跨國婚姻移民教育的核心課題：一個行動研究的省思

ඒߛઔߒႃע

ร؄Լ԰ᙀร؄ཚʳ 2003 ڣ 12 ִʳ ଄ 33-60

ၮ୽ஔࡅಋҕఀىޟਯЖ፞ᚠȈʳ Ιএ՗ଢ଼ंـޟࣸࡦ

Ѥ ۧ ჈ ဢ ! ࡌ

ഗ࣍ڍց֮֏ඒߛᨠរΔ࿝ृፖ᎖૎ઝݾՕᖂᏥભ॑ᝑஃ۞ 2002 ڣ 8 ִࠩ

12

ִ࣍೏ႂᄅᘋष೴Օᖂၲ๻ࠟ॰ᓰΚψฆഏദৗፖ֮֏٦᧯᧭Κፖءچࡺا٥ ٵᖂ฾ωࡉψ֮֏հளΚႜᦫ؆ᤄഡՖΰᄅ୞αऱᜢଃωΔؾऱڇຘመᖂ୉ऱኙᇩ ፖյ೯Δআၞ࢖ڼሀ֮֏ऱ෻ᇞΔၞۖᏺၞࠡڍց֮֏ై塄Ζ೶ፖऱᖂ୉ڶءچ ഡՖԼټࡉሀഏദৗഡՖԼԿټΖᓰ࿓ፖඒᖂ๻ૠএආ۩೯ઔߒऄΙሎش՛ิಘ ᓵΕߡۥފዝࡉᢄ྽࿛ֱऄၞ۩Ιփ୲ץਔΚषᄎ֮֏ᨠኘΕ፿ߢऱಮ؈Ε଺ၢ

ᆖ᧭Εᎁᢝ೏ႂΔא֗ദৗऄ৳࿛Ζء֮։࣫ಘᓵຍࠟ॰ᓰኔᔌᆖ᧭Δൕۖ༼נ

؄ႈሀഏദৗฝاඒߛு֨ᓰᠲΚࠡԫ੡༉षᄎᛩቼ౧࿮෻ᇞฝاृऱ௽ࢤፖᖂ

฾ᏁޣΙࠡԲ੡ధೈאሀഏദৗഡՖ੡ഄԫඒߛኙွΙࠡԿ੡ᓰ࿓ፖඒᖂႊ୶෼

נ֮֏ऱઌᣂࢤΙࠡ؄੡ඒߛՠ܂ृႊࠠໂ෻ᇞࠀ༇ૹڍցፖ஁ฆऱ֮֏ై塄Ζ

ᜢᗖӷǺၠ୯ஆ࠷ǵ౽҇ǵӭϡЎϯ௲ػ

ҁЎբޣࣁଯ໢ৣጄεᏢԋΓ௲ػࣴز܌ୋ௲௤

ႝηແҹࣁǺ[email protected]

׫ዺВයǺ2003 ԃ 6 Д 23 Вǹ௦ҔВයǺ2003 ԃ 11 Д 14 В

Bulletin of Educational Research

December, 2003, Vol. 49 No. 4 pp. 33-60

Core Issues of Educational Programs for Interethnic-Marriage Immigrants:

Reflections on an Action Research Experience

Ching-Jung Ho A b s t r a c t

In order to promote cross-cultural understanding and enhance multicultural sensitivi- ties, the author and a lecturer offered two courses—“Traveling across Cultures: Learning with Immigrant Brides” and “Experiencing Cultures and Marriages of Different Countries:

Learning with Local People”—in Kaohsiung Hsin-hsing Community University during the second half of 2002. These courses were designed and taught according to an action re- search method. 10 local women and 13 foreign brides enrolled, and group discussion, role- playing, video viewing, and free drawing were used to facilitate participants’ learning. The course contents included: issues regarding the understanding of cultural differences, getting lost in different languages, life experiences in the motherland, exploration of the Kaohsiung community, and interethnic-marriage related rules and regulations. This study analyzed and discussed the author’s teaching experiences in the two courses. Four core issues of any educational program for interethnic-marriage immigrants in Taiwan were raised: First, it is necessary to understand these immigrants’ characteristics and learning needs within the broader social context. Second, the target population for “immigrant education” should not include only immigrants. Third, all curricula and methods of instruction should be cultur- ally relevant. Fourth, educators should have a certain degree of cultural literacy, that is, be able to appreciate and respect cultural diversities and differences.

Keywords: interethnic marriage, immigrants, multicultural education

Associate Professor, Graduate Institute of Adult Education, National Kaohsiung Normal University E-mail: [email protected]

Manuscript received: Jun. 23, 2003; Accepted: Nov. 14, 2003

ಥăቡ! ੓

ڇ٤෺֏᝟ႨխΔՖࢤฝاԳՑᏺףΔሀഏദৗֺࠏᏺ೏բګ੡׈੺ٺഏऱ

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੡խ؆ᜤৗΰփਙຝΔ2003αΖኙ࣍ຍࠄڂദৗฝاፕ᨜ऱഡՖΔഏԳ฾אψ؆ᤄ ᄅ୞ωጠհΔڼԫጠᘯહ৵ឆܶࣴီፖۆټ֏ऱ৸ەະ߽ΰ۶ॹፚΔ2003αΖഏփ ؾছઌᣂऱඒߛൻਜࡨ࣍փਙຝૡࡳհψ؆ᤄᄅ୞س੒ᔞᚨ᎖ᖄኔਜૠ྽ωΰ1999 ڣ 12 ִ 28 ֲαΔؾऱڇψᏺၞࠡ፿ߢ֗س੒ᔞᚨ౨ԺΔࠌ౨ႉܓᘜԵݺഏس੒ᛩ ቼΔፖഏԳิګભየ୮அΔᝩ܍ڂᔞᚨլߜࢬ૜سհٺጟ୮அፖषᄎംᠲωΔא֗

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چך؞ထψאլ᧢ᚨᆄ᧢ωࢨψ֮֏ٵ֏ᓵωऱ֨ኪΔآ౨إီຍᆢᄅฝاऱᖂ

฾௽ࢤፖᏁޣΖ

۟࣍ሀഏദৗഡՖኔᎾՂᖂ฾ൣݮ੡۶Λא५⓱ႅΰ2000aαઔߒ੡ࠏΔ࿇෼Κ ሀഏദৗഡՖװᇖீആ஼೯ᖲਢ੡ԱψᎁഏڗωΔᎅഏ፿֘ଙլਢ׌૞ؾऱΔڂ੡

ڇֲൄس੒խڔଚ່ൄࠌشऱ፿ߢਢᎸত፿ۖլਢഏ፿Ζ۟࣍ࠡהઝؾቝᑇᖂΕ

ଃᑗ࿛Δኙ࣍ڇ଺سषᄎխᖂᖵֺለ೏ऱഡՖۖߢਢઌᅝ១໢ऱΖڼ๠ס᧩ᇖீ

ࠫ৫լฤٽՈॺ੡ሀഏദৗഡՖۖ๻ૠΖྥط࣍ؾছڔଚբਢᇖீऱԫ୉Δ༉ګ Գඒߛم໱Δڕ۶ڇࠫ৫ՂᓳᖞΔࠌհฤٽࠡᖂ฾௽ࢤፖᏁޣΔᅝ੡ඒߛᅝݝࢬ ᚨშૹ৸ەΖ

२ڣࠐΔឈྥڶૉեࡅᩃಾኙຍࠄሀഏദৗഡՖᒳᙀᔞٽڔଚऱඒޗΔྥࠀ

޲ڶઔߒ໴ܫਐנኔᎾऱणउΖᖕ࿝ृᛵᇞچֱඒߛݝ׌ᖄᒳᙀृڶፕקᗼऱπף

Եፕ᨜ᄅ୮Ⴜρԫ஼ΰ׆Ꮥ࿴Δ2002αΔאᇠ஼੡ࠏΔࠡഗء෻࢚੡֮֏ٵ֏׌ᆠΖ

ڼൕࠡ஼ټΚψףԵፕ᨜ᄅ୮ႼωࡉᒳᙀՕრױवΙᒳထृ࿳რچݦඨψא᠆ભཉ

দऱԳൣΔ൅ᏆڔଚၞԵፕ᨜ຍଡՕ୮அωΔ٤஼ڂۖܧ෼נԼଡ׌ᠲΚԫΕᎁᢝ ຍᇙΙԲΕ၇ࣟ۫ΙԿΕመᄅڣΙ؄ΕਈਈΙնΕ堚ࣔΕጤ֑ࡉխટΙքΕ઎ఐΙ ԮΕٌຏΙԶΕಁፖ࠼೽Ι԰Εֆ٥ࣚ೭ڇፕ᨜Δא֗ԼΕᖂ฾լ჎ᙈΖ

।૿Ղ઎ࠐΔՂ૪Լଡ׌ᠲऱᒔਢس੒ڇፕ᨜ؘໂऱൄᢝΖྥۖגา։࣫Δ

܂ृݙ٤ీڇݺഏ֮֏ऱم໱Δԫ࠺چൎᓳፕ᨜֮֏ऱψᙁנωΔ࢙ฃሀഏദৗഡ Ֆٺڶ֮ࠡ֏હནΔٵழՈਢψฆ֮֏ऱჺሎृωΰ५⓱ႅΔ1997αΖ༉ڼΔ࿝ृ

ᎁ੡ૉ౨ຘመᔞᅝऱᓰ࿓๻ૠΔലڔଚऱ֮֏යٙፖ௽ᔆ֧ԵΔലױᨃ٥ٵ೶ፖ ᖂ฾ऱءچسڶٵޡᖂ฾ऱᖲᄎΖ៶ط࢖ڼ֮֏ऱٌੌΔআګ࢖ڼઌյ෻ᇞΔઌ ॾڶܗ࣍ధೈഏԳኙ࣍ψ؆ᤄᄅ୞ωऱۆټ֏ࠥࣨٱွΖ

٦ृΔ࿝ृᎁ੡ګԳඒߛؾऱᚨڇᚥܗଡ᧯ิ៣ࠡᆖ᧭Δຘመլٵගᆢृၴ

ઌյኙᇩΔᖿ࿇࢖ڼشޓᐈᐖፖڍᑌ֏ऱီມ઎ৱࠡࢬسژऱ׈੺ΔڕڼΔଡ᧯

ऱ׌᧯ࢤΰsubjectivityαթڶၲ୶ऱױ౨ΔۖຍՈਢ֣۫ඒߛ৸უ୮ Freireΰ1970α ࢬߢऱრᢝᤚᙌΰconscientizationαऱփොΖኙᅃڍց֮֏ඒߛࢬ඿ኦ᧩ऱΔຘመ ᛵᇞࠀ༇ૹ஁ฆΔݮႿ۞ݺᎁٵࢬ୶෼ऱᏺ౨ΰempowermentα܂شΔࠟृਢઌ ຏऱΖۖڼԫᨠរՈፖ५⓱ႅΰ2000aΔ2000bαઔߒਐנΚᢝڗඒߛ૞ଫ᥽൷ৱ षᄎፖሀഏദৗഡՖ଺س֮֏ᠨٻΕؓ࿛Ε٥سऱյ೯Δᨃڍց֮֏ऱ壄壀൓א టإᆵኔऱ઎ऄઌյࡅᚨΖചڼհਚΔ࿝ृԯዌუၲ๻אڍց֮֏੡ு֨ऱሀഏ ദৗฝاඒߛᓰ࿓ΔലሀഏദৗഡՖፖءچࡺاᘜٽڇԫದՂᓰΔআګڔଚઌյ

෻ᇞፖ᠏֏Δࠀ࿇ൺࠡு֨ᓰᠲΖء֮ܛਢڼԫ۩೯ઔߒऱ֘৸Ζ

෮ă͛ᚥଣ੅

ʙăϻ˯̜˽଀Չڟय̖୩؈Ĉૃደ஬ڱ෢ڟĶ࣯୴Ⴤϻ˯ķ

͎വ!

܌Ԗ௲ػჴ୍ᗦ֖Α௲ػπբޣ܌ઠޑ౛ፕՏ࿼ǶǾǾΓ፾ᔈޗ཮ޑၸ ำό໻хࡴག۔ӑຝޑೱ่Ǵ׳хࡴࡘԵޑᇟقǶҭջǴ೸ၸځჴ፬܄

ȐpraxisȑǴΓޑޕޑՉ୏Ȑthe act of knowingȑԖёૈᙯϯځჴӸǶǾǾ

ΓޑՉ୏ऩؒԖҞޑ߾ؒԖჴ፬܄ǴԶؒԖჴ፬܄೭Չ୏ϐၸำϷཀӛ ൩ᡂளคޕǶޕ᝺ཀӛϷၸำޑ࣬ϕᜢ߯ࢂीฝޑՉ୏ޑ୷ᘵǴѬ֖Ԗ БݤǵҞޑϷሽॶϐᒧ᏷ȐFreire, 1970: 205-206ȑǶ

Ղ੄֮ڗඔ࿇࿝ृڇቫᇢലڍց֮֏ඒߛ෻࢚ᘜԵඒᖂհছΔ٣֘ം۞աࢬ

ీऱ෻ᓵۯᆜ۶ڇΛڂڼΔᅝោᥦመຝ։ڍց֮֏ඒߛඒઝ஼৵ΔڕΚᢟ٠ቓΕ Ꮵભᐝፖཾભ༡ΰ2001αΕ႓ਙໃΰ1995αΕ്৬ګΰ2000αΔא֗ຫભڕΰ2000αΔ ٦ԫڻ֘৸ଡԳࢬᣂ֨ऱګԳΰᢝڗαඒߛΔFreireΰ1970αऱ׼ԫ੄֮ڗ௬෼Δ Ոਐ֧Ա࿝ृڇڍց֮֏ඒߛխऱم໱ΖFreire ڕਢᎅΚ

ᇟقऩؒԖࡘགྷόԋځࣁᇟقǹᇟقکࡘགྷؒԖځ܌ࡰޑШࣚߡόԋ ҥǹΓᜪޑЎӷό໻ࢂӷ༼ǴѬࢂҔٰՉ୏ޑǶ᛽ӷၸำᇡޕޑӛࡋѸ

໪хࡴΓϷځШࣚޑᜢ߯Ƕ೭ᅿᜢ߯ࢂΓᙯϯШࣚ܌ᕇठޑԋ݀ᆶѰѓ ೭٤ቹៜΓॺޑԋ݀ޑచҹ໔៏᛾ޑၗྍǶᏢಞ᠐ቪѸ໪Ԗᐒ཮ᡣΓॺ ޕၰځ܌ᇥޑ၉੿҅ཀကǶǾǾޕޑՉ୏х֖வՉ୏ډϸ࣪ǴϷϸ࣪Չ

୏ډ΋ཥՉ୏ޑ៏᛾ޑ຾৖Ƕ᛽ӷޑၸำѸ໪ஒᇥ၉ᆶᙯϯჴӸᖄ่Ǵ ٠ᖄ่ঁΓޑفՅܭԜᙯϯϐύǶǾǾԋΓ᛽ӷၸำ଺ࣁ΋ঁޕޑՉ୏

སҢٿঁ࣬ϕᜢೱޑङඳે๎Ǵځ΋ࣁᏢಞޣᆶ௲Ꮲޣࣁѳ฻ޕޑЬᡏ ϐ੿ჴჹ၉ޑङඳǶځΒࣁΓॺӸӧޑ੿ჴޑǴჴᡏޑ٣ჴϷޗ཮ჴӸ ϐङඳȐFreire, 1970Ǻ212-214ȑǶ

