A Study on Intention of Elementary School Teachers toUse Free / Open Source Software:
The Decomposed Theory of Planned B 施宇釗、鍾育明
E-mail: 9805424@mail.dyu.edu.tw
ABSTRACT
This research is to analyze and discuss the willing of the use of elementary school teachers about freeware. In recent years, owing to vigorous development of Information Technology, it becomes closer between the computers and people. Job, leisure, and
communication all take advantage of information appliances which need to include not only hardware but also appropriate software to bring them into full play. Software is also a important factor to foster the development of technology. Therefore, our government tries hard to enhance digital competence and the level of digital learning.
In the existing circumstances of education, it becomes a important index to develop Information Technology. Under the education policy of nine-year integrated curriculum, developing the ability of “bring-and-go “ becomes the new education concept. The development of information ability is to develop students’ ability of operation and use in computers. As a result , the school has to provide various kinds of software to help instruction of the teachers and learning of the students. However, the budget of software is one of the huge expense in the school budget. Moreover, government finance is in straitened circumstances, the budget every school can share with is much less comparatively, so freeware is a good option owing to its low-cost or even free of charge.
However, Teachers must be taught how to use freeware first if we have the students learn to use it. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to understand the impact factors of the teachers’ will to use freeware, and by way of literature review in the past, we build the model and attempt to understand the impact factors of the teachers’ will to use freeware. At the end of the study, we find out the main factor that impacts the will is the attitude toward the behavior, and the biggest factor that impacts attitude is practicability.
Keywords : free/fpen source software、behavior intention、decomposed theory of planned behavior、decomposed TPB Table of Contents
中文摘要 ．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． iii 英文摘要 ．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． iv 誌謝辭 ．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． v 內容目錄 ．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． vii 表目錄 ．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． ix 圖目錄 ．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． xi 第一章 緒論．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 1 第一節 研究背景．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 1 第二節 研究動機．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 2 第三節 研究問題與目的．．．．．．．．．．．． 3 第二章 文獻探討．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 5 第一節 自由軟體．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 5 第二節 行為理論．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 8 第三章 研究方法．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 20 第一節 研究模型與假設．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 20 第二節 研究變數定義與衡量問項．．．．．．．．．． 23 第三節 問卷設計．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 29 第四節 研究對象及資料蒐集方法．．．．．．．． 32 第五節 分析工具．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 32 第四章 資料分析．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 35 第一節 樣本回收及樣本基本特徵．．．．．．．．．． 35 第二節 研究模式之測量分析．．．．．．．．．． 41 第三節 研究模式解釋．．．．．．．．．．．．． 50 第五章 結論與建議．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 54
