施用奈米零價鐵與石灰及堆肥於鎘污染土壤對水稻吸收鎘之影響

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୯ҥᆵ᡼εᏢғނၗྍᄤၭᏢଣၭ཰ϯᏢس ᅺγፕЎ

Department of Agricultural Chemistry College of Bioresources and Agriculture

National Taiwan University Master Thesis

ࡼҔڼԯ႟ሽ៓ᆶҡԪϷ୴ޥܭᙿԦࢉβᝆ ჹНዿ֎ԏᙿϐቹៜ

The Effect of Nano Zero-valent Iron, Lime, and Compost Application on Cadmium Uptake by Rice

Grown in Cd-Contaminated Soils

׵٩৥

Yi-Ting Lee

ࡰᏤ௲௤Ǻഋ൧፣ റγ Advisor: Zueng-Sang Chen, Ph.D.

ύ๮҇୯ 103 ԃ 7 Д

ϯᏢ Ꮲ Ꮲ Ꮲ Ꮲ Ꮲ Ꮲ Ꮲ Ꮲس س س س س س س س س

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(3)

ࡼ

ࡼҔڼԯ႟ሽ៓ᆶҡԪϷ୴ޥܭᙿԦࢉβᝆ ჹНዿ֎ԏᙿϐቹៜ

׵٩৥

ύЎᄔा

НҖβᝆᙿԦࢉୢᚒදၹӸӧܭ೚ӭ٥ࢪ୯ৎǴ࣬ၨܭځд༾ໆख़ߎឦǴᙿ

ၨ৒ܰ೏֎ԏԶಕᑈܭНዿ෌ᡏύǴ຾ԶӒϷዿԯޑ१ҔӼӄǶӧ౲ӭޑβᝆԦ

ࢉ᏾ݯמೌύǴ౜ӦϯᏢڰۓݤࣁ΋࣬ჹԋҁၨեЪၨܰᏹբޑБݤǹڼԯ႟ሽ

៓ڀԖಈ৩λᆶεК߄य़ᑈϐ੝܄ǴӧӦΠНԦࢉ᏾ݯύς೏ቶݱᔈҔǴՠځӧ βᝆύჹܭख़ߎឦڰۓૈΚϐ࣬ᜢࣴزࠅၨϿǶӢԜǴҁࣴزҞޑࣁ௖૸ࡼҔڼ ԯ႟ሽ៓ܭᙿԦࢉβᝆύჹܭНዿ֎ԏᙿϐቹៜǴ٠ᆶځдத೏٬Ҕޑβᝆׯؼ ᏊȐ୴ޥ܈ҡԪȑКၨࡼҔਏ݀Ǵаຑ՗ԜׯؼᏊޑ᏾ݯਏ੻Ƕࣧਭ၂ᡍύ٬Ҕ ΟᅿᙿᐚࡋȐmg/kgȑϩձࣁ 2ǵ10 ᆶ 20 ϐβᝆǴ٠ϩձ຾ՉаΠ൳ᅿׯؼᏊబ уೀ౛ǺȐ1ȑჹྣಔǴȐ2ȑ୴ޥǴࡼҔໆࣁ 40 ton/haǴȐ3ȑҡԪǴаගଯβᝆ pH ॶԿ 6.8ǴȐ4ȑ0.1% (w/w)ϐڼԯ႟ሽ៓ણᆶȐ5ȑ0.2% (w/w)ϐڼԯ႟ሽ៓ણǶࣴ

ز่݀ᡉҢǴόӕׯؼᏊೀ౛ӧ҅தᙿᐚࡋβᝆύჹܭНዿዼಈౢໆࣣคᡉ๱ቹ ៜǹᙿԦࢉβᝆύჹྣಔНዿғߏ௃׎όڙβᝆଯᐚࡋᙿቹៜǴฅԶǴࡼҔڼԯ

႟ሽ៓ࠅ཮٬Нዿғߏό٫ǵϩ䓱ኧΠफ़Ǵዿ䎞ᆶዼಈғ፦ໆҭᒿϐΠफ़ǴНዿ ዼಈౢໆ෧ౢКٯၲ 15-75%Ǵ௢ෳёૈࣁڼԯ႟ሽ៓ቹៜβᝆԖਏ܄Ꭶϩ܈ࢂҁ يࢥ্܌ठǶҡԪೀ౛ӧ܌ԖβᝆᙿᐚࡋϐΠࣣૈफ़եНዿዿ䎞ύᙿᐚࡋǴ୴ޥ ᆶڼԯ႟ሽ៓߾คᡉ๱फ़եϐቹៜǶܭҁ၂ᡍచҹΠǴҗܭࣧਭߏයవНǴӢԜ ջ٬βᝆᙿᐚࡋଯၲ 10 m/kgǴ܌Ԗೀ౛ᕫԯᙿᐚࡋࣣϝ҂ຬၸፁғ࿿܌ೕጄϐ१

βᝆ ᝆ ᝆ ᝆ ᝆ ᝆ ᝆ ᝆ ᝆ

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ԯᙿᐚࡋԿեܭज़ໆ኱ྗǴ୴ޥᆶڼԯ႟ሽ៓ೀ౛ᕫԯᙿᐚࡋ߾คᡉ๱फ़եЪଯ ܭज़ໆ኱ྗǶᆕӝа΢่݀ǴӧᙿԦࢉβᝆύబуڼԯ႟ሽ៓཮೷ԋНዿғߏό

٫ǴЪёૈҗܭᐚᕭਏᔈ٬ள෌ᡏύᙿᐚࡋ࣬ჹၨଯǴӢԜ᏾ᡏԶقǴ࣬ၨܭ ҡԪޑࡼҔǴڼԯ႟ሽ៓ޑ᏾ݯਏ݀٠ਏ݀όᡉ๱Ƕ

ᜢ

ᜢᗖӷǺᙿǵНዿǵ౜ӦϯᏢڰۓݤǵڼԯ႟ሽ៓ǵҡԪނ፦

߾คᡉคᡉคᡉคᡉᡉᡉᡉᡉ๱๱फ़๱फ़๱फ़๱फ़๱फ़๱फ़๱फ़եЪեЪեЪեЪեЪեЪեЪեЪଯଯଯଯଯଯଯ

཮

཮೷ԋԋԋԋԋԋԋԋԋНዿНዿНዿНዿНዿНዿНዿНዿНዿғߏғߏғߏғߏғߏғߏғߏғߏғߏғ όόόόόόόόό

᏾ᡏԶقԶقققققǴ࣬࣬࣬࣬࣬࣬࣬࣬࣬ၨܭၨܭၨၨܭၨၨ

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The Effects of Nano Zero-valent Iron, Lime, and Compost Application on Cadmium Uptake by Rice

Grown in Cd-Contaminated Soils

Yi-Ting Lee Abstract

CadmiumȐCdȑcontamination of paddy soils has been reported for several Asian countries. Compared to other trace metals, Cd is rather mobile in soils. Consequently, Cd is more readily taken up by rice plants, which it can be translocated into the brown rice, and might cause serious human health problems. In-situ chemical stabilization is one of the most efficient and cost-effective remediation techniques for heavy metal contamination sites. Nano zero-valent ironȐNZVIȑis characterized by their small particle, large specific surface and high reducing power, and it can effectively degraded the organic pollutants or stabilized inorganic toxic heavy metals. Therefore, NZVI has been widely used as one of the remediation techniques for groundwater pollution sites.

However, few studies have been evaluated as the stabilization of Cd-contaminated paddy soils by using NZVI. The objectives of this study are (1) to examine the effects of NZVI application on the Cd uptake by rice grown in Cd-contaminated soil and (2) to compare the remediation effectiveness with other soil amendments (by applying lime or compost). The pot experiments were conducted with 3 levels of soil Cd concentrations (2, 10 and 20 mg/kg, sampled from the Cd-contaminated sites) and five soil amendment treatments, including (1) control, (2) by applying lime materials to control the soil pH to

Comp p p p p p p po o o o o o o os s s s s s s st t t t t t t t t

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0.1% of NVZI and (5) by applying 0.2% of NVZI. The study results showed that the high concentration of soil Cd didn’t cause toxicity of rice productivity. However, the application of NZVI had severe effects on the growth of rice plants and decreased the tiller numbers of rice and also the yields of straw and grains by 15-75%. The possible reasons were proposed as the bioavailability of soil nutrition was affected by applying NZVI or NVZI was toxic to rice production. In all 3 levels of soil Cd concentration, only applying lime materials treatment can reduce the Cd concentration of rice straws.

The compost and NZVI treatments can’t significantly decrease the Cd concentration of rice straws. In this study, even the soil Cd concentration is high as 10 mg/kg, the Cd concentration of brown rice was lower than the regulation of brown rice in Taiwan (0.4 mg/kg) announced by Department of Health and Welfare of Taiwan, due to the longer period of soil flooding than farmer conventional treatment. When soil Cd concentration was high as 20 mg/kg, the Cd concentration of brown rice might exceed 0.4 mg/kg and might have high human risk. The effect of soil amendment application was similar to the results of rice straw, only the application of lime treatment can significantly decrease the Cd concentration of brown rice. The Cd concentration of brown rice in compost and NZVI treatments were all higher than the regulation of brown rice. In conclusions, the application of NZVI had toxic effects on the growth of rice plants and it might produce the Cd uptake in rice plant. Therefore, the remediation by NVZI was not effective compared with by applying lime materials.

Key wordsǺCadmium, brown rice, in-situ chemical stabilization, nano zero-valent iron, lime materials

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Ҟ ᒵ

ύЎᄔा……….ɚ मЎᄔा………ɜ Ҟᒵ………ɞ ߄Ҟᒵ………ɡ კҞᒵ………ɢ

ಃ΋ക ߻ق………1

ಃΒക Ў᝘ӣ៝………3

ಃ΋࿯ǵᙿ………3

ಃΒ࿯ǵᙿԦࢉٰྍᆶ౜ݩ………6

ಃΟ࿯ǵᙿԦࢉβᝆϐ᏾ݯמೌ………8

΋ǵ࠼βݤᆶᙌᙯีញݤ………8

Βǵβᝆమࢱݤ………9

ΟǵНҽᆅ౛………10

Ѥǵ෌ғ๧ڗݤ ………10

ϖǵϯᏢᛙۓݤ………12

ಃѤ࿯ǵڼԯ႟ሽ៓………13

΋ǵ୷ҁ੝܄………13

ΒǵβᝆᆶӦΠНԦࢉ᏾ݯϐᔈҔ………15

Οǵբࣁख़ߎឦԦࢉβᝆׯؼᏊϐёՉ܄………17

ಃϖ࿯ǵНዿᆶᙿԦࢉβᝆ………19

ಃΟക ׷਑ᆶБݤ………21

ಃ΋࿯ǵ၂ᡍβᝆ………21

ಃΒ࿯ǵ၂ᡍβᝆ୷ҁ౛ϯ܄፦ϩ݋………22

΋ǵβᝆНϩ֖ໆǺख़ໆݤ………22

Βǵβᝆ pH ॶǺ࣒ዟႝཱུݤ………..………22

Οǵβᝆ፦ӦǺ֎ᆅݤ………22

………..ɚɚɚɚɚɚɚɚɚ

………ɜɜ

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ϤǵҡԪሡाໆǺSMP ݤ………24

Ύǵβᝆෞᚆ៓ǵ᎑֖ໆǺDCB ݤ………24

Ζǵβᝆӄໆख़ߎឦǺЦНݤ………25

ಃΟ࿯ǵ၂ᡍೀ౛………...26

΋ǵβᝆᙿᐚࡋ………26

ΒǵࡼҔׯؼᏊ………26

ಃѤ࿯ǵࣧਭ၂ᡍ………27

΋ǵНዿਭ୻చҹ………27

ΒǵНዿғߏය໔βᝆϯᏢ܄፦ᅱෳ………28

Οǵ෌ᡏ߻ೀ౛………29

Ѥǵ෌ᡏϩ݋ǺHNO3/HClO4 ੃ှݤ………29

ϖǵβᝆϩ݋………30

ಃϖ࿯ǵ಍ीϩ݋ ………31

ಃѤക ่݀ᆶ૸ፕ………32

ಃ΋࿯ǵ၂ᡍβᝆ୷ҁ౛ϯ܄፦……….32

ಃΒ࿯ǵόӕׯؼᏊೀ౛ΠНዿϐғߏ௃׎………34

ಃΟ࿯ǵόӕׯؼᏊೀ౛Πβᝆ pH ॶᆶ਼ϯᗋচႝՏϐᡂϯ…………39

΋ǵβᝆ਼ϯᗋচႝՏ………39

Βǵβᝆ pH ॶ………43

ಃѤ࿯ǵόӕׯؼᏊೀ౛ჹܭНዿౢໆϐቹៜ……….47

΋ǵዿ䎞ғ፦ໆ………47

Βǵዼಈౢໆ………52

ಃϖ࿯ǵόӕׯؼᏊೀ౛ΠჹܭНዿύᙿᐚࡋᆶ֎ԏໆϐቹៜ…………56

΋ǵዿ䎞………56

Βǵᕫԯ………60

ಃϤ࿯ǵόӕׯؼᏊೀ౛Πჹܭβᝆ܄፦ϐቹៜ………65

΋ǵβᝆ pH ॶ………65

Βǵ0.05 M EDTA ё๧ڗ܄ϐβᝆԖਏ܄ᙿ……….68

ಃϖക ่ፕ……….72

………2……2…2……2… 4

………2……2…2…2…2…2…2…2444444444

……… ………2…2…2…2…2…2…2…225

………... 2626

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ୖԵЎ᝘……….73……….….….…….…77773

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߄ ߄Ҟᒵ

߄ 2-1ǵCodex ࡌ᝼ϐ१ࠔύ਱നε৒೚ໆ………5

߄ 2-2ǵᕉნύёаճҔڼԯ႟ሽ៓຾ՉᙯϯϐԦࢉނ………16

߄ 3-1ǵНዿғߏය໔Ӛԛޥ਑ࡼҔໆԭϩК………28

߄ 4-1ǵ၂ᡍβᝆ୷ҁ౛ϯ܄፦………33

߄ 4-2ǵόӕׯؼᏊΠНዿϩ䓱ኧ………38

߄ 4-3ǵόӕೀ౛Πዿ䎞ଳख़………48

߄ 4-4ǵόӕᙿᐚࡋೀ౛Πዿ䎞࣬ჹғ፦ໆ………49

߄ 4-5ǵόӕೀ౛Πዼಈଳख़………54

߄ 4-6ǵόӕೀ౛Πዿ䎞ᙿᐚࡋ………59

߄ 4-7ǵόӕೀ౛Πᕫԯᙿᐚࡋ………64

߄ 4-8ǵόӕೀ౛Π 0.05 M EDTA ё๧ڗ܄ϐβᝆԖਏ܄ᙿᐚࡋ………..70

………5555555

………1166

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კ

კҞᒵ

კ 2-1ǵڼԯ႟ሽ៓ϐϣਡ-Ѧෘኳࠠ………...14

კ 4-1ǵόӕೀ౛ΠНዿᅿ෌ 138 Ϻࡕϐғߏ௃׎……….35

კ 4-2ǵНዿғߏය໔όӕׯؼᏊೀ౛Πβᝆ਼ϯᗋচႝՏϐᡂϯ௃׎………….40

კ 4-3ǵНዿғߏය໔όӕׯؼᏊೀ౛Πβᝆ pH ॶϐᡂϯ௃׎………..44

კ 4-4ǵόӕೀ౛Πዿ䎞ଳख़……….51

კ 4-5ǵόӕೀ౛Πዼಈଳख़……….53

კ 4-6ǵόӕೀ౛Πዿ䎞ᙿᐚࡋ……….57

კ 4-7ǵόӕೀ౛Πᕫԯᙿᐚࡋ……….61

კ 4-8ǵНዿԏԋࡕόӕೀ౛Πβᝆϐ pH ॶ………..66

კ 4-9ǵόӕೀ౛Π 0.05 M EDTA ё๧ڗϐβᝆԖਏ܄ᙿᐚࡋ………....69

……… ………...1.1.1.1.1.1.1.144444444

……….3535

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ಃ

ಃ΋കġ ߻ق

ᙿȐCadmiumȑࣁԾฅӸӧܭӦෘύޑϡનǴ೯த཮ᆶځдϡન่࣬ӝǴа

᝜ނޑ׎ԄӸӧܭᕉნύǶฅԶǴᙿ٠ߚΓᡏǵ୏ނᆶ෌ނޑѸाϡનǴЪჹܭ ғނᡏڀԖࡐଯޑࢥ܄Ƕߏයኪ៛ܭଯᏊໆᙿᕉნΠ཮೷ԋᄌ܄ύࢥǴᙿӧΓᡏ ύЬा཮ಕᑈܭ๝᠌ᆶޤ೽ǹ1950 ԃжВҁ൤ξᑜቶࣁΓޕޑȨภภੰȩϦ্٣ ҹǴջࢂҗܭᙿᄌ܄ύࢥ܌ЇଆǴ஻ޣӢᙿύࢥᏤठମᓝ೬ϯǴܰวғମשԶੵ