ڂڼΔ٦৫ᔹᦰຝ։ڍց֮֏ඒߛᓵ૪ழΔຫભڕऱڍց֮֏ᓰ࿓෻࢚ഗ៕

ऱၲ໱ػፖ࿝ृᣂࣹऱګԳΰᢝڗαඒߛڶԱٌᄎΔ߷੄ᇩਢຍᑌᎅऱΚʳ Ӣࣁךॺӧ೭ঁШࣚǴךॺݙۓाബ೷ཀကǶךॺҞ࿏Α࿶ᡍે๎ӧ໼

څ໔܌ౢғޑڻᙬǴԶЪؒԖΓКךॺ׳ޕ᐀೭ڻᙬࢂӵՖวғޑǴӢ ࣁךॺ҅ࢂ೭ᜢ߯ે๎ύޑ΋঩ǶǾǾ੿҅ޑণᏢ൩ࢂόᘐޑख़ཥᏢಞ

࣮ࡑ೭ШࣚޑБԄȐഋऍӵǴ2000Ǻ61ȑǶ

࣍ਢΔ࿝ृለ堚ᄑ଺ࠐଡԳᆰ௧խࢬᣂᡖऱڍց֮֏ඒߛਢࠡ෻࢚ഗ៕ຝ

։Ιٵრຫભڕΰ2000αኙ࣍ڍց֮֏ᓰ࿓෻࢚ഗ៕ऱᇭᤩΚषᄎإᆠਢڍց֮

֏ᓰ࿓ऱءᔆΔՈਢ່ึऱ෻უΕ஁ฆڍցऱၲ୶༼ࠎԱڍց֮֏ᓰ࿓૿ኙڍᑌ

֮֏ऱഗءॾ࢚Εषᄎ֮֏ऱᖂ฾༼ࠎԱڍց֮֏ᓰ࿓ऱᖂ฾փොΕᜢଃᖵ׾ऱ ٦෼ਢڍցᓰ࿓ऱᖄ᧯Εᄮຏኙᇩऱ৬م༼ࠎڍց֮֏ᓰ࿓ڕ۶૿ኙڍց֮֏Δ א֗ڕ۶๠෻ٺጟ֮֏஁ฆऱֱऄΖ

ࠀ׊Δᇨڕཾભ༡ࢬߢΔڍց֮֏ඒߛᚨψીԺ൶ಘլٵषᄎ֮֏ܒᄷऱष ᄎ৬ዌመ࿓ፖࢤᔆΔլᚨլא੡ጊऱࠉᅃ۞ݺ֮֏ऱܒᄷࠐܒࡳהԳΰගᆢαऱ ࡐڶࢤᔆࢨఐ఑ωΰཾભ༡Δ2001Κ37αΔࢬאڍց֮֏ඒߛխψ֮֏ωլᚨא௿

ስऱගᆢ੡෻ᇞऱኙွΔᝫᚨץܶࢤܑΕၸ్ࢨࡲඒ࿛ڍᑌऱषᄎߪ։ࢨ׌᧯ۯ ᆜΖڼរٍፖ R. Martin ࡉ T. Schreiber ޅေ๺ڍڍց֮֏ᓰ࿓ឈᨬཆࢨࣲᓾ஁ฆΔ থੌ࣍ൎ֏ࠥࣨٱွΔ࢙ฃᦞԺᤜᠲࡉ֭਍׌ੌאၸ్Εࢤ࠷ٻΕࢤܑࡉጟග੡

ഗ៕ऱषᄎ࿨ዌऱᨠរլᘩۖٽΰImel, 1998αΖ

ڇՂ૪ऱ෻࢚ՀΔڃࠩሀഏദৗฝاඒߛΔ࿝ृᣂࣹऱᐋ్ڇ࣍ᓰ࿓ፖඒᖂ ڕ۶ၲ୶נڍց֮֏ඒߛࢬ׌്ऱψ஁ฆፖڍցωאᨃګԳඒߛመ࿓టإګ੡ψव ऱ۩೯ωΖٍܛΔᖂ฾ृऱ׌᧯ࢤਢ࿝ृऱு֨ᣂᡖΖٵრ R. V. Arcilla ࢬߢΔڇ փොֱ૿Δ஁ฆൎᓳటኔΔࠀല۞աီ੡ਢԫଡ଺ॣፖᗑمऱଡ᧯Δ஁ฆਢᚥܗ ଡ᧯৬ዌवᢝፖ᠆༄࢖ڼऱੈᄭΰຫભڕΔ2000αΖྥۖط࣍ޢଡଡ᧯ګ९ڇլٵ ऱ֮֏౧࿮ՀΔ܂੡֮֏ऱژڇΰcultural beingsαΔ֮֏૿ွٵழ༼ࠎᖂ฾ृፖඒ ᖂृ۩੡ፖ֘ᚨऱഗ៕ΰZiegahn, 2001αΔٍܛଡ᧯ࢬ๠ऱ֮֏Яषᄎߪ։Δ༼ࠎ ڔЯהᣂᅃࠃൣऱߡ৫ΔܛᎁٵऱದរΙڇፖլٵ֮֏᥆ࢤृյ೯ழΔ࢖ڼऱ஁

ฆ༼ࠎԱٺ۞۞ݺᎁٵΕઌյᎁٵፖឩՕسࡎီມऱৈᖲΔڕٵᤕࣟࡕᇣ؁ࢬߢΚ ψᖩ઎ৄᚢೡܧ୽Δ᎛઎೏܅ٺլٵΙլᢝᡔ՞ట૿ؾΔ׽ᒴߪڇڼ՞խωτᠲ۫

ࣥᕻυΔທګԫጟψ᎛ན৸ፂऱ़ၴωΔψዌګԫጟ؆ڇऱᨠរωΔ༼ᙌݺଚ૞టإ ᎁᢝ۞աΔೈԱ۞ա܂੡׌᧯Δᝫ૞೶ᅃࠡה׌᧯ΰהԳαൕլٵߡ৫Δլٵ֮

֏ᛩቼኙ۞աऱ઎ऄΰᑗᚮႆΔ2001αΖ

۟࣍ᆵኔՂ૪ൕ஁ฆڍցၲ୶۞ݺᎁٵΰ׌᧯ࢤαࢬᏁᖂ฾ऱփො Δᇨڕຫ

ભڕΰ2000αࢬߢΔױຘመषᄎ֮֏ᖂ฾ΔץਔΚٻषᄎ֮֏٥ٵऱᆖ᧭ᖂ฾ፖ

ٻᢰᒴ֮֏ࢨஇႨᖂ฾Ζۖڼ࿛ऱၲ୶ᖵ࿓ڇ୙ࣥ堚ΰ2002α֘৸ࠡԼڣࠐ೶ፖ

ՠԳሎ೯ᆖ᧭խٍ൓ٱᢞΖࠡխऱᣂ᝶๠ڇ࣍ଡ᧯ڇᆢ᧯փऱᄮຏኙᇩΙψඒஃʳ ᚨၞԵլٵ֮֏હནᖂسऱߓอᇙΔႜᦫהଚऱᜢଃΔᛵᇞࠡᖵ׾Δא܂੡ඒᖂ ऱದរΖࠀ୲๺ࠐ۞լٵહནऱᖂسڇᖂீߓอխΔ੡۞աऱ֮֏ᖵ׾࿇ᜢΔຘ መٌੌፖኙᇩΔ᠆দᖵ׾ऱփොΔᏺၞ࢖ڼऱ෻ᇞωΰຫભڕΔ2000Κ90αΙਢԫ ጟւ๺լٵᜢଃנ෼ऱඒᖂ࠷ٻΔຘመႜᦫፖ༇ૹהԳऱᖵ࿓Ε෻ᇞ׼ᣊᨠរΕ ਗᖏࡉᔆጊהԳΔ࠰೸ᨠរΔא֗ᣂᡖቸ᧯ऱ೶ፖृᖂ฾ΰZiegahn, 2001αΖၞۖ

ߢհΔ༉׌᧯ࢤऱၲ୶ۖߢΔᖵ׾֮֏෻ᇞऱ܂شᚨڇ࠰ܗଡ᧯ტ࠹ࠩଡԳژڇ ऱᖵ׾ტΖڕڼଡ᧯ऱژڇթፖࠡࢬ๠ऱழ़ڶԱᖩ᜕ऱຑ࿨Δൕۖڶ᥯ᢞၲ୶ ऱᖲᄎΖ່৵Δ੡ሀנଡ᧯ൕԫաᨠរנ࿇ኙ࣍լٵ֮֏ऱᇭᤩΔᄮຏኙᇩ༉ګ

੡ኔᔌڍց֮֏ᓰ࿓ऱؘ૞ຜஉΔྥᄮຏኙᇩႊڶ٥ຏऱ፿ߢ֗ٽ෻ऱᄮຏൣቼ

܂੡ছ༼ΔۖڼإਢሀഏദৗฝاඒߛඒᖂࢬؘႊᣂࣹृΖ

ʠă཮੽ઔ݅஋Ε଀Չ̅֏ߺᘰࠂՀ!

)Ι*ၮ୽ஔࡅȃಋҕᇄఀىޟᜰ߽!

ሀഏദৗএ᥆ฆගၴຏദΰIntermarriageα෼ွऱԫຝ։Ζࠉᖕ A. I. Gordon ऱࡳᆠΔฆගၴຏദਐऱਢദ಻ऱᠨֱࠠڶլٵऱࡲඒΕጟගΰracialαࢨاග ΰethnicαહནΔࠡՀԾױ։੡ԿᣊΚฆඒၴദৗΰinterfaith marriageαΔਐ಻ೝऱ ॾٛլٵΙฆጟගၴദৗΰinterracial marriageαΔਐ಻ೝࠐ۞լٵጟගΔא֗ฆا ගദৗΰinterethnic marriageαΔਐ಻ೝࠐ۞լٵ֮֏ࡉЯࢨഏ୮ᛩቼΰBowser &

Hejazinia-Bowser, 1990

αΖ

ڶᣂፕ᨜षᄎ२ڣࠐሀഏദৗݮګऱ଺ڂΔषᄎᖂ୮ኙհڍࢬ൶ಘΖڕΚ୙

ᖠᡇΰ2002αီհ੡ᇷءഏᎾ֏ऱ೸঴ദৗΙᓐႁدΰ2001αઔߒঞਐנΔፕ။

ሀഏദৗএᨣ༊ڇݺഏኙՕຬऱψݹ৺شݴωਙ࿜ፖኙࣟতࠅऱψতٻਙ࿜ωऱ ᆖ၉ᣂএᅝխΔףՂፕ᨜ߊࢤፖՖࢤၴژڇऱψദৗࡕ৫ωፖ٘տ೸ऱංंܗᣴ ࢬીΙ׆ݛոΰ2001αঞီհ੡षᄎၸᐋՀഏᎾ໎೯ԺऱԫᛩΖՂ૪ᣂ࣍ሀഏദ

ৗഡՖऱᇭᤩឈڶܗ࣍ᇞᦰຍᆢᄅฝاࢬ๠ऱᛩቼ౧࿮Δྥۖၞԫޡ൶ߒהଚฝ

Եፕ᨜षᄎࢬ૿ኙऱਗᖏፖഏԳڃᚨழऱ֮֏ኪ৫Δঞڶܗ࣍ګԳΰᢝڗαඒߛ

ڇሀഏദৗฝاඒߛՂऱߡۥࡳۯΖ

ڇ 2002 ڣ 4 ִΔဎီψ2002 ڣ໌܂Ꮳܽ८ᤪߓ٨ωխམא೏ႂ዁੍ᆺ

ּ୮ගԫ୮ഞψ؆ᤄᄅ୞ωԲԼ༓Գऱਚࠃޏᒳګ໢ցᏣψݺ୮༉ਢᜤٽഏωΙ5

ִ 3 ֲխഏழ໴چֱᄅፊٍאψ؆ᤄᄅ୞ԫଡଡԵ॰ωؒ๳ړભߺ՛՛ᜤٽഏ੡

ᑑᠲΔտฯؒ๳஢ູ૴ഞψ؆ᤄᄅ୞ωऱฐ۩Δࠀ֧૪ψድاؚᔊᎅΔຍଡድޘ ৰڰ༉ףԵ WTO ԱΞΞωΰխഏழ໴Δ2002αΖףՂ२ڣࠐഏԳੌ۩௧؆ளሏΔ ԫழհၴړቝፕ᨜բᆖৰഏᎾ֏ΔഏԳՈലഏᎾ֏඀ڇᏯՂΖྥۖፕ᨜࣠టਢଡ ഏᎾ֏ऱषᄎႯΛ֠ࠡሀഏദৗڕڼฐ۩ՀΔഏԳԾױᖂࠩࠄչᏖΛ

ᣂ࣍ڼរΔ५⓱ႅΰ1997αڇψൕഏᎾ֏ࠩฆ֮֏ωԫ֮ڶ壄᥸ऱ։࣫Ζᖕ ५֮ਐנΔፕ᨜ڇψഏᎾ֏ωᤜᠲՂڶԿଡळរΚࠡԫ੡ಘᓵऱኙွψൕፕ᨜ፖ ભΕֲഏխ؇ਙࢌհၴऱյ೯ᣂএנ࿇Δװ৬ዌፕ᨜ऱ׈੺ᨠΔԫ౳Գႜٻόא ഏගഏ୮խ؇ਙࢌύ੡֊រΔװ൶ಘഏᎾ֏ऱംᠲωΙࠡԲ੡ಘᓵऱփ୲ψאਙʳ एΕᆖ၉Ε؆ٌ࿛ᤜᠲ੡խ֨Δװ৬ዌፕ᨜ፖભΕֲࠟഏխ؇ਙࢌհၴऱյ೯֗

ፕ᨜ऱ׈੺ᨠωΙࠡԿڇಘᓵऱֱٻՂΔψႜٻൕਙएΕᆖ၉Ε؆ٌ࿛ߡ৫װൎᓳ ፕ᨜ڕ۶ૹ१ഏᎾፘፕΔΞΞൎᓳൕፕ᨜όੌנύऱຝ։ΔۖլਢόၞԵύፕ᨜

ऱຝ։ωΰ५⓱ႅΔ1997Κ36αΖڇຍᑌऱळរՀΔፕ᨜ࢬ৬ዌנࠐऱࣟতࠅΔ׽

ਢਙࢌ׌ᖄऱࠅ֜ᛜሎխ֨Εԫଡᆖᛎݶຒ࿇୶ऱতֱഏ৫Δᨠ٠ড়ณխױאឯ

࠷࡛ଅฆঋΕግ߆௣၄᝜ढऱ৫೗໏چΔא֗ፕ೸ณխױאࠌشֺፕ᨜ءچޓკ Ꮭ໎Ժऱ௧؆ףՠؑ໱Ζ

५ඒ඄ၞۖਐנΔݺଚլ౨ψ׽ൎᓳൕ௽ࡳषᄎੌנऱᐋ૿ΔٵழՈࣹრࠩ

όၞԵύᐋ૿ऱംᠲωΙࠀ৬ᤜኙ࣍ሀഏദৗഡՖΔψᚨᇠאόฆ֮֏ύऱᨠរࠐ

઎ৱהଚΖၲࡨᖂ฾൷౏ࡉઌ๠Δຍጟ൷౏ࡉઌ๠ऱᖂ฾Δإਢፕ᨜ءچࡺاၲ

ࢷᄅ׈੺ᨠऱԫଡՕړᖲᄎωΰ५⓱ႅΔ1997Κ37αΖ५ඒ඄Ղ૪ऱᨠរሐנഏԳ

౒׎Աڍց֮֏ऱ౥ᡖΔՈס᧩ψ஁ฆωፖψ༇ૹωإਢឩ୶ଡԳسࡎီມؘ૞

ऱኪ৫ΔࠀࡅᚨԱڍց֮֏ඒߛऱு֨෻࢚ΙٵழΔס᧩ڇ૿ኙሀഏദৗฝاழΔ ഏԳՈᏁ૞൷࠹ڍց֮֏ऱඒߛΖۖڇ઎ৱദৗฝاऱس੒ᔞᚨழΔଡԳٵრᏥ ભ॑ΰ2001αਐנΔฝاࠀॺ׽ਢࡺ۰چऱ᠏᧢Δޓਢᔢฝृፖ۞ߪषᄎΕ֮֏

ፖᔢฝچऱषᄎൣቼፖ๵ᒤऱઌյᓳᔞᖵ࿓Ζڇڼᖵ࿓խΔፕ᨜ሀഏദৗᇙऱ؆

ᤄഡՖ૿ኙऱਢദৗፖฝاऱᠨૹᔞᚨፖ֮֏ਗᖏΔࠡխᤖܶࢤܑፖගᆢऱᠨૹ

ᤜᠲΔڼ๠ࠀ֘ਠנሀഏദৗฝاඒߛऱփොΖ

)Π*ၮ୽ஔࡅஏτఀىȈ҈કӣϽкဎ܁঺၇ўȉ!

