੐لՂֱຏሐழΔᆖ ط־٠ଙਠڇᛥՂऱᐙ՗Ζڇࢬڶ؅ஈᅝխΔڶԳسࢤᜣඕΔ࿳࣍ᙃᢝࢨቃྒྷנ

෼ڇᛥՂऱᐙ՗Δլመהଚ٦৻ᏖጲࣔΔືڍՈ׽ਢֺለᚩ൓઎ψᐙ՗ωᒽԱΖ

׼؆ΔଣࠌڶԳࢉሎچᇞၲ㔰ᔯΔڶᖲᄎப೯ߪ՗Δॣழؘࡳტᤚᄕ৫࿀ેլᔞΔ

࿛הߨࠩ੐؆Δ൷ᤛၺ٠ཏᅃՀᆄࠃᆄढऱటᎎழΔؘྥՕ੡پ᧫Δא੡ߪڇ֤

ቼΖຍጟאኔ੡ဠΔאဠ੡ኔऱ֨෻णኪΔᏁ૞ԫ੄ழၴऱᇢ൶ᔞᚨΔթ౨ᛧ൓

ޏ࿳Δۖԫ؟؅ஈԱᇞ੐؆׈੺թਢటኔ׈੺৵Δהթ൓ࠩኧࢍऱᇞ࣋Ζ֨ᨋᇞ

࣋৵ऱ؅ஈΔՕڍլᣋ٦ڃࠩ੐ᇙऱ׈੺ࡺ۰ΔܛࠌڶԳ֨سს༟Δᣋრڃࠩ੐

(10)

10ʳ ௲ػࣴز໣т!ಃ 49 ᒠ!ಃ 1 ය

ᇙٻױᐧऱ؅۴ଚᇞᤩటઌΔ੐ᇙऱ؅۴ڍתᣄאᆜॾΔ੷۟א੡ڕ࣠ࠩԱ੐؆Δ ലᄎቝהԫᑌግ߆ΖࢬאΔהऱ؅֖ܛঁڶᖲᄎඅๅ㔰ᔯΔߨנ੐لΔՈီհ੡

੹ຜΕᕰሎΖഛ௅ᎁ੡Δԫ౳ԳՕڍਢլཊߨנ੐؆ऱ؅ஈΔښထ۞ա௿՛ऱس

੒׈੺Δٚࢤࡐചچຯᔨڇאጥᗭ֚ऱᎁवᑓڤᇙΖഛ௅ࢬਐנऱ່৵ԫଡ৸ፂ

ೣചਢψᏣ໱ೝቝωΔڇڼഛ௅ޅေऱਢԳᣊळൕੌ۩෻ᓵऱ֨෻ႜٻΖ෻ᓵ୮࿳

࣍ሎشԳᣊࠉᘸᦞ৖ऱ؉ࢤΔ׽ਢތထψຝ։ωࠃኔΔࠌشԫࠄᄅᗩΕগ೨ഘ઄

ࢨᜱᛔऱ๬፿Δ༉౨໌ທנฒԳႚ፽࡚۩ऱ෻ᓵࠐΖॾٛੌ۩෻ᓵऱԳΔ༉ቝނ ᚭᏣᅝ܂టኔԳسऱᚭಮΔ֨ൣᙟᏣൣದٗլࡳΔ੷۟אᏣխԳढ੡ᒤءΔݙ٤ ޏ᧢۞ա଺ڶऱس੒ᑓڤΔळؾۖլױ෻໧Ζ

ഛ௅ࢬਐנऱຍ؄ጟೝቝΔຟਢԫ౳Գൄڶऱ৸ፂೣ஁Δۖޙ৖ᎁ੡Δೣ஁

ऱ৸ፂኪ৫ڕ࣠൓լࠩޏ࿳Δ٦ړऱ৸ፂֱऄՈྤᇖ࣍ࠃΖړऱ৸ፂֱऄᏁ૞ڶ ሎش،ऱᣋඨࡉრݳթ౨৉யΔۖຍጟᣋඨࡉრݳঞࠐ۞೜٤ऱ৸ፂኪ৫Ζࠉޙ

৖ΰDewey, 1933: 30-33αհߠΔ૞ທ༉೜٤৸ፂऱኪ৫ΔڶᘸഛᕆԿጟ֨෻ైᔆΔ ץਔΚ!

ԫΕဠ֨ΰopen-mindednessαΚຍਢԫጟᙟழᄷໂٻᄅംᠲΕᄅᨠ࢚Εᄅࠃढ

֗ᄅᙇᖗܮگᕆ։ऱრᣋΔ،լٵ࣍ψ֨լڇ෫ωΰempty-mindednessαΔሖࠩչ ᏖΔ൷࠹չᏖऱ್ॡ֨ኪΔޓլਢ૰࣍ᄅᑪΔྤ࡜ऱᙟंດੌΙઌ֘ऱΔ،ਢ෡

ࠥԱᇞࠩحᙑऱױ౨Δլނਝڶᨠ࢚ᅝ܂ψᡒढωΔլאࢭᎁᙑᎄ੡ຌஇΔ׌೯ٻ ٺጟಛஒ྄ሐၲ࣋ऱԫጟޣवྐඨΖᅝڍᑇԳຟఎڇܺᣄ່՛ΕࣂݼԺ່֟ऱڂ

༛՛ሁՂΔဠ֨ऱԳথழழఎრٺጟຏ࢓ట෻ऱױ౨Δᣋრ੡ڼটྀᙠᦡΖޙ৖

ڇຍᇙࢬᎅऱဠ֨Δլ׽ਢొጰऱኪ৫ംᠲΔՈፖߠፊऱ෡ᐖ৫ஒஒઌᣂΔߠፊ ყ෡ყᐖΔყڶ౨Ժނ۞աऱᨠ࢚࣋ڇᔞᅝऱ౧࿮ࠐ֘ઊΔՈყ౨Աᇞ۞աऱլ ߩࡉᙑᎄΔطڼขسऱဠ່֨੡టኔΖࢬא૞ഛᕆࠝ࿙ऱဠ֨ΔೈԱլழ༼ᙌԳ ऱڶૻࢤհ؆ΔՈᚨ๻ऄ֧ᖄࠡឩ୶ณ੺Εף෡৸ፂΖ

ԲΕറࣹΰwhole-heartednessαΚຍᇙޙ৖ਐऱਢ٤֨ާ௦ڇਬԫࠃढऱጲళΖ ޙ৖ᎁ੡ΰDewey, 1933: 31αᘋᔊ౑ᠧΔ୲࣐ະԵᓅ෍Δਢ֘ઊ৸ፂऱՕᑅΖ৸ ፂ૞റࣹΔֱ౨෡ԵΔၞۖޣ൓ࠠ᧯࿨࣠Δץਔࠌլࣔᒔऱ᧢ࣔᒔΔࠀطᄅऱᎁ ᢝขسᄅऱᏝଖ᧯᧭ΰDewey, 1933: 101αΖױਢറࣹࠀլਢᖇ़ۖࠐΔۖਢᘋᔊ

(11)

ऱขढΖᖂس৸ፂ঴ᔆլࠋऱ଺ڂհԫΔԯڇᖂ฾փ୲ྤऄ֧࿇ᘋᔊΔ׽ਢ੡Ա

׀ئΕඒஃࢨګᜎۖആ஼Ζຍጟᖂ฾ೖఎ࣍ಖ፽ࡉᚨבԱࠃऱψྤ֨ωणኪΔ৸ ፂ੒ᥬլದࠐΖઌ֘ऱΔᅝᖂسኙᓰ࿓փ୲෡ტᘋᔊழΔ༉౨റࣹΔ༉ᄎ׌೯༼

ംΔ੷۟ݮګ೗๻Ε፦ႃᇷற֗ᔹᦰΔࠀኔچ᧭ᢞΔ௅ءྤᏁक़၄ᠰ؆ऱ֨Ժࠐ

൳ࠫ֨৸Δঠൎނ৸ፂఎڇᓰᄐՂΖࢬאޙ৖ᎅΰDewey, 1933: 32αΚඒஃૉ౨ᖿ

࿇ᖂسऱᖂ฾ᑷൣΔ༉౨ڇඒᖂՂ࠷൓ګפΔ౒׎ᖂ฾ᑷൣΔٚ۶ඒᖂֆڤ٦৻

ᏖإᒔΔՈᣄא࿇ཀ܂شΖ

܀ޙ৖ࢬᎅऱᖂ฾ᑷൣਢڕ۶ขسऱࡋΛᖂ฾ᑷൣࠐ۞ࠟՕ௅ᄭΔԫਢ؆ڇ ΰՠࠠαᘋᔊΔԫਢփڇΰءᔆαᘋᔊΖ؆ڇᘋᔊΔױ౨ਢ؆ࠐऱᏺൎΔՈױ౨ ਢଡԳಳޣऱؾᑑΖ؆ࠐᏺൎץਔ੡Ա֧࿇ଡԳขسਬጟױ඿۩੡ۖᛜທऱܮ֧

යٙΔጠհ੡إᏺൎΔڕᑻᓾΕ༇ૹΕფ࿛࿛ΙՈץਔฝೈଡԳլ໛ᦟऱᛩቼΔ אᖿ࿇ࠡขسਬጟቃཚऱ۩੡Δጠհ੡૤ᏺൎΔࠏڕ๠ፆΕஎ᥈ൣቼࢨᑅီኪ৫ ऱඈೈΖإᏺൎࡉ૤ᏺൎΔឈױࠨᖿԳΔࠌԳขسᖂ฾ਬԫࠃढऱ೯ᖲΔ܀ຍጟ ݮڤ֧ದऱᖂ฾Δᑷൣለᣄ਍ՆΔڂ੡ᅝࠃԳኙᖂ฾ऱറࣹΔڇ؆ڇؾᑑࢨ؆ࠐ ᘋᔊየߩհ৵Δ࢓࢓مܛ௣؈ࢨ྇இΖೈॺ؆ڇᘋᔊࢬ֧ದऱᖂ฾Δ౨ࠌᖂ฾ृ

᧯ᄎࠩᖂ฾փ୲ءߪऱᏝଖࡉᑗᔊΔᖂ฾ऱᑷൣթ౨֧ᗏΔࠀ׊਍ᥛΖᖂ฾ृኙ ᖂ฾փ୲հᏝଖऱᎁٵΔא֗ڇᖂ฾መ࿓խᛧ࠷ऱݶᑗΔঁਢψᖂ฾ऱփڇࢨء ᔆᘋᔊωΔຍਢࢬڶඒᖂऄऱึᄕؾᑑΔຍଡؾᑑऱሒګΔೈԱඒᖂऄؘႊᄄ಼Δ

່ૹ૞ऱսਢඒृءߪՈ౨᧯᧭ᖂ฾ᇠࠃढऱᑗᔊΔՈڶᖂ฾ᇠࠃढऱᑷൣΖᅝ ᖂ฾ृ઎լࠩඒߛृኙႚ඄փ୲ऱᑷൣழΔڕ۶ઌॾറࣹ࣍ᇠࠃढऱᖂ฾ਢଖ൓

ऱࡋΛ!