ภᜤڙǴߡаԜڮӜϐȐKobayashi, 1978ȑǶ୯ሞᕎੱᕴ࿿Ψӧ 2012 ԃஒᙿ ᆶᙿϯӝނӈࣁዴۓޑठᕎӢηȐGroup 1ȑǶӢԜǴӚࣚ࡭ុܭࣴزӵՖ෧ϿΓᜪ ኪ៛ܭᙿޑ॥ᓀǶ

ᒿ๱π୘཰ว৖ِೲǵΓαޑזೲቚуǴᒿϐԶౢғޑεໆቲకނᆶቲНǴ ऩ҂࿶ִ๓ೀ౛ߡ௨ܫԿᕉნύǴߡ཮ჹβᝆᆶӦΠН೷ԋᝄख़ԦࢉǶځύǴΞ аၭҖβᝆޑख़ߎឦԦࢉୢᚒനڙᜢݙǴӢΓᜪኪ៛ܭᙿޑ೼৩Ьाࣁڥ֎ᆶ໯

१ǴऩբނғߏܭԦࢉβᝆύǴߡёૈவβᝆύ֎ԏၸໆޑᙿ٠࿶җ१ނ᜘ޑ໺

ሀԶӒ্Γᡏ଼நǶԜѦǴ࣬ၨܭځдբނǴНዿ೏ࡰрჹܭᙿڀԖၨଯޑಕᑈ

ૈΚȐChino & Baba, 1981ȑǴΞዿԯࣁ೚ӭ٥ࢪ୯ৎޑЬ१ǴӢԜዿԯԋࣁ٥ࢪӦ

୔҇౲ឪΕᙿޑЬाٰྍǴӢԜᙿԦࢉНҖԋࣁ೚ӭ٥ࢪ୯ৎߛటှ،ޑᕉნԦ

ࢉୢᚒȐArao et al., 2010ȑǶ

ԿϞςԖ೚ӭԦࢉ᏾ݯמೌ೏ว৖рٰǴനத٬ҔܭၭҖβᝆޑ᏾ݯמೌх

ࡴᙌᙯีញݤǵβᝆమࢱݤǵ౜ӦϯᏢᛙۓݤᆶ෌ғൺػݤȐMakino, 2007ȑǶځ ύǴ౜ӦϯᏢᛙۓݤȐin-situ chemical stabilizationȑޑᓬ༈ࣁԋҁၨեǵၨ৒ܰᏹ բЪӧ᏾ݯၸำύёߥԖၭҖচԖޑғౢфૈǴځচ౛ࣁబуׯؼᏊԿβᝆύǴ дϡનનનનનનનનન่่่่่่่่࣬࣬࣬࣬࣬࣬࣬࣬࣬ ӝǴӝǴӝǴӝǴӝǴӝǴӝǴӝǴӝӝ ааааааааа ѸाϡનǴЪჹЪჹܭܭ

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Ԗਏ܄٠׭ڋբނჹܭख़ߎឦޑ֎ԏȐChen et al., 2000ȑǴςԖ೚ӭࣴز௖૸όӕ ׯؼᏊޑࡼҔਏ݀ǹځύǴҡԪک୴ޥ೏දၹᇡࣁࢂԖਏޑׯؼᏊǴჹܭβᝆύ ޑख़ߎឦԖࡐӳޑڰۓૈΚǶ

ڼԯ႟ሽ៓Ȑnano zero-valent ironȑ߈Μԃٰ೏ቶݱᔈҔܭβᝆᆶӦΠНԦࢉ

᏾ݯמೌύǴځڀԖଯК߄य़ᑈᆶமᗋচ܄ϐ੝܄ǴӢԜεӭ೏Ҕܭ᏾ݯԖᐒԦ

ࢉނȐLien & Zhang, 1999ȑǹฅԶǴ߈ٰҭԖࣴزࡰрڼԯ႟ሽ៓ёᙖҗᗋচ܈ࢂ

֎ߕϸᔈԖਏӦ౽ନНᡏύޑคᐒԦࢉނǴӵख़ߎឦᆶฮለᡶ฻ȐHuang et al., 1998ǹLi & Zhang, 2006ȑǴՠϝࣗϿࣴز௖૸ஒڼԯ႟ሽ៓բࣁׯؼᏊࡼҔܭβᝆ ύǴჹܭβᝆύख़ߎឦޑԖਏ܄аϷჹܭբނғߏϐቹៜǶ

ҁࣴزҞޑࣁ௖૸ࡼҔڼԯ႟ሽ៓ܭᙿԦࢉβᝆύჹܭНዿ֎ԏᙿϐቹៜǴ ٠ᆶځдத೏٬ҔޑβᝆׯؼᏊȐ୴ޥ܈ҡԪȑКၨࡼҔਏ݀Ǵаຑ՗ڼԯ႟ሽ

៓ޑ᏾ݯਏ੻Ƕ

೚ӭӭӭӭࣴزࣴزࣴزࣴزࣴزࣴزࣴزࣴزࣴ ௖૸௖૸௖૸௖૸௖૸௖૸௖૸௖૸૸όӕόӕόӕόӕόӕόӕόӕόӕ ؼᏊǴǴǴǴჹܭჹܭჹܭჹܭჹܭჹܭჹܭჹܭჹܭβᝆβᝆβᝆβᝆβᝆβᝆβᝆβᝆβᝆύύύύύύύύύ

(15)

ಃ

ಃΒക Ў᝘ӣ៝

ಃ΋࿯ǵġ ᙿ

ᙿ Ȑ C a d mi u m ȑ ࣁԾ ฅ Ӹ ӧ ܭ Ӧ ෘ ύ ޑϡ ન Ǵ ᙿ ϡ ન ޑ ሽႝη ಔ ᄊ ࣁ 1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶3d¹⁰4s²4p⁶4d¹⁰5s²

ᙿനѦቫޑ 5s ॉୱԖΒঁሽႝηǴӢԜᙿӧԾฅࣚύӭаΒሽᙿȐCd²⁺ȑ׎ᄊӸ ӧǹԜѦǴᙿதᆶځдϡન่ӝǴӧβᝆύதـޑᙿڰ࣬؈ᐘނࣁ౷ϯᙿȐCdSȑǵ ᅹለᙿȐCdCO3ȑǵణ਼ϯᙿȐCd(OH)2ȑᆶᕗለᙿȐCd3(PO4)2ȑǴྋనᄊᙿނᅿ߾

аԾҗᚆη Cd²⁺ࣁЬǴځдதـޑёྋ܄ᙿނᅿҭԖ CdCl⁺ǵCdOH⁺ᆶ CdSO4(aq)Ƕ ȐTraina, 1999ȑ

ᙿӧ۟ҡ୮ύឦ༾ໆϡનǴᗲϿаൂᐱᙿ᝜ނ׎ԄӸӧǴεӭᆶᎋǵႉϺฅ ӅӸܭ౷ϯ᝜ނύǴӵଢᎋ᝜ȐsphaleriteȑᆶБႉ᝜ȐgalenaȑǴӢԜᙿӭࣁկྡྷ

ၸำύޑୋౢނǹԜѦǴբࣁᕗޥচ਑ޑᕗ᝜ҡȐphosphate rockȑϐᙿ֖ໆҭ࣬

ჹၨଯǴШࣚӚ୯ᕗ᝜ҡᙿ֖ໆ΋૓ϟܭ 1-100 mg/kgȐAlloway and Steinnes, 1999ȑǶβᝆύᙿޑङඳᐚࡋЬाڗ،ܭβᝆ҆፦ǴШࣚӚӦβᝆύᙿᐚࡋ΋૓ϟ ܭ 0.06-1.1 mg/kgǴՠӧථࢶҵլϷݤ୯฻ӦǴӢӦ፦ӢનԶ٬βᝆύᙿᐚࡋၨଯǴ ёၲ 222 mg/kgȐKabata Pendias and Pendias, 2001ȑǶਥᏵ 1998 ԃֹԋޑѠ᡼Ӧ୔

ၭӦβᝆख़ߎឦ֖ໆፓࢗൔ֋ࡰрǴѠ᡼ၭӦβᝆ߄βȐ0-15 cmȑᙿᐚࡋനଯॶ ࣁ 2 mg/kgǴᆶШࣚӚ୯಍ी่݀ৡ౦όεǶ

(16)

୯ሞᕎੱࣴزᕴ࿿ȐInternational Agency for Research on Cancerȑӧ 2012 ԃς ஒᙿᆶᙿϯӝނᘜᜪࣁዴۓޑठᕎӢηȐGroup 1ȑǶᙿЬाᙖҗڥ֎ᆶ໯१຾ΕΓ ᡏǴٯӵᙿࣁ३๨ޑԋϩϐ΋ǴԶεӭኧ१ނύҭ֖Ԗ༾ໆޑᙿǶᖄӝ୯ᙂၭಔ ᙃᆶШࣚፁғಔᙃ१ࠔ኱ྗݤڂہ঩཮ȐJoint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programmed, Codex Alimentarius Commissionȑࡌ᝼ᙿϐኩۓ؂ຼ৒೚ឪڗໆ Ȑprovisional tolerable weekly intakeȑࣁ 7 µg/kgǶεໆ֎१ᙿ཮Їଆ࡚܄ύࢥǴੱ

ރԖჍӗǵᓐཀྵǵဎᘞǵࠏ჌کૅ඀฻ǹߏයኪ៛ܭຬໆᙿᕉნΠҭ཮೷ԋᄌ܄

ύࢥǴᙿӧΓᡏύЬाಕᑈܭ๝᠌ᆶޤ᠌ύǴߏයಕᑈ཮Їว๝λᆅੰᡂǴቹៜ Γᡏჹܭ້ᆶ៓ޑ֎ԏǴᏤठೈқֿǵᑗֿǵ೬ମੱᆶମ፦౧᚞ੱ฻ੱރǶӵ 1950 ԃжВҁΐԀ൤ξᑜઓ೯οࢬୱϐۚ҇ǴӢᎃ߈᝜୔௨ܫ֖ᙿቲНǴԶߏයឪΕ ڙᙿԦࢉޑ໯Нᆶ१ނǴᏤठମ፦೬ϯϷᡂ׎ԶܰวғମשǴੵภ౦தǴᆀϐࣁ ȨภภੰȩȐitai-itai diseaseȑȐKobayashi, 1978ȑǶԖ᠙ܭᙿჹܭΓᡏ଼நޑᝄख़Ӓ

্Ǵᖄӝ୯ၭᙂಔᙃᆶШࣚፁғಔᙃ१ࠔ኱ྗݤڂہ঩཮ܭ 2006 ԃख़ཥග᝼όӕ १ࠔύᙿޑനε৒೚ໆȐTable 2-1.ȑǴаᗉխΓᜪ࿶җ१ނឪΕ٠ಕᑈၸໆޑᙿǶ

ᙿߚ෌ނ܌ሡޑѸाϡનȐessential elementȑϐ΋Ǵ෌ނऩ֎ԏၸໆޑᙿ཮೷

ԋࢥ্Ƕᙿჹܭ෌ނޑࢥ্ᐒڋхࡴғߏ׭ڋǵӀӝբҔ׭ڋǵׯᡂ਻Ͼޑࢲ୏ǵ ሇનࢲ܄׭ڋǵЇଆ໚ᚆηѦࢬ܈ࢂౢғԾҗ୷฻ȐPrasad, 1995ȑǶ෌ނёૈр౜

ޑᙿࢥ্ቻރԖғߏᒨᅉǵਥسڙཞǵယ೽໳ϯ܈ယጔᆶယેޑፃϯ฻ȐKabata Pendias & Pendias, 2000ȑǶ

cerȑӧӧӧӧӧӧӧӧӧ220202020202020121212121212122ԃςԃςԃςԃςԃςԃςԃςԃς ڥ

ڥ֎ᆶᆶᆶᆶᆶᆶᆶᆶᆶ໯१໯१໯१໯१໯१໯१໯१໯१໯११຾Ε຾Ε຾Ε຾Ε຾Ε຾Ε຾Ε຾Ε຾ΕΓΓΓΓΓΓΓΓΓ ᙿǶᖄᖄӝ୯ӝ୯ӝ୯ӝ୯ӝ୯ӝ୯ӝ୯୯୯ᙂၭᙂၭᙂၭᙂၭᙂၭᙂᙂၭᙂᙂ ಔಔ

(17)

Table. 2-1 Maximum levels (mg/kg) of Cadmium in food proposed by Codex.

߄ 2-1 Codex ࡌ᝼ϐ१ࠔύᙿനε৒೚ໆȐmg/kgȑ

Product name Value (mg/kg) Remarks Polished rice 0.4

Wheat 0.2

Cereal grains 0.1 Except rice & wheat

Beans 0.1 Except soybeans

Edible roots & stem 0.1 Except potato

Potato 0.1 Peeled

Leaf vegetables 0.2

Other vegetables 0.05 Except tomatoes & edible fungi y Codeeeeeeeex.xxxxxx

rks

(18)

ಃ

ಃΒ࿯ǵġ ᙿԦࢉٰྍᆶ౜ݩ

ԾฅᕉნύᙿޑङඳᐚࡋཱུեǴӢԜβᝆύᙿޑεໆಕᑈεӭٰԾܭΓࣁࢲ

୏Ъεӭಕᑈܭ߄βቫύǴԶΓࣁޑᙿԦࢉٰྍεठёϩࣁΠӈ൳ᅿǺ᝜୔໒௦ǵ π཰ԦࢉᆶᕗޥǵԦݝޑࡼҔ฻ȐAlloway & Steinnes, 1999ȑǶԾฅࣚύᙿεӭа

౷ϯނ׎ԄӸӧܭᎋǵႉ᝜ύǴӢԜӧᎋǵႉ᝜ޑ໒௦܈ࢂկྡྷၸำύࣣԖёૈ

೷ԋᙿޑញрǹԜѦǴҗ௦᝜཰़ғрޑ࣬ᜢቲకނǴӵ᝜෦ᆶቲН฻Ǵऩ҂࿶

ִ๓ೀ౛ǴҭёૈԋࣁࣁᙿԦࢉޑٰྍǶᙿӧπ཰΢೏ቶݱᔈҔܭႝᗓ཰ǵӝߎ ᠗೷཰฻Ǵځҭёբࣁ༟ጤᇙำύޑӼۓᏊ܈Ҕаᇙ೷ႝԣǵᚑ਑฻ȐKirkham, 2006ȑǴӢԜᙿёૈᙖҗԦࢉޜ਻ޑ໺ኞǵπቷቲНޑ௨ܫᆶπ཰ቲకނޑక࿼฻

೼৩຾ΕډԾฅᕉნύǴ຾Զಕᑈܭβᝆύ೷ԋԦࢉǶ೚ӭЎ᝘ҭࡰрǴᕗޥޑ

ࡼҔҭࣁၭҖβᝆёૈޑᙿԦࢉٰྍǴӢᕗޥύத֖ԖଯᐚࡋޑᙿǴߏයࡼҔΠ ёૈ཮೷ԋβᝆύᙿޑಕᑈǴऍ୯Βೀߏය၂ᡍ่݀ᡉҢǴ٬Ҕѳ֡ᙿᐚࡋࣁ 10 mg/kg ϐᕗޥǴ؂ԃ؂Ϧഘёଅ᝘ 0.3-1.2 g ޑᙿܭβᝆύǴऩᕗޥᙿᐚࡋၲ 174 mg/kgǴ؂ԃ؂Ϧഘޑᙿಕᑈໆ׳ёૈଯၲ 100 g ȐMortvedt, 1987ȑǹम୯ Rothamsted Experimental Stationߏය၂ᡍ่݀ҭᡉҢǴ࿶ೱុࡼҔϯᏢᕗޥ 100 ԃ ࡕǴβᝆύᙿᐚࡋ཮җ 0.17 mg/kg ΢ϲԿ 0.44 mg/kgǴ؂ԃ؂Ϧഘᙿಕᑈໆ߾ऊࣁ 7.2 gȐJones et al., 1989ȑǶԜѦǴε਻؇फ़ҭࣁβᝆύᙿޑЬाٰྍϐ΋Ǵկྡྷ

ቷǵπ཰ࢲ୏ǵกϯ᝗ǵྡࣅᐯᐨǴΏԿܭᐎጤ፺जޑᑃᔔ฻೿ёૈ೷ԋᙿ௨ܫ Կε਻ύȐAlloway & Steinnes, 1999ȑǶ

ε

εӭٰٰٰٰٰٰٰٰٰԾܭԾܭԾܭԾܭԾܭԾܭԾܭԾܭԾܭΓࣁΓࣁΓࣁΓࣁΓࣁΓࣁΓࣁΓࣁΓࣁࢲࢲࢲࢲࢲࢲࢲࢲࢲ

൳ᅿᅿǺ᝜Ǻ᝜᝜᝜᝜᝜᝜᝜᝜୔໒୔໒୔໒୔໒୔໒୔໒୔໒୔໒୔ ௦ǵ௦௦௦ǵ௦௦

(19)

Ѡ᡼ၭҖβᝆޑख़ߎឦԦࢉ๊εӭኧٰԾឲ෸НᎁڙԦࢉǴҗܭѠ᡼ၭҖឲ

෸س಍҂ᑪֹ๓ǴதӢπ཰ቲНޑ௨ΕԶ೷ԋឲ෸ҔНڙԦࢉǴၭҖߏයЇҔڙ ԦࢉϐНྍԶ٬ளβᝆ܈բނख़ߎឦ֖ໆၸଯǴӵ 1982 ԃਲ༜ᑜε዇׸ଯሌϯπ ᙿႉԦࢉǵ1987 ԃਲ༜ᑜύᅽ׸୷ΚϯπᙿԦࢉᆶᄆϯᑜکऍᙼӭᅿख़ߎឦԦࢉ