第一節 研究結論．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 54 第二節 建議．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 55 第三節 研究限制．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 57 第四節 未來研究建議．．．．．．．．．．．．． 57 參考文獻．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 59 附錄A 國小教師自由軟體之使用意願研究問卷．．．． 66
表目錄
表 3- 1 「使用意願」之衡量問項．．．．．．．．．．．．23 表 3- 2 「行為態度」之衡量問項．．．．．．．．．．．．24 表 3- 3 「主觀規範」之衡量問項．．．．．．．．．．．．24 表 3- 4 「認知行為控制」之衡量問項表．．．．．．．．．25 表 3- 5 「認知有用」之衡量問項．．．．．．．．．．．．25 表 3- 6 「認知易用」之衡量問項．．．．．．．．．．．．26 表 3- 7 「相容性」之衡量問項．．．．．．．．．．．．．26 表 3- 8 「同儕影響」之衡量問項．．．．．．．．．．．．27 表 3- 9 「上級影響」之衡量問項．．．．．．．．．．．．27 表 3-10 「自我效能」之衡量問項．．．．．．．．．．．．28 表 3-11 「資源助益」之衡量問項．．．．．．．．．．．．28 表 3-12 「技術助益」之衡量問項．．．．．．．．．．．．29 表 3-13 各構面量表．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．30 表 3-14 前測問卷的信度分析．．．．．．．．．．．．．．31 表 4- 1 分層隨機抽樣分配表．．．．．．．．．．．．．．35 表 4- 2 有效問卷分配表．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．36 表 4- 3 性別分配表．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．36 表 4- 4 畢業院系分配表．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．37 表 4- 5 年齡分配表．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．37 表 4- 6 職務分配表．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．37 表 4- 7 電腦使用經驗分配表性別分配表．．．．．．．．．38 表 4- 8 自由軟體使用經驗分配表性別分配表．．．．．．．38 表 4- 9 樣本特徵分析摘要表．．．．．．．．．．．．．．39 表 4-10 使用自由軟體原因統計表．．．．．．．．．．．．40 表 4-11 使用過的自由軟體類型統計表．．．．．．．．．．41 表 4-12 需要的自由軟體類型統計表．．．．．．．．．．．41 表 4-13 違犯估計、常態性檢定分析表．．．．．．．．．．42 表 4-14 研究構面之建構信度及平均變異抽取量．．．．．．45 表 4-15 整體配適度分析表．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．49 表 4-16 研究模式標準化係數表．．．．．．．．．．．．．50 表 4-17 研究模式之直接、間接及總效果．．．．．．．．．51
圖目錄
圖 2-1 TRA架構圖 ．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．9 圖 2-2 TPB架構圖 ．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．11 圖 2-3 TAM架構圖 ．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．13 圖 2-4 DTPB架構圖．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．16 圖 3-1 研究架構圖．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．21 圖 4-1 分解式計畫行為理論結構模式圖．．．．．．．．．53 REFERENCES
一、中文部份David, B. (2008)，沒有微軟的日子(陳奭璁譯)[線上資料]，來源
http://taiwan.cnet.com/enterprise/trend/story/0,2000040474,20082681,00.htm] [2008, September 20]，(原文於2003出版)95年國中小學生數 位能力與數位學習調查報告(2006)，行政院研考會[線上資料]，來源 http://www.rdec.gov.tw/public/Attachment/774935671.pdf] [2008,
September 20]經濟部工業局(2008)，96??自由軟體產業推廣計畫之「應用諮詢服務分項計畫」OSS Desktop AP「市場資訊」資?庫系統成 果報告(2007)[線上資料]，來源 http://open.cosa.org.tw//
index.php?option=com_remository&Itemid=30&func=download&id=223&chk=fa8be24a2b3b5938a60d7eac73387240&no_html=1] [2008, September 15]行政院研考會(2008)，97年數位落差調查報告[線上資料]，來源
http://www.rdec.gov.tw/public/Attachment/92313455871.pdf] [2008, September 15]經濟部工業局(2008)，自由軟體入口網站[線上資料]，
來源， http://www.oss.org.tw/[2008, October 15]政府機關推動自由軟體概況調查報告(2006)，行政院主計處，政府機關資訊通報，222
，4-6。?進興(2006)，自由軟體使用意願之研究，私立東吳大學商學院資訊科學研究所未出版之碩士?文。林誠夏(2006)，教育部校園自由 軟體應用諮詢中心，自由軟體鑄造場[線上資料]，來源
http://www.openfoundry.org/index.php?option=com_content&Itemid=252&id=519&lang=en&task=view [2008, August 1]李敏正(2003)，延伸 計劃行為理論以預測WWW持續使用之研究，國立高雄第一科技大學資訊管理系未出版之碩士論文柯炳式(2004)，基層公務機關使用自 由軟體之研究，私立東海大學公共事務研究所未出版之碩士?文。許辰維(2003)，以計畫行為理論探討冒險性遊憩活動參與者之行為意向
－以登山活動為例，私立靜宜大學觀光事業研究所未出版之碩士論文。莊煥銘，王淑娟(2003)，資訊系統採用行為意向之研究－以某大 學為例，商管科技季刊，4(3)，239-259。?美春(2007)，使用者採用知?管?系統之影響因素研究－??模型的比較取向，私立世新大學資訊 傳播研究所未出版之碩士?文。葛冬梅(2006)，教育部校園自由軟體應用諮詢中心，自由軟體鑄造[線上資料]，來源: http : // www.