ԿΕຂٚტΰresponsibilityαΚຂٚტլႛਢԫጟᐚ۩ΔՈਢ֘ઊ৸ፂऱ૞ైΖ ޙ৖ᎁ੡৸ፂऱຂٚტΔ।෼ڇ৸ፂኙွऱႃխΕॾ࢚ፖॾ࢚հၴऱ࠰ᓳԫ຃Δ א֗ࠉ৸ፂऱ࿨࣠ၞ۩ܒឰࠀޏ᧢ॾ࢚ऱრᣋΖ១૞ऱᎅ༉ਢ຃ኧ৸ፂऱެ֨Ζ ԫ౳Գլޣ੷ᇞΕᎅԫ୚೚ԫ୚Δࢨृࣄ਍ઌյؿએऱॾ࢚ࢨᑑᄷ࿛࿛Δຟਢ޲

ڶ৸ፂຂٚტऱ।෼Δࠡ৵࣠ਢࠌ৸ፂະԵ෗႖ࡉ։ါΖޙ৖ਐנΔᖂسྤऄڇ

෻ཕՂݮګ૤ຂٚऱኪ৫Δڶ༓ଡ׌૞ऱ଺ڂΖଈ٣Δᖂீᓰ࿓መ৫ๅᠦᖂسऱ س੒ᆖ᧭Δᣄאᖿದ׌೯৸ەऱᘋᔊΔՈ၌။ࠡࢬ౨෻ᇞऱᒤ໮ΖຍᑌऱඒޗΔ

(12)

12ʳ ௲ػࣴز໣т!ಃ 49 ᒠ!ಃ 1 ය

ᕆګᖂسլװ৸ەᖂ฾փ୲ߒຶז।չᏖრᆠऱ฾ክΔొጰಖ፽ඒޗΔ௅ءլԱ ᇞࢬᖂኙॾ࢚ࡉ۩೯౨ขس۶ጟ܂شΖ׼ԫଡംᠲਢΔᖂீඒऱ֜ڍΕ֜ᠧΔࠌ

൓ᖂسྤᄈ৸ەΔឈྥᆰ՗ႾየԱᄗ࢚Δ܀ڂ੡޲ڶ৸ፂᜤ࿨ᘜᄎ຃ຏऱפ֛Δ ᄗ࢚׽ਢሿཋΕ֭ᠦچژڇထΔႾ൓ყڍΔყਢ෗႖Δ޲ڶ຃ຏऱױ౨Ζຍᑌᖂ ࠐऱᄗ࢚ࢨॾ࢚Δ༉ቝߪՂመڍऱ౟ौΔشլՂԾᣄא෎ೈΔਢ৸ፂ೜ൈऱԫՕ ٲ୭Ζޙ৖ᎁ੡ᖂீ૞ᝩ܍ຍଡംᠲΔؘႊጲᙇඒޗΔኑױඒ൓֟ԫࠄΔۖՅʳ ʳ ʳ ਢඒऱΔຟඒ൓ኧࢍΔթ౨ᒔঅᖂسኙࢬᖂขسຘኧऱᎁᢝ²Ζຍᇙࢬᘯψຘʳ ʳ ʳ ኧωΔڇޙ৖ऱ৸უխΔז।ԫଡԳऱॾ࢚౨شࠐႽየچᇞެംᠲࢨ๠෻ࠃൣΔຍ ጟࡉ۩೯࿨ٽΕڇ෼ኔխ᧭ᢞመऱॾ࢚Δթ౨֏੡৸ፂऱڶᖲᕆ։Δܗ९৸ፂ૏

݇Δࠀګ੡ᖂ฾ृ৸ፂ׌იլױ։ᠦऱԫຝ։Ζࢬא૞ޣࠀ࠰ܗᖂسᚨشࢬᖂΔ ኔڇਢഛᕆ৸ፂຂٚტऱૹ૞ຜஉΖ

དྷăޥჯ͞ڱ

৸ፂऱֱऄ।෼ڇ৸ፂऱመ࿓Δۖ෻უऱ৸ፂመ࿓Δޙ৖ጠհ੡֘ઊ৸ፂΔ ࢬאΔ෡Ե։࣫ޙ৖ኙ֘ઊ৸ፂᖵ࿓ऱ੺ࡳΔױאٵழᎁᢝࠡ֨ؾխऱ෻უ৸ፂ

ֱऄΖ

ڕছࢬ૪Δޙ৖ᎁ੡֘ઊ৸ፂऱ࿇سΔԯਢڂ੡૿ᜯԱլᒔࡳΕৱᇞެऱം

ᠲΔࢨृᔡሖԫழྤऄᇞެऱܺᣄΙ޲ڶጊᣄ༉޲ڶ֘ઊ৸ፂΖ܀ጊᣄਢחԳᅀ

༪լݶऱࠃΔࠡᇞެԾൄ၄Ժۖլԫࡳڶ࿨࣠ΔࢬאΔڶऱԳ૿ᜯܺ༝᜔ਢᙇᖗ ಲᝩΔሖࠩᎽᡶ༉฾ክࢤऱೂሇΔڕڼΔឈױ܍װԫழऱܺឫΔ֘ઊ৸ፂথՈڂ ڼྤऄנ෼Ζ׽ڶᙇᖗإီጊᣄΔࠀუऄᇞެΔ֘ઊ৸ፂթ౨إڤ୶ၲΖᖞ᧯ۖ

ᓵΔ֘ઊ৸ፂڇᇞެጊᣄऱመ࿓խΔٵழ࿳شԱტࡴवᤚࡉ৸ፂං෻Δٍܛሎش

2 म୯ণᏢৎᚶቺੇȐA. N. Whitehead, 1861-1947ȑΨԖᆶԜ࣬՟ޑᢀᗺǴдᇥ ȐWhitehead, 1929: 2ȑǺࢌ٤௲ػҔၸӭޑคࢲΚޑཷۺஒΓᜪЈᡫᆙᆙ࿸࿹ǹऩा

ၢಥ೭ᅿᄄᆄǴ௲ػࢲ୏Ѹ໪ᒥӺٿచיࡓǴ΋ࢂȨό௲ϼӭᏢࣽȩǴΒࢂȨΥࢂ

௲ޑǴ೿ा௲ޑᄇۭȩǶ

(13)

ტᤚࡴ౨ኙࠃኔ܂٤ᒌۖኧࢍچᨠኘΔ៶אᤛ࿇ᜤუΔݮګ೗๻Ζ܀ტࢤࢬᄆق ऱ೗๻Δႊᆖஔࢤၞԫޡጲ᝷Δֱ౨ګ੡ڶᏝଖᒵ౉Ζ೗๻৬مհ৵Δ৸ፂृ៶ طං෻ە᧭ࠡٽ෻ࢤΔࠀຏመᣤ௑ऱ۩೯ࢨኔ᧭ᛀᢞΔޣ࠷֭਍ࢨܡࡳ೗๻ऱ࿨

ᓵࢤᢞᖕΔࠀݮګᇞެംᠲऱ଺෻଺ঞΖᇡาᎅࠐΔޙ৖ऱ֘ઊ৸ፂ։੡նଡၸ

੄ΰDewey, 1933: 107-118αΚ!

ԫΕᜤუΰsuggestionsαΚᜤუਢະԵࢨ૿ᜯጊ༝Δ௅ᖕტᤚᨠኘΔא֗መ࢓

ᆖ᧭Δጵٽ֘ઊհ৵ऱขढΖࠏڕݺଚ۩ᆖԫچΔሖࠩྑ৺ऱᄻੌᣄאሀ။ழΔ

ൣፃՂᣄ܍ტᤚ஫މΔڶऱՈ๺ެࡳլ٦࢓ছߨΔڶऱথױ౨ڂ੡ٺڤٺᑌऱ෻

طΔެࡳ૞ྀመᄻੌऱኙࡾװΖྀᄻऱֱڤڶৰڍΔუྀᄻऱԳؘႊ௅ᖕᅝՀऱ ᨠኘኙڕ۶۩೯ขسԫࠄᜤუΖࠏڕהױ౨ᨠኘࠩᄻֽឈྥྑ৺Δ܀լ෡Δ௫۩

ۖመΔኙ࣍ڶྀᄻᆖ᧭ऱהۖߢΔՈ๺ਢڜ٤ױ۩ऱΖ

ԲΕ෻ཕ֏ΰintellectualizationαΚຍਢਐඈೈॺ෻ࢤऱൣፃ֘ᚨΔՈਢኙം

ᠲࢤᔆ܂ড়ᨠ։࣫ࡉ੺ࡳऱመ࿓Ζ൷ᥛছࠏΔ߷ࠄᤚ൓௫ֽۖመױ۩ऱԳΔլԫ

ࡳޢଡԳຟආ࠷۩೯ΔڶԳױ౨ڂ੡ԫࠄլ෻ཕऱუऄۖ࣋ඵΔֺڕڶࠄԳױ౨ ಮॾᄻֽᇙڶ೒Ꮢۖ֨س੹᥈Ζ෻ཕ֏թ౨઎෎ംᠲऱ᣻࿨Δլ੡।૿ტᤚࢬ༝Δ ຍՈਢᇞެംᠲऱ۟૞ᣂ᝶Ζ

ԿΕ೗๻ΰhypothesisαΚຍଡၸ੄ऱ৸ፂਢࠉᖕॣޡᜤუࢬ൓ऱٺጟױ౨೗

๻Δ܂ߓอᨠኘࡉᇷற፦ႃΔאֺለ೗ࡳΕଥإ೗ࡳΔࠀޣ൓ႽᑵΖࠏڕᄻੌڇ ٺ๠ऱ෡෍Ε৺ᒷࡉᐈ௿լԫΔ༉ٺጟᐙ᥼ڂైေ۷հ৵ΔྀᄻऱԳթ౨ᙇࡳ෻

უऱছၞሁᒵࢨᖩֱྀڤΖ

؄Εං෻ΰreasoningαΚᙇࡳֺለႽᑵऱ೗๻հ৵Δ৸ፂृࠉᖕᆖ᧭ࡉवᢝΔ ڇუቝऱൣቼխ༉೗๻ऱֱூ೚ޥᒌංዝΖࠏڕΔྀᄻழߪՂऱ۩ޕᄎլᄎऀᛘΕ ჾᡏΛᄻݩޥفڞᔲ࿓৫Δױאߧߩۖ۩ႯΛ௫ֽᛘຘऱ۪ࣚڇࠩሒቃࡳچհ ছΔڶױ౨᧢೓ႯΛ᜔հΔං෻ਢಾኙ೗๻בᓯኔ۩৵ࢬױ౨૜سऱणउΔףא უቝΕᇭᤩࡉܒឰΔױאᎅਢ೗๻ࢬ௫֗ऱٺጟڂ࣠ᜤ࿨ऱ෡Ե৸ፂΖ

նΕ೗๻հኔᎾࢨᑓᚵ᧭ᢞΰtesting the hypothesis by overt or imaginative actionαΚຍਢڇጲา๻ૠࡉᣤ௑൳ࠫ᧢ᑇऱൣቼՀΔشኔᎾ۩೯ࢨᑓᚵऱኔ᧭ኙ

৸ፂࢬቃྒྷऱփ୲ףא᧭ᢞΔࠀኙլᒔࡳऱڂైၞ۩൶౉ऱᖵ࿓Ζڇኔ᧭ᛀᢞխΔ

(14)

14ʳ ௲ػࣴز໣т!ಃ 49 ᒠ!ಃ 1 ය

լႛ೗๻ऱױᔾࢤ൓ࠩᢞࣔΔԫࠄᄅऱΕآᆖ৸ەऱڂైՈױ౨௬෼Δၞ֧ۖ࿇

ᄅऱംᠲΔขس׼ԫ༛ᛩऱ৸ፂࡉە᧭Ζֺڕ௫ֽመᄻऱԳឈྥࠉᅃૠ྽ګפچ

ྀመᄻੌΔ܀Ո๺ᆬ໊႞ԱΔ۩ޕᛘຘԱΔڶ༓ڻ੷۟૞๯ᖿੌޱߨΔຍࠄᆖ᧭

ܫ္ᅝࠃԳ௫ֽۖመսྥڶࠡٲᙠࡉܺᣄΔڕ࣠૞٦ᖩ။ᄻੌΔۿ׏ᚨᇠ༈ބޓ

෻უऱֱڤΚࠏڕڇᄻੌለ௿ాऱچֱਮ๻ঁᖯΖ܀ঁᖯڕ࣠ሖࠩᄻֽᑊይΔױ ౨๯ޱᄤࢨ෕޲Δլਢ९ՆհૠΔڂڼڕ࣠ࠟࡾڶഒࡐऱࡿفࢨچഗΔ৬ᗰٶᖯΔ

༉ױ܍ೈੋֽऱ৖ౡΖᅝྥ৬ᗰٶᖯऱუऄڕ࣠בᓯ۩೯Δսᄎڶ৵ᥛऱംᠲࡉ

᧢ᑇە᧭ထ۩೯ृऱ৸ፂΔۖ۩೯ृঁਢڇຍጟլឰ૿ኙംᠲࡉᇞެംᠲऱመ࿓

խΔ৬مದყࠐყ᠆༄ΕყาയΕყױᔾऱवᢝጻ࿮Ζ

ޙ৖ᎁ੡۩೯᧭ᢞ৵Δ۩೯ृᚨ༉᧭ᢞ࿨࣠ኙመװऱवᢝࡉᆖ᧭֘ઊΔຍਢ ᆖ᧭ऱ᜔࿨Δؾऱڇ৬مਐᖄآࠐ۩೯ऱ଺෻଺ঞΔࠀ༼֒ਝڶऱवᢝΖڕছࢬ ߢΔޙ৖׌്৸ፂ࿇سڇլᒔࡳΕᡖጊࡉܺᣄऱൣቼΔᆖ৸ፂࡉ۩೯ऱᛀᢞΔࠡ

