圓山文化之製陶技術選擇與技術體系：以大坌坑與圓山遺址為例

୯ҥᆵ᡼εᏢЎᏢଣΓᜪᏢࣴز܌

ᅺγፕЎ

Department of Anthropology College of Liberal Arts National Taiwan University

Master Thesis

༝ξЎϯϐᇙഏמೌᒧ᏷ᆶמೌᡏسǺ аεᦋ֞ᆶ༝ξᒪ֟ࣁٯ

Technical Choices and Pottery Manufacturing Systems of the Yuanshan Phase in the Tapenkeng and Yuanshan sites

ഋࢅ൛ Yu-Ting Chen

ࡰᏤ௲௤Ǻഋᅦ࣓ ௲௤

Advisor: Maa-Ling Chen, Prof.

ύ๮҇୯ 102 ԃ 8 Д

August, 2013

嬄婳

ġ ġ 忁㛔婾㔯⬴ㆸᷳ㗪炻⽫⃭ᷕ㺧叿姙⣂デ㽨冯ᶵ㌐ˤ

ġ ġ 椾⃰炻天䈡⇍デ嫅昛䐒䍚侩ⷓˤ⽆忚ℍṢ栆䲣军Ṳᶫ⸜䘬㗪攻炻デ嫅侩ⷓ⛐

⬠埻䞼䨞ˣ婾㔯⮓ἄẍ⍲怷廗⿅䵕傥≃䘬妻䶜炻⯌℞⛐㊯⮶ㆹ䡑⢓婾㔯䘬㛇攻ᶵ

⍕℞䄑⛘⸓ㆹᾖ㓡婾㔯炻ḇデ嫅侩ⷓ㍸ὃㆹ⎬䧖㨇㚫炻嬻ㆹ傥⣈䳗䧵⬠埻䴻槿冯 傥≃炻㚜嫅嫅侩ⷓ⊭⭡ㆹ䘬ὅ岜ẍ⍲⛐㖍ⷠ䓇㳣ᶲ⮵ㆹ䘬斄⽫ˤデ嫅昛ỗ㤐侩ⷓ

⽆⬠埻䞼䨞⇘䓇㳣⣏⮷ḳᶲ䘬斄⽫炻ẍ⍲⛐䴙妰↮㜸冯侫⎌⬠䞼䨞䘬妻䶜炻᷎⸓

ㆹ㊯↢婾㔯ᷕᶵ嵛ᷳ嗽炻嫅嫅侩ⷓᶨ䚜ẍἮ䴎ㆹ㚳⍳ᶨ凔䘬溻⊝冯斄⽫ˤ嫅嫅昛 䵕懆侩ⷓ栀シ㑼ảㆹ䘬⎋娎⥼⒉炻⛐婾㔯ᶲ㍸ὃㆹ⮞屜䘬シ夳炻ḇ嫅嫅侩ⷓ㍸ὃ ㆹ㍍妠⣏✳䘤㍀妰∫䘬㨇㚫ˤ嫅嫅㰇剅厗侩ⷓ㍸ὃㆹ婾㔯⮓ἄᶲ䘬シ夳炻ẍ⍲⸓