ྥۖլࢉچΔࢤܑፖගᆢऱᤜᠲڇഏ՛ᇖீࡉψ؆ᤄᄅ୞റఄωۿ׏޲ڶ๯

ࣹრࠩΖڼ࿛ൣݮא५⓱ႅΰ1999Δ2000aΔ2000bαઔߒ࿨࣠ױ౿۸ᢞΖଈ٣Δ ഏ՛ᇖீ۔ஃএൕႚอՖࢤߡۥ։ՠऱߡ৫઎ৱሀഏദৗഡՖඒߛऱؾऱΔᎁ੡

ڔଚ༉ᦰਢԫጟψषᄎຂٚऱ։ᖜωΔڂ੡ഄڶڔଚءߪ࠹ඒᢝڗΔലࠐթڶ౨Ժ ඒ塄՛৘ΖٵழΔඒஃឈኙຍᆢᄅףԵऱᖂسࣄ਍ψ࿳რωऱኪ৫Δྥۖࠀ޲ڶ

௽ܑუࠩሀഏദৗഡՖ଺س֮֏ऱംᠲΔ׊ᎁ੡ڔଚࠐீᦰ஼ؾऱਢڇᖂ฾խ

֮Δࠡ଺س֮֏ऱ୶෼ࠀլՕૹ૞Ζ

ࠡڻΔൕሀഏദৗഡՖऱ٣سཚৱהଚऱ಻ೝദ৵ފዝႚอषᄎխഡՖऱߡ ۥΚႚࡲ൷זፖᅃற୮அΖഡՖऱᖂ฾ؘႊፖ୮அس੒ઌ಻ٽΔլ౨ڶࢬ੬ᤛΖ Ոڂڼᅸࠩᡖ؋ΕسขΕᅃ᥽᚛৘Ε֛ۖ୮Ծլ಻ٽऱᇩΔڔଚᄕ࣐ൕᖂீխᔗΖ ሀഏദৗഡՖ๯૞ޣฤٽ֛୮ऱጟጟس੒܂ஒፖፕ᨜ऱ֮֏฾ክΕ٣سኙڔଚ଺

س֮֏ऱܡࡳኪ৫ၴ൷ᚘލԱڔଚ୶෼଺س֮֏ऱױ౨Δא֗଺س֮֏ፖ֛୮֮

֏յ೯ऱᖲᄎΖ

ࠡԿΔሀഏദৗഡՖՈᎁ੡ႚࡲ൷זΕ塄ߛ՗Ֆਢڔଚڇፕ᨜୮அխ๯ᓿղ ऱ່ૹ૞ຂٚΔࠀ׊ڍᑇኙ࣍ԳࡠΕԳئΕԳგຍᑌऱߡۥࠀ޲ڶ֜ՕऱݼࢴΖ װഏ՛ᇖீᖂ฾ᢝڗΔ۟֟౨ജᨃڔଚ౨ፖ֛୮ᄮຏΔ੷۟ፖፕ᨜षᄎ܂ਬጟ࿓

৫ऱຑ࿨Ζڇഏ՛ᇖீᦰ஼ਝਢ੡Աᖂ฾խ֮ऱᦫᎅᦰᐊΔՈ੡ലࠐإڤٽऄ༉

ᄐऱᄷໂΖ

ڇݙګՂ૪ऱઔߒ৵Δ५ඒ඄ਐנΔྤᓵਢᇖீࢨറఄΔך؞ထᖺদऱψٵ

֏׌ᆠωऱ৸ፂΔࠀᎁ੡Δറఄऱנ෼ױא઎ګਢፕ᨜೚੡ฝاऱ൷ৱषᄎڇψۥ वωऱছ༼Հრᢝࠩψ؆ᤄᄅ୞ω࠹ඒᦞԺऱၲࡨΖ່৵Δ৬ᤜڶᣂᅝݝᔞᅝᇖ ܗറఄऱၲ๻Δڇփ୲ֱ૿Δଫ᥽ψ൷ৱषᄎ֮֏ፖό؆ᤄᄅ୞ύ଺س֮֏ωᠨ ٻΕؓ࿛Ε٥سऱյ೯Δᨃڍց֮֏ऱ壄壀൓אటإᆵኔΔᤝڕΔ඄ᓰ۔ஃೈԱ

֧ᖄᖂسڇᓰഘխ।ሒ۞ݺئ֮֏؆ΔءߪڍᏺףኙࣟতࠅᅝچवᢝऱᛵᇞՈਢ

ؘ૞ऱΖ

ଡԳᔹᦰݙ५ඒ඄ऱᓵ૪৵ΔᏅ੡ᢥٵࠡڇֱٻՂؚధٵ֏׌ᆠΔאڍց֮

֏ऱ壄壀ᆵኔ࣍ሀഏദৗഡՖඒߛऱᨠរΔࠀٵრඒஃڶؘ૞ڍᏺףኙࣟতࠅᅝ چवᢝऱ෻ᇞΖྥۖΔᇨڕ Auebachΰ1992αԫ֮ਐנΔႛൎᓳփ୲ᐋ૿ឈڶᇞ

࣋ऱრොΔྥٍױ౨መ࣍ᗑឰࠀ٦ᓤ፹ԫጟᄅऱীڤऱႚᎠඒߛᖂΰtransmission

pedagogy

αΔڕڼԫࠐΔᢝڗ֘ۖլ౨ၲඔᖂ฾ृᄅऱषᄎፖਙएऱױ౨ࢤΖٵ

ழΔ࿝ृᡖጊΔࠡഗ࣍ψഏᎾ֏ωऱᨠរΔൎᓳሀഏദৗഡՖψئഏ֮֏ωऱᙁ Ե࣍ᇖீඒߛ෼໱ऱך։ࢤΖឈྥፕ᨜ڇഏᎾ֏षᄎխΔڶؘ૞ኙچ෻ۯᆜፖݺ ଚ൷२ऱࣟতࠅ֮֏ڶለ෡ԵऱᛵᇞΔྥۖڇڍගᆢऱඒᖂ෼໱Δڕ۶ሎشٺ֮

֏࣍ඒߛኔ೭ᅝխΔআၞᖂ฾ृၴઌյ෻ᇞԯ۟׌᧯ࢤऱၲ୶ױ౨ޓ੡૰֊Ζ༉

ڼۖߢΔئഏ֮֏ਢ࠰ܗᖂ฾ृ࿇୶ψ஁ฆፖڍցωᨠរऱ֫੄ΖٍܛΔ֧ၞئ ഏ֮֏ႛਢࠡխԫଡයٙΔۖլਢך։යٙΖڍց֮֏ඒߛᚨᖞٽᖂ฾ृऱᜢଃΕ ᆖ᧭ፖࠡषᄎ֮֏૿ွΔଫૹփ୲ፖመ࿓Ζ

)έ*ၮ୽ஔࡅஏτᜋԅఀىȈԃդԙ࣏Ιএȶቨ૖ޟၼଢ଼ȷȉ!

ڇ࠰ܗሀഏദৗഡՖ׌᧯ࢤऱၲ୶ՂΔܦભႆΰ2001αऱઔߒܧ෼Աԫଡױ

໛ऱᒤࠏΖࠡઔߒא؄ଡψ؆ᤄᄅ୞س੒ᔞᚨ᎖ᖄఄωऱԿԼۯᖂ୉ࡉԿԼڍۯ Ֆࢤݳՠ੡ኙွΔઔߒ࿇෼Δᖂ୉೶ፖᢝڗఄ৵ΔڶԱԿֱ૿ࠠ᧯ऱ᠏᧢Κ1.ݾ ౨ֱ૿Δດዬࠠໂࢨ༼ࣙխ֮ᦫΕᎅΕᦰΕᐊ౨ԺΔๅᠦ๠๠ଘᘸהԳ࠰ܗհ࿖

ቼΙ2.֨෻ֱ૿ΔՂᓰ৵ขس۞ॾ֨ፖ༇ዊტΔኙ؆ڇհլڜՈດዬ௣؈Ιא֗

3.

षᄎֱ૿Δࢷ୶ԱԳᎾᣂএࡉس੒എΔՈᏺၞፖ୮ԳऱᄮຏᇩᠲΖݳՠඒஃଚ

೶ፖᓰ࿓๻ૠፖඒᖂ৵Δլ܀ؚధመװኙ؆ᤄᄅ୞ऱࠥࣨٱွΔۖ׊ขسኙ۞ݺ ऱ्ࡳፖၲࢷီມΔٵழΔດዬრᢝࠩ֊ߪઌᣂऱՖࢤᤜᠲΔ׌೯ิ៣ݳՠΖ

ࠡڻΔڇᢝڗඒߛআၞՖࢤհᏺ౨ֱ૿Δᢝڗᓰ࿓ᨃᖂ୉ડధψڶՑᣄၲω հᎽᡶΔٵழՈᏺൎࠡ۞ॾΔޏ᧢ᖂ୉ऱ۞ݺᄗ࢚ፖ۞༇ტۖ׊ࢷ୶ࠡ੒೯ᒤ໮Δ Ոඅๅ࿨ዌࢤऱॴᡶࡉૻࠫΖٵழΔᨃݳՠඒஃڇრᢝፖᨠរՂڶԱᄅ᠏᧢ፖၲ

ࢷΔץਔΚૹਕ۞ॾΙᎁᢝࠩޢଡԳຟਢवऱ׌᧯Ι᧯ᎁԱՖࢤऱஇႨچۯਢլ

։ഏᤄऱΔڂۖൕ۞ݺრᢝऱᤚᙌ᠏Եᖞ᧯Ֆࢤംᠲऱ৸ەΙኙิ៣ขسូ᥆ტ

֖֗ᓩΙࠀ׊Δ᧯᧭ԱՖࢤຘመႃ᧯յ೯ᖂ฾ױ৬مઌյ֭਍ጻ࿮Ζ

۟࣍Ղ૪Ֆࢤᏺ౨෼ွڕ۶ขسΛࠉᖕ؄ଡఄܑᓰ࿓ፖඒޗ๻ૠऱ଺ॣዌ৸

ृΚ୙ᖠᡇΰ2002αਐנΔᅝॣ໌ᙄψ؆ᤄᄅ୞س੒ᔞᚨఄωؾऱڇشᎁᢝխ֮

੡໾տΔআࠌڔଚດዬ౨۞׌࿇ᜢΔݮګิ៣Δࠀ੡۞ߪञ࠷ᦞ墿ΙٍܛΔᨃڔ ଚߨנࡰمऱ๠ቼΔݮګ۞׌ऱ۩೯ृא֗ႃ᧯ΖڂڼΔඒޗऱփ୲։ګଡԳΕ ୮அΕष೴֗षᄎ؄ଡ૿ٻΔޢଡ૿ٻطԲ۟Կᓰऱ׌ᠲิګΖᖂ୉៶طഗءᢝ ڗ੒೯Δٵழᎁᢝፖ۞ߪ່၀֊ऱ୮அࡉष೴֮֏Εՠ܂Δא֗ፕ᨜षᄎऱඒߛΕ ᆖᛎΕਙएᖲᣂፖࠫ৫Δࠀፖࣟতࠅषᄎၞ۩ֺለΰ୙ᖠᡇΔ2002Κ210αΖ׼ֱ

૿Δຘመݳՠಝᒭᓰ࿓ፖᦰ஼ᄎ࿛੒೯ഛಝᢝڗఄඒஃΰܦભႆΔ2001αΖ ᛀီܦભႆΰ2001αઔߒࢬ൓࿨࣠Κᢝڗඒߛհࢬאᄎขسᏺ౨ऱ܂شΔࠀ ॺ១໢چലᖂ฾ृፖඒᖂृ࣋Եඒᖂऱ෼໱ۖբΔൕᓰ࿓෻࢚Εᓰ࿓๻ૠΔࠩඒ ᖂച۩Δԯ۟ඒஃഛಝԫሁڬጹ଺ॣऱඒߛؾऱΖྥۖΔᛀီࠡᓵ֮ࢬ٨נհॣΕ խΕ೏Կ్ᓰ࿓ਮዌ।Δ׌ᠲۿ׏ೣૹ࣍ᎁᢝፖሀഏദৗഡՖ෼ڇ๠ቼઌᣂऱ؆

ڇऱ׈੺Δڕ۞աऱ୮அΕധ୮ऱषᆖणउΕભᖺԳ֮ᆖᛎΕፕ᨜ऱඒߛ᠔᛭᧯

ࠫΕषቸΕ۩ਙᖲᣂΕၡਙ८ᘜΕषᄎЯഡՖΔࣚ೭խ֨Εՠ܂ፖ໌ᄐΖᖂ฾ृ

ଡԳփڇऱ൶౉Δፖٵᕦၴऱઌյ෻ᇞፖᖂ฾Δۿ׏լڇᓰ࿓๻ૠऱ׌ᖂ฾հփΔ ឈྥᓰഘխٍڜඈኙ࣍ٺᇠڻՂᓰᖂ฾׌ᠲऱಘᓵ໢ցΖྥૉ૞আګᏺ౨ऱছ

༼ΚψრᢝᤚᙌωΔଡԳ堚ᄑऱ۞ݺඖᎅᚨ᥆ૹ૞ցైΔᇨڕ୙ࣥ堚ࢬߢΚψ໌ທය

ٙװ֭਍ԫଡԳດޡ堚ཐچ۞ݺඖᎅΔլႛ׽ਢ༇ૹԫଡԳ۞׌چᙇᖗࠡسࡎഗ ᓳऱᦞԺΔ،ޓਢԫଡԳ່ڶױ౨ലسࡎऱᐥඨፖܓ墿ᖞٽ෼ߪऱԫጟଡԳ֏ऱ

ֱऄωΰ୙ࣥ堚Δ2002Κ141αΖࠀ׊ၞԫޡڕ۶֧ၞሀഏദৗഡՖऱئഏᆖ᧭Δ א࠰ܗࠡൕڍցီߡխขسᏺ౨ऱ܂شΔՈਢᏁ૞ޓᎁట৸౉ऱΖ

ણă˘࣎ྭ઼૓ބொϔିֈ၁ኹ९ּ

ʙăї੝ࠂՀǨ቞ുڟ௩ࡎჄઈї!

)Ι*ೣგ౩܈!