෻უऱ࿨ޔΔᚨਢࠌլࣔᒔऱ᧢ࣔᒔΔࠌܺᣄᇞެΔࠀطڼขسᄅऱᏝଖ᧯᧭Ζ ຍᇙࢬᎅऱࣔᒔტࡉᄅऱᏝଖᨠΔࠡኔ༉ਢᆖ᧭᜔࿨৵ऱ࿨࣠Ζޙ৖ጠຍጟᆖ᧭

᜔࿨ڇ࣍෻ᇞᆖ᧭ψፖآࠐ֗መװऱᣂএωΰreference to the future and the pastαΔ Ո༉ਢݺଚԫ౳ࢬᘯᦸ࢓वࠐऱᖵ׾֘৸Ζޙ৖ਐנຍጟᆖ᧭᜔࿨Δױאီ੡֘

ઊ৸ፂհ৵ऱԫጟ৸ە੒೯ΙՈױီհ੡֘ઊ৸ፂऱԫຝ։Δۖګ੡֘ઊ৸ፂऱ รքଡၸ੄Ζڼ؆ޙ৖Ո׌്֘ઊ৸ፂऱٺଡၸ੄ਢ༛ᛩլբऱΔۖ׊ٺଡၸ੄

ऱႉݧױ౨ڂ੡૿ኙऱംᠲլٵۖڶ᧢೯ऱױ౨ࢤΔངߢհΔ،ଚࠀլਢڽࣨΕ ࡐࡳऱੌ࿓Ζ

ؘႊޓၞԫޡᎅࣔऱਢΔ֘ઊ৸ፂࠀॺᆖ᧭৸ፂΔۖਢޓ෡ԵΕޓߓอ֏ऱ ઝᖂ৸ፂΖޙ৖ലࠉክࢤۖ৬مದऱֲൄس੒ॾ࢚ጠ੡ᆖ᧭Δࠀਐנొࠉᆖ᧭ۖ

৸ፂڶԿଡ׌૞ऱኤఐ³ΚรԫΔլݙᖞΖᆖ᧭ࢬ֗ऱᒤ໮ൄਢྲྀ౒լ٤ऱΔࠉᖕ

3 ੝ձॶளݙཀޑࢂǴ׹࠶ᗨฅᇡࣁપ٩࿶ᡍΠղᘐԖځᄄᆄǴՠ೭ό฻ܭᇥȨ࿶ᡍȩ όख़ाǶӧȠ࿶ᡍᆶԾฅȡȐExperience and Natureȑ΋ਜύǴ׹࠶ȐDewey, 1958: 3-4ȑ ஒ࿶ᡍϩࣁȨ߃ભ࿶ᡍȩȐprimary experience ȑϷȨԛભ࿶ᡍȩȐsecondary experienceȑǶ߃ભ࿶ᡍݱࡰঁΓӧВதғࢲύ܌࿶ᐕϷሦڙډޑ΋ϪǴ೭ࢂ΋ᅿಉ ᕫǵ҂࿶ϩ݋ޑ࿶ᡍǹԛભ࿶ᡍ߾ࢂଞჹ߃ભ࿶ᡍ܌ගٮޑ׷਑Ǵуаس಍ޑϸ࣪ǵ

(15)

ྲྀ౒ऱಛஒ܂ܒឰΔױᔾࢤլߩΖรԲΔᆖ᧭ྤऄᇞᤩᄅ෼ွΖᆖ᧭ਢࠉൄࠏۖ

ݮګऱॾ࢚Δᅝ᧢ࠏנ෼ழΔᆖ᧭༉؈װயشԱΖޙ৖ਐנΔઝᖂ৸ፂࡉᆖ᧭৸ ፂऱ່ՕլٵհԫΔ༉ڇ࣍ઝᖂ৸ፂ౨ല៱ᆖ᧭ᚨش࣍ᄅൣቼΔۖᆖ᧭৸ፂྤڼ ౨ԺΖรԿΔᆖ᧭৸ፂႜٻ࣍অښΕᗑឰΖ֨ཕመ৫ࠉᘸֲൄᆖ᧭ऱ࿨࣠Δൄਢ ᇥՕ߷ࠄڶܓ࣍ᢞࣔ៱ᆖ᧭ऱ෼ွΔ࢙ฃ஁ฆऱژڇΔࢨृൎף೪ဪΔࠌࠡፖ៱ ॾ࢚ઌฤΖࢬאΔᆖ᧭৸ፂլႛྤऄᇞᤩᄅ෼ွΔ੷׊ਢႜٻ࣍ᚘލᄅ෼ွΔኙ

࣍լ൓լ૿ኙऱᄅฆൣउΔঞشԫࠄဠዌऱ෻طࠐᑆ૜Ζࠏڕᎅᚥ௥౨ࢼֽਢڂ

੡Օ۞ྥቧ༞ట़णኪΙᕛׂࠌԳڜఠਢڂ੡ᕛׂᄿࠠڶႝఠऱᦅԺΖڂ੡ຍጟ ᇞᤩ္ᓯ࣍լױᨠኘऱళఽڂైΔਝլ౨ᢞࣔՈլ౨ܡࡳ৵ࠐऱᨠኘࡉᆖ᧭Δ່

৵෠੡ొጰऱႚᎅΔזזڂ᦭ऱ࿨࣠Δګ੡ԫጟඒයΔพஒ֘ઊ৸ፂऱ࿇୶Ζޙ

৖ᎁ੡ΰDewey, 1933: 264αΔຍᣊඒයࢬא౨ႚհՆ᎛Δඒߛृ૞૤ದԫຝ։ຂ

ٚΔڂ੡ඒߛृᆖൄਢඒයऱֆᎁঅᥨԳΔ֨ኪՂႜٻ࣍অژႚอॾ࢚Δނᡖጊ

ႚอΔီ੡ᡖጊᦞ৖Δ᠏ۖቔᚐᖂسא๯೯Ε቏ࣚΕᚈൕ੡׌૞ऱભᐚΖՆհΔ ՕڍᑇԳঁᎁࡳΚψՅਢլฤਝࡳᄷঞृઃ᥆ฆጤߵᎅΙᄅ࿇෼ऱ༼נृΔᚨ࠹ᡖ ጊ੷۟ਢᚘࠫΖω

ඒߛृ૞ឭๅඒයښᥨृऱߡۥΔႊڇ৸ፂඒߛऱֱڤՂ܂௅ءऱޏ᧢Ζຍ ጟޏ᧢ऱு֨ጲళΔࠉޙ৖հߠΔ༉ਢ֏ᆖ᧭৸ፂऱ๯೯ࢤ੡ઝᖂ৸ፂऱ׌೯ࢤΔ լᨃψ࿇سωڇԳᣊߪՂऱᆖ᧭׌୬৸ፂΔۖਢ૞א࿇سऱ෼ွ੡ഗ៕Δ༼נ೗

๻Δ๻ૠኔ᧭Δψ໌ທω෼ွΔթ౨ሒࠩ᧭ᢞऱઝᖂய࣠Ζઝᖂ৸ፂऱ௽ۥΔڇ࣍

ֱࠡऄऱߓอ֏Ζઝᖂ৸ፂڇֱऄՂᝑߒߓอ֏ऱ׌૞ؾऱΔਢ૞ሒࠩࠃኔፖᨠ

௖઩Ǵ٠Ᏽаளрܜຝޑཷۺ܈চ߾Ƕ୷ҁ΢ǴҁЎ೭္܌ᇥޑȨ࿶ᡍࡘᆢȩೀܭ ߃ભ࿶ᡍޑቫԛǴԶȨࣽᏢࡘᆢȩ߾ឦܭԛભ࿶ᡍޑቫԛǶᏃᆅӧ׹࠶ޑᢀۺύǴ ߃ભ࿶ᡍѝࢂޕ᛽ޑ׷਑ǴԶߚޕ᛽ҁيǹՠ׹࠶٠όᇡࣁ߃ભ࿶ᡍКԛભ࿶ᡍޑ ᇡޕሽॶեǶдȐDewey, 1958: 19-21ȑץຑ໺಍ণᏢᇤᇡԛભ࿶ᡍК߃ભ࿶ᡍ׳ௗ

߈ჴӧޑགྷݤǴ٠ᆀ೭ᅿᢀۺࣁȨ୤ඵЬကȩȐintellectualismȑǶ׹࠶ȐDewey, 1958:

2ȑܴқЬ஭Ǵϸ࣪ࡘᆢ܈ࣽᏢࡘᆢ܌ளޑ่ፕǴ೿Ѹ໪ӣډВத߃ભ࿶ᡍύѐௗ

ڙԵᡍǶёـǴӧ׹࠶ޑࡘགྷύǴࣽᏢࡘᆢک߃ભ࿶ᡍӧޕ᛽ሽॶ΢٠ؒԖ๊ჹޑ ଯΠϐϩǹѬॺࢂঁΓ؃ޕၸำύǴٿঁӕࣁόё܈લЪ࡭ុϕ୏ޑᇡޕाનǶ

(16)

16ʳ ௲ػࣴز໣т!ಃ 49 ᒠ!ಃ 1 ය

࢚յ੡ᛀ᧭ऱய࣠Ζᨠ࢚ਢԳᣊኙࠃढհڂ࣠ᣂএऱᎁࡳΔຍጟᎁࡳڶயፖܡΔ

ؘႊڇߓอ֏ऱ൳ࠫൣቼՀΔװ፦ႃࢨ໌ທৱᨠኘऱࠃኔΔطࠃኔެࡳᨠ࢚ࢨڂ

࣠ᣂএऱګمፖܡΖ

ߓอऱઝᖂ৸ፂץܶԲՕຝ։ΔԫਢᨠኘΔԲਢኔ᧭᧭ᢞΖޙ৖ਐנΔᨠኘ ਢ৸ፂऱԫתΔߜړऱᨠኘΔެࡳ৸ፂګඓΖઝᖂऱᨠኘڶࠡؾᑑࢤΔא᧭ᢞᨠ

࢚੡ؾऱΔਚ౨।෼נ׌೯ࢤΕ։࣫ࢤࡉ᧭ᢞࢤΔຍፖශྤؾᑑऱψ઎ω࿪լઌ ٵΖ٦ृΔਝྥᨠኘऱؾऱਢڇ᧭ᢞΔࠡڇ࠷ᑌՂঁᏁଫ᥽ၦΰᑇαፖᔆΰᣊܑαΖ ࠏڕΔݺଚڕ࣠૞᧭ᢞԫጟᢐढऱய࣠Δ൷࠹ኔ᧭ऱԳլ܀ᑇၦ૞ڍΔጟᣊՂՈ ᚨڶࢬ஁ฆΰڕլٵऱࢤܑΕڣ᤿ΕۨীΕጟගΕ᧯ૹ࿛࿛αΔڕڼΔ࠷ᑌՂթڶ ז।ࢤΔኔ᧭࿨࣠թ౨܂੡ංᓵऱࠉᖕΖԫᢐढڇᣊۿኙွՂڶઌٵ࿨࣠Δࡐڶ

ࠡංᓵᏝଖΔ܀ڕ࣠ڇլٵࢤᔆऱኙွՂΔՈ౨ᛧ൓ઌٵ࿨࣠ΔࠡංᓵᏝଖ༉Օ

੡༼೏ԱΖࢬאઝᖂڇ࠷ᑌՂլႛլඈ؞஁ฆΕኙمΔ֘ۖਢᦟ०ࠀ፦ႃ،ଚΔ

ۖԫଡᨠ࢚ყ౨ᇞᤩ஁ฆࡉኙمऱࠃኔழΔყڶઝᖂࢤΖຍរՈױᎅࣔઝᖂૹီ

ࠃኔΔլᔢ༉฾ࢤΕክࢤऱ௽ۥΖ

ઝᖂؘႊ፦ႃࢨᨠኘᄅऱ෼ွΔլመᄅ෼ွڶழొᖇᆖ᧭๯೯ऱ࿛ৱਢլᄎ נ෼ऱΔڂ੡،ଚױ౨ߔߠࢨᣄא஢஦ΔࢬאઝᖂᏁ૞ٛᘸኔ᧭Δڇኔ᧭ऱൣቼ խΔࠌৱᨠኘऱ౨ጲᒔچ᧩قΖ