≑ㆹ慸㶭婾㔯ᷕ䘬慵天㤪⾝炻ḇ嫅嫅剅厗侩ⷓ㍸ὃㆹ⮎嶸侫⎌⬠㍐⺋䘬䴻槿ˤデ 嫅恙㕗▱侩ⷓ⽆䞼䨞妰∫⇘婾㔯䘬⋼≑炻䁢ㆹ䘬䞼䨞䈡⇍㗗昞☐↮㜸䘬悐ấ㍸ὃ

⮞屜䘬シ夳炻᷎ᶼ㍸ὃㆹ姙⣂冯昞☐↮㜸䚠斄䘬㔯䪈␴㚠䯵ˤ嫅嫅㜿䏳⫒侩ⷓ⛐

ㆹ䡑ᶨ㗪㍸ὃㇶ⮎䘬㔯⊾Ṣ栆⬠妻䶜炻ḇ⼰嫅嫅侩ⷓ䔞⇅⛐婚➪ᶲ䘬溻⊝炻≈㶙 ㆹ㔯⊾Ṣ栆⬠䘬➢䢶冯⺞临ㆹ⮵㔯⊾Ṣ栆⬠䘬冰嵋ˤ䓙堟デ嫅侩ⷓᾹ㍸ὃ䘬⋼≑

ẍ⍲溻⊝ˤġ

ġ ġ 昌Ḯ䲣ᶲ䘬侩ⷓᷳ⢾炻伶渿䘬朄㔯≑㔁␴懢拈≑㔁炻䲣彎墉叔傥䘬⮷䌳ˣ㜄

⃰䓇␴昛⃰䓇炻ᶵ㍸ὃㆹ埴㓧ḳ⊁䘬⋼≑炻ḇ⛐ㆹᾳṢ䓇㳣忯⇘⮷⚘暋㗪炷ἳ

⤪烉⮷⍿ ㆾ儛嶷干⢆㌱炸炻䫔ᶨ㗪攻Ỡ↢㎜ㇳˤ嫅嫅㫋媕⬠⥸⛐妰䔓ḳ⊁冯⟙ⷛ 塓徨ẞ㗪㍸ὃ㚨⮰㤕䘬⋼≑炻ḇ嫅嫅⬠⥸⛐ㆹ⮓婾㔯䘬㚨⼴⸦ᾳ㚰炻⸓ㆹ㑼ᶳⶍ ἄ᷎ᶼ䴎Ḱ橼婺ˤ

ġ ġ ⽆ᶫ⸜⇵嶷ℍ㳆㳆棐⇘䎦⛐炻嫅嫅䲣ᶲ⬠攟⥸ˣ⬠⻇⥡ᶵ㗪䘬⓷῁冯斄⽫炻 Ṣ栆䲣⣏⭞⹕⚈䁢㚱ἈᾹ侴㚜≈㹓㘾冯伶⤥ˤ䈡⇍デ嫅幓怲䷥㗗兑⛐ᶨ崟⤖櫍炻 ᶵ㗪㐣暄俲⣑嫃✫⛦娙䘬⎴⬠Ᾱ炻慹剙ˣ⬇⬇ˣ嫅⥸ˣRoroˣ㓠㓠ˣ䎮⒚ˣ㔯䨰ˣ

∱ 00ˣ⃟坊ˣ剠䓗ˣ剛₨ˣGimoˣ⬯䤍炻䡑⢓䎕䘬䓇㵗㚱ḮἈᾹ炻ℵ彃劎䘬㖍⫸

怬㗗⎗ẍ⑰⑰⣏䪹炻ḇ嫅嫅ἈᾹ⛐⬠埻ᶲ䘬↯䡳冯溻⊝ˤ

ġ ġ ⛐㑘⮓婾㔯㛇攻炻⽆檀ᷕ⇘䎦⛐娵嬀䘬⤥㚳⍳叿⮎㗗ㆹ⽫曰ᶲ䘬㓗㞙ˤ⣏⬠

䘬 B95 ⎴⬠Ᾱˣ▶▶⛀ẍ⍲㟫⍳㚫䘬湫⮷剙ˣ⣏ᾈ␴㛶䉿炻檀ᷕ⎴⬠⮷喹卯ˣ⮞

居Ᾱˣ㆞徒␴懢㶛炻⚳檀ᷕ⭞㔁侩ⷓ Ellenˤḇℵᶨ㫉デ嫅嫅慹剙炻嫅嫅⥛䷥⛐ㆹ 傮⻙㗪䴎ㆹ㑩㉙炻⥛ᶵ㗗⬠埻ᶲˣⶍἄᶲ䘬⤥⣍Ờ炻㚜㗗㚨㹓㘾䘬⤥㚳⍳ˤ嫅 嫅ἈᾹ䷥㗗䴎ㆹ㚨層⽫䘬㓗㊩冯㑩㉙ˤġ