ഗ࣍Ղ૪ኙ࣍ഏփሀഏദৗ෼ွऱ֘ઊࡉڍց֮֏ඒߛ෻࢚Δ࿝ृࡉᏥભ॑

ᝑஃԯ࣍ 2002 ڣ 8 ִ߱ 12 ִ੡೏ႂᄅᘋष೴Օᖂ٥ٵ๵ቤ๻ૠψ֮֏հளΚႜ

ᦫ؆ᤄഡՖΰᄅ୞αऱᜢଃωፖψฆഏദৗፖ֮֏٦᧯᧭Κፖءچࡺا٥ٵᖂ฾ω

ࠟ॰ᓰԼԶၜࠟᖂ։ᓰ࿓Δ៶طᓰ࿓ऱڜඈΔআګሀഏദৗഡՖࡉءچࡺاၴऱ ኙᇩፖյ೯Δᏺၞ࢖ڼၴऱ෻ᇞΔၞۖഛ塄ᖂ୉ڍց֮֏ై塄ΖᇡۖߢհΔψ֮֏

հளωᓰ࿓ؾᑑڶԿΚ1.࠰ܗᖂ୉ᛵᇞሀഏദৗฝاऱسࡎ๠ቼΙ2.আၞᖂ୉࿇୶ ڍց֮֏ऱسࡎီມፖ༇ૹฆഏ֮֏ऱኪ৫Ιא֗ 3.ഛ塄ᖂ୉ګ੡࠰ܗሀഏദৗ

ഡՖऱጟતݳՠΖۖψฆഏദৗፖ֮֏٦᧯᧭ωᓰ࿓ؾᑑঞ੡Κ1.៶طፕ᨜ءچ

֖ࣛऱ࠰ܗΔᏺၞሀഏദৗഡՖฝاၞԵፕ᨜୮அषᄎऱإٻᔞᚨᖵ࿓Ι2.আၞ

ሀഏദৗഡՖխ֮፿ߢ౨Ժፖ۞ݺ।ሒ౨ԺऱᏺףΔא֗ 3.ឩ୶ሀഏദৗഡՖኙ

࣍ڍց֮֏ऱ෻ᇞΖࠟ॰ᓰՕຝ։ආٽఄՂᓰֱڤΔ֟ຝ։ᓰ։ၲՂᓰΙඒᖂֱ

ऄঞאቸ᧯ࡉ՛ิ։ࠆΕಘᓵΕኙᇩΕᢄ྽Δԯ۟ߡۥފዝ࿛ቸ᧯೯Ժֱڤၞ۩Δ ݦඨ៶طቸ᧯ᖵ࿓আګᖂ୉ڇڍցፖ஁ฆխ୶ၲᖂ฾ΰᇡߠ। 1αΖ

)Π*፞แޟஈ՗௑ל!

ࠟ॰ᓰ࿓ԫၲࡨሖࠩऱംᠲਢሀഏദৗഡՖऱࢵسࠐᄭ੡۶Λط࣍ष೴Օᖂ ൕټጠՂۿ׏լਢڔଚ૞װ೶ፖᖂ฾ऱ़ၴΔࢵسመ࿓խீֱឈڍֱ৙ႚΔࠀᘣ

۞ਈ๶ԫࠄሀഏദৗഡՖΔྥၲᖂհᎾս޲ڶࢵࠩᖂسΔڂڼषՕԯፖإᘋഏ՛

࠰೸Δፖࠡψ؆ᤄᄅ୞റఄω৬ඒٽ܂ΔଗشࠡޢၜԿڻՂᓰհԫڻՂᓰழၴΔ

࣍ਢψሀഏദৗፖ֮֏٦᧯᧭ωᓰ༉אൄᢝᓰ੡ᠲΔၞԵറఄऱඒᖂΖ

ڇᖂ୉ऱ೶ፖൣउՂΔ᜔٥ڶԼټءچഡՖ೶ፖψ֮֏հளωΔڣધൕԿԼք ᄣࠩնԼԫᄣΔԿۯآദΕࠡהઃբദΙԼԿټࠐ۞ࠟଡറఄሀഏദৗഡՖ೶ፖ ψฆഏദৗፖ֮֏٦᧯᧭ωΖྥؘۖႊᎅࣔऱਢΔڇፖݺଚٽ܂ऱإᘋഏ՛ف༡ဎ

۔ஃܘԺࢵسՀΔຬᥛנஂءఄऱሀഏദৗഡՖٽૠམᆖ೏ሒԲԼԿԳΖլመΔ ڇԫଡִփ༉ڶԼԳխᔗΔץਔքԳڂ୮அڂైΔڕسขΰԲԳαΕჺװ؆ᗼؑΰԫ ԳαΕؘႊᅃ᥽ࢋΰԲԳαΕ՛৘֜՛ΰԫԳαΔԲԳڂՠ܂ΕԲԳڂ፿ߢ࿓৫᎔լ ՂΔא֗ԫԳ଺ڂլࣔխᔗΖڂڼΔటإ೶ፖءᓰ࿓ऱሀഏദৗഡՖႛڶԼԿټΔ ڣ᤿ൕԲԼᄣࠩԿԼԮᄣΔ։ܑࠐ۞။তΰքۯαΕٱ؍ΰࠟۯαΕ್ࠐ۫ࠅΰࠟ

ۯαΕਭཏንΰࠟۯαΕՕຬΰԫۯαΔࠡխࠟۯ޲՛৘Δ塒ઃڶԫΕԲۯ՛৘Δ່

՛ڣ᤿ൕ؄ଡִࠩնᄣΖ

ءᓰ࿓๻ૠፖച۩ආ࠰ٵֱڤၞ۩Ζඒᖂቸၷګ୉ץਔԿۯඒஃፖԫۯܗ

ඒΖޢڻՂᓰছת՛ழݺଚಘᓵࠃ٣๻ૠړऱඒᖂ੒೯๻ૠΔ༉෼໱णउ܂ԫᓳ

ᖞΖ଺ఄ۔ஃᖜٚᨠኘ୉ऱߡۥΔࠀ༼ࠎఄՂሀഏദৗഡՖᖂ฾௽ࢤઌᣂಛஒΙ ޢഘᓰऱඒᖂ੒೯๻ૠঞطભ॑ፖݺ٥ٵࢨᔚੌᐷᐊࠀၞ۩ඒᖂ੒೯ΔޢڻࠟԳ

݁נஂᓰഘΙܗඒ೏ஃՕ໑Փسຫᄭྋঞ࠰ܗඒᖂ੒೯ऱၞ۩ࠀᖜٚಖᙕՠ܂Ζ

ۖݺٍޢၜᐷᐊضມֲ፾Δ֘৸ඒᖂխሖࠩऱംᠲፖᇞެຜஉΖޢڻՂݙᓰඒᖂ ቸၷ᜔ਢمܛ࣍ᓰ৵։ࠆಘᓵኙᇠڻՂᓰऱᨠኘΔൄߠऱൣݮਢᓰ৵Δඒஃፖٵ ᖂᆢፋڇᖂீऱઠഘᤉᥛಘᓵᓰഘխऱ࿇෼ΖڇآՂᓰழၴΔঞຘመሽ՗ၡٙ։

ࠆଡԳऱઊ৸Δൕۖ༈ޣ࠰ٵඒᖂխऱ٥ᢝΖ

ഗ࣍۩೯ઔߒਢԫଡലᄅऱუऄլឰچ࣋Եྒྷᇢऱၲ࣋ࡉ਍ᥛऱመ࿓Δؾऱ ڇ࣍ޏၞኔ೭Δࠀ׊ᏺၞኙ࣍ઔߒ׌ᠲवᢝऱ෻ᇞΔءઔߒመ࿓ࠉ༛๵ቤΰެࡳ

ڕ۶๠෻ംᠲαΕ۩೯ΰᐌ۩ૠ྽αΕᨠኘΰࣹრࠀಖᙕࢬ࿇سऱࠃൣαΔא֘৸ΰ։

࣫࿨࣠ࡉଥإՀԫଡ۩೯༛ᛩऱૠ྽αऱ଺ঞၞ۩ΰKuhne & Quigley, 1997αΖڂ ڼΔឈྥءᓰ࿓ڇࢵسհছբݙګॣޡ๵ቤΔྥᙟထᓰ࿓ऱၲ୶Δݺଚ೚Աઌᅝ

༏৫ऱଥإΰٺ໢ց׌ᠲ᧢೯ൣݮᇡߠ। 1αΖ

ءᓰ࿓ڂۖၲ୶נאՀ༓ଡၸ੄Κรԫၸ੄ױټհ੡ψฆ֮֏ॣ൶ωΔܶਔร ԫ۟รնഘᓰΔԯ༉ለᐖऑऱᓰᠲᖿ࿇ᖂ୉ऱ೯ᖲΔআګڔଚઌյᎁᢝΔၞۖኙ ٺ۞֮֏ฆٵڶࠄॣޡऱᎁᢝΖรԲၸ੄੡ψՖԳፖദৗω Δܶਔรք۟รԶഘᓰΔ

ࠡխรքഘᓰ፿ߢऱಮ؈Δ࢏ᥛ֮֏஁ฆᤜᠲΔࠀࢭ൷Աรնഘᓰ଺ၢᆖ᧭ऱ։

ࠆխ֧נऱψ؆ᤄᄅ୞ωԫဲࢬ૜سऱൣፃംᠲΖؾऱڇ࠰ܗᖂ୉ሀ။ගᆢऱᡲ

੺Δ᧯ᄎࠩՖࢤڇദৗխ٥ٵऱسࡎ๠ቼΔၞۖ࿇୶ઌյၴऱٵ෻֨ΖรԿၸ੄

੡ψԳፖᛩቼऱᣂএωΔྡྷរൕპᨠऱଡԳᐋڻฝנΔࢮՕࠩଡԳፖᛩቼऱᣂএΔ א֗ٺ۞ऱ֮֏௽ۥΔܶਔร԰۟รԼԫഘᓰΖૹរڇ࣍ሂๅ٣ছᣂ࣍ଡԳദৗ

ፖ୮அհለ੡ߏᏆ഑ऱ൶౉Δۖດዬ᠏ٻ؆ڇس੒ᛩቼΔൕߠᖫࠩߠࣥΔၲ୶ଡ ԳऱسࡎီມΖร؄ၸ੄੡ψଡܑᤜᠲऱ෡Ե൶ߒωΔൕรԼԿ۟รԼնഘᓰΔࢬ

๠෻ऱᓰᠲܶਔΚऄ৳Εࢤܑࡉ՗Ֆඒ塄Δຍࠄᓰᠲ݁ਢᙟထᓰ࿓ऱၲ୶ດዬ௬

נΔ׊ڶؘ૞ᑢ堚ृΖรնၸ੄ঞਢψጵٽڃ᥽ωΔܶਔรԼք۟รԼԶഘᓰΔૹ

រڇ࣍ᖂ୉ኙᓰ࿓ᖞ᧯ऱ֘৸Δࠀআګٵᕦၴၞԫޡઌյऱ෻ᇞΖ

ے1! ቞ു౐˯̺ᖠ௣࿒Ⴤဂᄬઈїဇັے

්Щ ࢨϑأΡᕏణ௩ࡎ

˞౐˯̺ᖠ ဂᄬဂފ˞౐˯̺ᖠ ቞ുቡጌڟࢨϰ ᓰ࿓տฯΕ֮֏ٖ܌Օ

᧯᧭Κฝاᆖ᧭ऱ൶ಘ ΰءچഡՖα!

ᓰ࿓տฯΕ֮֏ٖ܌Օ᧯

᧭Κฝاᆖ᧭ऱ൶ಘΰءچ ഡՖα!

۞ݺտฯխᓫ֗ຝ։ऱᔢฝ ΰ଺ၢαᆖ᧭!

1

ᓰ࿓տฯΰ؆ᤄഡՖα ࡸآՂᓰΰ಻ٽഏ՛ᇖீၞ

৫հਚα!

..!

ݺױא੡؆ᤄഡՖΰᄅ

୞α೚ԫࠄࠃΚڍ፿ඒ ᖂ᎖ᖄհ଺ঞΰءچഡ Ֆα!

ሀഏദৗഡՖس੒ᔞᚨ૿૿

ᨠΰءچഡՖα!

ᏺၞءچഡՖኙ࣍؆ᤄԳՓ ፖഡՖऱ෻ᇞΙ଺٣๻ૠۿ׏

ለ੡ପআΔᖂ୉ᄷໂ৫ࡸլ ߩΖ!

2

ՖࢤፖฝاЯᔢฝΕ֮

֏ٖ܌٦᧯᧭ΰሀഏദ

ৗഡՖα!

ᖂ୉࢖ڼᎁᢝፖᓰ࿓տฯ ΰሀഏദৗഡՖα!

଺٣รԫഘᓰփ୲!

3 ݺऱࡪࡢΚధೈषᄎࠥ

ࣨٱွ! ݺऱࡪࡢΚ֮֏஁ฆլ࿕࡛ࠥࣨٱွਢ૤૿ऱΔլڕס᧩

࢖ڼऱ஁ฆࠐ൓ૹ૞!

4 ڔڇᎅչᏖΚ፿ߢऱಮ

؈!

ٵխڶฆΕฆխڶٵΚ֮֏

ՕᨠႼ!

࢏ᥛՂڻՂᓰ׌ᠲ!

֮֏਋ᒌΰءچഡՖα!

࠰ܗءچᖂ୉ڃ᥽ᖞ෻መװ

؄ഘᓰऱᆖ᧭Δאބנၞԫޡ ᖂ฾ऱഗ៕!

5 ݺൕୌᇙࠐΚ଺ၢᆖ᧭

ऱ։ࠆ! ݺൕୌᇙࠐΚ଺ၢᆖ᧭ऱ։

ࠆΰሀഏദৗഡՖα!

։ఄᨃሀഏദৗഡՖڇለٵ ᔆࢤऱቸ᧯խ։ࠆ଺ၢᆖ᧭!

6 ৄؑደሏΚᎁᢝ೏ႂ! ڔڇᎅչᏖΚ፿ߢऱಮ؈!

ڼ੡଺٣ร؄ഘᓰփ୲Ζ൷Ղ

؆ᤄഡՖ଺ၢᆖ᧭ऱ։ࠆΙء چࡺاঞ੡ၞԫޡፋྡྷᖂ฾!

7 ݺऱ୮ JΚष೴ᇷᄭᒧ! ՖԳፖݺଚऱദৗਚࠃ! ࢏ᥛՂഘᓰ੒೯ψݺଚऱਚ!

ࠃωΔᖄԵദৗ׌ᠲ!

8 ݺࠐ۞ऱچֱ JΚڍഏ֮

֏֗ଅঋհຑ࿨!

ദৗፖ୮அΚݺऱദৗݺऱ ୮!

࢏ᥛՂഘᓰ׌ᠲၞԫޡ࿇୶ ٵ෻֨!

9 ݺࠐ۞ऱچֱ IIΚڍഏ

֮֏֗ଅঋհຑ࿨

ݺऱس੒़ၴΚൕჺ୮ᆖ᧭

ᓫದ!

ലྡྷរൕპᨠऱଡԳᐋڻΔࢮ ՕࠩଡԳፖᛩቼऱյ೯ᣂএ!

්Щ ࢨϑأΡᕏణ௩ࡎ

˞౐˯̺ᖠ ဂᄬဂފ˞౐˯̺ᖠ ቞ുቡጌڟࢨϰ 10 ࡪࡢנሏΚ؆ᤄഡՖณ

խऱ೏ႂ ݺࢬवሐऱ೏ႂ! ࢏ᥛՂഘᓰ෻࢚ΔൎᓳଡԳፖ ᛩቼऱᣂএ!