ޙ৖ᎁ੡ߓอऱઝᖂኔ᧭ڶնՕ௽ۥΚรԫਢ໌ທߔߠऱࠃኔΰ෼ွαΖڶழ ݺଚ඿ᨠኘऱ෼ွױ౨࿛Ղ༓׈ધթڶᖲᄎנ෼Δ܀ڇኔ᧭ᅝխথᙟழױא໌ທ נࠐΖࠏڕૉե֏ᖂցైܛࠌڇݺଚࡌᔡऱ۞ྥᛩቼխլژڇΔᝫਢױאൕኔ᧭

խ໌ທנࠐΖ

รԲΔઝᖂኔ᧭ױᨠኘឆპऱ෼ွΖࠏڕሽऱ܂شΔาပऱݮणࡉ੒೯࿛࿛Δ ຟਢֲൄᆖ᧭ᨠኘլࠩऱΔ܀ڇኔ᧭ᕴޗऱ᎖ܗՀΔথױࣔ᧩ۖጲᒔچ൶ྒྷנࠐΖ รԿΔઝᖂኔ᧭ױ༼ࠎ᧢֏ऱᨠኘൣቼΖ।૿ՂࡐࡳᏘԫऱ෼ွΔڇ᧢֏ऱ

ൣቼխױ౨।෼נլٵऱ௽ᔆΔۖຍጟ᧢֏ൣቼऱ໌ທΔ༉ਢઝᖂኔ᧭ऱૹ૞פ ౨հԫΔຘመຍጟֱऄΔԫଡࠃढऱ௽ᔆթ౨൓ࠩݙᖞऱԱᇞፖ༳༽ΖࠏڕΔ๺

ڍढᔆڇլٵऱᄵ৫ࡉᚘԺՀΔ݁ᄎܧ෼௛ኪΕ෈ኪࡉࡐኪΔ܀ڇֲൄᆖ᧭խΔ ظढᔆױ౨᜔ਢࡐኪΔԬढᔆױ౨᜔ਢ෈ኪΔׇढᔆױ౨᜔ਢ௛ኪΔ׽ڶ៶ထኔ

(17)

᧭ݺଚթ౨Աᇞ଺ࠐԿृຟڶ௛Ε෈Εࡐ࿛ԿኪΔ׊ڇԿኪհխ௽ᔆٺڶլٵΖ ១໢چᎅΔ׽ڶڇ᧢ฆऱൣቼխΔթ౨ך։ۖݙᖞچԱᇞࠃኔΔۖຍጟ᧢ฆऱൣ

ቼΔᔾထ๯೯ऱᆖ᧭ൄਢྤऄ൓ࠩऱΔ׽ڶຘመઝᖂኔ᧭թ౨᎘࣐׊֘៿چ໌ທ נࠐΖޙ৖ᎅΰDewey, 1933: 199αΚ!

࿶ᡍݤ߾ᇡࣁȨ٣ჴόىਔा฻ࡑȩǴჴᡍݤ߾ࠅᇡࣁाȨബ೷٣ჴȩǶ

߻ޣ٩ᒘԾฅଽว౜ຝύ܌೸៛ޑ௃ნᖄᛠᜢ߯ǹࡕޣ߾ᆃΚڅཀӦǵ ԖҞޑӦஒ೭ᅿᖄᛠᡉ౜рٰǴԶ܌ԖӃ຾ޑཷۺ೿ࢂᙖ๱೭ঁБݤǴ ڗளࣽᏢޑߥ᛾Ƕ

ઝᖂኔ᧭ऱร؄ႈ௽ۥਢጲയΖઝᖂኔ᧭ऱؾᑑڇ༈ބທګԫଡ෼ွհ່଺

ࡨΕ່ഗءऱցైΔאഗءցై੡Աᇞԫଡ෼ွհ᠙ᨤΔڕڼլႛױࠌᇞᤩΕૠ ጩΕቃྒྷ֗൳ࠫᄅ෼ွհנ෼ګ੡ױ౨ΔՈ྇֟Աᙑᎄऱᖲ෷Ζאᚥ௥ܮֽऱ܂

شۖߢΔݺଚ࿇෼ٵᑌऱᚥ௥ڇլٵ௧ࢸ೏৫ழΔࢼֽױሒऱ೏৫լٵΔຍਢᚥ

௥ऱψܮԺωޏ᧢ԱႯΛࢨृਢࠡהऱڂైທګऱΛٵԫଡᚥ௥ܮԺլᚨڶլٵΔ ངߢհΔ᧢֏ऱլਢᚥ௥ऱܮԺΔۖਢ،ࢬڇऱ௧ࢸΖ܀௧ࢸ೏৫੡չᏖᄎᐙ᥼

ܮԺࡋΛ௧ࢸ೏܅ऱ᧢֏ז।չᏖڂైದԱ᧢֏ࡋΛઝᖂ୮ᆖመ։࣫Δ࿇෼़௛

ૹၦऱ᧢֏ΔՈ༉ਢՕ௛ᚘԺऱޏ᧢Δਢᚥ௥ܮԺயԺ஁ฆऱࠐᄭΖՕ௛ᚘԺਢ ױྒྷၦΕૠጩऱΔݺଚ׽૞ຘመ໢ۯ૿ᗨֽ૿Ղࢬࢭ࠹ऱՕ௛ᚘԺᑇଖࠐૠጩΔ

༉ױጲᒔቃ۷ᚥ௥ܮֽױሒऱ೏৫Ζ

ઝᖂኔ᧭ऱรնႈ௽ۥਢࢼွ֏Ζࢬᘯࢼွ֏༉ਢլೖఎ࣍।ွऱ༴૪Δۖ

౨ၞԫޡشࢼွऱᄗ࢚ࠐᇞᤩᆖ᧭ࢬ൓Ζࠏڕ್ሉሎԳຄΕ־ංၞଆᐘΕֽኻᄤ

໲߻Δຍࠄຟਢტࡴױኘᤚऱ෼ွΖ।૿ՂΔຍࠄ෼ွਢᗑمऱΕլઌեऱΔ܀

ᆖመࢼွ৸ە܂شΔຍࠄ෼ွհၴঁڶԱᜤᢀΖ್Ε־ࡉੋֽຟਢڇሎ೯ऱणኪ Հթ౨ං೯ࠃढΔࢬאሎ೯༉ਢԺऱࠐᄭࡉ।෼Ζ෼ڇݺଚᎅψ್ԺωΕψ־ԺωΕ ψֽԺωΔ᧩ྥԳᣊ࿇෼ψԺωऱᄗ࢚ױאشࠐ෻ᇞᆄࠃᆄढऱሎ೯౨ၦΖຍጟሎ شࢼွ֏ᄗ࢚ࠐ෻ᇞࠃढऱ౨ԺΔࠌԳނ༽۰ტᤚྤऄኘᤚऱᜤᢀΔނ৸უൕࡐ

ࡳऱΕࣔ᧩ऱΕᑵवऱ෼ွխࢼᢂנࠐΔࠀطڼ໺ࡳൕբव൶౉آवऱഗفΖޙ

৖ᎁ੡Κඒߛױ੺ࡳ੡ᆖ᧭ऱᇞ࣋ࡉឩךΰDewey, 1933: 202αΔۖຍጟᇞ࣋ࡉឩ

(18)

18ʳ ௲ػࣴز໣т!ಃ 49 ᒠ!ಃ 1 ය

ךࢬאױ౨Δ༉ڇ࣍ᚩլᚩ൓ຏመઝᖂֱऄኙ෼ွ܂ࢼွ৸ፂΔࠀ༉৸ፂࢬ൓ၞ

۩ኔ᧭ᛀᢞΖޙ৖ᎅΰDewey, 1933: 202αΚ!

ܜຝࡘᆢ൩ࢂҔཥ౳ӀٰቩຎکགྷႽ࿶ᡍύዕ஼ޑ٣ނǴҗԜ໒ܗཥ࿶

ᡍޑຎୱǶԶჴᡍ൩ࢂݮ๱೭ঁ೼৩ٰ৖౜ک᛾ܴѬޑ҉ࡡሽॶǶ

ࢬאޙ৖ឈྥૹီᆖ᧭Δᎁ੡ᆖ᧭ਢवᢝհᄭΔ܀Ոਐנᆖ᧭ؘႊᆖመᄗ࢚

ऱࢼွ֏܂شΰࢨࢼွ৸ፂαΔթ౨ឭๅ฾ࢤΔ൓ࠩ۞طΔࠀ࿇୶੡ڶԺऱ৸უΖ ޙ৖ᎅΰDewey, 1933: 183αΚ່ໃנऱ৸უ୮ؘਢኙᄗ࢚ऱᣂএࣄ਍ᖺদᘋᔊृΔ ԾᎅΰDewey, 1933: 226αΚࢼွਢඒߛऱؾऱچΔࠡሐ෻ຟڇڼΖ

լመຍᇙؘႊ٦ڻൎᓳऱਢΔᕣጥޙ৖ૹီొ֏ᆖ᧭փොऱࢼွ৸ፂ֗ઝᖂ

৸ፂΔױਢᇨڕء֮ုԿࢬߢΔޙ৖ࠀլ׌്ᆖطઝᖂֱऄొ֏ۖ൓ऱࢼွऱڻ

్ᆖ᧭Δֲֺൄࠠ᧯ऱॣ్ᆖ᧭ࠐ൓ޓటኔࢨޓ೏్Ζຍױᎅਢה֘ኙႚอୃᖂ

ႜٻނ෼ွ֗ኔڇኲྥԲ։ऱԫ຃৸უΰDewey, 1988: 154-155αΖޙ৖མᆖࣔػ چਐנΔઝᖂ੡Աઔߒֱঁۖࠌشऱࢼွᄗ࢚ࢨցైΔ׽ਢԫጟՠࠠΔլ౨ီհ

੡ኔڇءߪΰDewey, 1991: 155αΖ੡Ա֏ᇞലઝᖂီ੡ةਁట෻ऱኤጤΔޙ৖ڇ ઝᖂֱऄհ؆ΔՈ༼ଠψᆖ᧭ֱऄωΰempirical methodαΖהࢬᘯऱᆖ᧭ֱऄՕી

ڶࠟଡຜஉΰޕ९մΔ1987Κ12-15ΙDewey, 1958: 2-10αΔԫਢൕॣ్ᆖ᧭נ࿇Δ

ࠩొ֏ॣ్ᆖ᧭ऱڻ్ᆖ᧭Δ່৵٦ڃࠩॣ్ᆖ᧭խװ᧭ᢞڻ్ᆖ᧭ΔԱᇞࠡᇞ

ᤩֲൄᆖ᧭ऱயԺΖ׼ԫਢൕڻ్ᆖ᧭ࢬ৬مऱࢼွ࿨ᓵנ࿇Δࠐࠩس੒׈੺խ ऱॣ్ᆖ᧭Δࠀشॣ్ᆖ᧭ە᧭ࢼွ࿨ᓵऱݔᅝࢤΖ᜔հΔլᓵൕॣ్ᆖ᧭ࢨڻ

్ᆖ᧭נ࿇Δຟ૞ڃࠩॣ్ᆖ᧭ࠐΙݺଚՈױאᎅΔॣ్ᆖ᧭ਝਢ൶౉ऱದរՈ ਢึរΔۖຍរإਢޙ৖ᆖ᧭ֱऄऱு֨૞ڱΰພ໑֮Δ1988Κ59αΖޙ৖ऱຍጟ

৸უᄆقထԫ֊ऱઔߒګ࣠Δຟ๠ڇԫጟسسլբऱዝၞᖵ࿓Ιۖא੡ױאࢹၲ

ڍ᧢Εڍᑌऱॣ్ᆖ᧭Δሒીةਁట෻ऱუऄΔஎࢢ׽ਢԳᣊྐޣᒔࡳࢤऱԫጟ

़֤უቝᒽԱΰDewey, 1929: 9αΖڶԱຍࠄԱᇞհ৵Δ٦ࠐ઎ޙ৖ࢬᘯࢼွਢඒ ߛऱؾऱچऱᎅऄΔ༉౨ᎁᢝהຍᇙࢬᘯऱؾऱچΔᚨᇠ׽ਢԫጟၸ੄ࢤؾᑑΔ

ۖլਢةਁऱូ᝟Ζ

ፖছ૪ᓵរઌᣂऱਢΔޙ৖֘ኙ෻ᓵፖኔᎾኲྥԲ։ऱ܂ऄΔᎁ੡ࠟृ׽ڶ

(19)