฻Ƕ಍ीԿ 2013 ԃԃۭࣁЗǴᕉߥ࿿Ϧ֋ӈᆅϐၭӦаਲ༜ᑜय़ᑈࣁനεǴځԛ ࣁᄆϯᑜᆶѠύѱȐՉࡹଣᕉߥ࿿Ǵ2014ȑǶВҁᆶᗬ୯ၭҖख़ߎឦԦࢉ߾εӭٰ

Ծܭ᝜୔ԦࢉǴӧᗬ୯ǴԾ 1980 ԃжଆǴӢౢ཰૰ଏ೷ԋԖຬၸ 1000 ೀޑ᝜൑

ᜢഈ܈ቲకȐOk et al., 2011ȑǴԜѦǴВҁමܭ 1950 ԃж܌ᛈวޑȨภภੰȩҭࣁ

᝜୔Ԧࢉ܌ठǴёૈޑԦࢉ໺ᒡ೼৩х֖ǺၭҖឲ෸ҔН΢ෞӢ᝜୔ቲНޑ௨Ε Զᎁڙԡࢉǵկྡྷၸำύౢғ֖Ԗᙿ༾ಈޑቲ਻Ǵᒿε਻ࢬ୏Զ؇फ़٠ಕᑈܭβ ᝆύǴ܈ࢂූ੮ܭξڵ΢ޑ᝜෦҂࿶ִ๓ೀ౛Զ೏ؑᇑԿᎃ߈ၭҖύ೷ԋԦࢉ

ȐChen et al., 2007ǹArao et al., 2010ȑǶԖ᠙ܭԜǴଞჹВᖿᝄख़ޑβᝆԦࢉୢᚒǴ Шࣚ΢εӭኧ୯ৎჹܭβᝆύᙿᐚࡋࣣԖुۓᆅڋ኱ྗǴаߥም१ҔբނӼӄᆶ ᆢៈΓᡏ଼நǶ٥ࢪ୯ৎύǴѠ᡼ܭ 2000 ԃϦ֋ჴՉȨβᝆᆶӦΠНԦࢉ᏾ݯݤȩǴ ځύၭӦβᝆύᙿȐЦН੃ϯݤȑޑᅱෳ኱ྗࣁ 2.5 mg/kgǴᆅڋ኱ྗ߾ࣁ 5 mg/kgǶ ᗬ୯ȨβᝆᕉნߥៈݤȩύǴၭӦβᝆύᙿȐ0.1 M HCl ๧ڗȑޑᅱෳ኱ྗࣁ 1.5 mg/kgǴ᏾ݯ኱ྗ߾ࣁ 4 mg/kgǶВҁࢂаࢂց཮ғౢрᙿᐚࡋຬၸ 0.4 mg/kg ޑᕫ ԯբࣁၭҖβᝆᙿԦࢉϐ኱ྗǶ

җܭ җܭ җܭ

җܭܭܭܭܭܭѠ᡼Ѡ᡼Ѡ᡼Ѡ᡼Ѡ᡼Ѡ᡼Ѡ᡼Ѡ᡼ၭҖၭҖၭҖၭҖၭҖၭҖၭҖၭҖឲឲឲឲឲឲឲឲ

ၭҖߏҖߏҖߏҖߏҖߏҖߏҖߏҖߏҖߏයЇයЇයЇයЇයЇයЇයЇයЇය ҔڙҔڙҔڙҔڙҔڙҔڙҔڙҔڙҔڙ ᑜε዇ε዇׸ଯ׸ଯ׸ଯ׸ଯ׸ଯ׸ଯଯଯଯሌϯሌϯሌϯሌϯሌϯሌሌϯሌሌ ππ

(20)

ಃ

ಃΟ࿯ǵġ ᙿԦࢉβᝆϐ᏾ݯמೌ

ၭҖβᝆᙿԦࢉୢᚒᆶዿԯ१ҔӼӄࣁ౜Ϟഢڙᜢݙޑᕉნ᝼ᚒϐ΋ǴӄШ

ࣚҭςว৖р೚ӭβᝆख़ߎឦ᏾ݯൺػמೌǴฅၭҖβᝆ᏾ݯמೌޑᒧ᏷ନΑ໪

Եቾԋҁਏ੻Ȑcost-effectiveȑǴਔ໔ԋҁǵᕉნፂᔐаϷځჹܭβᝆޥΚϐቹៜ

฻೿໪΋ٳԵໆӧϣȐHseu et al., 2010ȑǶၭҖβᝆ᏾ݯޑനಖҞ኱ࣁࡠൺځচԖ ޑၭ཰ғౢΚǴӢԜڀ౜Ӧᏹբǵᕉნ϶๓ᆶၗྍ҉ុճҔ฻੝܄ϐԦࢉ᏾ݯמ

ೌᔈࣁന፾ᒧ᏷ǶҁЎӧԜ߻ගΠǴᒧ᏷ኧঁܭѠ᡼ǵВҁᆶᗬ୯೏ቶݱᔈҔܭ ᙿԦࢉНҖβᝆϐ᏾ݯמೌϩձᇥܴϐǶ

Ȑ΋ȑ࠼βݤᆶᙌᙯีញݤȐsoil dressing and turnoverȑ

࠼βݤᆶᙌᙯีញݤࣣࣁᙁൂǵԖਏЪૈזೲफ़եβᝆύᙿᐚࡋޑБݤǴӢ ԜࣁѠ᡼ᆶВҁࡹ۬നத٬ҔܭၭҖβᝆޑख़ߎឦԦࢉ᏾ݯБݤǴᏵ಍ीᄒԿ 2005ԃВҁӄ୯ԦࢉӦύԖ 87.2%Ȑ7327 Ϧഘȑ٬Ҕ࠼βݤ຾ՉԦࢉ᏾ݯȐJapan MOE, 2006ȑǴӧѠ᡼Ծ 2003 ԃଆҭԖ 312.9 ϦഘޑၭӦ௦ҔᙌᙯีញݤȐTaiwan EPA, 2014ȑǶ࠼βݤࢂӃஒڙԦࢉޑ߄β౽рԦࢉ୔Ǵϐࡕӆаձೀଳృޑβᝆᙟ ᇂܭ္βϐ΢Ǵ܈ࢂޔௗஒଳృޑβᝆᙟᇂܭԦࢉβᝆϐ΢ǶȐMakino, 2007ȑǶᙌ ᙯีញݤ߾ࢂϩձஒԦࢉޑ߄ቫβᝆᆶΠቫ҂ڙԦࢉޑ္βǴ΢Π຾Չᠳ܏షӝ

ีញǴᙖԜีញ٠फ़եβᝆख़ߎឦᐚࡋȐHseu et al., 2010ȑǶӢԜǴԜמೌ໻፾Ҕ ܭύեԦࢉำࡋϐβᝆǴЪځԦࢉጄൎ໪߳ज़ܭ߄βǶԜѦǴ࠼βݤᆶᙌᙯีញ ݤӧჴՉ΢ϝԖ೚ӭᅪቾǴх֖βᝆޥΚफ़եǵ࠼βࡕβᝆ߄य़ଯܭ΋૓Ӧय़Ǵ

٬ளচԖޑឲ෸س಍คݤ٬ҔаϷբނਥسၸు೷ԋΠቫԦࢉβᝆޑషӝ฻ǹځ ύǴനεޑୢᚒࣁ઻຤ԋҁၸଯᆶଳృβᝆٰྍڗளόܰǴ٬ளځёՉ܄ܭ߈ٰ

ڙډཱུεࡷᏯȐArao et al., 2010ȑǶ

ნ

ნ᝼ᚒᚒᚒᚒᚒᚒᚒᚒᚒϐ΋ϐ΋ϐ΋ϐ΋ϐ΋ϐ΋ϐ΋ϐ΋ϐ΋ǴӄǴӄǴӄǴӄǴӄǴӄǴӄǴӄӄШШШШШШШШШ מೌޑೌޑᒧ᏷ᒧ᏷ᒧ᏷ᒧ᏷ᒧ᏷ᒧ᏷ନΑ᏷᏷᏷ନΑନΑନΑନΑନନΑନନ ໪໪

(21)

ȐΒȑβᝆమࢱݤȐsoil washingȑ

βᝆమࢱݤࣁ΋זೲЪૈԖਏޑஒख़ߎឦҗβᝆύ౽ନޑ᏾ݯБݤǴ٠Ъ፾

ҔܭଯᐚࡋԦࢉϐβᝆǴӧѠ᡼ࣁதҔޑख़ߎឦԦࢉ᏾ݯБݤϐ΋Ȑ᝵ᆶഋǴ 2008ȑǶ໺಍΢βᝆమࢱݤ໪ᚆ൑բ཰Ǵ२ӃஒԦࢉβᝆவ൑֟ࡩନǴ࿶ಈ৩ϩᚆ ࡕǴ໻ଞჹಈ৩ၨλЪԦࢉำࡋၨଯϐᗭಈ຾ՉమࢱǴஒβᝆᆶ๧ڗనషӝ٠ϸ ᔈ΋ࢤਔ໔ࡕǴӆ຾ՉڰనϩᚆǴమࢱࡕޑβᝆᗭಈऩ಄ӝᆅڋ኱ྗ߾ёӣ༤Ǵ ќѦǴమࢱቲన࿶ִ๓ೀ౛ࡕǴёӆԛၮҔܭమࢱ؁ᡯύǶฅԶǴНҖβᝆڀԖ

౑ۭቫȐplowsoleȑǴ཮ߔᛖНޑࠟޔࢬ୏Ǵ٬మࢱనό཮ᅖ೸ԿΠቫ္β܈ӦΠ НύԶ೷ԋΒԛԦࢉǴӢԜǴӧНҖβᝆჴՉ౜ӦϯᏢమࢱݤࢂёՉޑǶMakino et al.Ȑ2006ǹ2007ǹ2008ȑޑ࣬ᜢࣴز่݀ᡉҢǴӧԵໆ๧ڗૈΚᆶჹᕉნޑቹៜ ࡕǴෛϯ៓ȐFeCl3ȑࣁന፾Ҕޑ๧ڗᏊǹ౜Ӧβᝆమࢱݤᏹբ؁ᡯӵΠǺӃஒН ҖឲНǴуΕෛϯ៓٠аᐒఓஒځкϩషϬࡕǴӆаଳృޑឲ෸НమࢱኧԛǴ٠ ЪճҔ౜ӦቲНೀ౛س಍ёԖਏӦӣԏమࢱనύޑᙿǴ٬మࢱనޑᙿᐚࡋ಄ӝܫ ࢬН኱ྗԶё౜Ӧ௨ܫӣᕉნύǶԜѦǴᗨฅෛϯ៓ޑࡼҔ཮೷ԋНҖβᝆ pH ॶ Πफ़Ъ཮ቹៜβᝆޥΚǴՠ࿶፾྽ׯؼࡕǴࣧਭ၂ᡍ่݀ᡉҢНዿౢໆόڙቹៜǴ Ъёᡉ๱फ़եᕫԯύޑᙿᐚࡋǶ౜Ӧβᝆమࢱݤ܌ሡ઻຤ޑԋҁ໻ࣁ࠼βݤϐ 60%Ǵҭࣁځ҂ٰว৖ᆶᔈҔϐᓬ༈ȐArao et al., 2010ȑǶ

᏾ݯБББББББББݤǴݤǴݤǴݤǴݤǴݤǴݤǴݤǴݤ ٠Ъ٠٠٠Ъ٠Ъ٠Ъ٠Ъ٠Ъ٠Ъ٠ЪЪ፾፾፾፾፾፾፾፾፾ ݤϐ΋Ȑ᝵ᆶ᝵ᆶഋǴഋ

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ȐΟȑНϩᆅ౛Ȑwater managementȑ

Нϩᆅ౛ࣁ΋ᗉխዿԯಕᑈၸໆᙿޑၭ཰ғౢᆅ౛฼ౣǶӧ੆Нᗋচރᄊ ΠǴβᝆύޑ౷ለਥȐSO42-

ȑ཮ᗋচԋ S^2-Ǵ٠Ъ཮ᆶёྋ܄ޑΒሽᙿᚆηȐCd²⁺ȑ

׎ԋྋှࡋཱུեޑ౷ϯᙿȐCdSȑ؈ᐘǴ຾Զफ़եβᝆύᙿޑԖਏ܄ǹฅԶǴ྽੆

НβᝆӢ௨НԶӆԛӣൺࣁ਼ϯᄊਔǴ౷ϯᙿ཮೏਼ϯԋࣁёྋ܄ޑ౷ለᙿ ȐCdSO4ȑǶҗа΢ёޕǴᙿӧβᝆύޑྋှࡋڙβᝆ਼ϯᗋচႝՏȐEhȑቹៜǴ Զβᝆ Eh ॶ߾ڙНϩᆅ౛܌ፓ௓ǶӢԜǴऩНዿᅿ෌ය໔ૈᆢ࡭βᝆܭవНރᄊ Π߾ё׭ڋНዿჹܭᙿޑ֎ԏǴ຾Զၲډफ़եዼಈύᙿᐚࡋޑҞޑǶςԖࣴزࡰ

рӧНዿܜᕞ߻ࡕΟຼవНჹܭफ़եᕫԯύᙿᐚࡋԖനӳޑਏ݀ȐArao et al., 2009ȑǶฅԶǴۯߏβᝆవНਔ໔ࠅ཮٬ዿԯౢໆΠफ़ȐHu et al., 2013ȑǴаϷ೷

ԋനࡕНዿԏԋਔǴᐒఓᏹբ΢ޑ֚ᜤȐMakino, 2007ȑǶ ȐѤȑ෌ғ๧ڗݤȐphytoextractionȑ

ࣁ෌ғൺػݤȐphytoremediationȑޑ΋ᅿǴځচ౛ࣁӧԦࢉβᝆᅿ෌ჹܭख़ ߎឦࢥ্ڀଯऐڙ܄ЪёӧӦ΢೽ಕᑈଯᐚࡋख़ߎឦޑ෌ނǴӧ࿶΋ࢤਔ໔ғߏ ࡕ௦ԏ෌ᡏ٠กϯǵ௝শϐǴаၲډ౽ନβᝆύԦࢉނޑҞޑǶԜᜪڀಕᑈଯᐚ ࡋख़ߎឦૈΚϐ෌ނᆀࣁຬಕᑈ෌ނȐhyperaccumulatorȑǴۓက΢ຬಕᑈ෌ނޑӦ

΢೽Ѹ໪ૈಕᑈຬၸ҅த෌ނ 100 ७ޑख़ߎឦᐚࡋǴаᙿԶقǴຬಕᑈ෌ނӦ΢

೽ᙿᐚࡋ໪ຬၸ 100 mg/kgȐBaker et al., 2004ȑǶ

Chen & LeeȐ1997ȑܭѠ᡼ч೽ᙿԦࢉ୔຾Չ౜Ӧ෌ғൺػ၂ᡍǴаෳ၂ኧᅿ

޸ы෌ނϐ෌ғ๧ڗወૈǴ่݀ᡉҢϖறҡԮȐDianthus chinensis Linn.ȑǵϾഒ૛

ȐTagetes patula Linn.ȑǵऍζឮȐVerbena bipinnatifida Nutt.ȑᆶߚࢪስи޸

ȐImpatiens walleriana Hook.f.ȑ฻ڀԖၨଯޑᙿ֎ԏૈΚǴယ೽ᙿᐚࡋࣣёၲ 40 ӧ੆Н੆Н੆Н੆Н੆Н੆Н੆Н੆Н੆Нᗋচᗋচᗋচᗋচᗋচᗋচᗋচᗋচᗋচচރᄊރᄊރᄊރᄊރᄊރᄊރᄊރᄊރᄊ ΒሽᙿᚆηηȐCdCd²⁺² ȑ

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mg/kgа΢Ƕҗܭ෌ނޑғߏڙज़ܭᕉნӢηǴ೚ӭ೏ኻࢪ୯ৎ᛾ჴڀԖ෌ғ๧ڗ ወૈޑނᅿёૈό፾ӝᅿ෌ܭ٥ࢪۑ॥஥୯ৎǴӢԜ Murakami et al.Ȑ2007ȑᒧҔ ҏԯȐZea mays L.ȑǵεلȐGlycine max (L.) Merr.ȑᆶНዿȐOryza sativa L.ȑ฻В ҁЬाޑᙂ१բނ຾Չ෌ғൺػ၂ᡍǴ٠Кၨόӕࠔᅿޑᙿ֎ԏਏ౗Ǵ่݀ᡉҢ εلȐSuzuyutakaȑᆶНዿȐMilyang 23ȑڀԖനଯޑᙿ֎ԏໆǴՠԵໆεلӧ໒

޸ࡕߡ཮ပယǴӢԜ௢ᙚНዿࣁന፾ӝᔈҔܭВҁޑ෌ғ๧ڗբނǶᗬ୯߈ٰ߾

ठΚܭว৖а୷Ӣᙯ෗מೌׯ๓෌ނჹܭᙿǵႉޑऐڙ܄ȐLee, 2013ȑǶԜѦǴPark et al.Ȑ2012ȑᅿ෌ݨ๼ऄȐBrassica napus L.ȑܭڙख़ߎឦԦࢉޑၭҖύǴ่݀ᡉ Ңݨ๼ऄёಕᑈଯᐚࡋޑख़ߎឦЪځ܌ගྡྷޑݨࠔख़ߎឦᐚࡋեǴԖբࣁғ፦ૈ