11

ءچ؆ഏԳ VS.؆ഏء چԳΚ֮֏ሀ੺ᤜᠲऱ

൶ಘ

ݺࠐ۞ऱچֱΚڍഏ֮֏֗

ଅঋհຑ࿨!

ലီມࢮՕࠩٺ۞ऱ堬ଇ֮

֏௽ۥ!

12 ֮֏࡙ؑ! ֮֏࡙ؑԳߪڜ٤! ૥ᄅᘋषՕՂᓰڶႃ᧯נሏ ऱრ࠺Ιᠲؾլਢݺଚ๻ૠऱ!

13 ᆏֲᐜࠢտฯ! ؆ᤄᄅ୞ઌᣂऄחᝑ඄ΰၲ

࣋࿯ࠡהᇖீᖂ୉ፖඒஃα!

଺ءऱᓰ࿓հԫ໢ցΙᖵڻՂ ᓰტ࠹ࠩڼ׌ᠲऱૹ૞ࢤΙຑ

࿨ଡԳፖᛩቼ!

14 ݺऱ୮ JJΚദৗᒧ! ࢤܑᄗ࢚ፖࢤܑᖙ܂! ڃᚨψԳߪڜ٤ωᓰࢬܧ෼ऱ ࢤܑᤜᠲ!

׼ԫጟᜢଃΚ୮ග׌ᆠ ፖᄅฝاᤜᠲΰءچഡ Ֆα!

15

ݺऱ୮ JJJΚऄ৳ᒧΰሀ ഏദৗഡՖα!

ඒ塄՗ՖΚൕ՛৘ऱس੒᎖

ᖄၲࡨ!

ڼ੡࢏ᥛՂഘᓰࢤܑᄗ࢚Δຑ

࿨ࠩᖂ୉ࢬᣂ֊ऱ՗Ֆඒ塄!

16 آࠐ୶ඨΚڍց֮֏᧯

᧭ऱڃ᥽! ᎅ᝔᝔ऱ 212 ጟֱऄ! ᓰ࿓ດዬگݠΔᣂࣹ֮֏஁ฆ ፖٵᕦᣂএ!

17 ..! ءᖂཚᓰ࿓ऱڃ᥽! ጵٽᖞ෻հش!

18 ..! 塊ඖ!

ᖂ୉ެࡳΕᜤᓩࢤᔆΔᇖᚍร 22 ၜآ౨ך։ࠆ࠹ٺഏભଇ հᖌ!

ုΚൕء।ऱֺለױ઎נΔኔᎾച۩հٺၜ׌ᠲհၴܧ෼೏৫ऱຑክࢤΖ଺٣ऱร 7Ε9Ε 13ࡉ 15 ၜऱ׌ᠲࠀ޲ڶڇᓰഘխኔਜΙร 6Ε10 ࡉ 11 ঞ๯ؚཋڇร 4Ε5Ε6 ࡉ 10 ၜխၞ۩Ζ

ʠă˷ٙჄਆባ!

)Ι*ᏰষᏰಬޟԙਝ!

༉ᖂ୉ऱ೶ፖൣݮۖߢΔءچᖂ୉ᖞᖂཚऱנஂ෷ሒ 90%אՂΔ׽ڶԫۯ࣍

່৵ԿഘᓰڂئᘣسఐۖխᔗΖ۟࣍ሀഏദৗഡՖֱ૿ΔԼԿۯᖂ୉խԫۯ࣍Լ ԫִၴڃ଺سഏΕԫۯڂ፿ߢᚘԺ࣍ԼԲִڃئఄՂᓰΕԿۯঞڂ੡୮Գլ౨෻

ᇞءᓰ࿓ऱ෻࢚࣍ԼִՀڲխᔗΰᇡ૪ڕ৵αΙࠡ塒਍ᥛ೶ፖࠩཚأृঞڶԮۯΔ ڔଚऱנஂ෷ঞሒࠩ 84%ؐ׳Ζ۟࣍ᖂ୉ઌյ෻ᇞൣݮঞਢዬԵࠋቼΔٵᖂଚᙟ ထᓰ࿓ऱၞ୶طၲࡨழऱ૽سΕ۞ݺ߻ᓡΔࠩᖂཚխΕ৵ၸ੄Δ࿇୶נࡪࡢൣᓩΔ ࠀኙ࢖ڼΰլٵઊᤄፖഏᤄृαऱسࡎ෼ွፖ֮֏஁ฆขسᣂᡖፖٵ෻

Ζڼൣݮ ൕאՀᖂ୉ڇᓰഘխऱ։ࠆፖյ೯խऱរዠױ౿۸ᢞΖ

ڇร؄ഘᓰψ֮֏ՕᨠႼωٵᖂլಖټऱڃ墅໢ܧ෼נ༓ႈᖂ฾Κ1.ኙլٵ

֮֏ڶለڍऱवᢝΰȨךϞϺ΢ֹፐࡐᑫᏟǴᕕှόӕޑЎϯ஥ٰ๏ךࡐӭ௲ػǴ ᡣך᝺ளٰ΢ፐࡐԖཀࡘȩΔ៬᤟Δ။তᤄڣ᎘ააαΙ2.෻ᇞլٵऱ֮֏ऱฆٵ ΰȨ೭୸ፐǴךว౜ךჹԾρޑ୯ৎς࿶೴ᅌޑᇻǴϸԶჹᆵ᡼ޑᕕှӭǴ᝺ளࡐ ҧᖍǴӢࣁჹԾρޑ୯ৎόᕕှǴќБय़Ǵᡣךว౜Α೭ᗺǶ᝺ள໒ЈǴᕕှډ ࡨࡨࣁϙሶᐨરᒲǾǾǶȩΔ್ࠐ۫ࠅᤄڣ᎘ააαΙא֗ 3.ൣტऱٌੌΰȨᡣ؂΋

ঁΓᏃໆޑᇥрԾρޑགྷݤᆶ܌ޕၰޑ܎߈ϕ࣬ᜢ߯Ǵ੃ନ۶Ԝޑढ़ғག᝺ȩΔፕ

᨜ॳ৐ΙȨךϞϺѐ΢ፐག᝺ࡐז኷Ǵӭޕၰ΋ᗺ೭ኬωࡐז኷ǶȩΔ៬᤟Δ။ত ᤄڣ᎘ააαΖ

ڇรԶഘᓰΔൕಘᓵऱመ࿓խױტ࠹ࠩቸ᧯ऱॾٚტყࠐყړΔ᥆࣍ଡԳऱ سࡎਚࠃყࠐყ୲࣐๯༿᥻Ζ֠ࠡΔڣ᎘აა۞ྥچᎅנڔଚ჌ࠐፕ᨜࠹ࠩඈ؞

ऱტ࠹Ζᓰ࿓ၞ۩խ࿇سԫ༺ڴΔ။তᤄڣ᎘ააቯቯΰ೗ټα׌೯ీנࠐ૞Օ ୮ᚥڦᇞެԫۯ֖ࣛऱ୮அംᠲΖ૿ኙቯቯ༼נऱଡூࠡኔՕ୮ࠀլ౨టإᚥ൓

ՂڦΔྥۖᆖಘᓵΔᓰ࿓ಘᓵൕխ࢏ۼ۟ᖂ୉ଚ٥ຏऱ๠ቼፖൣፃऱ෻ᇞΔڕ੡

1 ӧӅӕ΢ፐޑಃΒ୸ፐǴ΋Տຫࠄᝤ஁ζวܴΑᏢ঩໔۶ԜޑᆀᒏǺϕᆀȨԃᇸ༰༰ȩᆶȨᆵ

᡼ߓ࠰ȩǶԜࡕǴεৎ֡аԜΒᆀᒏ࣬ᆀǴځύ᝶֖ޑ๓ཀǴઇନȨѦᝤཥাʏ஁ζʏ༲஁ȩ ᆀᒏύȨдޣȩޑཀ఼ǴΨ՟Яуೲ܎߈۶ԜޑЈ౛ຯᚆǶ

ԳგഡΕψ؆ᤄᄅ୞ωΙቯቯՈᤚ൓ംᠲ࠹ࠩૹီΔՕ୮ࠀ൓ࠩ٦ԫڻއ࿇ऱᖲᄎΔ ᏺၞ࢖ڼઌյݿ਍ऱტ࠹ΖၞԫޡΔᖂ୉઎ৱംᠲऱณ੺ດዬ๯ؚၲΔൕᇞެം

ᠲࠩ༼ࣙࠩଡԳऱॾ֨ΔԺၦ๯ᖿ࿇נࠐΔאՀਢڔଚΰࢬڶټڗ݁੡೗ټαኙ ᇩऱׂ੄Κ

჏჏Ǻךޑܻ϶༬ΑΟѤԃᗋؒԖλ࠸ǴԖ΋ՏλژѤΜ൳ྃǴε༳ວ ޑ܈ฆޑܿՋ೿೏ӴλژஒӳޑࡷوӞǴӴᗋाඹλژࢱՊܺǵ᏾౛܊

໔ǴՠλژჹӴޑᄊࡋཱུό϶๓ǴόޕεৎԖؒԖҺՖࡌ᝼ǻ

ЎЎǺёаፎԴϦჹλژᇥǴҺՖ୯ৎޑΓ೿ࢂΓǴдޑ܊໔໶Ǵᒿд ѐǼȐࢍදჵᝤȑ

ذذǺёаӃ૸ፕচӢǴӴӃғᗋ҂୾೭٤٣௃೿ࢂፔ଺ǻȐຫࠄᝤȑ

჏჏Ǻၸѐ೿ࢂҗܻ϶Ӄғޑۊۊ଺Ǵՠ่ஆࡕдۊۊ൩ཚрѐΑǶǾǾ ჹܻ϶೭ኬགډࡐЈለǴӢࣁܻ϶ޑৎΓӄ೿ઠӧλژ೭ᜐǶ!

ҏᢛǺЬाࢂӢࣁӴؒԖӛৎύޑΟՏتΓȐӃғǵϦϦǵλژȑᇥр Ӵޑሡ؃ǾǾǶȐᆵ᡼ߓ࠰ȑ!

ЎЎǺλژёૈ൩ࢂᇡࣁӴࢂѦΓǴ܌аӳුॄǶ

ذذǺ೭٤٣ךॺѦΓࢂᔅό΢ԆޑǴԶЪᇥӴࢂѦΓࢂλژᇥޑΞό

ࢂӴӃғᇥޑǴдॺᔈ၀ѐྎ೯ǾǾǶ

࣓࣓ǺѦΓ೿ᇡࣁдॺکӃғ֐ࢎǴ೿ࢂζғޑᒱ܈όӳǴΨᇡࣁךॺ ངᒲǶႽததԖΓୢךᇥǴգॺٗᜐӳόӳǻգॺࢂόࢂ೿ࡐ೦ጁǻा

К೿КόֹޑǴࡐคڼǼᆵ᡼Γ΋ޔஒךॺ௨ନӧѦǶȐຫࠄᝤȑ

ዞಹǺᆵ᡼ҁ࣪ϣΨԖϩҁ࣪ᝤǵѦ࣪ᝤǴԖਔ௲ךॺᇥᆵᇟᗋࡺཀ௲

ᒱǴྎ೯੿ޑࡐख़ाǴႽ೭٤௃׎ᇥၸࡕ൩ׯ๓ΑǶȐᆵ᡼ߓ࠰ȑ

ऍऍǺךॺाჹԾρԖߞЈѐय़ჹдΓޑ౳ӀǶٯӵךКձΓӭᇥ΋ᅿ

ᇟقǴࢂόࢂךКӴ቉্ګǻȐଭٰՋ٥ᝤȑ

ЎЎǺ؂ঁΓޑඵች೿ό΋ኬǴךॺޑ୯ৎጁǴՠΓЈόጁǴԾρा୲ மǾǾǶ

Ȑεৎ઱઱߄ҢᜅӕǶǾǾȑ

჏჏Ǻӵ݀ৎΓჹӴȐࡰܻ϶ȑӳǴ൩ࡐ۩ᅽΑǴѦΓޑ౳ӀԖ൩όᆉ ϙሶΑǼʳ

รԼԮഘᓰΔءچᖂ୉ྱ౼։ࠆࠩΚψ྽߃ԾρࢂࣁΑᔅԆԶٰޑǴаࣁԾρ ӭԖૈΚωว౜ךॺӧӴॺي΢ᏢډӳӭǴ׳ಒᑨӦག᝻ᢀჸԾρӳӭ٣ؒ࿘

ډǴคவགྷႽǴ࣮ډ߄ຝǴவཥᆪளډǾǾǶȩǹ׼ԫۯآദऱᑾ๙ঞ༼ࠩΚȨচ

ٰ่ஆ౛җԭԭᅿᅿǴࣁΑׯᡂғࢲᕉნǵኆኊќ΋ᕉნǴόࢂࣁΑᠰངǶচӃ аࣁךॺޑНྗଯၸܿࠄ٥୯ৎǴՠว౜ǴךॺғࢲНྗଯǴՠ௲ᎦНྗؒԖග

ܹǶωΙءچ܇ᖧ੷۟ڇᓰഘՂֆၲمݳΚψाתᄽȬమዅΓ঩ȭǴոΚѐ኱ᠸϯǴ ׯᡂ୯ΓჹȬѦᝤཥাȭऱᨠរΖωΙࠡ塒ءچᖂ୉ٍڶԲΕԿۯߏՀ೚ٵᑌऱ।

قΖ

߷֚ᖂ୉ଚ٦ڻ༼ࠩڇՂԫഘᓰխΔᦫֲࠩؓާᚈऱٱ؍ᤄڣ᎘აა୲୲࣍

ኙՕ୮।قऱტᖿΚψᆵ᡼ߓ࠰চҁόሡाٰ΢೭ኬޑፐǴՠգॺ؂ԛ೿ٰǴᡣך όӳཀࡘόٰǴᖴᖴգॺǼωழ֨෻ऱტ೯Ζ။তᤄቯቯၞۖ।ሒࠡՂᓰ֨൓Κ ψך

᝺ளךٰ΢ፐࡕགྷݤᡂளԋዕΑǴΨКၨ཮ѐ߄ၲ΋ҹ٣௃ωΖᖞᖂཚՂՀࠐΔᖂ

୉ၴྤጊچขسઌᅝߜړऱᣂএΔ࢖ڼၴઌյ෻ᇞፖٵ෻ΖڂڼΔཚأ່৵ԫഘ ᓰΔઌյᝮપᤉᥛ໴ټ೶ፖՀᖂཚᓰ࿓Ζᖂ୉რᢝࠩءᓰ࿓ऱᏺ౨܂شΔڕٵ။

তᤄڣ᎘ააߐߐࢬߢΚψႽך᠋ډձΓᇥ೭ኬޑፐำ཮עךॺ௲ᚯǴՠؒᒤݤ

֔Ǵ൩ࢂς࿶วғΑωΔፕ᨜ॳ৐܇ᖧᇿထᎅΚψӵ݀ৎΓό཮ᇡࣁךॺ௲ᚯգॺǴ

ٗ׆ఈ೭ঁፐำૈᝩុΠѐǴԶգॺΨૈӭ஥΋٤ܻ϶ٰୖуǶωངߢհΔᖂ୉

ଚڇ஁ฆխބࠩٺ۞ऱᎁٵፖઌյऱ෻ᇞΔᏺ౨ऱ܂شբດዬڇᖂ฾ृߪՂขسΖ )Π*፞แᇄఀᏰޟ੫Փ!