ġ ġ 㚨⼴炻天嫅嫅⭞ṢᾹ䘬㓗㊩冯⊭⭡炻䴎Ḱㆹ⽫曰ᶲ䘬㈞㊩ˣ㍸ὃㆹ幓⽫曰傥 慷䘬墄䴎炻㚜⣏≃㓗㊩ㆹ⬴ㆸ䡑⢓⬠ỵ炻嬻ㆹ⛐⬠䓇㗪㛇⃵㕤㑵䄑䴻㾇⓷柴炻㚜 嫅嫅ἈᾹ嬻ㆹ⛐ᶨᾳ⃭㺧ッ䘬䑘⠫攟⣏ˤ⎎⢾炻䈡⇍デ嫅䓟⍳㳒厉ṕ炻嫅嫅Ἀ⛐

ㆹ⾁⼿ᶨ⛀Ḫ㗪䄏栏ㆹᶨ↯䓇㳣䐋ḳ炻⎴㗪㈧㑼ˣ⊭⭡ㆹ㗪ᶵ㗪⣙㍏䘬ね䵺␴⢆

僦㯋炻ḇ嫅嫅Ἀ⛐Ṍ⼨䘬Ḽ⸜Ἦ⥳䳪⤪ᶨˤġ

ġ ġ 䓙堟デ嫅‭㕗⸜䋶⬠慹䴎Ḱ㛔婾㔯䘬偗⭂炻嬻ㆹ⛐⬠埻䞼䨞ᶲ㚜㚱ᾉ⽫炻ḇ 嬻忁䭯婾㔯⼿ẍ枮⇑⬴ㆸˤġ

ġ

Ḕ㕮㐿奨

ġ ġ 冢䀋侫⎌⬠⛐妶婾㔯⊾㗪炻⛐䈡⭂⛘䎮␴㗪攻䘬↮Ự䭬⚵ℏ炻↢⛇栆Ụ䈑岒 㔯⊾䘬怢⛨炻㚫塓夾䁢⎴ᶨᾳ㔯⊾炻ㆾ㗗㟡㒂⸦䧖䈡㬲䘬怢䈑䓴⭂㔯⊾炻ἳ⤪烉 暁⎋⚰嵛䒞冯ᶱ⎋⚰嵛䒞䁢⚻Ⱉ㔯⊾䘬䈡刚炻ᶼ夳㕤⚻Ⱉ㔯⊾炻⚈㬌炻↢⛇忁 栆䈑岒怢䔁䘬怢⛨⯙塓䓴⭂䁢⚻Ⱉ㔯⊾ㆾ⎴䁢⚻Ⱉ㔯⊾ˤᶵ忶炻忁䧖㔯⊾䘬䓴⭂

㕡⺷⎗傥⣒忶㬎㕟炻怢⛨ᷳ攻ⶖ䔘䘬忶䦳ḇ⭡㖻塓⾥䔍炻侴役⸜Ἦ䘤⯽䘬ˬ㈨埻 怠㑯˭⎗㍸ὃ⎎ᶨᾳ䝕妋㔯⊾ℏ㵝䘬奺⹎␴㕡㱽炻ḇ嶛僓Ḯẍ⼨德忶䈡⭂䈑岒怢 䔁䘬㚱䃉妶婾㔯⊾⍲䣦佌ᷳ攻䘬奒㸸斄Ὢˤ㈨埻塓娵䁢⎗⍵ㅱ↢Ṣ栆䘬埴䁢炻⍿

冒䃞屯㸸冯䈑䎮⿏岒䘬旸⇞炻⎴㗪ḇ⍿㔯⊾⼊⟹⼙枧炻ᶵ⎴㔯⊾䘬Ṣ佌⎗傥㚫㚱 ᶵᶨ㧋䘬㈨埻怠㑯侴⼊ㆸ冒㚱䘬㈨埻橼䲣炻㇨ẍ⎗德忶㈨埻橼䲣䘬䞼䨞㍊妶Ṣ佌 䘬㔯⊾ῷ⤥炻䓂侴⼤㬌ᷳ攻䘬佌橼娵⎴ˤ