ྍϐወૈǶҭԖ೚ӭࣴز௖૸బу⽼ӝᏊܭβᝆύǴаቚуβᝆύख़ߎឦޑ Ԗਏ܄Ǵ຾Զගܹ෌ނ֎ԏख़ߎឦޑਏ౗ȐLai & Chen, 2004ǹWu et al., 2004, Turgut et al., 2004, Luo et al., 2006ȑǶ

෌ғ๧ڗݤ࣬ၨܭځд໺಍ԡࢉ᏾ݯמೌǴځᓬ༈ࣁԋҁեǵ፾Ҕय़ᑈεЪ ჹᕉნၨࣁ϶๓Ǵՠځ܌ሡ޸຤ޑਔ໔ၨߏЪ᏾ݯਏ੻தڙज़ܭ෌ނғߏ጗ᄌ܈

ғ፦ໆλȐEbbs et al., 1997ȑǴӢԜӧຬಕᑈ෌ނޑᒧ᏷΢Ǵ໪ӕਔԵቾځჹܭ྽

Ӧᕉნϐ፾ᔈ܄܈ࢂցૈᐒఓϯਭᅿǵ௦ԏ฻Ǵа٬෌ғ๧ڗݤૈၲډനε᏾ݯ ਏ੻ȐChen et al., 2007ȑǶ

᛾ჴڀჴڀჴڀჴڀڀڀڀڀڀԖ෌Ԗ෌Ԗ෌Ԗ෌Ԗ෌Ԗ෌Ԗ෌Ԗ෌ғ๧ғ๧ғ๧ғ๧ғ๧ғ๧ғ๧ғ๧ڗڗڗڗڗڗڗڗ et al.ȐȐȐȐȐȐȐȐ20202020202020202 070707070707070777ȑᒧȑᒧȑᒧȑᒧȑᒧȑᒧȑᒧȑᒧᒧҔҔҔҔҔҔҔҔҔ za sasatitvaLLLLLL.LLLȑ฻ȑ฻ȑ฻ȑ฻ȑȑ฻ȑ฻ȑ ВВ

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ȐϖȑϯᏢᛙۓݤȐchemical stabilizationȑ

౜ӦϯᏢᛙۓݤচ౛ࣁబуׯؼᏊȐamendmentȑԿԦࢉβᝆύǴ٬ख़ߎឦᆶ ׯؼᏊౢғ֎ߕǵᒱӝᆶ؇ᐘբҔǴफ़եβᝆύख़ߎឦޑԖਏ܄ᆶ౽୏܄Ǵ෧Ͽ բނҗβᝆύ֎ԏख़ߎឦޑᐒ཮Զၲډ᏾ݯҞޑȐChen et al., 2000ȑǶ࣬ၨܭځд ޑπำמೌݤ܈ࢂϯᏢ᏾ݯמೌǴԜݤԋҁၨեǵၨ৒ܰᏹբЪჹᕉნၨࣁ϶๓Ǵ ёӕਔᆢ࡭βᝆࠔ፦٠٬ၭҖβᝆߥԖځғౢфૈǶׯؼᏊޑᒧ᏷εӭаૈගଯ βᝆ pH ॶǵڀԖଯКय़ᑈЪ CEC ଯϷૈکҞ኱ख़ߎឦౢғ֎ߕ฻੝܄բࣁЬा

ԵໆǶӢԜǴҡԪၗ׷ǵᕗለᡶǵ៓ᒰ਼ϯނǵݦҡǵ୴ޥǵԦݝ܈ғނڰ׎ނ

฻த೏բࣁׯؼᏊ٬ҔǴ٠ЪςԖ೚ӭࣴز௖૸೭٤ׯؼᏊܭख़ߎឦԦࢉβᝆύ ޑࡼҔਏ݀ȐLee et al., 2004ǹLee et al., 2009ǹWang et al., 2009ȑǶ

җܭεӭኧख़ߎឦӧለ܄ᕉნΠޑԖਏ܄ၨଯǴҡԪၗ׷ޑࡼҔ߾ёԖਏӦ ගଯβᝆ pH ॶǴӢԜёफ़եβᝆύख़ߎឦޑ౽୏܄Ǵ෧Ͽբނჹߎឦޑ֎ԏໆȐLi et al., 2007ǹCiecko et al., 2001ȑǶᕗለᡶޑࡼҔ߾ࢂёᆶβᝆύёྋ܄ޑख़ߎឦᚆ η׎ԋᜤྋ܄ޑ؈ᐘނǴԶၲډ᏾ݯԦࢉβᝆޑҞޑȐRuby et al., 1994ǹBoisson et al., 1999ȑǶ୴ޥǵԦݝᆶғނڰ׎ނڰۓβᝆύख़ߎឦޑᐒڋЬाࣁᙖҗԖᐒ፦

ଯК߄य़ᑈᆶ൤֖۔ૈ୷ϐ੝܄Ǵᆶβᝆύޑख़ߎឦౢғ֎ߕᆶᒱӝϸᔈǴԶफ़ եβᝆύख़ߎឦޑԖਏ܄ȐLee et al., 2004ǹBhattacharyya et al., 2006ȑǶ៓ᒰ਼ϯ ނᆶݦҡЬाࢂբࣁ֎ߕᏊǴᙖҗ֎ߕբҔफ़եβᝆύёྋ܄ޑख़ߎឦᚆηǴԶ फ़եբނவβᝆύ֎ԏख़ߎឦޑᐒ཮ȐEdward et al., 1999ǹGarcia-Sanchez et al., 1999ȑǶځύǴҡԪᆶ୴ޥࣣࣁதҔޑၭ཰ၗ׷ǴЪςԖ೚ӭࣴزࡰрࡼҔҡԪ܈

୴ޥёԖਏӦफ़եբނჹܭβᝆύख़ߎឦޑ֎ԏǴӢԶ೏ቶݱᔈҔܭ౜ӦϯᏢᛙ ۓݤύǶ

ᝆύǴǴǴǴǴǴǴǴ٬ख़٬ख़٬ख़٬ख़٬ख़٬ख़٬ख़٬ख़٬ख़ߎឦߎឦߎឦߎឦߎឦߎឦߎឦߎឦߎߎឦᆶᆶᆶᆶᆶᆶᆶᆶᆶ

܄ᆶ౽୏܄܄Ǵ෧෧ϿϿ

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ಃಃѤ࿯ǵġ ڼԯ႟ሽ៓Ȑnano zero-valent ironȑ

Ȑ΋ȑ୷ҁ੝܄

౜Ϟڼԯ႟ሽ៓ޑЬाޑᇙഢБݤࣁϯᏢᗋচݤǴനӃҗٚੇεᏢޑ Wang ȿZhangȐ1997ȑ܌ගрǴԜݤࢂճҔ࿝ణϯ໊ȐNaBH4ȑբࣁᗋচᏊǴஒෛϯ

៓ȐFeCl3ȑύޑΟሽ៓ᗋচࣁ႟ሽ៓ǴځϸᔈԄӵΠ܌ҢǺ 4Fe³⁺+ 3BH4+ 9H2O → 4Fe⁰↓+ 3H2BO3-

+12H⁺

Ԝݤ࣬ჹܭ໺಍ᇙഢБݤၨࣁᙁൂЪӧ΋૓ϯᏢჴᡍ࠻ջёᇙഢֹԋǴՠ໪ݙཀ ӧᇙഢၸำύεӭሡाၸໆޑ࿝ణϯ໊ǴауೲӝԋϸᔈϷᆢ࡭႟ሽ៓඲ᡏғԋ ޑ΋ठ܄Ƕᚈߎឦڼԯ႟ሽ៓߾ࢂӧڼԯ႟ሽ៓߄य़ᗓ΢ќ΋ᅿϸᔈ܄ၨեޑߎ ឦǴӵႌǵᙻǵሌ܈ࢂ⑵Ƕ

ڼԯ႟ሽ៓ޑ׎ރεӭࣁౚ׎ǴՠځҭڀԖጤᡏ܄፦ǴӢԜࡐ৒ܰᆫ໣ӧ΋

ଆԶևߏ᜘ރȐZhang, 2003ȑǴSun et al.Ȑ2006ȑමଞჹຬၸ 400 ᅿޑڼԯ႟ሽ៓

຾ՉፓࢗǴ่݀ᡉҢຬၸ 80%ޑڼԯᗭಈλܭ 100 nmǴ50%߾λܭ 60 nmǴԶа BETݤ܌ෳۓޑК߄य़ᑈѳ֡ॶ߾ࣁ 3000-35000 m²/kgǶԜѦǴڼԯ႟ሽ៓ӧᕉნ ύЬाࢂаϣਡ-ѦෘኳࠠӸӧȐკ 2-1ȑǴϣਡЬाࣁ႟ሽ៓ǴԶѦෘޑಔԋ߾а

៓਼ϯނ܈ࢂ៓ణ਼ϯނࣁЬǴӧύ܄ᕉნΠεӭόёྋЪёߥៈϣਡ႟ሽ៓ό

೏זೲ਼ϯǶߎឦ៓ӧᕉნύࡐ৒ܰ೏਼ϯǴӢԜ႟ሽ៓தёբࣁԖਏޑႝηٮ

๏ޣǴԜѦǴ႟ሽ៓ȐFe²⁺/Feȑޑ኱ྗᗋচႝՏȐ-0.44 Vȑեܭ೚ӭख़ߎឦаϷ

֖ෛԖᐒϯӝނǴӢԜ႟ሽ៓ёᙖҗᗋচբҔٰफ़ှ೭٤ёૈޑᕉნԦࢉނǴԶ ڀԖԦࢉ᏾ݯว৖ϐወૈǶ

ٚੇεᏢޑ WaW ng

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კ 2-1ǵڼԯ႟ሽ៓ϐϣਡ-Ѧෘኳࠠ

Fig. 2-1. The core-shell model of zero-valent iron nanoparticles.

ȐLi et al., 2006ȑ

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ȐΒȑβᝆᆶӦΠНԦࢉ᏾ݯϐᔈҔ

ଯК߄य़ᑈᆶமᗋচ܄ࣁڼԯ႟ሽ៓ޑЬा੝܄ǶςԖ೚ӭࣴزຓჴڼԯ႟

ሽ៓ёԖਏӦफ़ှԖᐒԦࢉނǴӵ֖ෛԖᐒྋᏊǵԖᐒෛၭᛰǵӭෛᖄशȐPCBsȑ ϷԖᐒࢉ਑฻ȐLien & Zhang, 1999ǹZhang et al., 1998ȑǶڼԯ႟ሽ៓फ़ှ֖ෛԖ ᐒϯӝނޑЬाᐒڋӵΠ܌ҢǴځૈᙖҗᗋচಥෛբҔǴஒ֖ෛԖᐒԦࢉނᙯϯ ࣁӒ্܄ၨեޑϯӝނǶ

Fe⁰→ Fe²⁺+ 2e^-

RCl + H⁺+2e^-→ RH + Fe²⁺Cl^-

߈ٰҭԖ೚ӭࣴزࡰрǴڼԯ႟ሽ៓ჹܭคᐒԦࢉނǴӵख़ߎឦǵฮለᡶᆶ ၸෛለᡶڀԖࡐӳޑ᏾ݯਏ݀ȐAlowitz & Scherer, 2002ǹCao et al., 2005ǹHuang et al., 1998ǹLi & Zhang, 2006ȑǴځբҔᐒڋхࡴᙖҗᗋচբҔஒԦࢉނᙯϯࣁӒ্

܄ၨեϯӝނǴӵஒϤሽሐᗋচࣁࢥ܄ၨեޑΟሽሐǴஒฮለᡶᗋচࣁሓᄊේ܈

ࢂஒၸෛለᡶफ़ှࣁෛᚆηǶڼԯ႟ሽ៓ҭёᙖҗᗋচբҔ٬ख़ߎឦҗёྋ܄ޑ ᚆηᄊᙯᡂࣁߎឦᄊ؈ᐘ܈ࢂ߄य़֎ߕբҔٰफ़եᕉნύख़ߎឦޑԖਏ܄ȐLi &

Zhang, 2006ȑǶ

җа΢ёޕǴڼԯ႟ሽ៓ჹܭԖᐒᆶคᐒԦࢉނࣣԖࡐӳޑ᏾ݯਏ݀Ȑ߄ 2-2ȑǴӢԜ೏ቶݱᔈҔܭβᝆᆶӦΠНԦࢉ᏾ݯύǶڼԯ႟ሽ៓ӧӦΠНԦࢉ᏾ݯ ύЬाࢂа౜ӦޔௗݙΕޑБԄ຾Չ᏾ݯǴᆶ໺಍ޑ೸Н܄ϸᔈᕅ࣬КǴځڀԖ

ၨεޑϸᔈय़ᑈЪёޔௗଞჹଯԦࢉྍ຾Չ᏾ݯϐᓬ༈ȐZhang, 2003ȑǹӧβᝆԦ

ࢉ᏾ݯύǴεӭޔௗஒڼԯ႟ሽ៓ࡼҔܭβᝆύǴ٬ځᆶҞ኱Ԧࢉނ຾ՉϸᔈǴ Զၲ᏾ݯϐҞޑȐWatanabe et al., 2009ǹSatapanajaru et al., 2008ȑǶ

ӭࣴزززززززززຓჴຓჴຓჴຓჴຓჴຓჴຓჴຓჴຓჴڼԯڼԯڼԯڼԯڼԯڼڼԯڼԯڼԯڼԯ႟႟႟႟႟႟႟႟႟ ӭෛᖄशशȐPCPCBsB ȑ

(28)

߄ 2-2ǵᕉნύёаճҔڼԯ႟ሽ៓຾ՉᙯϯϐԦࢉނ

Table 2-2. Common environmental contaminants that can be transformed by nanoscale zero-valent iron.

ȐZhang, 2003ȑ

med bbbbbbbbbbyy y yyyynananananananananonononononononoscscscscscscscscs aaaaalalaale

(29)

ȐΟȑբࣁख़ߎឦԦࢉβᝆׯؼᏊϐёՉ܄

Cundy et al.Ȑ2008ȑࡰрǴ៓ϡનڀԖࡐଯޑϸᔈ܄ǴӢԜӧ೚ӭޑԦࢉ᏾ݯ מೌύத཮ճҔ႟ሽ៓Ϸ៓᝜ނϐ֎ߕȐsorptiveȑᆶᗋচȐreductiveȑ੝܄Ǵٰ

ၲډ౽ନᕉნύԖᐒǵคᐒ܈ࢂܫ৔܄ԦࢉނϐҞޑǶLi & ZhangȐ2007ȑ჋၂ճ Ҕڼԯ႟ሽ៓ٰ౽ନНྋనύޑख़ߎឦᚆηǴࣴز่݀ᡉҢڼԯ႟ሽ៓ڀԖϣਡ- Ѧෘϐᄬ೷ǴӢԜёᆶख़ߎឦᚆηӕਔౢғ֎ߕᆶᗋচ܄؇ᐘϸᔈǹฅԶǴख़ߎ ឦᆶڼԯ႟ሽ៓ޑЬाϸᔈᐒڋ཮Ӣख़ߎឦ኱ྗ਼ϯᗋচႝՏȐE⁰ȑޑόӕԶԖ

܌ৡ౦ǴZn²⁺ᆶ Cd²⁺ޑ E⁰࣬߈ܭ܈ࢂౣեܭ Fe²⁺ϐ E⁰ǴӢԜЬाޑ౽ନᐒڋࣁ֎

ߕ܈ࢂӧෘቫ߄य़ౢғᒱӝϸᔈǹCu²⁺ǵAg⁺ᆶ Hg⁺ϐ E⁰߾ᇻଯܭ Fe²⁺ǴӢԜЬा

౽ନᐒڋࣁᗋচϸᔈǹNi²⁺ᆶ Pb²⁺ϐ E⁰߾ౣեܭ Fe²⁺ǴӢԜёӕਔวғ֎ߕᆶᗋ চϸᔈǹᕴᡏԶقǴڼԯ႟ሽ៓ޑଯК߄य़ᑈ٬ϸᔈ׳זЪԖ׳ӳޑ౽ନਏ౗Ǵ ӢԜڼԯ႟ሽ៓ჹܭᕉნύख़ߎឦԖࡐӳޑڰۓਏ݀ǶBoparai et al.Ȑ2011ȑ׳຾