ᛀီءᓰ࿓ၞ୶ൣݮΔ଺٣๵ቤ෻࢚ᆵኔ࣍ඒᖂൣቼխΔൕ۩೯խၲ୶נࠐ

ऱᓰ࿓๻ૠፖඒᖂ௽ۥڕڻΚ

ࠡԫΔא֮֏ऱ஁ฆፖڍց੡ছ༼ΔൕٵխޣฆΕฆխޣٵΔࠨᖿᖂ୉֘៿

৸ᙃΔឩՕڔଚኙ࣍ڍց֮֏෼ွऱᎁᢝፖ෻ᇞΔࠀขسԱઌᅝऱ܂شΔᇨڕፕ

᨜ॳ৐ᙤ֮ڃ᥽ࢬᖂਐנΔȨ྽߃аࣁȬѦᝤཥাȭᆶךॺғࢲಞᄍ௲ػৡձεǶ ࡕٰว౜ǺৡձࢂךॺགྷႽрٰޑǴᏢΑࡕԖշܭᢀۺޑᙶమǶȩᓰ࿓խམ૿ኙ ऱ֮֏ڍցࢤܶਔΚගᆢΰࣟতࠅΕፕ᨜Εءઊ֮֏ፖฑޘ֮֏αࡉषᄎߡۥΰࢤ

ܑΕբദፖآദߪ։Ε׀ئፖ՗ՖαऱڍᑌࢤΖࢬڶ׌ᠲڬጹ஁ฆፖڍցຍছ༼Ζ

֠ࠡΔ଺٣ᓰ࿓๻ૠࠀآ௫֗ฑޘ֮֏Δྥڂፕ᨜ॳ৐ᅝխڶԫࡺ۰ฑޘृΔ۞

ྥچڇᓰ࿓ၞ۩խቔᚐࠡ։ࠆฑޘᗑڶऱᆖ᧭Δڕᖂፕ፿ऱᔡሖࡉᗑ௽ऱ堬ଇ฾

ክΔطڼޓ᠆༄ءᓰ࿓ڍց֮֏ऱփොΖ

ࠡԲΔאᖂ୉س੒ᆖ᧭੡נ࿇រΔൕۖᖄԵઌᣂऱᖂ฾ᠲޗΔࠀᖕא๻ૠ໢

ցᖂ฾੒೯Ζڇٺ໢ցխՕၦሎشᖂ୉ᗑ௽ऱፖ٥ٵऱᆖ᧭Δ܂੡ף෡Εףᐖᖂ

฾ऱ໾տΙࠀאᓰ৵܂ᄐ೚੡ຑ࿨ᖂ୉ᆖ᧭ፖՀԫ໢ցᖂ฾׌ᠲհشΔۖڇՀԫ ഘᓰᖕא๻ૠګᄊߪ੒೯Δ٦ڻ໌ທᖂ୉ଡԳᆖ᧭ፖᖂ฾ైޗऱຑ࿨ࢤΔڕڼհ Հٺ໢ց׌ᠲݮګઌᥛઌسऱᣂএΖᤝڕΚڇรԿഘᓰऱψ֮֏஁ฆլ࿕࡛ωಘ ᓵխΔᖂ୉ᓫࠩፕ᨜ऱឳᄏ۫ਜ෼ွΔڇࠡ৵ऱร؄ഘᓰψ֮֏ՕᨠႼω࢏ᥛڼ ԫ׌ᠲΔᨃᖂ୉ऱ׌᧯ᆖ᧭൓ᤉᥛ࿇ཀΔՈڂڼൕխ֧נ။তේભ௡ደऱឳᄏਚ ࠃΖ

։࣫ڼאᖂ୉س੒ᆖ᧭੡נ࿇រऱඒᖂ੒೯๻ૠΔೈᖿ࿇ᖂ୉೶ፖऱ೯ᖲ

؆Δޓૹ૞ऱਢ֧࿇ᖂ୉ኙԫٻီ੡෻ࢬᅝྥऱᆖ᧭ऱᔆጊΖᤝڕΔᖂ୉ڇψ֮

֏ՕᨠႼωᓰഘխΔ൓वឳᄏڇ။তਢૡദխԫႈৰૹ૞ऱ៖ढΔࠀᛵᇞࠩٺ۞

֮֏խپឳᄏऱ฾ঋΔధೈመװא੡׽ڶՕ׬߫׹ᖲթپឳᄏऱࠥࣨٱွΖޓૹ

૞ऱਢΔፕ᨜ॳ৐ڇຍᓰ࿓խڂ੡լឰچፖڣ᎘აა։ࠆಘᓵس੒ΰࡎαᆖ᧭Δ ኙ࣍໾᧯ࢬႚᐾऱሀഏദৗ෼ွڶԱኲྥլٵऱᨠტΙ଺٣ऱࠥࣨٱွԫڻڻچ ଷᠦΕᄅऱᎁवڕٵ਋ቹ౳ኬኬڇݮګᅝխΖᤝڕΚڇรԫڻ٥ٵՂᓰழΔፕ᨜

ॳ৐ឈቫᇢ࿯ղڣ᎘ააٵ෻֨ፖ֭਍Δྥൕլᆖრऱᓫᇩխੌ᥻נԫࠄኙሀഏ

ദৗഡՖऱࠥࣨٱွΔڕΚȨ࣮ଆٰ೿Ⴝᆵ᡼ΓȩǵȨϞϺډΑᏢਠ΋࣮ǴবԖϙሶ

ѦᝤཥাǻȩǴྥڇรնഘᓰψ֮֏਋ᒌωᓰഘխΔፕ᨜ॳ৐ྱ౼ᓫࠩΚψ҂ௗ᝻

ϐ߻ǴჹӴॺޑӑຝࢂॄय़ޑǵคշޑǶҞ߻࣮ډޑ߾ԖϺᝆϐձǴৡຯࡐεǹ ӴॺᕉნӳǵКךॺԾҗǴԖπբǹԴϦ଼நǴ٠ЪԖၰቺΞΞǶωΙᙤ֮ޓ᥻נ ԫᜭጊ༝Κψࣁϙሶௗ᝻ډޑᆶൔરൔᏤޑৡٗሶӭǻωΔۖ኉ఇՈᇿထᎅΚψࢂց ךॺௗ᝻ډޑ೿ࢂ΋ဂ۩ᅽޑΓǴࢂၨ੝ձޑ΋ဂǻωࠩԱཚأΔፕ᨜ॳ৐ऱ᠏

᧢լႛڕছࢬ૪Δ઎ࠩ࿨ദऱٺጟ଺ڂΔኙ࣍ሀഏദৗഡՖขسԱ෡֊ऱٵ෻֨Δ ޓֆၲمݳ੡ሀഏദৗഡՖװۆټ֏ۖܘԺΖ

ࠡԿΔ๻ૠٺጟլٵऱ՛ิิٽֱڤΔڕڣ᎘ააፖፕ᨜ॳ৐ٺ۞ګԫՕิΕ

ࠟࠟԫิΕᙟᖲิٽΔא֗ࠉಘᓵ׌ᠲऱᘋᔊ։ิΔᨃլٵऱ֮֏ᆖ᧭ڇ۞طፖ

ၲ࣋ऱ։ࠆΕಘᓵፖኙᇩխઌյᖿᛯΔࠀၞԫޡআګઌյᖂ฾ऱّ۴ᣂএΖڕร Լնഘᓰψඒ塄՗Ֆωආش઎ቹ஼ᎅਚࠃፖߡۥފዝֱڤΔ࠰ܗᖂ୉ൕٺ۞ऱس

੒ᆖ᧭խ֘ઊࠡᘣ՗ඒ塄ኪ৫Δ׊ൕٵᕦऱᆖ᧭խ઎ࠩ՗Ֆඒ塄ኪ৫ױ౨ऱᑌ ᎎΔࠀቫᇢൕլٵߡۥފዝխ࿇୶ߡۥ࠷ཙऱ౨ԺΖᓰഘխ٣ආڣ᎘ააፖፕ᨜

ॳ৐։ࠟՕิֱڤΔٺ۞ފዝቹׂխააፖ՛৘ऱߡۥΖࠡ৵Δࠟิ։ܑ༉ࢬފ ዝऱߡۥኙቹׂၞ۩ᑓᚵኙᇩΙᖂ୉س೯।ዝፖᑷ֊࿇ߢመ࿓Δլ܀Ꮕ౨֘ਠנ ԫࠄ׀ئڇࡉ՗ՖᄮຏழऱటኔൣནΔޓআګᖂ୉ၲ࣋چലࠡᆖ᧭ፖუऄ।ሒנ ࠐΖڼጟ։ิՂᓰֱڤլႛআګٽ܂ᖂ฾Δޓڂჸ಻ڍᑌ֏ऱ׌ᠲ๻ૠΔআګᖂ

୉ࡪࡢൣᓩऱנ෼Δڶܗ֮࣍֏ሀ੺ઌյ෻ᇞፖᎁٵΖ

ࠡ؄Δאᖂ฾ृ੡խ֨ΔඒஃᖜٚআၞृऱߡۥΔ๻ૠٺጟᖂ฾੒೯Ε࠰ܗ ᠖堚ඒᖂ੒೯խ֧࿇ऱᆖ᧭ױ౨ऱփොΔၞۖ༼ംאᖿ࿇ᖂس෡ԫᐋऱ৸ەࢨឩ Օࠡ৸ەऱᒤᡱΖ٦אรԼնഘᓰψඒ塄՗Ֆω੡ࠏΔ઎ቹᎅਚࠃऱรԫ്ቹਢ ԫۯააڇ໘؞՛৘Δ՛৘ߪலڶԫೋदΔ૿ছڶԫଡؚధऱᅹΖڇ։ิಘᓵழΔ ፕ᨜ॳ৐٣ފዝააΔڇಘᓵխ௬෼ऱ׌ᠲਢაა֘ኙ՛৘塄दΔۖॺኙदؚధ ᅹس௛Ζࠡ෻طਢֆ༅լᔞٽ塄दΕՕ՛ঁ૞๠෻Εኙ՛৘௛ጥլړΕ୲࣐९ॢ

՗Εᏺף֭נΕ૞၄֨ᅃ᥽Δࡉྤऄ९ຜள۩࿛ΖྥۖڇߡۥފዝऱٵழΔፕ᨜

ॳ৐Ո࿇෼Κ՛৘塄दਢڂ੡Ꮑ૞۴Δࢬאլ౨׽ലհᣂڇᦨ՗ᇙΖڇຍመ࿓ᅝ խΔඒஃऱߡۥႛਢլឰچᇬംംᠲΔᨃᖂ୉࿇෼۞ա໘؞՛৘હ৵టإऱ଺ڂΔ ᠖堚ඒ塄՗Ֆᣂ᝶ऱᓰᠲΖ

ࠡնΔሎشٺጟඒᖂֱऄፖ᎖ܗൻਜΔ࠰ܗڣ᎘ააᖂ฾Δࠀડధ፿ߢ֮ڗ

ኙࠡᓰഘ೶ፖऱૻࠫΖᤝڕΚආش಻ኙࡉ։ิֱڤΔᨃፕ᨜ॳ৐࠰ܗڣ᎘ააല

ࠡՑ፿।ሒ᠏֏ګ஼ᐊ֮ڗΖࠀ׊Δڶᦸ࣍፿ߢ֮ڗࠀॺഄԫऱ।ሒՠࠠΔඒᖂ መ࿓խΔ๻ૠٺጟ੒೯Δڕشֺ֫ቤᆬֱڤΔܧ෼ൣፃઌᣂऱ፿ߢΙشᢄቹֱڤΔ ܧ෼ଡԳൕ՛ࠩՕऱჺ୮ᆖ᧭ΙאሏᚭปᙇֱڤΔބנ່ൄװऱچֱΔ֗אࠋ塔

঴ᚓֱڤΔᨃՕ୮༼ംΔאᎁᢝٺ۞ഏ୮ଇढ֮֏ऱ௽ۥ࿛Ζ։࣫Ղ૪ඒᖂֱऄ ऱࠌشΔೈڶܗ࣍ડధ፿ߢ֮ڗऱૻࠫ؆Δࠀ൓אऔೈڂ፿ߢ֮ڗऱᚌႨࢬ൅ࠐ ऱᖂ฾೶ፖլؓ࿛෼ွΔޓڶܗ࣍אլٵऱߡ৫ᐖ౏ᖂ୉ऱس੒ΰࡎαᆖ᧭Ζא ร԰ഘᓰऱψቹᢄჺ୮ᆖ᧭ω੡ࠏΔኙ࣍߷ࠄᖜ֨྽൓լړࢨլवሐڕ۶شቹ྽

ֱڤ।ሒृΔլ։ഏᤄࡉՑ፿।ሒ౨ԺΔॣՀ࿝ழຟ᧩൓ڶࠄܺᣄΖᖂ୉ڇՀ࿝

հছऱ֘৸ፖڃᖋΔᨃ៱ᆖ᧭ऱ໦ದ࿓৫Δ౨ڶለຏᒌۖݙᖞऱ୶෼Ιᢄ྽མᆖ

ࡺ۰መऱ़ၴࠠڶދ୴ய࣠ΔਝױඖᎅଡԳਚࠃΔԾ࿑პࢮՕ၏ᠦΔឈ௫֗ߏയ ऱଡԳਚࠃΔ܀޲߷Ꮦ෡ΔለլᄎൾԵଡԳે༠ൣፃຝ։Δኙ࣍୭ฺΕլᣋრא

፿ߢ।ሒृΔڼጟֱڤྤฆ࣍༼ࠎԫጟ׼ᣊၴ൷ऱއ࿇ጥሐΖ )έ*፞แᇄఀᏰޟࢅᏽ!