ሎشऱֱঁ৫ࡉᔞشࢤհ։ܑۖբΖהਐנΰDewey, 1933: 224αመ։ൎᓳኔشΔ ലࠌԳؾ٠࿍෍Δ່ึݫ൓՚ޡᣄ۩Δࠌפشऱಳޣګ੡֤ᐙΙటإᚩ൓ኔشऱ ԳΔլ৺פ२ܓΔլނ৸უشפܓऱ࿍ᢃᢀڽڇ௿՛ऱሎ೯ᒤ໮Ζ۩೯Ժऱך։

ၲ୶ΔᏁ૞ၲខऱီມΔۖຍီມࠐ۞੡वᢝۖवᢝΔ੡۞ط৸ፂۖ৸ፂऱࢼွ

෻ᓵᘋᔊΖ܀ຍࠀլਢᎅ෻ᓵ৸ፂᚨᇠ࠷זኔᎾ৸ፂΔࢨृ෻ᓵ৸ፂᚌ࣍ኔᎾ৸ ፂΔޙ৖ᎁ੡ࠟृᚨڶٌյ܂شΔࠀڇଡԳऱ৸ፂ᧯ߓխሒࠩؓᘝऱ࿇୶Δۖຍ ՈਢඒߛऱؾᑑΖ෻ᓵፖኔᎾլ܂ኙᇩࢨյ੡᧭ᢞΔזᏝਢᏜ֏Ζࢬאޙ৖ᎅΔ መ৫ᑷ಑ࠠ᧯ֱ૿ऱԳΔᚨጐԺڇኔᎾ੒೯խ࿇୶ࢼွംᠲऱړ࡛֨ࡉტ࠹ԺΙ

۟࣍ೣړࢼွ෻ᓵᓰᠲऱԳΔঞᚨᏺףࢼွᨠ࢚ऱࠌشᖲᄎΔലฤᇆᤖܶऱట෻

شՕฒױᏆᄎऱش፿।ሒנࠐΖڕ࣠৸ፂ౨ڇࢼွࡉࠠ᧯հၴঅ਍യ֊ႉዃऱኙ ᇩᣂএΔψޢԫଡԳऱس੒༉ᄎޓڶய෷ΕޓࢉጝΖωΰDewey, 1933: 229α

ຏ᧯ۖᓵΔޙ৖ऱ৸ፂֱऄൎᓳֱٻࢤΕؾऱࢤΙה׌്৸ፂؘႊڶৱ࿠ം

ᠲΰץਔ؆ڇܺᣄࢨփڇጊ༝αΔլאᇞެጊᣄ੡ؾᑑऱ৸ፂ࢓࢓ੌ࣍ྤఐࡀܷΔ լ౨਍ՆΔՈᣄࠠໂ᧤ᙀࢤࡉ֘ઊԺΖۖംᠲऱᇞެΔଈૹࠃኔፖᨠ࢚հၴڶய

ۖയ֊ऱઌյᛀᢞᣂএΔຍᐋᣂএऱ৬مΔঞڶৱኔ෼ઝᖂኔ᧭ऱጲళֱ֗ऄΖ

Ёăૈዳͅ࠷ޥჯ۞ିጯࣧ݋

ࠉᖕ֘ઊ৸ፂऱ௽ᔆΔޙ৖༼נ๺ڍඒᖂՂᚨ۩ࣹრऱ૞ႈΔጵᨠۖᓵΔլ

؆׏ڇ֧࿇ࠠໂ׌೯ࢤΕؾᑑࢤΕݙᖞࢤࡉᤉᥛࢤऱᖂ฾Δଫࠠຍ؄ጟࢤᔆऱᖂ

฾Δլႛڶܗ֘ઊ৸ፂऱၲ୶ΔՈਢޙ৖ࢬᘯ౨।෼נࣲᓾԺऱᖂ฾Ζޙ৖ᎅ ΰDewey, 1933: 279αΚٚ۶ᖂઝඒᖂऱึᄕᛀᢞᄷᖕΔຟڇᖂسᖂ฾ழࢬ।෼נ ऱ׌೯ࣲᓾ౨ԺΖאՀലࠉছ૪؄ႈᖂ฾௽ᔆΔᎅࣔڕ۶ඒᖂΔֱ౨ᖿ࿇ᖂسऱ

׌೯ࣲᓾԺΖ

ԫΕ׌೯ࢤΚޙ৖ਐנ๯೯ࢤऱᖂ฾ࡉ֘ઊ৸ፂਢઌኙمऱणኪΔז।ړ࡛

֨ΕܒឰԺࡉ෻ᇞԺऱ౒׎Δਢጟ౉ྥྤ࠺ऱ໎ݰΖ੡Աᝩ܍๯೯ࢤऱᖂ฾Δޙ

৖༼ଠംᠲխ֨ڤऱඒᖂऄΖ׼؆Δඒஃءߪऱᖂ฾ኪ৫Ոᄕ੡ૹ૞Ζଈ٣Δം

ᠲխ֨ڤऱඒᖂΔؾऱڇ֧࿇ᖂسኙ၄ᇞΕᄅ࡛ऱࠃढΔขسԫጟඕᔲऱტ࠹ࡉ

(20)

20ʳ ௲ػࣴز໣т!ಃ 49 ᒠ!ಃ 1 ය

ಳޣᇞᤩऱྐޣΖᅝᇞ࿠ܺ༝ऱྐඨ۾ᖕ৸უழΔ৸ፂ༉ᄎ੒ᥬದࠐΔ༉ڶ׌೯ ࢤΖ޲ڶᇞ༝ऱྐඨࢬ֧࿇ऱ෻ཕᑷൣΔ٦؏ݎऱඒᖂऄՈਢஈྥΖྥۖΔᇞ༝

ऱྐඨਢڕ۶ขسऱࡋΛޙ৖ਐנΔᖂسኙ࣍۞աᑵवऱඒޗ࢓࢓ტࠩᘋ࠺౉

ྥΔኙ࣍वᢝᒤ໮؆ऱࠃढঞךየړ࡛ΖהᜰࠏᎅΰDewey, 1933: 289αΔψ՛ഡԳω ΰLittle WomanαऱਚࠃՖՠଚᘋᔊ౒౒Δ܀ਢ༄ᎌټੌऱس੒׈੺Δڔଚথ੍੍

ᑗሐΕךየუቝΖඒᖂ૞࿳شԳࢤኙᄅ࡛ऱფړΔ܂੡֧࿇৸ፂऱ೯ԺΙڕ࣠ඒ ޗਢᖂسଚݙ٤ᑵ൜ऱࠃढΔהଚऱტᤚ౨Ժ༉ᄎྙཋΔ৸ەՈᄎڂڼະ࣍ೖቅΖ

܀ຍࠀլਢ૞ቔᚐԳܡࡳ៱ऱΕ२ऱΕᑵवऱޗறΔۖਢ૞ᎅࣔ،ଚ׽ڶش࣍෻

ᇞᄅऱΕ૽سऱඒޗழΔթ౨᧩෼נ৾ᅝऱயشΖڇޙ৖ऱ෻ᓵխΔඒޗڇᄅ៱Ε

᎛२հၴ૞࠷൓ԫጟؓᘝΖᠦᖂسس੒ᆖ᧭ֺለ᎛ऱޗறΔױא༼ࠎᖂ฾ऱࠨᖿ ࡉ೯ᖲΔֺለ२ऱ܂੡ᨠ࢚ऱࠎ࿯ࡉᇞެംᠲऱޗறΖང؁ᇩᎅΔඒᖂ༉ਢڇ࠰

ܗᖂسሎش៱ऱޗறᇞެᄅऱംᠲΖ

ࠡڻΔԫ౳ඒஃڇඒᖂऱመ࿓խΔ੡ඒઝ஼ࢬؐ׳Δլཊڇඒᖂᆏ৉ࡉփ୲ Ղ࿑܂ޓ೯Δݫ൓׽ᄎᅃء৙ઝΔᐙ᥼ඒᖂऱ׌೯ࢤࡉ੒ԺΔՈլܓ࣍ᖂس৸ፂ ऱ࿇୶Ζޙ৖ᎁ੡Δඒઝ஼׽ਢ֫੄ࡉՠࠠΔլਢؾऱΙඒஃ૿ኙඒઝ஼ᚨආψ߮

ಱ࿜ฃωΔٍܛլऴ൷ඒ඄փ୲Δۖਢൕඒޗխᙇנխ֨ᤜᠲΔᖿ࿇ᖂس༉ᤜᠲڇ რߠΕᆖ᧭ࡉवᢝՂၞ۩س೯ऱٌੌΖڇംᠲಘᓵխᖂسլႛ౨ኙඒஃრ඿ඒ඄

ऱ׌ᠲ൓ࠩॣޡऱᎁᢝΔՈขسܮگઌᣂᇷಛऱ֨෻ᄷໂΖ່৵Δޙ৖௽ܑൎᓳ ඒஃءߪኙवᢝऱటᇨ໛ړΖהᎅᖂسٱွ່෡ࠥऱඒஃΔ౨ނ۞աኙवᢝࢨᢌ

๬ऱ߆ᑷႚᖄ࿯ᖂسΔࠌהଚขس۞۩൶ߒऱփڇ೯ԺΖޙ৖෡ॾΰDewey, 1933:

263αΔඒஃૉਢࠠڶటإऱवᢝᑷൣΔࠡඒᖂ۞ྥ౨ཋ࿇ܮ֧ᖂسऱسᖲ੒ԺΙ ઌ֘ऱΔኙ۞աࢬႚ඄ऱඒޗශྤᘋᔊऱඒஃΔ٦ڶᔊऱᖂઝΔՈ׽ᄎڇהᑆ૜

Աࠃऱ֨ኪխΔ᧢ګڽ௛ާާऱૹ૤Ζ

ԲΕؾᑑࢤΚ֘ઊ৸ፂਢڶ࿨࣠Δ౨আၞवᢝࡉᨠ࢚ছၞऱ৸ፂΔຍଡ௽ᔆ ڇ৸ፂ౒׎ؾᑑΔࢨृؾᑑ౑ᠧऱൣउՀΔຟྤऄ᧩෼נࠐΖ༉౒׎ؾᑑۖߢΔ

່ൄߠऱਢ࠹ᖿၞඒߛ৸უऱᐙ᥼Δԫ࠺ൎᓳᖂسխ֨Δܡࡳඒஃऱਐᖄ܂شΙ

׼؆ਢመ৫ൎᓳᑗᔊऱૹ૞Δא੡ᙟழຟტࠩ᎘ᠾݶᑗऱᖂ฾Δթਢړऱᖂ฾Ζ ޙ৖ਐנૉեᖂீࠥრচஇඒஃڇඒᖂመ࿓խऱᏆᖄ܂شΔא੡ඒஃਐࡳऱ܂ᄐ

(21)

ࢨᓰᠲΔຟਢൎࠫऱ।෼Δሔ֘ࠝ࿙৸უऱ۞׌ࢤΖຍࠄᖂீ׌്ࢬڶᖂ฾׌ᠲ ຟᚨᇠطࠝ࿙༼נթฤٽ֨෻ऱ׌೯଺ঞΖޙ৖ᎁ੡ΰDewey, 1933: 274-277αΔ ຍਢאࠝ࿙ೝྥऱᆖ᧭ࡉᘋᔊΔ࠷זඒஃऱཕᐝࡉܒឰΙࠃኔՂΔՅਢᔞٚऱඒ ஃΔኙ࣍ࠝ࿙ऱᏁޣࡉױ౨ࢤΔຟڶ෡ࠥऱᎁᢝΔᚨᇠ൓ࠩך։ॾٚΖޙ৖֨ؾ խऱᔞٚඒஃᖑڶጲࠩᐖ໑ऱवᢝΖ໑ृᤛᣊலຏΔ౨ᚨבრ؆Εᄅ࡛ऱംᠲΙ ጲृ෡Ե༳༽ᖂઝփ୲ΔլԳճٍճΔլ੡ඒઝ஼ޔᗻΔࠠໂᨋ੒ࢤΖ٦ृΔव ᢝጲྈऱඒஃڇඒᖂऱመ࿓խΔױאઊথ଺ءᏁ౛၄ڇඒޗՂऱጲԺΔش࣍ᨠኘ ࡉ෻ᇞࠝ࿙ऱ֘ᚨΖޙ৖ᎁ੡ຍጟᨠኘࡉ෻ᇞऱګפ૞ైΔڇ࣍ᖂઝא؆ऱඒߛ ઌᣂवᢝΔץਔ֨෻ᖂΕඒߛ׾ࡉඒᖂऄ࿛࿛ΔڶԱຍࠄवᢝΔඒஃթ౨ګ੡ࠝ