΋؁௖૸ڼԯ႟ሽ៓֎ߕНྋనύΒሽᙿޑᐒڋǴࣴز่݀ᡉҢᙿޑ֎ߕϸᔈឦ ϯᏢ֎ߕȐchemisorptionȑǴЪࣁ֎዗ᆶԾว܄ϸᔈǴԜѦǴਥᏵऀ೸Ԅႝηᡉ༾

᜔ߕуૈໆණթϩ݋ሺȐTEM-EDSȑϐϩ݋่݀Ǵё᛾ܴ Cd²⁺ዴჴ཮֎ߕܭڼԯ

႟ሽ៓ޑ߄य़΢Ǵӧྕࡋࣁ 297 K ਔǴڼԯ႟ሽ៓ჹܭ Cd²⁺ޑ֎ߕ৒ໆࣁ 769.2 mg/kgǴᡉҢڼԯ႟ሽ៓ჹܭᙿԶقࣁߚதԖਏޑ֎ߕᡏǶ

НҖβᝆ੝܄ࣁНዿᅿ෌ය໔ຼය܄ޑ਼ϯᗋচރᄊׯᡂǴӢԜНҖβᝆύ ᙿޑྋှࡋନΑڙβᝆ pH ॶ܌ቹៜǴβᝆ਼ϯᗋচႝՏȐEhȑΨࢂࡐख़ाޑፓ௓

ӢηǶ೚ӭЎ᝘ࡰрǴβᝆೀܭᗋচރᄊਔǴβᝆύᙿޑྋှࡋᆶዼಈύޑᐚࡋ

ࣣᒿϐफ़եǴ௢ෳёૈচӢࣁ౷ϯᙿޑғԋǴ߻Γࣴزࡰрӧ pH 7 ਔǴEh ໪λܭ ӧ೚ӭޑӭޑӭޑӭޑӭޑӭޑӭޑӭޑӭޑԦࢉԦࢉԦࢉԦࢉԦࢉԦࢉԦࢉԦࢉࢉ᏾ݯ᏾ݯ᏾ݯ᏾ݯ᏾ݯ᏾ݯ᏾ݯ᏾ݯ᏾ݯ uctiveȑ੝੝܄Ǵ܄Ǵٰ

(30)

ϐᓉᄊǴߡёߦ຾౷ϯᙿޑғԋǴ຾Զफ़եβᝆύᙿޑԖਏ܄ǶςԖ೚ӭࣴزࡰ

рǴӢڼԯ႟ሽ៓ޑமᗋচ܄ǴӢԜࡼҔܭНᕉნ܈ࢂβᝆύࣣ཮೷ԋ਼ϯᗋচ

ႝՏᡉ๱ޑΠफ़ȐYu et al., 2014ǹCullen et al., 2011ǹSatapanajaru et al., 2008ȑǹ ѦǴHashimoto ᆶ YamaguchiȐ2013ȑҭࡰрǴబуڼԯ႟ሽ៓ܭβᝆύёߦ຾౷

ϯᙿғԋǶ

ᆕӝа΢߻Γ่݀ёޕǴڼԯ႟ሽ៓ڀԖޑଯК߄य़ᑈёԖਏӦ֎ߕᕉნύ ޑёྋ܄ᙿᚆηǴமᗋচ܄߾ё٬βᝆރᄊၨࣁᗋচԶߦ٬౷ϯᙿޑғԋǴ຾Զ फ़եβᝆύᙿޑԖਏ܄ǹӢԜǴڼԯ႟ሽ៓ዴჴԖբࣁᙿԦࢉβᝆׯؼᏊϐወૈǶ Watanabe et al.Ȑ2009ȑමஒڼԯ႟ሽ៓ࡼҔܭᙿԦࢉβᝆύǴࣧਭ၂ᡍ่݀ᡉҢ ёԖਏӦफ़եНዿዼಈύޑᙿᐚࡋǴβᝆׇӈ๧ڗ่݀ҭᡉҢᙿҗԖਏ܄ၨଯޑ ёҬඤᄊǴᙯᡂࣁၨࣁᛙۓޑ៓ᒰ਼ϯނᗖ่ᄊǶ᏾ᡏԶقǴ௖૸ڼԯ႟ሽ៓

ޑख़ߎឦԦࢉβᝆ᏾ݯਏ݀аϷځჹܭբނғߏϐቹៜޑ࣬ᜢࣴزϝࡐϿǶ ςԖ ςԖ ςԖԖԖ

ςԖԖԖ೚೚ӭ೚ӭ೚ӭ೚ӭ೚ӭ೚ӭ೚ӭࣴزࣴزࣴزࣴزࣴزࣴزࣴزࣴزࡰࡰࡰࡰࡰࡰࡰࡰ

ࣣ཮೷೷೷೷೷೷೷೷೷ԋ਼ԋ਼ԋ਼ԋ਼ԋ਼ԋ਼ԋ਼ԋ਼ԋ਼ϯᗋϯᗋϯᗋϯᗋϯᗋϯᗋϯᗋϯᗋϯϯᗋচচচচচচচচচ aru eet t al., 22222222200000000000000000 8ȑǹȑȑȑǹȑȑȑȑ

(31)

ಃ

ಃϖ࿯ǵНዿᆶᙿԦࢉβᝆ

НዿࣁШࣚ΢ख़ाޑᙂ१բނϐ΋ǴӄౚԖ΋ъа΢ΓαаዿԯࣁЬ१Ǵх

ࡴ٥ࢪǵኻࢪࠄ೽ǵ዗஥ऍࢪᆶߚࢪ೽ϩӦ୔ǶਥᏵᖄӝ୯ᙂၭಔᙃޑ಍ीǴ2012 ԃНዿӧӄౚޑહӦय़ᑈ໻ԛܭҏԯǴЬाޑғౢӦࣁܿ٥ǵܿࠄ٥ᆶࠄ٥Ǵ՞

ӄౚᕴౢໆޑΐԋа΢ǴځύǴΞаύ୯ǵӑѭᆶӑࡋޑዿԯౢໆࣁന߻Οӭޑ ୯ৎȐFAOSTAT, 2013ȑǶѠ᡼ 2012 ԃዿԯԏᕇय़ᑈऊ 26.1 ࿤ϦഘǴᕴౢໆऊ 136.8

࿤ϦᏒǹ߈ԃٰᒿ୯Γ໯१ಞᄍޑׯᡂǴ؂Γ؂ԃዿԯ੃຤ໆ೴ԃΠफ़Ǵՠϝଯ ܭរણ੃຤ໆǴ2012 ԃ಍ी่݀ࣁ 45.6 ϦАǴඤᆉࡕ؂Γ؂Вዿԯ१Ҕໆࣁ 125 լȐՉࡹଣၭہ཮, 2013ȑǶ

ᒿ๱π୘཰ޑِೲว৖ǴΓαቚуǴ᝜ౢၗྍޑ੃઻฻Ǵ٬ளβᝆڙԦࢉ௃

׎Вᖿᝄख़ǴځύǴаၭҖβᝆޑԦࢉനЇΓᜢݙǴӢբނёૈ཮வԦࢉၭӦ֎

ԏၸӭख़ߎឦǴ٠࿶җ१ނ᜘໺ሀԶቹៜΓᡏ଼நǶChaney & GiordanoȐ1977ȑ

܌ගрޑβᝆ-෌ނምᛖȐsoil-plant barrierȑፕॊࡰрǴβᝆᆶ෌ނڀԖኧᅿᐒڋ ёज़ڋβᝆύޑ༾ໆख़ߎឦ࿶җ෌ނ֎ԏԶ໺ᒡԿ१ނ᜘ύǴ٠ਥᏵԜଷᇥஒԦ ݝύޑϡન٩ྣჹܭΓᡏ଼நӒ্॥ᓀޑόӕϩࣁኧဂǴځύǴᙿᆶႃǵ⃯೏ᘜ ᜪࣁಃѤဂǴԜဂϡનӧ෌ᡏύಕᑈډ཮ჹ୏ނ܈Γᜪ଼ந೷ԋӒ্ޑᐚࡋਔǴ ᗋόԿܭ೷ԋ෌ނޑࢥ্ǴӢԜჹܭΓᜪ଼நӒ্ޑ॥ᓀࢂനεޑǶԜѦǴ࣬ၨ

ܭځд༾ໆϡનǴᙿӧβᝆύޑ౽୏܄࣬ჹၨଯȐKabata Pendias & Pendias, 2000ȑǴӢԜ׳৒ܰ೏բނ֎ԏЪಕᑈܭ෌ᡏϣǴ຾ԶӒ্բނޑ१ҔӼӄǶ

аዿԯԯԯԯԯԯԯԯԯࣁЬࣁЬࣁЬࣁЬࣁЬࣁЬࣁЬࣁЬࣁЬ१Ǵ१Ǵ१Ǵ१Ǵ१Ǵ११Ǵ१Ǵ१Ǵ१ ххххххххх ಔᙃޑ಍಍ीǴǴ202 12

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Chaney et al.Ȑ1999ȑࡰрǴНዿҗβᝆύၮᒡᙿԿዼಈύޑՉࣁኳԄᆶځд բނࡐό΋ኬǶ೯தҗ᝜୔໒௦܌೷ԋޑβᝆᙿԦࢉதӕਔՔᒿ๱ᎋԦࢉǴӢԦ

ࢉٰྍࣁᎋ᝜Ǵβᝆύᎋᐚࡋऊࣁᙿᐚࡋޑ 100 ७ǹᆶ҂ڙԦࢉޑβᝆ࣬КǴԦ

ࢉβᝆ܌ғౢޑዼಈύᙿᐚࡋ཮ଯ΢ 100-200 ७ǴฅԶǴዼಈύޑᎋᐚࡋࠅѝԖ٤

༾ޑቚуȐChino & Baba, 1981ǹTakijima & Katsumi, 1973ȑǶځдޑբނӧ࣬ӕޑ ғߏᕉნΠǴӵλഝᆶεلዼಈύᙿᐚࡋຬၸ 0.4 mg/kg ਔǴዼಈύᎋᐚࡋҭ཮ε ൯΢ϲǴԜѦǴβᝆύᎋ཮ჹײҖբނ೷ԋࢥ্ਔޑᐚࡋεܭᙿǴӢԜբނᎋޑ ࢥ্౜ຝΨёᗉխᙿ࿶җ१ނ᜘໺ᒡԿΓᡏ܈୏ނύǹฅԶǴНዿࠅคԜ΋෌ނ ࡀምёज़ڋᙿӧβᝆ-෌ނ໔ޑ໺ᒡǴӢԜၨځдբނ׳৒ܰܭዼಈύಕᑈᙿǴԶ ჹΓᜪ଼ந೷ԋወӧ࠶ુǶԜѦǴዿԯҭࣁ೚ӭ୯ৎޑЬ१ǴӢԜዿԯёૈࣁΓ ᡏឪΕᙿޑനεٰྍǴԖࣴزࡰрВҁΓ҇ᙿឪΕໆޑ 34-50%ࢂҗ१ԯ܌ଅ᝘

ȐKawada & Suzuki, 1998ȑǶԖ᠙ܭዿԯύޑᙿჹܭΓᜪ଼நϐᝄख़࠶ુǴᖄӝ୯

ၭᙂಔᙃᆶШࣚፁғಔᙃ१ࠔ኱ྗݤڂہ঩཮ܭ 2006 ԃख़ཥঅुқԯύޑᙿനε

৒೚ໆǴஒځΠঅԿ 0.4 mg/kgǹฅԶǴѠ᡼१ԯύᙿޑज़ໆ኱ྗচࣁ 0.5 mg/kgǴ Вҁ߾ࣁ 1 mg/kgǴࣣଯܭཥঅुϐ኱ྗȐΒ୯Ҟ߻೿ςஒ኱ྗΠঅԿ 0.4 mg/kgȑǶ ӢԜǴНҖβᝆޑᙿԦࢉୢᚒԋࣁ७ڙᜢݙޑᙂ१Ӽӄ᝼ᚒǴςԖ೚ӭᏢޣ׫Ε ܭࣴزӵՖว৖ڀԖԋҁਏ੻ᆶ߻ᘳ܄ϐβᝆԦࢉ᏾ݯБݤǶ

ޑՉࣁՉࣁՉࣁՉࣁࣁࣁࣁࣁࣁኳኳԄኳԄኳԄኳԄኳԄኳԄኳԄᆶځᆶځᆶځᆶځᆶځᆶځᆶځᆶځᆶ ддддддд ᒿ

ᒿ๱ᎋᎋᎋᎋᎋᎋᎋᎋᎋԦࢉԦࢉԦࢉԦࢉԦࢉԦࢉԦࢉԦࢉԦࢉǴӢǴӢǴӢǴӢǴӢǴӢǴӢǴӢԦԦԦԦԦԦԦԦԦ

ࢉޑޑβᝆβᝆᝆᝆᝆᝆᝆ࣬К࣬К࣬К࣬К࣬К࣬К࣬К࣬К࣬КǴԦԦ

(33)

ಃ

ಃΟക ׷਑ᆶБݤ

ಃ΋࿯ǵġ ၂ᡍβᝆ

ҁ၂ᡍβᝆ௦໣Ծਲ༜ᑜᝳԮໂύᅽᙿԡࢉ୔ǴԜԦࢉ୔ྍଆܭਲ༜୷Κϯ πቷߏයஒ֖ᙿϐπ཰ቲН௨Εਲ༜εӥཥᑫЍࢬύǴӢԜᏤठᎃ߈ၭҖڙډᝄ ख़ᙿԡࢉǴ1984 ԃԖ 23 ϦഘޑၭӦ೏ჄۓࣁҶહ୔Ƕҁ၂ᡍୖԵഋ൧፣Ȑ1988ȑ ܭԜԦࢉ୔܌຾ՉޑβᝆᆶНዿዼಈύख़ߎឦ֖ໆፓ่ࢗ݀Ǵᒧڗβᝆᕴᙿᐚࡋ ϩձࣁ 2 mg/kgȐ276611 mEǴ2766261 mNȑǵ10 mg/kgȐ276394mEǴ2766331 mNȑ Ϸ 20 mg/kgȐ276443 mEǴ2766305 mNȑϐኬ୔຾Չ௦ኬǴ෌೏ࣁᅽЕǴࣣ௦໣

߄ቫβᝆȐ0-15 cmȑǶ௦໣܌ளϐβᝆ࿶॥ଳࡕǴࡷନβᝆύޑҡ༧Ϸ෌ނූᡏǴ ӆஒβᝆᑃ࿗ǵషӝ֡ϬǴаࡑࡕុ຾Չࣧਭ၂ᡍǶќڗ፾ໆ॥ଳβᑃ࿗ǵషϬ ٠ၸ 10 mesh ᑔᆛȐᑔϾޔ৩ 2 mmȑǴаഢࡕុ຾Չβᝆ୷ҁ౛ϯ܄፦ϐϩ݋Ƕ

(34)

ಃ

ಃΒ࿯ǵġ ၂ᡍβᝆ୷ҁ౛ϯ܄፦ϩ݋

΃ǵβᝆНϩ֖ໆǺख़ໆݤ ȐGardner, 1986ȑ

ગڗଳృޑᐨ݆ख़ໆ W1Ǵગڗऊ 20 լޑβᝆܭςޕख़ໆޑᐨ݆ύǴ٠૶ᒵ ख़ໆࣁ W2Ƕஒᐨ݆ᆶβᝆኬࠔܫ࿼ܭ੗ጃύа 105 °C ੗ଳԿࡡख़Ȑऊ 24 λਔȑǴ ڗ р ࡕ ࿼ ܭ ࣒ ዟ ଳ ᔿ Ꮤ ύ հ ࠅ Կ ࠻ ྕ Ǵ ગ ڗ ځ ख़ ໆ ࣁ W 3 Ƕ ٩ ྣ Π ӈ Ϧ Ԅ

ीᆉख़ໆᡂϯа؃ளβᝆНϩ֖ໆȐθmȑǶ

θm=ȐW1-W2ȑ÷ȐW3-W2ȑ× 100%

Βǵβᝆ pH ॶǺ࣒ዟႝཱུݤȐThomas, 1996ȑ

ગڗ 20 լβᝆܭ 100 mL ༟ጤᐨ݆ύǴуΕ 20 mL ѐᚆηНǴஒβᝆᆶѐᚆ ηНаβНК 1:1 кϩషӝᠳ܏Ǵᓉ࿼΋λਔࡕȐ໔܈ᠳ܏ኧԛȑǴෳۓ߻ӆ а࣒෇ᠳ܏֡ϬǴനࡕа࣒ዟႝཱུȐpH meterǺPHB-9901ȑෳۓǶ

Οǵβᝆ፦ӦǺ֎ᆅݤȐGee and Bauder, 1986ȑ

ગڗऊ 15 լβᝆǴஒځᆶ 10 mL NaOAcȐpH 5ȑک፾ໆѐᚆηНషӝࡕǴа 1500 rpmᙯೲᚆЈ 10 ϩដࡕǴॹక΢మనǴӆуΕѐᚆηНǵ᎜ᕏǵᚆЈǵॹక

΢మనǴख़ᙟ΢ॊ؁ᡯޔԿ΢మనዂమаѐନβᝆύޑᅹለᡶکёྋ܄ᡶᜪǶஒ βᝆኬࠔ౽Կ 500 mL ᐨ݆ύǴуΕ 10 mL 30% ᚈ਼НǴ٠у዗Կ 90 °C а౽ନβ ᝆύޑԖᐒ፦ǴޔԿྋనฆଳ߻ǴӆуΕᚈ਼НǴख़ᙟԜ؁ᡯޔԿቃਗ਼ߵݰଶЗǴ ϐࡕ࡭ុу዗а౽ନӭᎩޑᚈ਼НǶനࡕǴӆа DCB ݤѐନβᝆύޑෞᚆ៓ǵ᎑Ƕ