ᛀီءᓰ࿓ΔೈԱࠠڶՂ૪௽ࢤ؆ΔٍڶૉեงዥΖଈ٣Δ೶ፖءᓰ࿓Ꮑ૞

ࠠໂഗ៕ऱ፿ߢ౨ԺΔ֠ࠡਢՑ፿౨ԺऱߜⲀፖ।ሒऱრᣋᣂ׏ᖂ฾ऱګயΖط

࣍ٚᓰඒஃآ౨༳༽ڼរΔԫၲࡨ༉ੌ؈Աຝ։፿ߢ౨Ժྤऄᇿ൓Ղऱሀഏദৗ

ഡՖᖂ୉ΖٵழΔءᓰ࿓אൄᢝᓰ੡ټ༓׏٤ྥլඒᖄᢝڗΔ࢙ီຝ։ᖂ୉፿ߢ ᖂ฾ऱᏁޣΖڼរኙᅃร԰ഘᓰ堚ഀψ୮ω࿙ᝓऱᄊߪழΔڣ᎘ააຝ։ឈྥլ ᄎຍଈዚΔྥڂ੡ڶዚဲ௧໴ΔᎁటچݻዚဲΔޓ᧩قᢝڗᖂ฾ኙڔଚսਢৰૹ

૞ऱΖڼ๠᧩෼ΔൕሀഏദৗഡՖऱᏁޣנ࿇Δ֠ࠡല፿ߢऱᖂ฾ᖞٽԵᓰ࿓੒

೯๻ૠᅝխΔױ֧࿇਍ᥛᖂ฾೯ᖲΔࠀٵޡൎ֏ڔଚऱ।ሒ౨ԺΖ

ࠡڻΔڍց֮֏ඒߛխᤖܶထᦞԺऱ૿ٻΔඒஃؘႊ堚ᄑچᤚኘࠡࢬمഗऱ षᄎ֮֏౧࿮ፖᓰ࿓๻ૠऱյ೯ᣂএΖءᓰ࿓ၞ۩ࠩรԼԿഘψ؆ᤄᄅ୞ઌᣂऄ חωழΔڂ੡؆ᆤ৳ஃࠩீዝᝑΔඒᖂቸၷᎁ੡ᖲᄎᣄ൓ױ៶ᖲᨃޓڍءچࡺا ᛵᇞሀഏദৗഡՖऱणउΔԯၲ࣋࿯إᘋഏ՛ࠡהψ؆ᤄᄅ୞റఄωΕګඒఄࡉᇖ

ீ٤᧯ஃس೶ףΖլறΔᓰ࿓ၞ۩ࠩԫתழΔຝ։ᇖீ۔ஃࡉڣ९ऱॳ᚝ኙ࣍৳

ஃᓫࠩऱദৗತขᦞנ෼֘ᐘऱᜢଃΙᅝ໱༼נԫࠄ֘ᏍऱრߠΔڕΚψᚆஆ΋ۓ

ࢂᚈБ೿ԖୢᚒǼωΔࢨृߏՀ᧗᧗ߏ፿।قΚȨȬѦᝤཥাȭ༬ٰਥҁࢂࣁΑᒲȩΔ ᎁ੡߷ഘᓰψ௲ᚯ࠸ᤈвελωΰፕ፿αΖڼூࠏ༼ᙌݺଚΚᅝ֮֏լٵऱᠨֱΰග ᆢαլઌյ෻ᇞழլ౨ٽఄՂᓰΔ၉ྥኔਜ֘ۖףՕගᆢऱ։ါΖءᓰ࿓଺٣ై

ᖦऱڍց֮֏ᨠ࢚෗෤Ա׀ᦞषᄎऱࢤܑᤜᠲΔࠌംᠲޓףᓤᠧΖ

ࠡԿΔᓰ࿓ऱګඓܓ墿ᣂএԳΰstakeholdersαڶৰՕऱᐙ᥼ԺΔᓰ࿓๻ૠլ ౨࢙ฃຍࠄԳऱᏝଖΕኪ৫ፖᏁޣΖءᓰ࿓ऱܓ墿ᣂএԳץਔΚ࠰ٵඒᖂृΕᖂ

୉ءߪΔא֗ᖂ୉ऱ୮ԳࡉئఄඒஃΖଈ٣Δط࣍ࠟۯ࠰ٵඒᖂृࢬ਍ऱඒᖂ෻

࢚լٵΔऱᒔڇᓰ࿓ၞ۩ऱছԶၜխΔᆖᖵլឰچᄮຏመ࿓Δ່৵ሒګࠉᖕᓰ࿓

࿇୶౧࿮ᔚੌ๻ૠऱ࠰ᤜΖڼএط࣍ભ॑۔ஃൎᓳቸ᧯೯ԺΔૹរڇψᖂ୉ԳᎾ ऱյ೯ᖵ࿓խΔᨃᖂ୉ᆖᖵࠩለ෡ᐋऱᄮຏΔਗᖏࠡڇषᄎխԫࠄ૤ٻᔞᚨऱ۩

੡ᑓڤΔၞ۩۞ݺऱޏ᧢֗࿇୶נإٻऱᔞᚨᑓڤΙࢨਢሒګ۞ܗቸ᧯Δࢨृᏺ ౨ऱԺၦΔၞۖআګ࢖ڼࡪࡢൣᓩऱၲ୶Ι٦ഗ࣍ኙ࢖ڼऱ෻ᇞΔআګԱڍց֮

֏ऱ塄ګωΰભ॑ᓰ৵࿝ಖαΖྥۖΔ࿝ृথլᎁ੡ႛሎشቸ᧯೯Ժ༉ױאขسᏺ ౨܂شΔឈᎅٵრଡԳਚࠃऱ։ࠆਢᄵᄊऱΕױขسٵ෻֨Ε٥Ꮣ܂شΔྥۖڕ

࣠ቸ᧯ګ୉լ౨ٽ܂چ࿇୶נޓၲខࢤፖޅܒࢤچ઎ࠃൣऱီມΰperspectiveαΔ ᄕױ౨֘ۖᆵԵൎ֏଺٣ऱࠥࣨٱွऱणउࢨृ࠹ࠩ஫މΰஇႨृᎅլנࢬא

ྥΕ޲࿇ߢᖲᄎαΖڂڼΔඒஃڶຂ֧ٚԵ؆ࠐऱޗற༼ࠎᖂ୉รԿᨠរ೚੡೶ە հشΖٍܛΔଡԳ׌്ຘመᓰഘऱ։ࠆΕಘᓵፖඖᎅ࿛୶ၲለՕऱسࡎီມΔൕ

ۖޏ᧢ࢨ໌ທଡԳრᆠᨠរΰmeaning perspectiveαΔۖ࠰ܗᖂ୉ፖس੒ขسຑ࿨Δ ڼរፖছ૪ Auebachΰ1992αଫૹփ୲ፖመ࿓ऱᨠរਢԫીऱΖ

׼؆Δط࣍ءᓰ࿓ऱሀഏദৗഡՖএٽࠓࠟଡᇖீఄ్ࢬګΔᖂ୉ၴ࢖ڼऱ ᑵᢝ৫ࡉ፿ߢ౨ԺլԫΖڇၲᖂհॣऱ༓ၜΔ፿ߢ౨Ժለࠋृڶჿ।෼ऱणउΔ ࠀ׊࣍รնၜڔଚፖءچഡՖ։ၲՂᓰழΔٚᓰඒஃٍ࿇෼լٵഏᤄၴۿ׏ڶઌ յᤁञऱ෼ွΖڂڼΔڇรքၜؚధԫኙԫ಻ኙֱڤΔאءچΕ؆ᤄ։ࠟՕิֱ

ڤၞ۩Δڼ৵ࠥრאٺጟඈ٨ิٽ։ิֱڤՂᓰΖᓰ࿓ऱၞ۩ᙟထ࢖ڼऱᑵᢝፖ ॾٚტհᏺףΔઌյᤁञൣउՈዬऔᄰΖ

ଖ൓ԫ༼ऱਢΔڇݺഏषᄎսਢψߊ׌؆ΕՖ׌փωऱ୮֪։ՠൣउՀΔഡ

Ֆ೶ፖٺጟᖂ฾੒೯Δ୮Գ֭਍ፖܡؐ׳ڔଚਢܡ౨ജڜ֨נ॰ፖᖂ฾Δڼኙ࣍

ሀഏദৗഡՖޓਢڕڼΖڼൕءᓰ࿓ԫၲࡨ༉ੌ؈ຝ։ᖂ୉ΔףՂޢڻՂᓰఄՂ ຟڶԫΕࠟۯ՛֖ࣛᇿထააנஂױߠԫཌΖٵழΔءᓰ࿓ط࣍ኔ᧭ࢤᔆൎ௺Δ ᓰ࿓ၞ୶ࠩཚխᨃ׼ԫఄᇖீඒஃᤚ൓ΚψଌᒱΓډ೭΋੤Ƕόޕၰգॺा଺ᒌ୘

ᇶᏤǴӴॺٿΓৎ৥೿ؒୢᚒǴᇟقૈΚӳωଌډգॺ੤ΞΞωΔᖄીԿټሀഏദ

ৗഡՖᖂ୉ऱੌ؈ΖՅڼڇڇ᧩قΔءᓰ࿓ऱ๻ૠ෻࢚ࠃ٣ࠀآᨃڣ᎘ააऱ୮ ԳፖรԲۯئఄඒஃ෻ᇞΔࠀ׊ᓰ࿓ࢬཬഗऱڍց֮֏ᄗ࢚ኙ๺ڍլᑵ൜ऱष೴

اฒۖߢመ࣍ᖿၞΔאીขسऱᎄᇞᏁ૞װડధΖڼរ༼ᙌΔᓰ࿓๻ૠᚨᨃޓڍ ܓ墿ᣂএԳڶᖲᄎ೶ፖΙٵழڶؘ૞๻ૠઌᣂऱ᎖ܗൻਜΔڕڜᘣ᎖ᖄΕၲఄᎅ

ࣔΔאܓᓰ࿓ऱၞ۩Ζ

ࠡ؄Δࢤܑᄗ࢚ፖ׀ᦞ֮֏ਢءᓰ࿓խॻ඿๠෻ऱᓰᠲΔྥԾլ੷ګפհ๠Ζ ឈྥᙟထᓰ࿓ऱၞ୶Δᖂ୉ၴขسԱࡪࡢൣᓩΔྥຍࠀլ।قࠡࢤܑᨠ࢚ขسԱ

᠏֏ΖᤝڕΔڇรԮഘᓰψՖԳፖݺଚऱദৗਚࠃωᅝխΔᖂ୉઎ࠩ࢖ڼ܂੡Ֆ Գऱ٥ٵࢤΔץਔΚፖ٣سऱᄮຏംᠲΕՖԳৰ೛ՕΕႇࢤൎΕྤ࡜Ε๯૞ޣ౨

൅נ໱ΰ֜ᝲ۔ֆլ૞αհᣊΖࠡ৵Δᓫ֗ദৗխऱൣፃΔូ౏ᖂ୉ଚፖ୮Գࢨ ٣سᄮຏլߜऱڃᚨֱڤΔլ։ഏᤄ༓׏݁ױشݴરፖྤ࡜ऱ֨ൣݮ୲հΔឈྥ

ڇಘᓵխՈ༼נԱլᎁࡎΕבנર֨܀լ࣋ඵᄮຏ࿛ᔞᚨֱڤΖۖڇรԼ؄ഘᓰ ψࢤܑᄗ࢚ፖࢤܑᖙ܂ωխΔޓ࿇෼Օຝ։ऱᖂ୉ࢤܑᨠរٺڶم໱Ζឈྥᆖመ

։ࠆፖಘᓵΔྥۖۿ׏ขسऱ෡৫ኙᇩڶૻΔ֠ࠡኙ࣍଺ء༉๠࣍ࢤܑ٭Ⴈऱሀ ഏദৗഡՖΔءᓰ࿓ྤܗ࣍ᇞެࠡณছࢬ૿ᜯऱദৗംᠲΖ

)Ѳ*ᆣӫଆ፣!

ߒຶ৻ᑌऱඒᖂփ୲թ౨ฤᚨሀഏദৗฝاृऱᏁޣΛؓ֨ۖᓵΔء۩೯ઔ ߒឈྥᖄԵԱ壆ڍऱᓰᠲΔץܶΚദৗΕඒ塄՗ՖΕऄ৳Δ֗ष೴ᛩቼᎁᢝ࿛Δ ࠀڇኔᔌመ࿓խຬᥛ्ࡳຍࠄᓰᠲऱૹ૞ࢤΔྥսլ౨ឰࡳຍࠄᓰᠲኙ࣍ሀഏദ

ৗฝاૹ૞ࢤऱᚌ٣ႉݧΖլመΔ༉ሀഏദৗฝاृऱسࡎ๠ቼנ࿇Δױუቝ༉

ࠡฝاᔞᚨຝ։ۖߢΔॣཚڶس੒ᔞᚨፖ፿ߢऱᏁޣΔ৵ཚঞڶ՗Ֆඒߛፖࣴီ

ऱംᠲΙ༉ࠡദৗᔞᚨۖߢΔঞᄎ૿ኙፖፕ᨜ԫ౳ഡՖઌٵऱധგΕسߛࡉ؆נ

ՠ܂ംᠲΖۖڕڼऱԫ౳ࢤ෻ᇞΔڃࠩᖂ฾ृխ֨Εൕࠡᣂ֨ऱᓰᠲנ࿇Δլឰ

چᓳᖞᓰ࿓փ୲Δא۩೯ઔߒऱ壄壀Δൎᓳ೶ፖڤኔᔌ࠷ٻऱᓰ࿓๻ૠ଺ঞᚨᇠ

ڶܗ࣍ีᗨኙ࣍ሀഏദৗฝاᏁޣऱ෻ᇞΖʳ

ၞԫޡऱംᠲঞڇ࣍ຍࠄփ୲ᚨא৻ᑌऱֱڤ๻ૠګᓰ࿓Λאᅝছሀഏദৗ

ഡՖ່୲࣐൷ᤛऱഏ՛ᇖீۖߢΔࠡᙄᖂࢬ௅ᖕऱਢԫጟቦ׎ᑓڤΰdeficient

model

α Δؾऱڇᇖךإ๵ඒߛऱլߩΔڂڼᓰ࿓๵ቤࢬࠉᖕऱਢᖂઝխ֨ऱᑓڤΔ

ࣔ᧩چլฤٽࠠڶ᠆༄ᆖ᧭Ε௽ࢤٺฆऱګԳᖂ฾ृࢬᏁΖ٦אറ੡ሀഏദৗഡ Ֆࢬၲ๻ऱس੒ᔞᚨఄۖߢΔࠡ๻مહ৵ך؞ထψ֮֏ٵ֏ᓵωऱ৸ፂΔඒޗൎ ᓳፕ᨜֮֏ऱᙁנΔྤီ࣍ሀഏദৗഡՖ൅Եፕ᨜षᄎऱ֮֏යٙΕ௽ᔆፖس੒

ΰࡎαᆖ᧭ΔՈڂڼৰᣄ࠰ܗଡ᧯׌᧯ࢤऱၲ୶ΖઌለհՀΔءઔߒࢬኔਜհᓰ

࿓এאᤜᠲ੡ᖄٻΔຘመඒᖂ੒೯๻ૠ֧࿇ᖂ୉৸ەΖڕڼऱ๻ૠឈྥ໮៥ထᖂ

୉ऱᆖ᧭ΔྥۖྤױܡᎁΔߒຶլਢאᖂ୉مܛ૿ኙऱംᠲ੡ு֨Δڂڼኙ࣍լ ᛵᇞࢨլٵრءᓰ࿓مრࢬڇऱܓ墿ᣂএԳۖߢΔᓰ࿓ऱؘ૞ࢤঁՕ࠹ᔆጊΖʳ

٦ृΔೈԱፖሀഏദৗഡՖڶᣂऱܓ墿ᣂএԳ؆Δߒຶᝫڶᓴᚨਢሀഏദৗ

ฝاඒߛऱؾᑑԳՑΛൕءᓰ࿓ച۩መ࿓խࢬ࿇سऱ༺ڴΔڕΚፕ᨜ॳ৐່ॣឈ ॺڶრאฆᑌณ٠઎ৱڣ᎘ააΔྥսྤऄᆜ؆࣍໾᧯ኙሀഏദৗഡՖݮႿऱݮ

ွΔא֗ऄ৳ᓰխຝ։ᇖீ۔ஃࡉڣ९ॳ᚝ऱ֘ᐘΔ݁ԫ٦ס᧩נፕ᨜ԫ౳اฒ ኙ࣍ሀഏദৗฝاऱᎄᇞΔՈ᧩قሀഏദৗഡՖૉ૞ڇፕ᨜ڶإٻऱس੒ᔞᚨΔ षᄎՕฒؘႊאለᐈᐖኪ৫ፖᨠរૹᄅ઎ৱڔଚΔࠀኙࠡഏ୮֮֏ڶᔞᅝऱᎁ ᢝΖࠀ׊Δᒔڕছ૪֮᣸൶ಘխ५⓱ႅඒ඄ࢬߢΔഏԳኙ࣍ࣟতࠅഏ୮ऱᎁᢝႛ

ַ࣍ᆖᛎऱᨠរΔ੷۟ലԫഏ֮֏ֽؓ࿛ٵ࣍ᆖᛎ࿇୶࿓৫ΔڂڼΔઌᣂऱඒߛ փ୲ᚨאధೈഏԳᆖᛎ۟ՂΕݙ٤࠹ᇷء׌ᆠ᧤ᙀࢬ୬ࠫऱ৸ፂীኪ੡ؾᑑΖʳ

ʭăൖჭ!