࿙֨ཕऱڶயઔߒृΖڕ࣠ඒஃࠠໂছ૪ᓯႈයٙΔݺଚᝫլॾᘸඒஃऱܒឰΔ

ۖ࣋ٚࠝ࿙ڇᆖ᧭ऱޫ੉խळؾ኷౉Δլ܀֘ඒߛΔՈሔહ֘ઊ৸ፂऱ࿇୶Ζᖿ

ၞऱࠝ࿙խ֨׌ᆠृլॾٚඒஃऱ଺ڂհԫΔԯڇႚอᖂீᇙऱඒஃΔ᜔ਢ֜መ ൎᓳᖂ฾ऱؾऱࢤΔԫ֨ಳޣᖂ฾࿨࣠Δ࢙ฃᖂ฾መ࿓Δࠌ൓ᖂ฾ګԱેݰΔශ

ྤᑗᔊࡉ৸ፂऱ׌೯ࢤױߢΖ܀ਢڕ࣠ޏ࿳ຍጟኤఐऱֱڤਢ֘ࠡሐۖ۩Δ׽ࣹ

ૹᖂ฾መ࿓ऱᑗᔊΔլޣᖂ฾ऱ࿨࣠ΔՈਢ౶ାऱΖޙ৖ᎁ੡Δຍਢലՠ܂ࡉሏ ᚭ໊ᠦΔא֗ല࿨࣠ࡉመ࿓Բ։ऱუऄΖ෻უऱ֨ཕس੒Δਢڇሏᚭऱመ࿓խΔ ᣤ᠃چሒګՠ܂ऱ૞ޣΖޙ৖אᢌ๬୮੡ࠏΔהᎅΔటإऱᢌ๬୮ԫֱ૿౨۞ط چಾኙԫଡ׌ᠲ൶౉ΕनᓾΔլ੡ګߠࢬাΙ׼ԫֱ૿Ծ౨ഒښᑑᄷΔྲᗣݾ౨Δ ݙګ෻უ܂঴Ζᖂ฾༉ቝᢌ๬໌ທΔ،ऱᑷൣ૞ڶᔞᅝऱ׌ᠲࡉኙွΔթլી෠

੡ొጰऱनᑗΙ،ऱ੒೯Ꮑ૞ֱऄࡉᑑᄷΔթ౨༼ֽ֒ᄷΖඒߛृױڇ֧ᖄᖂس ᎁᢝ੒೯հփڇᏝଖऱመ࿓խΔᖿ࿇ࠡՠ܂ᑷൣΔٵழԾຯᕆࠡݾ౨ࡉᦸᓾԺΔ թ౨ᒔঅࠡᑷൣࢬᎈ࿇ऱ੒೯լڂ౒׎౨Ժۖஈ໎ྤפΔึ۟࣋ඵΖ᜔հΔሏᚭ ࡉՠ܂Δመ࿓ࡉؾऱΔڇඒߛՂլႛױאۖ׊ᚨᇠٽۖ੡ԫΙᖿ௺ऱࠝ࿙խ֨׌

ᆠृΔ੡ޣᖂ฾መ࿓հᑗᔊΔ࢙ီᏝଖؾᑑհᙇᖗ֗ሒګΔലࠌ৸ፂ؈װྡྷរࡉ

਍ᥛԺΔګ੡޲ڶ࿨࣠ऱ৸ፂΔྤఛ࣍ཕ౨ऱ༼֒Ζ

৸ፂ౒׎ؾᑑࡐྥਢംᠲΔؾᑑ֜ڍ֜ᠧՈڶኤጤΔ່ࣔ᧩ऱਢᕆګ෍ᜳࡉ ᑆ૜Աࠃऱ฾ࢤΖޙ৖ൎᓳ৸ፂऱؾᑑࢤΔ׌്ඒᖂመ࿓խࢬ༼ࠎऱ৸ፂኙွ૞

ڶࣔᒔྡྷរΔᜰࠏழᝩ܍ࣟࢮ۫ވΔլ։᎘ૹΖ੡Աࠌᖂسኙԫ׌ᠲขس౧࿮ԫ

(22)

22ʳ ௲ػࣴز໣т!ಃ 49 ᒠ!ಃ 1 ය

຃ऱ෎ᄑ෻ᇞΔޙ৖৬ᤜඒஃଚش֨ᙇᖗᒤࠏ܂੡৸ፂऱխ֨ΖהᜰࠏᎅΰDewey, 1933: 273αΔ൶ಘࣾੌऱ௽ࢤழΔԫၲࡨլਢگႃՕၦऱࢨٚრऱࣾੌࠐઔߒΔۖ

ਢ૞ᙇᖗԫයז।ࢤऱࣾੌ܂੡։࣫ऱྡྷរΔኙຍයࣾੌڶԱגาऱಘᓵհ৵Δ ٦ᙇᖗܑऱࣾੌࠐ܂ֺለΔൕֺለխΔԫֱ૿ᇞ࿠଺ڶऱጊរΔ׼ֱ૿ঞױอᨠ

ࣾੌհၴऱ٥ຏរΖवᢝڇຍጟਝ։࣫Ծጵٽऱመ࿓խດޡၲ୶Ε༼֒Ιྥۖլ ౨ݱಖऱਢΔຍጟ։࣫ࡉጵٽᏁ૞ڶࣔᒔऱྡྷរΔթ౨࿇ཀய౨Ζ

ԿΕݙᖞࢤΚ֘ઊ৸ፂऱݙᖞࢤ।෼ڇᨠ࢚ࢨ೗๻൓ࠩך։ऱ᧭ᢞΖጵٽޙ

৖ऱߠᇞΰDewey, 1933: 268, 271-272, 218-219αΔඒᖂՂ૞ഛᕆݙᖞ৸ፂऱ฾ࢤΔ Ꮑࣹრ༓ଡ૞រΖรԫΔඒᖂመ࿓խΔᚨڇᔞᅝழᖲΔڃ᥽ࠀᛀီᖂسऱᖂ฾ࢬ

൓Δࠡփ୲ץਔΚᖂسኙඒޗ෻ᇞऱ࿓৫ڕ۶Λਢܡ౨ሎشࢬᖂ܂੡ၞԫޡઔߒ ࡉᖂ฾ऱՠࠠΛ৸ፂኪ৫ਢܡ༼֒ԱΛຍࠄඒᖂᛀီႈؾऱച۩ΔࠃኔՂਢڇᚥ ܗᖂسԱᇞ৸ፂऱփ୲ࡉኪ৫ؘႊຏኧΔᖂ฾ऱრᆠթ౨᧩෼ΖรԲΔ૞ޣᖂس ᢞࣔ۞ݺ༼נऱᨠរΖᖂسڇᓰഘխ༼נऱᓵរլ܀ᚨᇠ൓ࠩඒஃऱ༇ૹΔٵழ ՈᏁ૞ඒஃऱ֧ᖄΔאך։।ሒࠡᓵរࢬז।ऱრᆠΔࠀᢞࣔࠡإᒔࢤࢨٽ෻ࢤΖ ᓵរՅਢᆖመᇡาᓵᢞΔլᓵ່ึ൓्ࠩࡳࢨܡࡳΔຟਢڶ࿨࣠ऱ৸ፂΔٽ׏ݙ ᖞ৸ፂऱ૞ޣΖรԿΔ࿯ղᖂسךߩऱዌ৸ࡉ᧭ᢞழၴΖ࿪Օڍᑇᣤ࿸ऱᤜᠲຟ Ꮑ૞९Նऱழၴၞ۩ዌ৸ࡉኔچઔߒΖޙ৖ᎅΔ৸ፂڶࠡറࣹཚࡉᑨٗཚΖڇറ

ࣹཚΔ৸ፂಾኙ׌ᠲ෡Եچၞ۩ᇷறऱ፦ႃΕ։࣫Δࡉ೗๻ऱە᧭Ζ৸ፂڇຍଡ ၸ੄խΔڶழᄎະԵψ़᠏ωऱ෼ွΔՈ༉ਢᆰ՗ᇙഔየԱუऄΔ܀լᓵ৻Ꮦሎ

৸Δ༉ਢขسլԱડధࢤऱၞ୶Ζሖࠩຍጟ෿᙭ழΔޙ৖ᎁ੡ઔߒृᚨᇠ᠏ฝྡྷ

រΔᑉೖኙ଺ڶ׌ᠲऱ৸ەΔܛࠌչᏖຟլ೚ՈړΖຍਢ࿯ᆰ՗৫೗Δᨃრᢝᠾ ڥΔၞԵ৸ፂऱᑨٗཚΖޙ৖ᎅΰDewey, 1933: 284αΔڇ৸ፂᑨٗཚၴΔอ᥊౑

ᠧࠃኔऱ଺෻଺ঞڶழᄎ࡛ݎچ௬෼Δࠌ෗෤ऱ᧢෎ཐΔే႖ऱ᧢ګմྥڶݧΖ

܀ຍጟࢉሎࠀլਢؓػขسऱΔഄڶ৸ፂڇ٣ছኙംᠲऱٺጟઌᣂࠃኔམᆖ֘៿

ۖ෡Եऱ൶ߒΔթױ౨ڇᑨٗཚխڶຍጟრ؆ऱ࿇෼ࡉᇞ࿠Ζ᜔հΔ৸ፂሎ۩ऱ ᆏ৉խΔറࣹཚࡉᑨٗཚਢٌཙऱΙ৸ፂ૞ڶૹ૞ګ࣠Δࠟृઃլױ܍ΖழՀऱ ඒߛΔڇᇷಛ֏ࡉؑ໱֏ᜢխΔޣຒΕޣ२ܓբګඒᖂऱ׌ၗΔᖂسڇᖂ฾ࢨઔ ߒऱመ࿓խΔ޲ڶ֜ڍᖲᄎറࣹچ৸ፂΔ৸ፂऱᑨٗཚঞ௅ءਢഝඨΔՕ୮ԫ༖

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ൣᣋچຯᔨڇ।૿ऱၞޡհխΔլवሐࠠڶᎁव෡৫ऱ৸ፂݙᖞࢤ੡۶ढΖ

؄ΕᤉᥛࢤΚ৸ፂऱᤉᥛࢤਢޙ৖ඒߛ෻ᓵխऱு֨৸უΖᤉᥛࢤ।෼ڇ৸ ፂऱၲጤΕං୶֗࿨࣠ऱሒګՂΔང؁ᇩᎅΔ،ਢ৸ፂ੒೯խ਍ᥛژڇऱԫଡ௽

ᔆΔڕ࣠؈װᤉᥛࢤΔ༉ז।؈װ༼֒ऱױ౨Ζ৸ፂਢڕ۶؈װᤉᥛࢤऱࡋΛร ԫਢ౒׎׌೯ࢤΔٍܛ৸ፂृ޲ڶᇞެܺ༝ऱ೯ᖲΔࢨޣ࠷ޓ෡Ե෻ᇞऱᑷൣΔ ຍጟ৸ፂڕٵ؈װᗏறऱ޳߫ΔྤԺছၞΖรԲਢ౒׎ؾᑑࢤΖ৸ፂऱؾᑑ૞ࣔ

ᒔΕႃխΖࢬᘯψࣔᒔωΔਢਐ৸ፂृءߪ౨ݙ٤෻ᇞ৸ፂؾᑑז।ऱრᆠΔٵழ ᎁٵᇠؾᑑऱփڇᏝଖࢤΖޙ৖ᎅඒߛृ༼ᤜऱᖂ฾ؾᑑΔؘႊਢࠝ࿙౨ജᏆᄎ ࠀ׊ᑗრආ౏ऱψီມխऱؾऱωΰend in viewαΙᖂ฾ऱؾऱڕ࣠ਢլױ෻ᇞऱΔ ࢨࠐ۞؆ڇൎ૰Δᖂ฾ृऱ৸ፂڕ۶ױ౨ࠠໂᤉᥛࢤΖ٦ृΔࢬᘯψႃխωΔਢਐ