ௗ๱ஒֹԋ߻ೀ౛ޑβᝆଳᔿࡕǴગڗऊ 10 լኬࠔȐWtȑࡕǴ࿼ܭᠳ܏݆ύǴу ΕѐᚆηНԿ 6-7 ϩᅈǴӆуΕ 10 mL 5% Ϥୃᕗለ໊Ǵаႝ୏ᠳ܏ᐒᠳ܏ 10 ϩ ដࡕǴஒβᝆᝌੌన೯ၸ 300 mesh ᑔᆛǴ٠ஒ೯ၸᑔᆛϐβᝆᗭಈࢱΕ 1 L ؈फ़

฿ύǴЪۓໆԿ኱ጕǴԶ҂ၸᑔᆛޑࣳಈ߾ќѦࢱΕᐨ݆ύǴ੗ଳ٠ગख़ȐWsȑǶ ޑᐨ݆ᐨ݆ύǴύύύ ٠૶٠૶٠૶٠૶٠૶٠٠૶٠٠ ᒵᒵ

(35)

٩ྣ Stokes’ Law ीᆉрӧ၀ྕࡋΠǴ2 μm аΠޑβᝆᗭಈ؈फ़Կ 10 cm ܌ሡޑ ਔ໔Ǵ࿶ၸԜਔ໔ࡕǴа 25 mL ֎ໆᆅ֎ڗ 10 cm ೀޑβᝆྋనǴஒځᙯ࿼ܭᐨ

݆ύǴ੗ଳ٠ગख़ࡕளډᗹಈख़ໆȐWcȑǴനࡕ࿶ΠӈϦԄीᆉளډࣳಈǵᦍಈک ᗹಈޑख़ໆԭϩКǶ

ࣳಈख़ໆԭϩКȐ%ȑ= Ws÷ Wt× 100%

ᗹಈख़ໆԭϩКȐ%ȑ= Wc× 40 ÷ Wt× 100%

ᦍಈख़ໆԭϩКȐ%ȑ= 100 % − ࣳಈԭϩКȐʘȑ− ᗹಈԭϩКȐ%ȑ ѤѤǵβᝆႝᏤࡋǺႫکβጋݤȐRhoades, 1996ȑ

ગڗ 200 լβᝆܭᐨ݆ύǴᄌᄌуΕѐᚆηН٠Ҕ࣒ዟ෇όਔᠳ܏ǴޔԿβ ᝆϾሜӄ೽кᅈНǴԜਔβय़ԖϸӀ౜ຝǴՠคӭᎩޑНవᇂβय़Ǵջ׎ԋႫک βጋǴᓉ࿼ 30 ϩដࡕǴаѲԄᅅЏᆶܜ਻း࿼຾Չܜ਻ၸᘠǴԏ໣ᘠనࡕаᏤႝ

ࡋीෳۓᏤႝࡋǶ

ϖǵβᝆԖᐒᅹ֖ໆǺWalkley-Black ᔸԄ਼ϯݤȐNelson and Sommers, 1996ȑ ᆒગ 0.5 լ॥ଳβȐ೯ၸ 100 mesh ᑔᆛȑܭ 500 mL Οفᒷ׎౟ύǴа֎ໆ ᆅ֎ڗ 10 mL 1 N ޑख़ሐለႇуΕځύǴའϬࡕِೲуΕ 20 mL ᐚ౷ለǴའᕏష Ϭࡕᓉ࿼ 30 ϩដǶ30 ϩដࡕǴуΕ 150 mL ѐᚆηНǵ10 mL 85% ᕗለϷ 30 ᅀ ΒशữࡰҢᏊǴషϬࡕа 0.5 N ౷ለ٥៓ሓᅀۓԿಖᗺȐᚑՅᡂϯࣁǺསፃՅ→

ᐜᙔՅ→ᗲܴᙔՅ→ᆘՅȐಖᗺȑȑǶќ଺ޜқ၂ᡍ٠аΠӈϦԄ؃ளβᝆԖᐒᅹ

֖ໆǶ

O.C.(%) =

फ़ԿԿԿԿ1010101010000 c c ccccccmmmmmmm܌ሡ܌ሡ܌ሡ܌ሡ܌ሡ܌ሡ܌ሡ܌ሡ܌ ޑޑޑޑޑޑޑ న

నǴஒஒஒஒஒஒஒஒஒځᙯځᙯځᙯځᙯځᙯځᙯځᙯځᙯځᙯᙯ࿼ܭ࿼ܭ࿼ܭ࿼ܭ࿼ܭ࿼ܭ࿼ܭ࿼ܭ࿼ܭᐨᐨᐨᐨᐨᐨᐨᐨᐨ ளډࣳډࣳಈǵಈಈಈಈಈಈ ᦍಈᦍಈᦍಈᦍಈᦍಈᦍᦍಈᦍᦍ کک

(36)

BǺޜқኬࠔᅀۓᡏᑈȐmLȑ WǺβᝆኬࠔख़Ȑgȑ

1/0.77ǺҁჴᡍБݤӣԏ౗ޑᙯඤӢη

ϤϤǵҡԪሡाໆǺSMP ݤȐShoemaker et al., 1961ȑ

SMP጗ፂྋనଛᇙǺગڗ p-nitrophenol 1.8 gǵTriethanolamine 2.5 gǵK2CrO73.0 gǵCaCl2•2H2O 53.1 gᆶ Ca(CO2CH3)•H2O 2 gǴྋܭ፾ໆѐᚆηНࡕǴஒྋన pH ॶፓ᏾Կ pH 7.5ǴനࡕۓໆԿ 1 LǶ

ગڗ 10 լβᝆܭ༟ጤᐨ݆ύǴуΕ 10 mL ѐᚆηНᆶ 20 mL SMP ጗ፂྋనǴ а࣒෇ᠳ܏֡ϬࡕǴᓉ࿼ 20 ϩដࡕǴа࣒ዟႝཱུȐpH meterǺPHB-9901ȑෳۓ pH ॶǴ٠ਥᏵΠ߄،ۓҡԪሡाໆǶ

Soil-buffer pH 6.7 6.6 6.5 6.4 6.3 6.2 6.1 6.0 Pure CaCO₃ton/acre 1.4 1.9 2.5 3.1 3.7 4.2 4.8 5.4

Ύǵβᝆෞᚆ៓ǵ᎑֖ໆǺDCB ݤȐMehra and Jackson, 1960ȑ

ગڗ 0.5 լβᝆܭ 100 mL ༟ጤ౟ύǴуΕ 40 mL 0.3 M ޑᘗᘔለ໊ᆶ 5 mL 1 Mޑᅹለణ໊ǴкϩషϬࡕܭ 75-80 °C ޑН੎ኲύу዗ 10 ϩដǴ٠а࣒෇໔ྂᠳ

܏ϐǶௗ๱уΕ 1 լೱΒ٥౷ለ໊Ǵа࣒෇ᠳ܏΋ϩដ٬ځкϩϸᔈࡕǴ؂႖ϖ ϩដӆԛᠳ܏ǹऩኬࠔෞᚆ៓ǵ᎑֖ໆၨଯǴ߾ӆуΕ 1 լೱΒ٥౷ለ໊Ǵ٠ख़ ᙟ΢ॊ؁ᡯޔԿβᝆϸᔈֹӄࣁЗǶࡑኬࠔհࠅࡕ຾ՉᚆЈǴߥ੮΢మనǴӆу Ε 10 mL Ⴋکෛϯ໊ྋనషϬǴ຾ՉᚆЈࡕԏڗ΢మనȐख़ᙟٿԛȑǶஒԏ໣ளډ ϐ๧ڗనۓໆǵၸᘠϷีញࡕаགᔈጠӝႝዀܫ৔Ӏ᛼ϩ݋ሺȐ ICP-OESȑ ȐPerkinElmer Optima 2000 DVȑෳۓ៓ǵ᎑ᐚࡋǶ

(37)

ΖΖǵβᝆӄໆख़ߎឦǺЦНݤȐՉࡹଣᕉߥ࿿Ǵ2003ȑ

ᆒગ 1 լ॥ଳβȐ೯ၸ 100 mesh ᑔᆛȑܭ 50 mL ᐨ݆ύǴаϿໆѐᚆηНȐ1-2 mLȑዎᔸǴуΕ 3 mL ᐚฮለᆶ 9 mL ᐚᡶለའਗ֡ϬǴᇂ΢ᒮ࣒ዟ٠у዗Կ 95 °CǴ

٬ځ࡭ុ଑ࢬޔԿྋనऊഭ 5 mLǴӆуΕ 1 mL ᐚฮለᆶ 3 mL ᐚᡶለ٠࡭ុу዗

଑ࢬǴख़ᙟ΢ॊ؁ᡯޔԿԖᐒނϩှֹӄǴԜਔβᝆևԪқՅǴϐࡕ࡭ុу዗ኬ ࠔޔԿྋనऊഭ 5 mLǶࡑځհࠅԿ࠻ྕࡕǴаѐᚆηНஒβᝆᆶྋనࢱΕ 50 mL ۓໆ౟ύ٠ۓໆԿ኱ጕǴӆа 0.45 μm ᘠጢၸᘠǶനࡕаགᔈጠӝႝዀܫ৔Ӏ᛼ϩ

݋ሺȐICP-OESȑȐPerkinElmer Optima 2000 DVȑෳۓख़ߎឦᙿǵႉǵልǵᎋǵሐǵ ᙻᐚࡋǶ؂΋ץԛჴᡍǴҭ཮ӕਔϩ݋኱ྗβᝆ CRM2003 ᆶ CRM2004Ǵځӣԏ

౗໪ϟܭ 80-120 % ϐ໔Ǵаዴߥϩ݋ኧᏵࠔ፦Ƕ

ϿໆѐໆѐᚆηᚆηᚆηᚆηᚆηᚆηᚆηНȐηηНННННННН 111--22

(38)

ಃ

ಃΟ࿯ǵ၂ᡍೀ౛

ҁ၂ᡍӅϩࣁ 15 ᅿೀ౛Ǵ؂΋ೀ౛຾Չ 4 ख़ᙟǴᕴࣧਭኧࣁ 60 ࣧǶҁ၂ᡍ

ೀ౛ӵΠǺ

΋ǵβᝆᙿᐚࡋ

ҁ၂ᡍβᝆᕴᙿᐚࡋϩࣁΟঁ฻ભǴϩձࣁ 2ǵ10 ᆶ 20 mg/kgǴࣣ௦໣Ծਲ

༜ύᅽᙿԡࢉ୔ǶѠ᡼ၭҖβᝆᙿԦࢉᆅڋ኱ྗࣁ 5 mg/kgǴӢԜβᝆᙿᐚࡋ 2 mg/kgೀ౛ឦᕉნङඳॶǴ10 mg/kg ೀ౛ឦեᐚࡋᙿԦࢉβᝆǴ20 mg/kg ೀ౛߾

ឦଯᐚࡋᙿԦࢉβᝆǶ ΒǵࡼҔׯؼᏊ

βᝆᙿᐚࡋࣁ 2ǵ10 ᆶ 20 mg/kg ϐ၂ᡍβᝆϩձ຾ՉΠӈ൳ᅿೀ౛Ǻ Ȑ1ȑġ ჹྣಔȐCKȑ

҂ࡼҔׯؼᏊǴό଺ҺՖೀ౛Ƕ Ȑ2ȑġ ᚊᕨ୴ޥȐCompostȑ

୴ޥ௦Ծ੬ౢ၂ᡍ܌ᚊᕨ୴ޥǶࡼҔໆୖԵഋ܃։Ȑ2010ȑ࿥੬ᕨ୴ޥჹ ܭౚಳҒᙔғߏϐቹៜǴࣴز่݀ᡉҢӧ୴ޥࡼҔໆࣁ 40 ton/ha ਔǴբނԖ നଯޑғ፦ໆЪ෌ᡏύό཮ಕᑈၸଯޑख़ߎឦᐚࡋǴӢԜǴᒧ᏷аԜࡼҔໆ բࣁҁ၂ᡍύ୴ޥࡼҔໆǶ၂ᡍࣧਭ٬Ҕ WagnerȐ1/5000aȑࣧǴඤᆉࡕளޕ

؂΋ࣧਭ୴ޥࡼҔໆऊࣁ 80 gǶ Ȑ3ȑġ ҡԪȐLimeȑ

ҁ၂ᡍ௦Ҕ SMP ݤ،ۓβᝆޑҡԪሡाໆǴβᝆᕴᙿᐚࡋࣁ 2ǵ10 ᆶ 20 mg/kgϐ၂ᡍβᝆҡԪሡाໆϩձࣁ 2.62ǵ1.75 ᆶ 1.1 ton/haǴඤᆉࡕ؂΋ࣧਭપ

ࣁ

ࣁ6000000000ࣧǶࣧǶࣧǶࣧǶࣧǶࣧǶࣧǶࣧǶࣧ ҁ၂ҁ၂ҁ၂ҁ၂ҁ၂ҁ၂ҁ၂ҁ၂ҁ၂ҁ၂ҁ ᡍᡍᡍᡍᡍᡍᡍᡍ

(39)

ҡԪబуໆࣁ 13.0ǵ8.65 ᆶ 5.44 gǶ

ȐȐ4ȑ0.1% ᆶ 0.2% ڼԯ႟ሽ៓Ȑ0.1% NZVI ᆶ 0.2% NZVIȑ

ڼԯ႟ሽ៓ޑࡼҔໆޑ،ۓ߾ࢂ٬ҔᆶβᝆК߄य़ᑈԖ฻ໆय़ᑈޑڼԯ႟ሽ

៓ǶᏵЎ᝘ၗ਑ᡉҢǴύᅽӦ୔βᝆᦍಈ֖ໆऊ 39%Ǵᗹಈ߾ࣁ 51%Ǵ࿶εౣ՗

ीβᝆК߄य़ᑈऊࣁ 24.6 m²/kgǴऊࣁڼԯ႟ሽ៓К߄य़ϐίϩϐ΋७ǴӢԜ،ۓ ҁ၂ᡍύڼԯ႟ሽ៓ޑࡼҔໆࣁᆶβᝆԖ࣬฻К߄य़ᑈޑ 0.1% ϷࣁβᝆК߄य़ ᑈΒ७ޑ 0.2%Ƕ

ڼԯ႟ሽ៓Ȑnano zero-valent ironȑҗᄆวᕉߥ༟Еπ཰Ԗज़ϦљගٮǴӝԋ

؁ᡯ௦ϯᏢᗋচݤǴڼԯ႟ሽ៓ѳ֡ಈ৩ελࣁ 35 nmǴК߄य़ᑈࣁ 37.2 m²/gǶ ڼԯ႟ሽ៓ࡼҔၸำӵΠǺӃаᠳ܏ᐒஒڼԯ႟ሽ៓ණѲܭНύǴӆуΕβᝆӅ ӕᠳ܏Ǵ٬βᝆᆶڼԯ႟ሽ៓кҽషӝ֡ϬࡕǴஒځࢱрԿ༟ጤࣧύǴࡑβᝆύ ӭᎩНҽᇃଳࡕǴஒβᝆးࣧаഢ຾Չࡕុ၂ᡍǶ

ಃѤ࿯ǵࣧਭ၂ᡍ

΃ǵНዿਭ୻చҹ

ҁ၂ᡍ܌ᒧҔޑНዿࠔᅿࣁѠࠄ 11 ဦȐOryza sativa L. cv Tainan 11ȑǴѠࠄ 11 ဦឦύఁዕࠔᅿǴࣁҞ߻Ѡ᡼ਭᅿय़ᑈനቶޑНዿࠔᅿǴЬाౢ୔ࣁࠄ೽ᆶ޸ܿ

Ӧ୔Ƕځᓬᗺࣁౢໆଯǵ፾ᔈ܄ቶǵޥਏ٫ᆶלॹҷ܄٫Ǵલᗺࣁऐൣ܄ั

ৡᆶჹ೽ϩੰᙝ্ל܄১܈όڀל܄Ƕ

ࣧਭ၂ᡍ຾ՉޑӦᗺࣁѠ᡼εᏢΓπ਻ং࠻Ǵ௦ԾฅӀྣǴВ/ڹ࠻ྕࣁ 25/20°CǶНዿܭ౽෌߻ 2–3 ຼػभǴࡑځߏԿ 2–3 ယࡕǴ؂ࣧ౽෌Βਲ਼ѴभǴܭ ໆय़ᑈޑڼԯڼԯ႟ሽ႟ሽ

(40)

ԃ 7 Д 10 В౽෌Ǵ2013 ԃ 11 Д 25 ВԏԋǶ

ޥ਑ࡼҔໆୖԵНዿཥࠔᅿѠࠄ 11 ဦϐػԋȐ݅୯మǴ2004ȑǴ௢ᙚࡼҔໆ ࣁ N–P2O5–K2O = 160–72–84 kg/haǴԵໆНዿғߏޜ໔ڙज़ܭࣧਭελǴόճܭځ ਥ୮ว৖ᆶᎦϩ֎ԏǴӢԜаޥ਑௢ᙚࡼҔໆޑΟ७բࣁҁ၂ᡍНዿᅿ෌ޑࡼޥ ᕴໆǶޥ਑ᅿᜪᒧҔൂ፦ϯᏢޥ਑ǴේޥࣁֿનǵᕗޥࣁᕗለΒణႇǵႇޥࣁෛ

ϯႇǴࡼҔਔᐒ߾ϩࣁ୷ޥȐ౽෌߻ 1 ВȑǵଓޥȐ౽෌ࡕಃ 22 ВȑᆶᕞޥȐ౽

෌ࡕಃ 63 ВȑǴӚԛޥ਑ࡼҔໆ܌՞Кٯӵ߄ 3-1 ܌ҢǶ

߄ 3-1ǵНዿғߏය໔Ӛԛޥ਑ࡼҔໆԭϩК

Table 3-1. The application rate (% of total fertilizer amount) of chemical fertilizer at different application time.