ġ ġ ⚈㬌炻㛔䞼䨞娎⚾ẍ㈨埻怠㑯䁢↯ℍ溆炻㍊妶⎴㧋塓夾䁢⚻Ⱉ㔯⊾䘬⣏⛴⛹

怢⛨冯⚻Ⱉ怢⛨炻⹏句ᶵ⎴⛘溆ˣ㬟䴻ᶵ⎴䘬㬟⎚䑘⠫炻℞墥昞㈨埻橼䲣㗗⤪ỽ

⚢⬰ˣ䵕㊩⁛䴙烎ㆾ䘤⯽↢ᶵᶨ㧋䘬昞☐⁛䴙烎᷎㟡㒂⣏⛴⛹怢⛨冯⚻Ⱉ怢⛨䘬

㈨埻桐㟤㍐㷔ℑ怢⛨攻㗗⏎⬀⛐叿䣦佌䘬⋨昼冯䓴䶂烎㛇ℨ䓙㬌傥⮵⚻Ⱉ㔯⊾䘬 ℏ㵝冯䘤⯽㚱㚜㶙ℍ䘬䝕妋ˤ

ġ ġ ↮㜸⚻Ⱉ㔯⊾㗪㛇⣏⛴⛹怢⛨冯⚻Ⱉ怢⛨昞☐墥ἄ䘬㭷ᶨᾳ㬍樇⼴炻䘤䎦ℑ 怢⛨䘬墥昞橼䲣枿䁢䚠Ụ炻栗䣢↢ℑ怢⛨䘬Ṣ佌晾䓇㳣⛐ᶵ⎴⛘溆ᶼ᷎ᶵ⬴ℐ䚠

⎴䘬⸜ẋ炻ṵ➭㊩叿⎴ᶨ⣿墥昞㈨埻怠㑯冯㈨埻桐㟤炻忁㗗⏎栗䣢⣏⛴⛹怢⛨冯

⚻Ⱉ怢⛨䘬Ṣ佌⎗傥䥱㊩叿䚠Ụ䘬䣦佌娵⎴烎䔞䃞炻ℑ怢⛨Ṣ佌䘬䣦佌娵⎴ṵ枰 䲵ℍ㚜⣂朊⎹冯妶婾ㇵ⼿ẍ㶭㤂⛘䎮妋ˤ

斄

斄挝⫿烉㈨埻怠㑯ˣ昞☐墥ἄ橼䲣ˣ⚻Ⱉ㔯⊾㗪㛇ˣ⣏⛴⛹怢⛨ˣ⚻Ⱉ怢⛨

Abstract

Generally speaking, different sites with similar materials would be regarded as

belonging to the same archaeological culture. However, as Tapenkeng site and Yuanshan

site both are classified into Yuanshan culture, their ceramics are different in surface

patterns as well as surface color. It is wondering that since they were through different

historical processes, the ceramic manufacturing of the two sites were also different

besides pottery color and decoration pattern. In other words, whether people in two sites

insisted on practicing the same pottery-making technologies or adopted different

methods since they were inhabited in different areas and existed in different time.

Besides, the way of defining “culture” in Taiwan archaeology is usually based on the

existence or absence of specific artifacts. For example, foot-ringed jar with two mouths

is the diagnostic artifact of Yuanshan culture. Hence, if there are jars with two mouths

found in a site, the site will be classified into Yuanshan culture. This method of defining

a culture is too arbitrary and prone to neglect the subtle difference between sites. The

similarity and difference of the cultural assemblages of sites should be studied

profoundly and thoroughly in order to understand their relationship.

ġ To answer the question and recognize the problem of culture-defining method, it

will apply “technical choices” approach as methodology to pursuit the questions in this

research. This approach is based on Bourdieu’s practice theory and chaîne opératoire,

asserting that technology is shaped by physical properties, natural environment and

cultural preference as well. According to ethnography, people in different cultural

context may make diverse choices and form different technical style; therefore, by

defining the discontinuity of technical style in space or time, we might detect the social

boundary of sites or groups.

After analyzing ceramic manufacture step by step and interpreting the technical

choices of groups in Tapenkeng and Yuanshan site, the results suggest that the ways of

manufacturing pottery in these two sites were extremely alike, which showed people

inhabited in different locations carried out the same potter-making methods and

practiced similar technical style despite the difference on decoration pattern and color.

In addition, the results imply that people in Tapenkeng and Yuanshan sites might hold a

similar social identity. However, the detection of social identity should subsume more

cultural and material aspects to make further interpretations.

