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7.6 引擎與致冷機

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7.6 引擎與致冷機

熱與功

引擎的效率 沒有完美的引擎

致冷機的效能係數 沒有完美的致冷機

W Q

E

int

絕熱 Adiabatic Process

等溫 Isothermal Process

定壓 Isobaric process

定容 Isochoric process

V p

Q T

nC

T nC

E

V p

Q E

V

V

int int

(2)

熱 (heat)

The absorption of hea t by solids and liqu ids

Heat capacity

Specific heat

( f i ) Q C T T

( f i ) Q cm T T

(3)

Molar specific heat at constant volume CV

( )

V f i

Q nC T T

(4)

Molar specific heat at constant pressure CP

( )

V f i

Q nC T T

(5)

i f V

V V

V

V V V

V

V nRT V

nRT V V

nRT dV

V dV pdV nRT

W

pdV Ads

p ds

pA s

d F

dW

f

i f

i

f i f

i

1 ln

) (

) )(

(





功 (work)

理想氣體進行等溫 程序所作的功

理想氣體的 狀態方程式

(6)

Process and Isotherms

程序與等溫線

(7)

Process

絕熱 Adiabatic Process

等溫 Isothermal Process

定壓 Isobaric process

定容 Isochoric process

(8)

其他程序

(9)

The First Law

of Thermodynamics

(10)

引擎

00MW 1

2 Q

900MW W

C

(11)

The Stirling Engine

(12)

The PV diagram

An isothermal expansion (ab)

A constant-volume process (bc)

An isothermal compression (cd)

A constant-volume process (da)

Q H

W

efficiency

(13)

引擎的效率

efficiency  =

=

一般摩托車之效率 22﹪ ,所做功為 25 10 J ,則廢熱 Q 為

引擎所吸入之熱 引擎所做的功

QH

W

8900J W

Q Q

11400J 0.22

Q W

H C

H

(14)

致冷機

(15)

致冷機的效能係數

coefficient of performance

K =

對致冷機所做之功 致冷機所抽取之熱

(16)

例二十 家用冰箱

K = 4.7 , Q = 250 J (每循環)

303J Q

W Q

4.7 53J 250 K

W Q

C H

C

電功電功

廢熱廢熱

(17)

Entropy 熵

Some one-way processes

(18)

7.6 傳統能源與

再生能源

(19)

Cost - Effect

Type of

energy Capital cost

cents/kW h

PV cells 25

windmill 7

Coal-fired 5

(20)

美國維吉尼亞州的 Nort h Anna 核電廠

(21)

A nuclear fission

(22)

核分裂反應

中子 + 鈾 235  氪 + 鋇 + 中子

(23)

nuclear fission (chain reac tion)

n Zr

Ce U

n 235 140 94 2

% 1 . 0

197 ,

211 .

0

M m

Mev Q

u m

(24)

Boiling Water Reactor Dia gram

(25)

Pressurized Water Reactor D iagram

(26)

輻射源

(27)

A nuclear fusion

(28)

氘 + 氘  氦 3 + 中子 + 能

氘 + 氚  氦 4 + 中子 + 能

核融合反應

(29)

nuclear fusion (the d-d c ycle)

p t

d

d

% 1 . 0

Mev 02

. 4

) 2

( 2

2

M m

c m

m m

mc

Q d p t

(30)

氫彈

(31)

電 漿 圍 阻

(32)

磁圍阻核融合反應器

Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor

(33)

Glowing Plasma inside TFTR

(34)

Plasma Heating

Ohmic Heating

Neutral-Beam Injection

Magnetic Compression

Radio-frequency Heating

(35)

Fusion Power Plant

(36)

新星核融合反應器

(37)

Fuel pellets

(38)

Comparison of Coal and F usion Power

(39)

The Advantage of Fusion Ene rgy

Abundant Fuel Supply

No Risk of a Nuclear Accident

No Air Pollution

No High-level Nuclear Waste

No Generation of Weapons Materi al

(40)

Nuclear Binding Energy

(41)

美國佛羅里達州 Tampa 的 B ig Bend 燃煤發電廠

(42)

美國猶他州 Mona 的 Curran t Creek 燃氣發電廠

(43)

西班牙雪維爾的 PS10 太陽能塔

(44)

太陽能槽

(45)

太陽光能發電廠

(46)

How a PV cell works

(47)

URFC

(48)

Regenerative Fuel Cel ls in UAV

(49)

Helios

(50)

Siemens PEM Fuel Ce ll Powered Forklift

(51)

Proton Exchange Membrane

(52)

Electrochemistry

(53)

Phosphoric Acid (PAFC)

200kW PAFC power plant built by UTC Fuel Cells

(54)

Alkaline

(55)

The Solar Hydrogen Cycle

(56)

海洋溫差發電廠

(57)

夏威夷科娜灣的 Keahole Poi nte 海洋溫差發電廠

(58)

海洋溫差

(59)

Closed Cycle OTEC

(60)

Open Cycle OTEC

(61)

Wave Power

(62)

Wavegen Scotland

(63)

生質能

(64)

The Carbon Cycle

(65)

Types of Biomass

(66)

Nesjavellir- 冰島最 大的地熱發電廠

(67)

水力發電廠剖面圖

(68)

水力渦輪機與發電機剖面圖

(69)

英國威爾斯石礦村落 抽蓄式水力發電廠

(70)

潮汐發電廠示意圖

(71)

法國倫斯河的潮汐發電廠

(72)

(73)

敬請期待

電、磁、近代物理

(74)

人體等溫線

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