୷ޥ ଓޥ ᕞޥ TotalȐ%ȑ

N 45 30 25 100

P₂O₅ 100 – – 100

K2O 40 40 20 100

Β

ΒǵНዿғߏය໔βᝆϯᏢ܄፦ᅱෳ

Ȑ΋ȑβᝆ pH ॶᆶ਼ϯᗋচႝՏෳۓ

ܭНዿ౽෌ࡕಃ 13ǵ28ǵ42ǵ69 ᆶ 85 ϺǴаЋගԄለᡵࡋ/਼ϯᗋচႝՏी

ȐSUNTEXǴTS-2ȑෳໆβᝆ 5-10 Ϧϩుೀϐ pH ॶᆶ਼ϯᗋচႝՏǶ ȐΒȑβᝆϾሜНᙿᐚࡋϩ݋

ܭНዿ౽෌ࡕಃ 10ǵ25ǵ56ǵ84 ᆶ 105 ϺǴаβᝆНϩ௦ኬᏔȐRhizon Soil Moisture SamplerǴRSMSȑԏ໣βᝆϾሜНऊ 20 mLǴуΕ 5 ᅀᐚฮለǴа 0.45 μm ᘠጢၸᘠǴ٠ܭ 5 °C ӇጃύߥӸǶаচη֎ԏӀ᛼ሺȐHitachi 180-30ȑෳۓϾሜ

04

0 ȑǴȑȑǴȑǴǴǴǴǴǴ௢ᙚ௢ᙚ௢ᙚ௢ᙚ௢ᙚ௢ᙚ௢ᙚ௢ᙚ௢ᙚࡼҔࡼҔࡼҔࡼҔࡼҔࡼҔࡼҔࡼҔࡼࡼ ໆໆໆໆໆໆໆໆໆ ਭελελǴόόόόόόόόόճܭճܭճܭճܭճܭճճܭճճ ځځ

(41)

НύᙿᐚࡋǶ Ο

Οǵ෌ᡏ߻ೀ౛

ஒ௦ԏޑНዿ෌ᡏϩࣁΒ೽ҽǺዿ䎞ȐዿาᆶယȑᆶᕫԯǶዿ䎞ኬࠔӃ࿼ܭ

੗ጃύа 70°C ଳᔿΟϺࡕǴаࣴᑃᐒஒኬࠔᑃ࿗֡፦Ǵ٠ִ፾ߥӸаഢࡕុ຾Չ ϩ݋ჴᡍǶᕫԯኬࠔᇙഢ؁ᡯӵΠǺӃஒዼಈவᕞఒ΢ϩᚆрٰǴ࿼ܭ੗ጃύа 70°C ଳᔿΟϺࡕǴӆаಥ㯰ᐒȐKettǴTR-200ȑஒዿ㯰ᆶᕫԯϩᚆǴளډޑ ᕫԯӕኬаࣴᑃᐒஒኬࠔᑃ࿗֡፦ࡕഢҔǶ

Ѥǵ෌ᡏϩ݋ǺHNO3/HClO4 ੃ှݤȐJones and Case, 1990ȑ

ગڗ 0.5 լ෌ᡏኬࠔܭϩှᆅύǴуΕ 2.5 mL ᐚฮለǴའϬࡕᓉ࿼ၸڹǶஒ ϩှᆅܫΕϩှ᝗ύǴܭ 80°C Πϩှ 1 λਔǴڗрհࠅԿ࠻ྕࡕǴӆуΕ 2.5 mL ၸෛለǴܭ 180-200°C Πϩှ 2-3 λਔǴޔԿϩှనዂమǶዂమϩှనܭ 80°C Π

࡭ុу዗ǴޔډόӆߵрᐚқྟǶࡑځհࠅԿ࠻ྕࡕஒϩှనࢱр٠ۓໆԿ 25 mLǴӆа 0.45 μm ᘠጢၸᘠǴനࡕаགᔈጠӝႝዀܫ৔Ӏ᛼ϩ݋ሺȐICP-OESȑ ȐPerkinElmer Optima 8000ȑෳۓዿਥᆶዿ䎞ᙿᐚࡋǴዼಈޑᙿᐚࡋ߾а ICP-MS

ෳۓǶ؂΋ץԛჴᡍǴҭ཮ӕਔϩ݋኱ྗ෌ᡏ NIST SRM 1573aȐtomato leavesȑ

܈ NIST SRM 1568Ȑrice flourȑǴځӣԏ౗໪ϟܭ 80-120 %ϐ໔Ǵаዴߥϩ݋ኧ Ᏽࠔ፦Ƕ

ዿ䎞䎞ኬࠔኬࠔኬࠔኬࠔኬࠔኬࠔኬࠔࠔࠔӃ࿼Ӄ࿼Ӄ࿼Ӄ࿼ӃӃ࿼Ӄ࿼ӃӃ ܭܭ

(42)

ϖ

ϖǵβᝆϩ݋

Ȑ΋ȑǵβᝆ pH ॶǺ࣒ዟႝཱུݤȐThomas, 1996ȑ

ગڗ 20 լβᝆܭ 100 mL ༟ጤᐨ݆ύǴуΕ 20 mL ѐᚆηНǴஒβᝆᆶѐᚆ ηНаβНК 1:1 кϩషӝᠳ܏Ǵᓉ࿼΋λਔࡕȐ໔܈ᠳ܏ኧԛȑǴෳۓ߻ӆа࣒

෇ᠳ܏֡ϬǴനࡕа࣒ዟႝཱུȐpH meterǺPHB-9901ȑෳۓǶ ȐΒȑβᝆӄໆᙿǺЦНݤȐՉࡹଣᕉߥ࿿Ǵ2003ȑ

ᆒગ 1 լ॥ଳβȐ೯ၸ 100 mesh ᑔᆛȑܭ 50 mL ᐨ݆ύǴаϿໆѐᚆηНȐ1-2 mLȑዎᔸǴуΕ 3 mL ᐚฮለᆶ 9 mL ᐚᡶለའਗ֡ϬǴᇂ΢ᒮ࣒ዟ٠у዗Կ 95 °CǴ

٬ځ࡭ុ଑ࢬޔԿྋనऊഭ 5 mLǴӆуΕ 1 mL ᐚฮለᆶ 3 mL ᐚᡶለ٠࡭ុу዗

଑ࢬǴख़ᙟ΢ॊ؁ᡯޔԿԖᐒނϩှֹӄǴԜਔβᝆևԪқՅǴϐࡕ࡭ុу዗ኬ ࠔޔԿྋనऊഭ 5 mLǶࡑځհࠅԿ࠻ྕࡕǴаѐᚆηНஒβᝆᆶྋనࢱΕ 50 mL ۓໆ౟ύ٠ۓໆԿ኱ጕǴӆа 0.45 μm ᘠጢၸᘠǶനࡕаགᔈጠӝႝዀܫ৔Ӏ᛼ϩ

݋ሺȐICP-OESȑȐPerkinElmer Optima 2000 DVȑෳۓᙿᐚࡋǶ؂΋ץԛჴᡍǴҭ

཮ӕਔϩ݋኱ྗβᝆ CRM2003 ᆶ CRM2004Ǵځӣԏ౗໪ϟܭ 80-120 % ϐ໔Ǵа ዴߥϩ݋ኧᏵࠔ፦Ƕ

ȐΟȑβᝆԖਏ܄๧ڗᙿǺ0.05 M EDTAȐpH 7.0ȑ๧ڗȐMench et al., 1994ȑ

๧ڗనଛᇙǺગڗ 37.2 լޑ C10H14N2Na2O8•2H2OȐEDTA-2NaȑǴྋှܭ፾ໆ ѐᚆηНύǴҔีᎉለᆶี਽Нஒྋన pH ॶፓ᏾Կ 7.0Ǵനࡕаۓໆ౟ۓໆ Կ 2 LǶ

๧ڗ؁ᡯǺગڗ 5 լ॥ଳβܭ 100 mL ޑ༟ጤ౟ύǴуΕ 50 mL 0.05 M EDTA

๧ڗనǴܭᙯೲ 120 rpm Π᎜ᕏ 1 λਔࡕǴӃа Whatman NO.42 ᘠરၸᘠǴӆа 0 . 4 5 μ m ᘠ ጢ ၸ ᘠ Ƕ ന ࡕ а ག ᔈ ጠ ӝ ႝ ዀ ว ৔ Ӏ ᛼ ϩ ݋ ሺ Ȑ I C P - O E S ȑ НǴஒஒβᝆβᝆβᝆβᝆβᝆβᝆᝆᝆᝆᆶѐᆶѐᆶѐᆶѐᆶѐᆶᆶѐᆶᆶ ᚆᚆᚆ

(43)

ȐPerkinElmer Optima 8000ȑෳۓᙿᐚࡋǶ

ಃ

ಃϖ࿯ǵ಍ीϩ݋

ҁ၂ᡍ௦ֹӄᒿᐒ೛ीȐCompletely Randomized DesignȑǶ٬Ҕ಍ी೬ᡏ SPSS Version 20. ຾Չ಍ीϩ݋ǶӃаᡂБϩ݋ȐANOVAȑᔠۓೀ౛֡ॶ໔ࢂցԖᡉ๱

ৡ౦Ǵऩೀ౛ၲ 5% ᡉ๱НྗਔǴӆаനλৡ౦ෳᡍݤȐLSDȑ຾Չೀ౛֡ॶ໔ ޑ ٿ ٿ К ၨ Ƕ ܌ Ԗ ಍ ी Б ݤ ޑ p v a l u e ࣣ ۓ ࣁ 0 . 0 5 Ƕ ࣬ ᜢ ܄ ϩ ݋ ߾ ࢂ ௦ ҔҜᅟහ࣬ᜢ߯ኧȐPearson correlation coefficientȑǶ

(44)

ಃ

ಃѤക ่݀ᆶ૸ፕ

ಃ΋࿯ǵġ ၂ᡍβᝆ୷ҁ౛ϯ܄፦

ҁ၂ᡍᒧҔޑύᅽӦ୔βᝆឦεԮൎسβسȐTachuwei series, TwȑǴӧऍ ୯ϩᜪس಍ȐSoil TaxonomyȑύឦܭరᎩββᆜȐAlfisolsȑǴ٥ᜪӜᆀࣁ៓ᆛદԴ ػᔸዎరᎩβȐPlinthitic PaleudalfȑȐJien et al, 2004ȑǶβᝆ፦Ӧϩ݋่݀ᡉҢȐ߄ 4-1ȑǴΟᅿόӕᙿᐚࡋβᝆޑࣳಈ֖ໆϩձࣁ 12.0ǵ20.0 ᆶ 13.5 %Ǵᦍಈ֖ໆࣁ 53.6ǵ48.6 ᆶ 51.3 %Ǵᗹಈ֖ໆ߾ࣁ 34.4ǵ32.0 ᆶ 35.2 %Ǵჹྣ፦ӦΟفკளޕǴ βᝆ፦Ӧࣣࣁᦍ፦ᗹᝆβȐsilty clay loamȑǶΟᅿβᝆޑ pH ॶϩձࣁ 4.85ǵ5.52 ᆶ 5.46Ǵࣣឦለ܄βᝆǴβᝆύख़ߎឦޑёྋ܄࣬ჹၨଯǴฅԶǴځд෌ނѸሡ ޑᔼᎦϡનǴӵේǵᕗǵႇǵ້ᆶᗔ฻ޑԖਏ܄ࠅၨեǶΟᅿβᝆޑԖᐒᅹǵෞ

ᚆ៓ᆶᗹಈ֖ໆ࣬߈ǴӢԜ೭Οᅿβᝆ֎ߕख़ߎឦޑૈΚᔈৡ౦όεǶΟᅿβᝆ ύନΑᙿаѦޑख़ߎឦᐚࡋȐልǵᎋǵሐǵᙻᆶႉȑȐ߄ 4-1ȑࣣ҂ຬၸՉࡹଣᕉ ߥ࿿܌ुۓϐ१ҔբނၭӦβᝆख़ߎឦᆅڋ኱ྗȐል 200 mg/kgǹᎋ 600 mg/kgǹ ሐ 250 mg/kgǹᙻ 200 mg/kgǹႉ 500 mg/kgȑǶΟᅿβᝆύ໻ Cd 2 ޑβᝆᙿᐚࡋե ܭၭӦβᝆख़ߎឦᆅڋ኱ྗȐ5 mg/kgȑǴCd 10 ᆶ Cd 20 ᙿᐚࡋϩձࣁ 8.98 ᆶ 20.2 mg/kgǴࣣܴᡉڙډᙿԦࢉǶ

(45)

߄ 4-1ǵ၂ᡍβᝆ୷ҁ౛ϯ܄፦

Table 4-1. The basic physic and chemical properties of the studied soils.

Soil properties Cd 2 Cd 10 Cd 20 Texture Silty Clay Loam Silty Clay Loam Silty Clay Loam

Sand (g/kg) 120 200 135

Silt (g/kg) 536 480 513

Clay (g/kg) 344 320 352

pHwater, soil:waterɨ1:1 4.85 5.52 5.46

EC (dS/m) 0.309 0.216 0.222

O.C. (%) 1.93 1.46 1.52

Bray-1 P (mg/kg) 37.5 10.0 14.1 Menlich-1 K (mg/kg) 50.8 78.8 50.7

Fed§ (g/kg) 14.1 17.3 18.0

Mnd§ (mg/kg) 41.0 92.9 89.4

Total Cu (mg/kg) 20.5 20.6 25.9

Total Zn (mg/kg) 60.6 71.8 102

Total Cd (mg/kg) 1.82 8.98 20.2 Total Ni (mg/kg) 21.4 23.8 27.5 Total Pb (mg/kg) 25.6 27.3 34.4 Total Cr (mg/kg) 42.5 43.2 49.9

§ Fe_dand Mn_d: DCB (dithionite-citrate-bicarbonate) extractable Fe and Mn ls.

Cdd 2000000000 Cl L

(46)

ಃ

ಃΒ࿯ǵġ όӕׯؼᏊೀ౛ΠНዿϐғߏ௃׎

җკ 4-1 ࣁόӕׯؼᏊೀ౛ΠНዿᅿ෌ 138 Ϻࡕϐғߏ௃׎ёޕǴӧΟᅿόӕ βᝆᙿᐚࡋೀ౛ΠǴჹྣಔࣣૈ҅தғߏǴӧᅿ෌ၸำύǴύଯԦࢉำࡋޑ Cd 10 ᆶ Cd 20 ೀ౛ࣣคܴᡉޑᙿࢥ্ቻރр౜Ǵӵ໳ϯǵယТ௔Ԕᆶ෌ਲ਼࿖ϯ฻

ȐDas P. & Rout, 1997ȑǶԜѦǴCd 2 ೀ౛ύჹྣಔ؂΋ࣧਭޑѳ֡ϩ䓱ኧࣁ 22.8 ± 1.92ǴCd10 ೀ౛ࣁ 20.0 ± 1.58ǴCd 20 ೀ౛߾ࣁ 19.0 ± 1.87Ǵ಍ी่݀ᡉҢǴӧό ӕᙿᐚࡋೀ౛ΠჹྣಔНዿϩ䓱ኧคᡉ๱ৡ౦Ȑp > 0.05ȑǴᡉҢНዿჹܭᙿޑࢥ্

ڀԖଯऐڙ܄Ȑ߄ 4-2ȑǶ

ӧ҅தᙿᐚࡋೀ౛ȐCd 2ȑύǴ܌ԖׯؼᏊೀ౛ΠНዿࣣғߏؼӳǴ؂΋ࣧ

ਭѳ֡ϩ䓱ኧȐ߄ 4-2ȑᆶჹྣಔ࣬КǴӧ಍ी΢ࣣคᡉ๱ৡ౦Ȑp > 0.05ȑǶฅԶǴ ӧեԦࢉᙿᐚࡋೀ౛ȐCd 10ȑύǴ໻୴ޥᆶҡԪೀ౛ಔϐНዿё҅தғߏǴڼԯ

႟ሽ៓ೀ౛Ȑ0.1% NZVI ᆶ 0.2% NZVIȑύǴНዿᗨฅϝё҅தϩ䓱ǵܜᕞᆶк ჴዼಈЪҭคᙿࢥ্ቻރр౜Ǵՠ᏾ᡏғߏރݩܴᡉόӵځдೀ౛ǴځύΞа 0.1%