Key words: technical choices, pottery manufacturing system, Yuanshan cultural phase,

Tapenkeng site, Yuanshan site

䛕㬈

ᖴᇞ……….………..….i

ύЎᄔा…………..………....iii

Abstract………...………...iv

Ҟԛ………...………...vi

ߕკҞᒵ………...………...x

ߕ߄Ҟᒵ………...………...xi

ಃ΋ക! ! ᆣፕ...1

! ! ಃ΋࿯! ! ߻ق...1

ಃΒ࿯! ! ࣴزԑ፪...2

ಃΒക! ! Ў᝘ӣ៝...4

! ! ಃ΋࿯! ! מೌᒧ᏷ڗӛύޑჴ፬౛ፕ...6

! ! ಃΒ࿯! ! ᏹբᗗ...9

! ! ಃΟ࿯! ! מೌᒧ᏷ᆶמೌ॥਱...11

! ! ಃѤ࿯! ! מೌᒧ᏷ᆶޗဂࣚጕ...15

! ! ಃϖ࿯! ! ഏᏔᇙբמೌ...20

2.5.1 ഏᏔচ਑...20

2.5.2 ഏᏔל዗᎜܄...22

2.5.3 ഏᏔ߄य़းႬ...24

2.5.4 ഏᏔᐨᇙמೌ...27

2.5.5 ഏᏔ߄य़ᚑՅ...29

ಃΟക! ! ༝ξЎϯਔයޑεᦋ֞ᒪ֟ᆶ༝ξᒪ֟...32

! ! ಃ΋࿯! ! ༝ξЎϯޑϣ఼ᆶଆྍ...33

3.1.1 ༝ξЎϯϣ఼ϷӚਔයόӕᏢޣޑࣴزᆶ၍ញ...33

3.1.2 ༝ξЎϯޑଆྍϷݾ᝼...36

! ! ಃΒ࿯! ! ༝ξЎϯਔයޑӦ׎ǵ਻ংᆶ෌೏...38

! ! ಃΟ࿯! ! ༝ξᒪ֟...40

! ! ಃѤ࿯! ! εᦋ֞ᒪ֟...41

! ! ಃϖ࿯! ! ༝ξЎϯਔයޑԃж...43

3.5.1 ༝ξᒪ֟ޑԃж...43

3.5.2 εᦋ֞ᒪ֟ޑԃж...47

ಃѤക! ! ࣴز฼ౣ...48

! ! ಃ΋࿯! ! ኱ҁܜኬ...48

4.1.1 εᦋ֞ᒪ֟...48

4.1.2 ༝ξᒪ֟...52

! ! ಃΒ࿯! ! ࣴزϩ݋Бݤ...60

! ! ಃΟ࿯! ! ϩ݋฼ౣᆶ಍ीБݤ...65

ಃϖക! ! ϩ݋่݀...70

! ! ಃ΋࿯! ! εᦋ֞ᒪ֟ᆶ༝ξᒪ֟ޑϩ݋Кၨ...70

! ! ಃΒ࿯! ! ӕᒪ֟ύόӕ֞Տޑϩ݋Кၨ...73

! ! ! ! ! 5.2.1 εᦋ֞ᒪ֟ X-1 ֞ᆶ VI-1 ֞ޑКၨ...73

5.2.2 ༝ξᒪ֟ P2 ᆶ P5 ޑКၨ...74

! ! ಃΟ࿯! ! ӕᒪ֟ύόӕቫՏޑϩ݋Кၨ...76

5.3.1 εᦋ֞ᒪ֟...76

5.3.2 ༝ξᒪ֟...78

ಃϤക! ! ૸ፕ...82

! ! ಃ΋࿯! ! চ਑௦໣...83

6.1.1 ۟ຝϩ݋...83