֮֏ਢԫጟܓഗۖլਢംᠲΜഒ਍ຍᑌऱ෻࢚Δڇຍႈᓰ࿓ኔᔌூࠏխΔඒ ᖂृࢬᣂᡖऱڇ࣍ڕ۶ᨃᓰ࿓ፖඒᖂၲ୶נڍց֮֏ඒߛࢬ׌്ऱψڍցፖ஁

ฆωΔא࠰ܗګԳᖂ฾መ࿓టإګ੡ψवऱ۩೯ωΔٍܛΔԫጟൕڍցΕ஁ฆࠩ۞

ݺᎁٵΔԯ۟׌᧯ࢤ୶෼ऱᖵ࿓Ζڕٵছ૪Δ஁ฆਢᚥܗଡ᧯৬ዌवᢝፖ᠆༄࢖

ڼऱੈᄭΖءچഡՖፖሀഏദৗഡՖڇፖլٵ֮֏᥆ࢤृյ೯ழΔ༼ࠎԱ࢖ڼլ

ٵᣂᅃࠃൣऱ֮֏ီມΔڔଚऱ஁ฆ༼ࠎԱٺ۞۞ݺᎁٵΕ࢖ڼઌյᎁٵፖឩՕ

سࡎီມऱৈᖲΖء֮ছ૪ᄐբᎅࣔຍᑌऱመ࿓ऱᒔڶᖲᄎ๯ၲ୶נࠐΖྥۖء ᓰ࿓ऱኔᔌመ࿓խٍᔡሖઌᅝऱਗᖏΔאՀጵٽᖞ෻ઔߒխࢬ࿇෼ऱሀഏദৗฝ اඒߛு֨ᓰᠲΖ

ࠡԫΕሀഏദৗฝاृऱ௽ࢤፖᖂ฾Ꮑޣ੡۶Λط࣍ሀഏദৗฝا෼ွڇፕ

᨜ඡ२༓ڣթ࠹ࣹࠩრΔףՂഏԳመװኙ࣍ࣟতࠅഏ୮֮֏ࠀ޲ڶڍ֟ᎁᢝΔ༚

א፿ߢऱሶᎶΔࠌ൓ഏԳڇ൷౏ຍᆢᄅฝاழΔ᧩൓֫ߩྤൻΖڂڼΔᛵᇞሀഏ ദৗฝاृऱ௽ࢤፖᖂ฾ᏁޣΔץܶڔଚऱ୮அፖദৗणउΔঁګ੡ᅝ೭հ৺Ζ

ۖኙ࣍ڔଚऱ෻ᇞޓᏁ૞࣋ڇՕऱषᄎᛩቼ౧࿮ՀղאᇞᦰΔڕ٤෺֏Հሀഏദ

ৗฝاݮګऱ଺ڂΕፕ᨜ߊࢤഞ؆ᤄഡՖऱ଺ڂΕ؆ᤄՖࢤᣋრ჌ࠐፕ᨜ऱ଺ڂΔ א֗ፕ᨜֮֏խኙ࣍ฝاፖദৗऱᨠ࢚࿛Ζʳ

ࠡԲΔሀഏദৗฝاඒߛؾᑑԳՑᚨܶਔୌࠄΛᇨڕছ૪Δፕ᨜ࢬڶऱاฒ ຟᏁ૞ࠠໂڍց֮֏ై塄Δࠀኙሀഏദৗฝا෼ွΔԯ۟ࣟতࠅ֮֏ڶࠄ෻ᇞΔ

ֱ౨ؚధᅝছψ؆ᤄᄅ୞ωۆټ֏෼ွΙށ᠏ගᆢሶᎶயᚨΔڕ໾᧯ፖਙࢌൕܐ ዣࠩመ৫ൎᓳψ؆ᤄᄅ୞ωس੒ᔞᚨඒߛऱؘ૞ࢤΔ֗اฒᙑᎄऱᎁवፖගᆢ֘

ᐘऱ֨ኪΔڕψ੡۶௽ܑᅃ᥽ڔଚΛݺଚءഏԳຟᅃ᥽լԱԱωΖྥۖΔ༉ඒߛ༼

ࠎृऱم໱ۖߢΔᅝ೭հ৺ঞڇ࣍࠰ܗሀഏദৗഡՖፖࠡ୮Գ৫መദৗฝاऱᓳ ᔞཚΖٍܛΔඒߛऱኙွլᚨႛַ࣍ሀഏദৗഡՖΔޓᚨץਔࠡ಻ೝፖֆധ࿛Ζ ٵழΔഏ՛ᇖீऱඒஃፖᖂسٍᏁ૞ᔞᅝऱඒߛΔڕڼֱ౨ᛜທԫଡ೜٤ऱᖂ฾

ᛩቼΖၞԫޡΔᅝሀഏദৗฝاऱรԲזၞԵ՛ᖂ༉ᦰΔຍࠄᄅฝاऱߪ։᧢ګ ᖂீ୮९Δٵீ୮९᧢ګ׼ԫૹ૞ऱؾᑑԳՑΖངߢհΔඒߛᅝݝᚨధೈאሀഏ ദৗഡՖ੡ഄԫඒߛኙွऱᙄᖂኪ৫Ζʳ

ࠡԿΔڕ۶ᨃሀഏദৗฝاඒߛᓰ࿓୶෼נ֮֏ऱઌᣂࢤΛྤᓵٺ໢ۯၲᙄ ऱᓰ࿓ૹរ੡۶Δᓰ࿓๻ૠؘႊەᐞሀഏദৗฝاृऱᠨૹ๠ቼΚฝاፖദৗࠟ

ृΔല׌ੌፖࠡ଺س֮֏խઌᣂऱᏝଖΔڕΚദৗፖ୮அᨠ࢚ΔᘜԵࠡխΔ࿳ش

֮֏ऱڍցፖ஁ฆΔאࠨᖿᖂ฾ृ֘৸ٺᏝଖፖࠡଡԳཚৱհၴਢܡڶࢬᆵ஁Δ ൕۖ௅ءچኙദৗฝا๠ቼऱு֨ംᠲڶࢬ෻ᇞΖڂڼΔڇඒᖂᖵ࿓ՂΔؘႊࣹ

რࠩאՀٺរΚ

1.

৬ዌࠀፂ਍ԫଡඒ৛ᛩቼΕᓰ࿓ፖඒޗΔࠌ౨֘ਠᖂ฾ृऱᖵ׾Ε֮֏ፖ

ᆖ᧭Δؘ֠ࠡႊڃࠩᖂ฾ृኔᎾऱس੒౧࿮ղאەၦΖ

2.

༼ࠎᖂ฾ृᖲᄎΔڕ۞ݺፖהԳऱኙᇩΕ։ࠆፖಘᓵ࿛Δאᑢ堚૿ኙ࢖ڼ ኙ࣍ٺଡಘᓵᤜᠲՂٵፖฆრߠழऱኪ৫ΕᏝଖፖم໱Ζ

3.

෻ᇞࠀ൷࠹ᖂ฾ृࢬ༼ࠎऱڍᑌऱᨠរΔࠀൎᓳڍૹऱᇞᤩਢᚥܗᖂ฾ृ৬ ዌଡԳრᆠᨠរፖޅܒࢤ৸ەऱு֨૞ైΔ՛֨ᝩ܍ᆵԵ֮֏ऱઌኙ׌ᆠΖ

෻ᇞࠩ壆ڕࢤܑΕጟගፖၸ్࿛ᤜᠲএፖദৗฝاृऱسࡎ๠ቼஒஒઌ

ᣂΔڕ࣠᧩ထᓰ࿓آ౨ലຍࠄᤜᠲܶਔڇփΔᚨࣹრ،ଚנ෼ڇᑨڇᓰ࿓

խऱणउΔࠀ౨ᔞழچ๠෻Ζʳ

5.

৬ዌॾٚტΕ༇ૹፖٵ෻֨հٵᕦࢨࡪࡢൣᓩΔא࠰ܗᖂ฾ृၴषᄎ֭਍

ጻ࿮ऱݮګΖʳ

6.

࿳شٺጟඒᖂֱऄፖᄮຏ໾տΔאᨋ੒چᖿ࿇ᖂسऱ೶ፖΔࠀؚధא፿ߢ

੡ഄԫऱᄮຏ໾տऱ׌ੌ৸ەΔא໌ທޓؓᦞऱඒᖂࡉᄮຏᛩቼΖʳ

ࠡ؄Εሀഏദৗฝاඒߛՠ܂ृऱറᄐై塄੡۶Λࠠ᧯ۖߢΔඒߛՠ܂ृؘ

ႊ᧯ᄎࠩሀഏദৗฝاࠐ۞ऱഏ୮ਢڶ֮֏Ε፿ߢࡉሐᐚ๵ᒤΔਢᐙ᥼הଚ઎ৱ

۞աऱૹ૞હན౧࿮Ιࠀ׊Δ౨شא֘ᨠ൷ৱഏऱषᄎ֮֏౧࿮ڇ૿ኙฝاழ֮

֏ኪ৫ፖࠡփᤖऱᏝଖم໱ΖٵழΔ෻ᇞඒߛז।ԫิኔ೭ٵழױ౨ࠌԳଚᏺ ౨ࢨ؈౨ΰdisempowermentαΖٍܛΔඒߛؾᑑլᚨ௿ስچ࣋ڇݾ๬ऱᐋ૿Δڼ๠

ଗش J. Habermas հԳᣊवᢝऱԿጟڱᔊݮڤޓױ堚ᄑچ༳༽Ղ૪ᎅऄऱփොΖJ.

Habermas

ᎁ੡ԳᣊवᢝڱᔊڶԿጟݮڤΚݾ๬ऱΕኔᎾऱΔ֗ᇞ࣋ऱΰGrundy,

1987

αΖ༉ݾ๬ᐋ૿ۖߢΔԳᣊ੡൳ࠫ؆ڇࠃढፖ෼ွΔԯ৬م๵ঞࠌࠡ۩੡ڶࢬ ᙅ༛Δሎشᆖ᧭ፖᨠኘאᢞ᧭ࠡ೗๻Ζ༉ኔᎾᐋ૿ۖߢΔԳᣊ੡ᛵᇞࠡᛩቼԯ࿇

୶נԫીࢤऱრᆠፖᇞᤩΔ֗৬ዌषᄎრᆠΖ༉ᇞ࣋ऱᐋ૿ۖߢΔԳᣊ෻ࢤچޅ ܒषᄎ৬ዌף壆࣍ଡ᧯ऱૻࠫΔڂۖ౨ൕխᇞ࣋נࠐΰGrundy, 1987: 4-19αΖڂڼΔ ڇሂๅݾ๬ᐋ૿৵Δሀഏദৗฝاඒߛؾऱᚨױᚥܗଡ᧯ิ៣ࠡᆖ᧭Δشޓᐈᐖ ፖڍᑌ֏ऱီມװ઎ৱࠡࢬژڇऱ׈੺Ζ༉ڼۖߢΔ،ࢬ൅࿯ଡ᧯ऱ܂شΔլႛ

ڇᇞެֲൄس੒ംᠲאᔞᚨषᄎΔࠀ׊ױૹᄅᇭᤩ؆੺ऱࠃढΔၞۖሒࠩޅܒΕ໌

ᄅऱפ౨Δڼإਢඒߛՠ܂ृࢬؘႊ࢚౿ڇ౿ृΔٍਢآࠐஃᇷഛಝؘႊૹီऱ

ᓰᠲΖʳ

ણ҂͛ᚥ

փਙຝΰ2003αΖΞΪΠԑ಑ϲ໊ϱࢇಛॎ೽ൢȞѴᝲ଩ୋΡኵಛॎȟΖ2003 ڣ 2 ִ 3 ֲΔ

࠷۞Κhttp://www.moi.gov.tw/moi/news_detail.asp?newmessage_id=531Ζ

؆ᤄᄅ୞ԫଡଡԵ॰Κؒ๳ړભߺ՛՛ᜤٽഏΰ2002Δ5 ִ 3 ֲαΖϛ୽ਢൢΔΔΔچֱᄅፊʳ ʳΔ ठΖ

׆ݛոΰ2001αΖषᄎၸᐋ֏Հऱദৗฝاፖഏփ໎೯ؑ໱Κא။তᄅ୞੡ࠏΖᇃᢊޥོ

ंـȂ52Δ଄ 99-127Ζ

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଄ 2-10Ζ

ܦભႆΰ˅˃˃˄αΖᜋԅఀىୈ࣏Ιএȶ፭᠌ȷၼଢ଼ȈоȶѴᝲཱིৌҡࣀᎌᔖሄᏲੲȷ࣏ٽ

௤ଆΖ׈ᄅՕᖂषᄎ࿇୶ઔߒࢬጚՓᓵ֮ΔآנठΔፕקΖʳ

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୙ࣥ堚ΰ˅˃˃˅αΖބ༈ԫଡኙᇩऱۯᆜΚഗၞඒߛፖषᄎᖂ฾ᖵ࿓ΖᔖҢЖ౩ंـȂ27Δ

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്৬ګΰ׌ᒳαΰ2000αΖӻϯМϽఀىȈרঈޟ፞ᚠᇄտΡޟငᡛΖፕקΚஃՕ஼૒Ζ ຫભڕΰ˅˃˃˃αΖӻϯМϽ፞แޟ౩܈ᇄᄂ፺ΖፕקΚஃՕ஼૒Ζʳ

႓ਙໃΰ˄ˌˌˈαΖӻϯޥོ፞แڥөΖፕקΚஃՕ஼૒Ζʳ

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Ꮵભ॑ΰ˅˃˃˄αΖၮ୽ஔࡅϛ຅ᝲτܒޟҡڼक़ᇳΖ೏ႂ᠔ᖂՕᖂᥨ෻ᖂઔߒࢬጚՓᓵ֮Δ آנठΔ೏ႂΖʳ

ᓐႁدΰ2001αΖᇃູၮ୽ஔࡅ౪ຫϞߑ௤ΖഏمګפՕᖂਙएᆖᛎઔߒࢬጚՓᓵ֮Δآ נठΔፕতΖ

ᑗᚮႆΰ2001αΖӻϯМϽี৤ϛޟڍᆍӠᓎЅМᏰ౩፣ี৤ޟҐپΖ2003 ڣ 2 ִ 9 ֲΔ

࠷۞Κhttp://intermarigins.ncu.edu.tw/intermargins/TculturalWorkshop/culturestudy/p54.htmΖ ᢟ٠ቓΕᏥભᐝΕཾભ༡ΰ˅˃˃˄αΖӻϯМϽఀىΖፕקΚഏم़խՕᖂΖʳ

Auebach, E. (1992). Literacy and ideology. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 12, 71-85.

Bowser, A. G., & Hejazinia-Bowser, S. (1990). A general study of intermarriage in the United States. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 340957)

Freire, P. (1970). The adult literacy process as cultural action for freedom. Harvard Educational Review, 40(2), 205-225.

Grundy, S. (1987). Curriculum: Product or praxis. London: Falmer.

Imel, S. (1998). Promoting intercultural understanding. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 424451)

Kuhne, G. W., & Quigley, B. A. (1997). Understanding and using action research in practice settings. In B. A. Quigley & G. K. Kuhne (Eds.), New directions for adult and continuing education, No. 73: Creating practical knowledge through action solving problems, and improving daily practice (pp. 23-40). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

Ziegahn, L. (2001). Considering culture in the selection of teaching approaches for adults.

(ERIC Digest Identifier No. ED 459325)