NZVIೀ౛ಔғߏ௃׎നৡǴځ؂΋ࣧਭѳ֡ϩ䓱ኧࣁ 13.0 ± 1.87Ǵᡉ๱եܭჹྣ

ಔޑѳ֡ϩ䓱ኧ 20.0 ± 1.58Ȑp < 0.05ȑǴᡉҢڼԯ႟ሽ៓ޑబуჹܭНዿғߏ཮೷

ԋॄय़ቹៜǶଯᐚࡋᙿԦࢉೀ౛ȐCd 20ȑϐ่݀ᆶ Cd 10 ࣬՟ǴҡԪᆶ୴ޥೀ౛

ಔࣣғߏؼӳǴΒᅿೀ౛ޑѳ֡ϩ䓱ኧᆶჹྣಔҭคᡉ๱ৡ౦Ȑp > 0.05ȑǴՠڼԯ

႟ሽ៓ೀ౛ғߏރᄊӕኬܴᡉౣᇽܭځдׯؼᏊబуೀ౛ǹ0.1% NZVI ೀ౛؂΋

ࣧਭѳ֡ϩ䓱ኧࣁ 7.50 ± 2.60Ǵ0.2% NZVI ೀ౛ϐѳ֡ϩ䓱ኧ߾ࣁ 13.0 ± 2.74ǴΒ ᅿೀ౛ѳ֡ϩ䓱ኧࣣᡉ๱λܭჹྣಔȐp < 0.05ȑǴځύΞа 0.1% NZVI ೀ౛ಔѳ

֡ϩ䓱ኧࣁനեǶԜѦǴӧНዿғߏࡕයǴεӭኧೀ౛Нዿ໒ۈр౜ΠՏယ໳ϯ ϐ౜ຝǴՠڼԯ႟ሽ៓ೀ౛ಔНዿ෌ਲ਼ϝᆢ࡭ࣁᗲᆘՅǴЪԜ΋౜ຝ࡭ុԿനࡕ

ё

ёޕǴޕǴޕǴޕǴޕǴޕǴޕǴޕǴޕ ӧΟӧΟӧΟӧΟӧΟӧΟӧΟӧΟӧΟᅿόΟᅿόᅿόᅿόᅿόᅿόᅿόᅿόᅿᅿᅿ ӕӕӕӕӕӕӕӕӕ ԦࢉำࢉำำำำำࡋޑࡋޑࡋޑࡋޑࡋޑࡋޑࡋޑࡋޑࡋޑCdCdCdCdCdC 1100

(47)

(a) Cd 2

(b) Cd 10

CK Comp Lime ^{0.1% NZVI} ^{0.2% NZV}I

CK Comp Lime ^{0.1% NZVI} ^{0.2% NZVI}

(48)

(c) Cd 20

კ 4-1ǵόӕೀ౛ΠНዿᅿ෌ 138 Ϻࡕϐғߏ௃׎Ƕ(a) Cd 2; (b) Cd 10; (c) Cd 20Ƕ ȐCKɨჹྣಔǹCompɨ୴ޥబуǹLimeɨҡԪబуǹ0.1% NZVIɨ0.1% ڼԯ႟

ሽ៓బуǹ0.2% NZVIɨ0.2% ڼԯ႟ሽ៓బуȑ

Figure. 4-1. Pictures of rice in different treatments at DAT 143 (day after transplanting).

(c) Cd 20.ȐCKɨno treatmentǹCompostɨcompost applicationǹLimeɨlime

applicationǹ0.1% NZVIɨ0.1% nano zero-valent iron applicationǹ0.2% NZVIɨ0.2%

nano zero-valent iron applicationȑ

CK Comp Lime ^{0.1% NZVI} ^{0.2% NZVI}

(49)

ዿԯԏԋਔȐკ 4-1ȑǶ

ӧ߻ΓࣴزύǴӕኬஒڼԯ႟ሽ៓բࣁׯؼᏊ٠аख़ໆКࣁ 0.5ǵ1.0 ᆶ 5.0%

ϐబуໆࡼҔܭβᝆύǴ่݀ᡉҢӧԜΟᅿబуໆϐΠǴНዿޑғߏࣣόڙቹៜ ȐWatanabe et al., 2009ȑǹOk et al.Ȑ2011ȑࡼҔख़ໆКࣁ 5% ޑ႟ሽ៓ܭβᝆύǴ

ࣧਭ၂ᡍ่݀ӕኬᡉҢ႟ሽ៓ޑబуჹܭНዿғߏ٠คॄय़ቹៜǶҗ၂ᡍ่݀ё ޕǴӧ܌Ԗᙿᐚࡋೀ౛ΠǴჹྣಔࣣૈ҅தғߏǴӢԜǴڼԯ႟ሽ៓ೀ౛ಔНዿ ғߏރݩό٫ᔈߚᙿࢥ্܌ठǴ௢ෳёૈচӢࣁڼԯ႟ሽ៓ᆶβᝆύځдނ፦ว ғϸᔈǴ຾Զቹៜ෌ނࢌ٤ѸሡᎦϩϐԖਏ܄ǴӵѸाϡનύޑႇǵ້ǵᗔǵልǵ ᎋᆶᙻᆶᙿӕኬឦܭߎឦᚆηǴӢԜόڀϸᔈ஑΋܄ޑڼԯ႟ሽ៓ҭёૈᆶ೭٤ ߎឦᚆηౢғϸᔈǴ࿶җᗋচ܈֎ߕբҔफ़ե೭٤ϡનӧβᝆύޑԖਏ܄ǴԶ٬

НዿޑғߏڙډߔᛖǶ߈ٰǴҭԖځдࣴزࡰрڼԯ႟ሽ៓཮׭ڋ३ᇀǵ٥ഞǵ

໵ഝ૛ᆶεഝ฻ײҖբނϐว޵౗ǵಳ೽ᆶਥ೽ޑғߏǴЪ೸ၸႝηᡉ༾᜔ёᢀ ჸډڼԯ႟ሽ៓཮ߕ๱ܭਥ೽߄य़ǴϿኧࣗԿ཮ऀ೸຾Ε෌ނ߄ҜಒझϣȐMa et al., 2013ǹEl-Temsah & Joner, 2012ȑǶKim et al.Ȑ2014ȑࣴز่݀߾ᡉҢڼԯ႟ሽ

៓܌ౢғޑࢲ܄਼ނᅿȐROSȑǴёߦ຾ߓ܎դ޺ਥ೽ಒझޑ՜ߏǹԜѦǴΨԖࣴ

زࡰрڼԯ႟ሽ៓ޑࡼҔ཮ׯᡂβᝆύ༾ғނ௼ဂޑಔԋȐFajardo et al., 2012ȑǴ βᝆሇનࢲ܄ҭ཮ڙډቹៜȐCullen et al., 2011ȑǶฅԶǴ᏾ᡏԶقڼԯ႟ሽ៓ჹܭ

෌ނᆶβᝆ༾ғނޑࢥ܄ᆶቹៜϐࣴزϝ࣬ჹၨϿȐHandy et al., 2008ȑǴڼԯ႟ሽ

៓ӵՖቹៜНዿғߏϐᐒڋϝόܴዴǴ໪׳຾΋؁ࣴزᆶ௖૸Ƕ

0.5555555ǵ1.11.1.1.1.11.100000000ᆶᆶᆶᆶᆶᆶᆶᆶᆶᆶᆶ55.5.5.5.5.5.550%0%0%0%0%0%0%0%% ޑғߏߏࣣόࣣόࣣόࣣόࣣόࣣόڙቹόόόڙቹڙቹڙቹڙቹڙڙቹڙڙ ៜៜ

(50)

߄ 4-2ǵόӕׯؼᏊೀ౛ΠНዿϩ䓱ኧȐnumber/potȑ

Table 4-2. Tiller number of rice in different amendment treatments

Treatment

Cd 2 Cd 10 Cd 20

---number/pot--- CK 22.8 ± 1.92 ab 20.0 ± 1.58 ab 19.0 ± 1.87 a 0.1% NZVI 20.0 ± 1.87 ab 13.0 ± 1.87 c 7.50 ± 2.60 c 0.2% NZVI 19.3 ± 1.48 b 16.3 ± 2.68 bc 13.0 ± 2.74 b Compost 24.0 ± 1.58 a 22.8 ± 3.11 a 21.8 ± 1.30 a Lime 19.3 ± 1.48 b 19.8 ± 2.49 ab 21.0 ± 2.24 a Date expressed as means ± standard deviation (n=4).

Different letters in same column indicate statistically significant differences between treatments at p < 0.05.

Cdddd Cdddd 222222222000000000

(51)

ಃಃΟ࿯ǵġ όӕׯؼᏊೀ౛Πβᝆ pH ॶᆶ਼ϯᗋচႝՏϐᡂϯ Ȑ΋ȑβᝆ਼ϯᗋচႝՏȐEhȑ

ҁ၂ᡍύ܌Ԗೀ౛ޑНϩᆅ౛БԄࣣ࣬ӕǴНዿѴभ౽෌߻ 2 ϺӃஒࣧਭឲ НǴϐࡕНዿ 138 Ϻਭ୻ය໔ࣧਭΨ೿ࣁవНރᄊǴ٠ᆢ࡭β߄ 3-5 Ϧϩ෨НՏǴ акϩ႖਼๊਻ྋှ຾ΕβᝆǶԜ΋Нϩᆅ౛БԄёዴߥНዿܭ᏾ঁғػය໔ࣣ

ૈԖкىޑНϩё٬Ҕаᆢ࡭҅தғߏǴЪԜݤӧΓࣁᏹբᆅ౛΢ၨ৒ܰǹԜѦǴ ߏය੆Нёफ़եβᝆύᙿޑԖਏ܄ǴӢᙿӧᗋচნᄊΠ཮ᆶ S^2-ғԋྋှࡋཱུեޑ

౷ϯᙿȐCdSȑ؈ᐘǶ

҅தᙿᐚࡋೀ౛ȐCd 2ȑύǴӧНዿ౽෌ࡕಃ 13 ϺǴԖబуׯؼᏊೀ౛ϐ

਼ϯᗋচႝՏջΠफ़Կऊ -100 mVȐკ 4-2ȑǴᒿ๱వНϺኧޑቚуǴβᝆ਼ϯᗋ চႝՏ٠คϼεޑᡂϯǴεӭϟܭ -100 Կ -50 mV ϐ໔ǹԶჹྣಔβᝆ਼ϯᗋচ

ႝՏ߾࣬ჹၨଯǴవНೀ౛ࡕ਼ϯᗋচႝՏΠफ़ೲ౗ҭၨ጗ᄌǴޔԿ౽෌ࡕಃ 28 ϺǴβᝆ਼ϯᗋচႝՏωΠफ़Կեܭ 0 mVǴϐࡕβᝆ਼ϯᗋচႝՏ߾ӭϟܭ 0 Կ -50 mVϐ໔Ƕ

եᐚࡋᙿԦࢉೀ౛ύȐCd 10ȑǴჹྣಔβᝆ਼ϯႝՏϐᡂϯ௃׎ᆶ Cd 2 ϐჹ

ྣಔ࣬՟ǹ୴ޥᆶڼԯ႟ሽ៓ೀ౛ӧНዿ౽෌ࡕಃ 13 ϺǴβᝆ਼ϯᗋচႝՏջΠ फ़Կऊ -150 mVǴᒿవНϺኧቚуβᝆ਼ϯᗋচႝՏԖ጗጗΢ϲϐᖿ༈Ǵՠӧ౽

෌ࡕಃ 69 Ϻၲ΋ѳᑽރᄊǴᆢ࡭ӧऊ -100 mVǹҡԪೀ౛ಔ่݀߾ϟܭჹྣಔᆶ

୴ޥೀ౛ಔϐ໔Ǵβᝆ਼ϯᗋচႝՏӭϟܭ -100 Կ -50 mV ϐ໔Ƕ

ଯԦࢉᙿᐚࡋೀ౛ȐCd 20ȑ่݀ᆶ Cd 10 ࣬߈Ǵ܌Ԗೀ౛ύǴ୴ޥᆶڼԯ႟

ሽ៓ೀ౛ޑβᝆ਼ϯᗋচႝՏΠफ़൯ࡋനεЪࣁനեǹҡԪೀ౛ಔβᝆ਼ϯᗋচ 2 ϺӃϺӃӃӃӃӃӃӃஒࣧஒࣧஒࣧஒࣧஒࣧஒࣧஒࣧஒࣧஒࣧਭឲਭឲਭਭਭਭ

(52)

ȐaȑCd 2

ȐbȑCd 10

(53)

ȐcȑCd 20

კ 4-2ǵНዿғߏය໔ǴόӕׯؼᏊೀ౛ΠǴβᝆ਼ϯᗋচႝՏϐᡂϯ௃׎Ƕ (a) Cd 2; (b) Cd 10; (c) Cd 20ǶȐCKɨჹྣಔǹCompɨ୴ޥబуǹLimeɨҡԪబуǹ 0.1% NZVIɨ0.1% ڼԯ႟ሽ៓బуǹ0.2% NZVIɨ0.2% ڼԯ႟ሽ៓బуȑ

Fig. 4-2. The redox potential (mV) of soils under different amendment treatments during the rice growing period. (c) Cd 20.ȐCKɨno treatmentǹCompostɨcompost applicationǹLimeɨlime applicationǹ0.1% NZVIɨ0.1% nano zero-valent iron applicationǹ0.2% NZVIɨ0.2% nano zero-valent iron applicationȑ

.

(54)

ႝՏ߾ҭ࣬ჹၨଯǶԜѦǴӧ܌Ԗᙿᐚࡋೀ౛ΠǴ0.1% NZVI ᆶ 0.2% NZVI ೀ౛

βᝆ਼ϯᗋচႝՏϐᡂϯ௃׎ৡ౦όεǴ߄Ңڼԯ႟ሽ៓ޑబуໆჹܭβᝆ਼ϯ ᗋচႝՏϐׯᡂ٠คᡉ๱ϐቹៜǶ

࣬ၨܭჹྣಔǴ୴ޥೀ౛ಔϐβᝆ਼ϯᗋচႝՏזೲЪε൯ࡋޑΠफ़ࢂҗܭ Ѧబуޑ୴ޥ೏βᝆ༾ғނϩှǴΞ༾ғނܭᗋচރᄊΠՉค਼ڥ֎Զ೷ԋβᝆ

ႝηࢲ܄ቚуǴӢԜ٬ளβᝆ਼ϯᗋচႝՏזೲΠफ़ǴKashem & SinghȐ2001ȑࣧ

ਭ၂ᡍΨᡉҢ࣬՟ޑ่݀ǴԖᐒ፦బуೀ౛ӧβᝆ੆НਔԖၨեޑ਼ϯᗋচႝ

ՏǶԜѦǴҁ၂ᡍ่݀ҭᡉҢڼԯ႟ሽ៓ޑబуӕኬڀԖफ़եβᝆ਼ϯᗋႝՏϐ

ૈΚǹڼԯ႟ሽ៓ڀԖமᗋচ܄ǴςԖ೚ӭࣴز่݀ᡉҢڼԯ႟ሽ៓཮फ़եНᕉ ნޑ਼ϯᗋচႝՏȐWei et al., 2010ǹYu et al., 2014ǹCullen et al., 2011ȑǴHashimoto

& YamaguchiȐ2013ȑ၂ᡍ่݀ӕኬᡉҢǴܭβᝆύబуڼԯ႟ሽ៓཮זೲӦफ़ե

੆Нβᝆޑ਼ϯᗋচႝՏǴЪҗܭڼԯ႟ሽ៓਼ϯғԋϐНӝ៓᝜Ȑferrihydrite ܭόӕ่඲ࡋᆶᛙۓࡋ໔ޑᙯඤǴԶ٬βᝆ਼ϯᗋচႝՏӧ੆Н߃යౢғ΢Πݢ

୏ޑ౜ຝǴ࿶ 20 Ϻϸᔈࡕω཮ၲډѳᑽǶ

౷ϯᙿ؈ᐘޑғԋڙβᝆ਼ϯᗋচႝՏ܌ፓ௓ǴpH ॶࣁ 7 ϐΠǴβᝆ਼ϯᗋ চႝՏ໪λܭ -134 mVǴ౷ϯᙿω཮ғԋȐLindsay, 1979ȑǶҗ၂ᡍ่݀ёޕǴబ у୴ޥᆶڼԯ႟ሽ៓ܭβᝆύǴӧ੆НᕉნΠஒёߦ຾౷ϯᙿޑғԋǴ຾Զफ़ե βᝆύᙿޑԖਏ܄Ǵ٠෧Ͽ෌ނҗβᝆύ֎ԏᙿޑᐒ཮ǹฅԶǴβᝆ਼ϯᗋচႝ

Տၸեࠅӕਔёૈჹ෌ނғߏ೷ԋॄय़ቹៜǴӵჹ෌ނڀࢥ܄ޑ౷ϯణȐH2Sȑޑ ғԋ܈ࢂβᝆύёྋ܄៓ǵᒰᐚࡋၸଯԶჹ෌ނ೷ԋࢥ্฻ȐHusson, 2013ȑǴࣣ

ࣁёૈߔᛖ෌ނ҅தғߏޑচӢǶ

0.2%%%%%%%% N N N N N NNNZZVZVZVZVZVZVZVIIIIIIIIೀ౛ೀ౛ೀ౛ೀ౛ೀ౛ೀ౛ೀ౛ೀ౛ೀ ໆ

ໆჹჹჹჹჹჹჹჹჹܭβܭβܭβܭβܭβܭβܭβܭβܭ ᝆ਼ᝆ਼ᝆ਼ᝆ਼ᝆ਼ᝆ਼ᝆ਼ᝆ਼ᝆ਼ᝆ਼ᝆ ϯϯϯϯϯϯϯϯ