৸ፂऱؾᑑ૞ፋྡྷΔڕڼ৸ፂթ౨ڇ᧢֏խޣ࠷อԫࢤ֗ᤉᥛࢤΖ৸ፂ؈װᤉᥛ ࢤऱรԿଡ଺ڂਢ౒׎ݙᖞࢤΖ৸ፂך։ၲ୶Δኧࢍچ᧭ᢞԫᨠ࢚ࢨ೗๻ۖڶࢬ

൓Δ༉ਢࠠໂݙᖞࢤΖ৸ፂ౨ڶݙᖞࢤΔԫृਢཕᢝՂऱګ९Δᏺൎ৸ፂ৵ᥛၲ

୶ऱᑨԺΙ׼ԫਢ֨෻ՂऱየߩΔຍਢႽየݙګڶრᆠऱࠃൣΔۖ൓ࠩऱൣტՂ ऱᖿᚐΔױܗ९৵ᥛ෡ԵઔߒऱᑷൣΖ࣐ߢհΔ৸ፂऱݙᖞࢤ൅ࠐԱ෻ࢤࡉൣࢤ ٵழ൓ࠩ༼֒ऱ٤Գګ९ய࣠Δࠀڇࠡխ໌ທנᤉᥛ൶ߒऱ౨Ժࡉ੒ԺΖڇڼΔ ݺଚױא෎ཐچ෻ᇞ੡չᏖޙ৖ᎅΰDewey, 1916: 59αΚඒߛਢᆖ᧭ᤉᥛլឰૹ৬ ऱመ࿓ΙԾᎅΰDewey, 1916: 62αΚᖂீඒߛګயऱܒᄷΔڇ࣍ਢܡ౨ڇᖂسߪՂ

໌ທԫैᤉᥛس९ऱ඿ޣΔא֗ਢܡ౨༼ࠎᖂسኔ෼ڼ඿ޣऱֱऄΖ

᜔հΔ৸ፂऱᤉᥛࢤ।෼ڇ৸ፂࠠໂԱছڼ෡Ե൶ಘመऱ׌೯ࢤΕؾᑑࢤࡉ ݙᖞࢤΔ،ਝਢ෻უ৸ፂऱփڇ௽ᐛΔՈਢࠡ࿨࣠Ζ

ޙ৖ऱ֘ઊ৸ፂץܶ׌೯ࢤΕؾᑑࢤΕݙᖞࢤࡉᤉᥛࢤ࿛؄ႈ௽ᐛբڕছ૪Δ

ۖᖑڶຍ؄ႈ௽ᐛऱ৸ፂΔՈױאᎅਢሒࣲࠩᓾणኪऱ৸ፂΖޙ৖ᎁ੡Δᅝݺଚ ኙԫࠃढڶԱך։ऱ෻ᇞࡉᆖ᧭Δၞۖࠌ֨ళࡉᇠࠃढᘜ੡ԫ᧯ழΔঁਢሒࠩԱ

ࣲᓾऱणኪΔຍጟس೯ࣲᓾࠀլਢڇୡᑗ੒೯խࢨኔ೭ઝؾऱᖂ฾խթᄎขسΔ ܛঁਢ෻ᓵࢤऱઝؾΔᖂ฾ृՈ౨ڂ֨Ꮖళᄎۖྂ෼ࣲᓾࡉᑷფऱᖿൣΙݺଚլ ౨ނԳ֨Բ։੡ൣࢤऱຝ։ࡉ෻ࢤऱຝ։Δڇ෻უΰՈ༉ਢࣲᓾαऱژڇणኪխΔ

ࠟृਢٽԫऱΖۖٚ۶ᖂઝऱඒᖂຟᚨא໌ທس೯ࣲᓾऱᖂ฾੡ᑑऱΔڂ੡ഄڶ

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24ʳ ௲ػࣴز໣т!ಃ 49 ᒠ!ಃ 1 ය

ڕڼΔթ౨ࠌᖂ฾ृऱψ෻ࢤࡉൣࢤΕრᆠࡉᏝଖΕࠃኔࡉუቝຑګԫ௛ΔႿທ

঴ࢤࡉཕᐝऱᖞ᧯ΖωΰDewey, 1933: 278αᔆߢհΔޙ৖༼ଠऱ֘ઊ৸ፂΔ༉ਢ ࢬڶݦඨᖿ࿇ᖂسࣲᓾԺऱඒᖂᚨᇠمࡳऱࣔᒔᑑऱΖ

ౙăͅ࠷ᄃඕኢ

طছ૪ऱಘᓵΔݺଚױא෎ᄑچ෻ᇞ৸ፂᖵ࿓ऱ։࣫Δ༉ਢवᢝݮګᖵ࿓ऱ

։࣫ΙԱᇞڶய৸ፂ੡۶Δԯਢ༳༽ڶயඒᖂֱऄլױࢨ౒ऱՠ܂Ζඒᖂऱؾऱ ڇႚᎠवᢝΔՈڇ࠰ܗᖂس໌ທवᢝΔۖຍࠟႈٚ೭ऱሒګΔൕπ৸ፂ๬ρऱ֘

ઊ৸ፂ෻ᓵխΔױא൓ࠩ๺ڍଖ൓೶ەऱ࿠ூΖ

ྥۖπ৸ፂ๬ρࢬଠᖄऱאᇞެംᠲ੡ு֨ऱ֘ઊ৸ፂࡉઝᖂ৸ፂΔࠀլਢ Գᣊڶრᆠऱᎁव۩੡ऱ٤ຝΔຍԫរլ౨լףࣹრΖאՀᇢ։Կଡٻ৫ࠐᎅࣔ

ຍរΖ

ଈ٣ΔԳᣊऱ৸ፂլԫࡳڇᔡሖംᠲऱൣउՀթᄎ੒ᥬದࠐΖᜰࠏࠐᎅΔԫ ଈტԳऱᇣΔԫڴ೯ᦫऱଃᑗΔࢨृԫຝጲ൑ऱ՛ᎅΔຟڶױ౨൅࿯ݺଚྤֺऱ ݶᑗࡉڜᐣΔ੷۟ਢ೛Օऱඔ࿇Ζᅝݺଚࣲᓾຍࠄ܂঴ழΔឈྥ޲ڶչᏖڶৱᇞ

ެऱംᠲڇႝ૰ထݺଚΔ܀ݺଚऱ৸ەױ౨๯ඔ೯Ζຍழऱ৸ەֱڤլਢπ৸ፂ

๬ρࢬൎᓳऱઝᖂ೗๻֗᧭ᢞऱᑓڤΔۖਢ२׏ऴᨠऱ੐ᢝΔ׊ࠡ࿨࣠ڶழױא ݙ٤ޏ᧢ݺଚऱवᢝ֗سࡎᨠΖॺൄૹ૞ऱਢΔڇ֮ᖂࡉᢌ๬ऱࣲᓾխΔݺଚլ

ႛڶ෻ࢤ৸ፂ੒೯ΔൣტՈ๯ؚ೯ԱΖຍጟط֮ᢌᖿ࿇נऱტ೯ΕڜᐣΕ٥ᏓΕ

෣֏ࡉࣙဎऱጲళ܂شΔԯਢൣტඒߛऱੴ၆ᇷขΙۖຍጟൣტ֗ጲళ܂شஎࢢ լਢπ৸ፂ๬ρխࢬൎᓳऱઝᖂऱψᨠኘංᓵ᧭ᢞωᑓڤΔࢬ౨ݙ٤!!!!!

ᇞᤩऱΰޕ९մΔ1987Κ47αΖ

ޙ৖ΰDewey, 1934aαڇהऱ׼ԫຝټထπᢌ๬ܛᆖ᧭ρΰArt as Experienceα խΔኙᢌ๬܂੡ԫጟᗑ௽ۖլױ࠷זऱᤚᢝຜஉΔڶ෡ԵऱᎅࣔΖڇᇠ஼խΔޙ

৖ࣔߢΰDewey, 1934a: 274αΔᢌ๬ܗԳሂᠦᖲඳ֗ढ෻ऱᣂএΔࠌᆖ᧭ڇუቝխ

۞طۖլ࠹ॴᡶچၲ୶Ζۖભტᆖ᧭ڂ੡ڶຍጟ۞طၲ୶ऱ़ၴΔࢬאױא࿇୶

੡ԫጟψݙᖞۖట֊ऱᆖ᧭ωΖڇᢌ๬੒೯խΔݺଚऱऴ൷ᆖ᧭ױאٵழ൓ࠩψႃ

(25)

խፖឩՕωΰDewey, 1934a: 273αΖངߢհΔᢌ๬א༄უቝԺऱݮڤΔലԳᣊऴ൷

ۖటኔऱᆖ᧭Δس೯ۖݙᖞچડ᧩נࠐΔࠌհګ੡ױא෡ࠥ༳༽ΕᏆᄎऱኙွΖ ޙ৖ΰDewey, 1934a: 201αᜰࠏᎅΔԫ༏ګפऱᑇֵࢨࡿفऱᢄ྽Δױאࠌᑇֵࢨ

ࡿفऱψᗑ௽ኔڇωΰcharacteristic realityαΔאছࢬآߠऱࣔػݮڤ᧩᥻נࠐΙ

ۖࠡࢬ᧩قऱრᤖΔ၌׏ढ෻ՂऱփොΖإڂ੡ᢌ๬ڇᤛ࿇უቝ֗वᤚඕᔲՂΔ ڶࠡᗑ௽ऱ౨ԺΔࢬאޙ৖ᎅΰDewey, 1934a: 347αΚᢌ๬ਢψ๕ՂऱඒᖄՠࠠωΖ ԾᎅΰDewey, 1934a: 349αΚᢌ๬ऱቃྒྷᑓڤਢቹ।ࡉอૠֱऄࢬ౒׎ऱΔ׊ࠡ।

෼ٺڤױ౨ԳᎾᣂএऱ؏ݎ౨ԺΔՈլਢٚ۶ࠡהऱ๵ঞΕ௑৳Ε࢘ܫࢨ܂੡ࢬ ױ֐ᑅऱΖ᜔ۖߢհΔڇޙ৖ऱ৸უխΔᢌ๬ਢᗑم࣍ઝᖂֱऄհ؆ऱԫጟྤױ

࠷זऱૹ૞ᤚवᑓڤΙۖπ৸ፂ๬ρࢬൎᓳऱઝᖂ৸ፂΔՈ׽ਢޙ৖ᎁ੡ڶᏝଖ ऱᎁवຜஉհԫۖբΖ

ڕ࣠໢אπ৸ፂ๬ρऱઝᖂֱऄࠐઔߒࡉᎁᢝ؆ڇ׈੺Δࢨृ࡚ઝᖂֱऄ੡

۟೏ऱᎁवڈ౭Δലᄎขسԫࠄଖ൓ᐡᐞऱംᠲΔຍਢڶᣂπ৸ፂ๬ρऱᚨشଖ

൓༼נऱรԲଡ֘ઊ૿ٻΖছڼᇞᤩπ৸ፂ๬ρऱઝᖂᨠழΔᎅࣔࢼွ֏ڇઝᖂ ઔߒխऱૹ૞ࢤΔࠀ׊ᜰࠏᎅ್ࢮ߫Ε־ංၞ־ᒢΕੋֽᓢᚰ໲߻࿛࿛෼ွຟਢ Ժऱ।෼ΔຘመԺऱࢼွᄗ࢚Δ್ԺΕ־ԺΕֽԺބࠩԱ٥ຏऱૠጩଖΔ଺ء।

૿Ղॺൄլٵऱ෼ွΔ࣍ਢױאֺለΕૠጩΕቃྒྷࡉ൳ࠫΖլመઝᖂຍጟ੡Ա൶ ߒࢨ൳ࠫ؆ڇ׈੺ۖආ۩ऱψ࿛໢ۯ֏ω܂ऄΔ୲࣐ࠌԳະԵ໢ٻ৸ەΖࠡኤጤ լႛᄎڶڕᢅైΰRussell, 1991: 782αࢬᝑऱΔকេڙࡶऱٲᙠΔՈᄎᨃݺଚ؈װ ᎁᢝ׈੺ڍᑌ૿ᎎऱᖲᄎΖ್ԺΕֽԺΕ־ԺࡐྥຟਢԫጟԺऱ।෼Δ܀್Εֽ