openfoundry. Org / Law-and-Policy/Licenses /GPL.html [2008, August 1]葛冬梅(2006)，教育部校園自由軟體應用諮詢中心，自由軟體鑄造[
線上資料]，來源: http://www.openfoundry. Org/ Law-and-Policy/Licenses/MPL.html[2008, August 2]賴嘉倫(2006)，教育部校園自由軟體 應用諮詢中心，自由軟體鑄造[線上資料]，來源: http://www.openfoundry. Org/
Law-and-Policy/Licenses/BSD-3-clause-BSD-License.html[2008, August 2]謝銘仁(2005)，智慧型手機在物?業營業司機之接受?研究－以新竹 貨運為?，國?成功大學交通管?科學研究所未出版之碩士?文。溫素真(2004)，消費者使用簡訊折價券之行為意圖，國立高雄第一科技大學 行銷與流通管理系未出版之碩士論文。邱皓政(2004)，結構方程模式:LISREL 的??、技術與應用，台?:雙?書?。徐百欽(2006)，以情境預防 觀點探討台灣大學生軟體盜版之意志與非意志控制研究，國?高雄大學經濟管?研究所未出版之碩士?文。二、英文部份Ajzen, I., &
Fishbein, M. (1975). Belief, Attitude, Intention, and Behavior: An Introduction to Theory and Research. MA: Addison-Wesley.Ajzen, I., &
Fishbein, M. (1980). Understanding Attitudes and Predicting Social Behavior. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentic-Hall.Ajzen, I. (1985). From intentions to actions: A theory of planned behavior in action control from cognition to behavior. Kuhl Julius and Bechmann Jurgen, 2,11-39.Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179-211.Ajzen, I., & Madden, T. J.
(1985). Prediction of goal-directed behavior: Attitudes, intentions, and perceived behavioral control. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 22(5), 453-474.Bagozzi, R. P. (1981). Attitudes, intentions, and behavior: A test of some key hypotheses. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 41(4), 607-627.Bagozzi, R. P., & Yi, Y. (1988). On the evaluation structural equation models. Academic of Marketing Science, 16(1), 74-94.Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84(2), 191-215.Bandura, A. (1982).
Self-efficacy mechanism in human agency. American Psychology, 37(2), 122-147.Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. In K. A. Bollen & J. S. Long (Eds.), Testing structural equation models(P.136-162). Newsbury Park, CA: Sage.Davis, F. D.
(1986). A technology acceptance model for empirically testing new end-user information systems: Theory and Results, Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation. Mit Sloan School of Management . Massachusetts: Cambridge.Davis, F. D. (1989). Perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and user acceptanceof information technology. MIS Quarterly,13 (3), 319-339.Davis, F. D., Bagozzi, R., & Warshaw, P. R. (1989). User acceptance of computer technology: A comparison of two theoretical models. Management Science, 35(8), 982-1003.Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981).
Evaluating structural equation models with unobservables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39-50.Hair, Jr. F., Anderson, R. E., Tatham, R. L., & Black, W. C. (1998). Multivariate DataAnalysis(5th ed.). New York: Macmillan.Kline, R. B. (1998). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. NewYork: The Guilford Presws.Liao, S., Shao, Y. P., Wang, H., & Chen, A. (1999). The adoption of virtual banking: An empirical study. International Journal of Information Management, 19(1), 63-74.Lederer, L. A, Maupin, J. D., Sena, P. M., &
Zhuang, Y. (2000). The technology acceptance model and the World Wide Web. Decision Support Systems, 29(3), 269-282.Mathieson, K. (1991).
Predicting user intentions: Comparing the technology acceptance model with the theory of planned behavior. Information systems research, 2(3), 173-191.Nunnally, J. C. (1978). Psychometric Theory (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw Hill.Rogers, E. M. (1983). The Diffusion of Innovations (3rd ed.). New York: Free PressRogers, E. M. (1995). Diffusion of innovations (4th ed.). New York: Free Press.Shimp, T. A., & Kavas, A. (1984). The theory of reasoned action applied to coupon usage. Journal of Consumer Research, 11(3), 795-809.Taylor, S., & Todd, P. (1995). Understanding information technology usage: A test of competing models. Information Systems Research, 6(2), 144-176.Triandis, H. C. (1980). Attitude and attitude change. New York: John Wiley.