ࡉ־ฅຶਢॺൄլٵऱΔᅝݺଚ׽ൕઝᖂऱߡ৫ࠐጩૠࡉઔߒ׈੺ழΔല઎լࠩ

್ऱൣტΕֽऱਫ໼ࡉ־ऱፘৎΖ௧ᐚ௑ΰHeidegger, 1993a: 337αޅေ२זઝݾ ᖄٻऱ৸ፂழਐנΔઝݾ৸ፂലઔߒኙွψਮዌ֏ωΰenframingαΔࠀࠌԳᎄא

੡ܧ෼ట෻ऱֱڤ׽ڶൎᓳᖞᏘ྽ԫऱઝᖂֱऄԫຜΔຍലٲ֗Գऱ۞طءᔆΖ הᎅΰHeidegger, 1993a: 333αΚψᅝਮዌ֏อएԫ֊ழΔՈਢ່ٲᙠऱԫࠥΖω܀

ԾᑗᨠچᎅΚψٲᙠհࢬڇΔܛඑᦱԺၦΰsaving powerαᓭسհ๠Ζω௧ᐚ௑֨

ؾխऱԫଡૹ૞එᦱԺၦΔࠐ۞࣍הࢬᘯऱψᇣრωΰthe poeticalαΖڇψᇣრऱ ܧ෼ωΰpoetic revealingαխΔছ֮ࢬᎅऱψ್ऱൣტΕֽऱਫ໼ࡉ־ऱፘৎωΔ

(26)

26ʳ ௲ػࣴز໣т!ಃ 49 ᒠ!ಃ 1 ය

թ౨෎ཐऱ।෼נࠐΙۖᅝݺଚ઎෎ຍࠄழΔڙࡶਢڍᑌऱΕڶൣऱΕଖ൓ფᥨ ऱΔ࣍ਢڇຍԫࠥΔݺଚऱسࡎՈൕढ֏ऱٲᖲխᇞඑנࠐΔ൓ࠩრᆠऱ्ࡳΖ

ᇨྥΔ׽ൕढ෻ิٽࡉ֏ᖂ᧢֏ऱߡ৫ࠐ৸ە׈੺ΔԳسऱრᆠਢຆᒃऱΖ إڂ੡ڕڼΔ෼ွᖂࡲஃ઺ႾዿΰHusserl, 1970: 3-16αթᄎᎅΔᑛ੊ઝᖂऱٲᖲ ԯڇ࢙࣍ီԳᣊࢬ૿ᜯ່৺૰ऱԫଡംᠲΚژڇऱრᆠ੡۶Λ੡Աᇞೈຍଡٲ ᖲΔ઺Ⴞዿᎁ੡ݺଚؘႊኙ๠๠אড়ᨠխم੡෻࢚ऱઝᖂආ࠷ψژۖլᓵωΰthe epochêαऱ܂ऄΖٍܛڇس੒ऱመ࿓խΔ૞౨ழழຘመუቝऱ᠏֏Δᑉ׊ᚶᆜઝ ᖂऱᘋᔊΕؾऱࡉ੒೯ֱڤΔᨃࠃढڇᨠኘृශྤګߠऱᣂᅃխΔܧ෼נءྥऱ

୲ᎎΖ઺Ⴞዿ෡ॾΰHusserl, 1970: 135-137αڕ࣠ݺଚ౨ڇس੒׈੺խΔኙץਔઝ ᖂ ڇ փ ऱ ٺ ڤ Ꮬ ࿏ ᑓ ڤ ආ ࠷ ژ ۖ լ ᓵ ऱ ψ ኧ ࢍ ෼ ွ ᖂ ኪ ৫ ω ΰ the total phenomenological attitudeαΔലױאሒࠩޓ໏࣍ࡲඒઅࠉऱψ۟೏ژڇ᠏֏ωΰthe greatest existential transformationαΖ׽ױ൦Δຍጟ۟೏ژڇ᠏֏ۿ׏ࡸآࠐᜯΔվ

ֲऱ׈੺Δսྥਢઝᖂ۟Ղኪ৫ࢬ׌ᖄऱ׈੺ΙۖԳᣊऱژڇٲᖲլᓵڇढᔆ૿

ࢨጲళ૿ՂΔຟ૿ᜯထ़ছᣤ୺ऱە᧭Ζ

௧ᐚ௑ΰHeidegger, 1993b: 347-363αൕψഛᕆڜࡺ৸ፂωΰbuilding dwelling thinkingαऱߡ৫נ࿇ࠐ৸ەԳᣊຍጟژڇٲᖲऱᇞֱΖהᎅΔݺଚڂ੡૞ڶڜࡺ

ऱ۰ࢬΔࢬאթڶ৬ᗰऱ੒೯Ζ܀լਢࢬڶऱ৬ᗰढຟᔞٽԳᣊڜࡺΖࠏڕᖯᑚΕ ᐗ཰Ε᧯ߛᙴΕ࿇ሽᐗΕ೏ຒֆሁΕ־߫ీΕؑ໱Εֽ᧸࿛࿛ຟਢ৬ᗰढΔ܀থ լਢԫ౳Գ౨ജڜࡺऱ۰ࢬΖݺଚڇچ෺ՂΔ੡ԱسژΔۖڶٺڤٺᑌऱઔߒ࿇

ࣔΖઝᖂ࿇ሒऱ࿨࣠Δឈྥࠌس੒൓ࠩ๺ڍঁܓࡉငᔞΔ܀ਢݺଚՈᐡᐞچ෺ڇ լՆऱآࠐലլ٦ᔞٽԳᣊسژΖ੡Աةᥛڜ۰Δ௧ᐚ௑ᎁ੡ΰHeidegger, 1993b:

350-353αԳᣊऱ۩੡ؘႊא֚ΰskyαΕچΰearthαΕళΰdivinitiesαΕԳΰmortalsα

؄ृऱψ௅ءᘜٽωΰa primal onenessα੡ؾᑑΙլᓵݺଚൕຍ؄ृऱୌԫଡߡ ৫נ࿇Δຟ૞ٵழଫ᥽ࠡהԿृΔطڼګ༉֚چళԳԫ᧯ऱψ؄ૹࢤωΰthe fourfoldαΔՈঅ٤Գᣊڜࡺऱ۰ࢬΖאڜࡺ੡ထณរऱ৸ፂΔլᄎڂ੡Գᣊऱ२ ܓۖዣီళڱΕᛒᕼՕچࢨեឫ֚᧯ሎ۩ΖຍࠀլਢᎅԳᣊլᚨၞ۩ઝᖂઔߒࢨ

໌ທ࿇ࣔΔۖਢᎁ੡ൕࠃٚ۶໌ທຟ૞๻ऄঅᥨᆄढΔࠌᆄढٺ൓ࠡψࢬωΖࠏڕ

੡ԱٌຏΔݺଚᄎ።ᖯᑚΔ܀ݺଚऱᖯᑚ૞።൓ᨃֽࣾ౨۞ڇႉዃچੌ೯Εࠟࡾ

(27)

ऱسढլ࠹ॿឫΰ੷۟ޓף൝ၵ۞൓αΖ௧ᐚ௑ᎅΰHeidegger, 1993b: 351αψڜࡺ

ऱഗء௽ࢤਢঅ٤ωΔڇݺଚڜࡺऱ۰ࢬխΔᆄढ٥ࠆኑᙩΕ۞طΔࠀ౨অ٤۞ߪ ऱءᔆΖᅝݺଚլ౨ࠉ༛௧ᐚ௑ࢬᎅऱຍଡ෻უΔۖొא୬ࠫᆄढΕ࢔ࣚڙࡶऱ ߡ৫ࠐ࿇୶ઝᖂழΔึലྤऄڇچ෺Ղ๴൓ڜߪհ๠Ζאઝᖂ੡ு֨ऱ৸ፂᨠΔ

౒׎௧ᐚ௑ڇຍᇙࢬ।ሒऱψڜࡺ৸ፂωΔመ৫ൎᓳऱᇩΔലະԳᣊ࣍ᙠቼΖ ޙ৖ڇπ৸ፂ๬ρխឈྥൎᓳઝᖂֱऄऱૹ૞ࢤΔ܀ה֘ኙഄढΕᖲඳऱ۞

ྥᨠΰDewey, 1958: 21-23αΔՈܡࡳઝᖂ࿇୶ױא࠷௣Գᣊኙጲళრᆠΰڕࡲඒ

ൣᡖαऱྐඨ֗ಳޣΰDewey, 1934b: 1-2αΖޙ৖ᎅΰDewey, 1958: 21αΔ۞ྥ෼ွ

ࠀॺຟਢᖞᏘቤԫۖױࣔᒔᎁवऱኙွΔઌ֘ऱΔ۞ྥᤖܶထྤᑇᑨڇऱױ౨ࡉ ᄅ࡛᧢֏ΔՈڶࠡඤᄆլࣔऱԫ૿Δࢬאլࡵشψઝᖂऱొ֏ኙွωΰrefined object of scienceα܂ᑌࣨΔല۞ྥऱԫ֊ຟ֏પΕ᠏᧢ګٵᔆऱઔߒΕૠጩޗறΖהၞ

ԫޡਐנΔ۞ྥլႛਢԳᣊᎁवऱኙွΔՈਢԳᣊ۩೯ΕൣტࡉრݳऱኙွΙ׽

אᎁवऱߡ৫נ࿇ࠐԱᇞ۞ྥΔԾא੡ຍਢ۟೏ྤՂऱሁஉΔ່ึലᄎࠌᎁव؈

װრᆠ౧࿮Ζޙ৖ᎅΰDewey, 1958: 23αΚྤࢬլڇΕྤࢬլץΔۖԾᗑ׭ԫ֊ऱ वᢝΔലڂ؈װࢬڶ౧࿮Δۖլ٦ࠠڶٚ۶რᆠΙނਬጟवᢝឭࠩ۟೏ྤՂΕ۞

ݺݙߩऱچۯΔհࢬאᄎ൓ࠩຍጟ৵࣠Δԯڇ࣍ٚ۶वᢝຟྤऄނݺଚᒔኔᆖ᧭

ࠩऱॺᎁवޗறඈೈڇ؆Δڂ੡ຍࠄޗறإਢψᎁवփොωΰwhat is knownαᛧ

൓რᆠऱࠐᄭΖࢬאΔݺଚױא઎נΔޙ৖լᣋრނઝᖂࢬψᎁवωऱᆖ᧭ࡉ۞

ྥΔီ੡ᆖ᧭ࡉ۞ྥऱ٤ຝΔຍլਢ૞ܡࡳઝᖂᎁवΔۖਢᎁ੡ઝᖂवᢝ૞࣋ڇ Գᣊ٤૿ᆖ᧭ऱ౧࿮ՀΔթ౨൓ࠩ৾ڕࠡٝऱᎁᢝΙۖאຍᑌ৸ፂࠐၞ۩ઝᖂઔ ߒΔ༉ױאࡉ௧ᐚ௑ऱڜࡺ৸ፂ֗ᇣრუቝࠀ۩լசΖ

່৵ΔԳᣊࢬ૿ᜯऱംᠲΔլਢޢԫᑌຟ౨شઝᖂֱऄᇞެΔࢬאΔπ৸ፂ๬ρ խאംᠲᇞެ੡ၗ֨ऱඒߛֱڤΔࠀլ౨ᔞش࣍ࢬڶऱംᠲൣቼΰPeters, 1981:

85-86Ιޕ९մΔ1981Κ55Δ1985Κ20-21αΖࠏڕΔ૿ᜯسᠦڽܑΕ֚سऱ౒ະࢨ լߩΔא֗۞ݺ؈ᓳ࿛࿛ംᠲழΔԫଡԳࢬᏁ૞ऱൣፃᓳᔞ౨Ժױ౨ޓ੷࣍ംᠲ ᇞެ౨ԺΖൣፃऱᓳᔞᏁ૞֨෻Ղऱ৬๻Ε᠏ངࡉ၌။Δኙრݳࡉൣტऱە᧭ޓ

੷࣍ᎁवΖڇຍᣊംᠲՂΔ֮ᖂΕᢌ๬Εࡲඒࡉୃᖂ࿛Գ֮ጲဎऱᏝଖ௽ܑࣔ᧩Δ

ۖઝᖂ৸ፂ༉᧩൓լਢ߷Ꮦ౨ജ੔Ղش໱ԱΖ