6.1.2 ֨፵ҡᆶց...83

! ! ಃΒ࿯! ! চ਑ޑྗഢπբ...91

6.2.1 ᄞӝ਑ஏࡋᆶᄞӝ਑ஏࡋᡂ౦߯ኧ...91

6.2.2 ᄞӝ਑ಈ৩ᡂ౦߯ኧ...93

! ! ಃΟ࿯! ! ߃؁׎༟מೌ...94

! ! 6.3.1 Ꮤᡏ׎༟БԄ...94

6.3.2 ࠆࡋᡂ౦...94

! ! ಃѤ࿯! ! ԛा׎༟מೌ...96

! ! ಃϖ࿯! ! းႬ׎༟מೌ...97

6.5.1 ᏔᡏѦ׎ೀ౛ņᑃѳ...97

6.5.2 ᏔᡏѦ߄ೀ౛ņᑃӀ...97

6.5.3 ᏔᡏѦ߄ೀ౛ņࡼआற...97

6.5.4 ᏔᡏѦ߄ೀ౛ņࡼદ...98

! ! ಃϤ࿯! ! ഍ଳᆶᐨᇙ...102

6.6.1 ഏᏔᐨᇙྕࡋ...102

6.6.2 ഏᏔᗋচᐨ...104

6.6.3 Ѧ߄ᚑՅǵϣᏛᚑՅکजЈᚑՅ...104

! ! ಃΎ࿯! ! ᐨᇙࡕޑೀ౛...107

! ! ಃΖ࿯! ! λ่...108

ಃΎക! ! ่ፕ...109

ୖԵЎ᝘...120

ߕ! ᒵ! ! კހ...135

昫⛽䛕拫

კ 1烉Plog ගрޑ໘ቫϯદႬϩᜪس಍...25

კ 2Ǻ༝ξЎϯਔයޑᒪ֟ϩթკ...32

კ 3烉εᦋ֞ᒪ֟ǵ༝ξᒪ֟аϷ᎞߈ٿᒪ֟ޑӦ፦ᢕϔ...39

კ 4Ǻεᦋ֞ᒪ֟ LǵMǵNǵPǵQ ӦᗺՏ࿼კ...48

კ 5ǺQ Ӧᗺ X-1 ֞Ջᕅ...49

კ 6ǺQ Ӧᗺ VI-1 ֞рβᅪ՟ጀޑ่ᄬ...50

კ 7ǺVI-1 ֞βᝆϯᏢԋϩϩ݋่݀...51

კ 8Ǻ༝ξᒪ֟Ӛ୔Տ࿼კ...53

კ 9ǺಃΒ௖֞Տ࿼კ...53

კ 10Ǻಃϖ௖֞Տ࿼კ...54

კ 11Ǻಃϖ௖֞чᕅǵܿᕅᘐय़კ...55

კ 12ǺಃΒ௖֞ࠄᕅǵՋᕅᘐय़კ...57

კ 13ǺෳໆഏТࠆࡋᡂ౦܌ࡷᒧޑϖঁՏ࿼Ңཀკ...62

კ 14ǺᛣӑદෳໆҢཀკ...63

昫塏䛕拫

߄ 1ǺഏᏔ߄य़ޑးႬ೛ी॥਱-1...25

߄ 2ǺഏᏔ߄य़ޑးႬ೛ी॥਱-2...26

߄ 3ǺഏᏔ߄य़ޑးႬ೛ी॥਱-3...26

߄ 4ǺӚᅿෳໆഏᏔᐨᇙྕࡋޑБݤϷځᓬલᗺ...28

߄ 5Ǻ༝ξЎϯਔය༝ξᒪ֟Еࣅޑԃжਠ҅...43

߄ 6Ǻ༝ξЎϯਔය༝ξᒪ֟نෘᆶЕࣅޑԃжਠ҅...43

߄ 7Ǻ༝ξЎϯਔය༝ξᒪ֟ޑԃжਠ҅...44

߄ 8Ǻ༝ξЎϯਔය༝ξᒪ֟ਜ਼ူޑԃжਠ҅...46

߄ 9Ǻ༝ξЎϯਔයεᦋ֞ᒪ֟Еࣅޑۓԃ่݀...47

߄ 10Ǻ༝ξЎϯਔයεᦋ֞ᒪ֟ X-1 ֞ܜኬ่݀...50

߄ 11Ǻ༝ξᒪ֟ಃϖ௖֞ӚᜪഏᏔ಍ी߄...55

߄ 12Ǻԋϩϩ݋ޑܜኬ่݀...56

߄ 13Ǻ༝ξᒪ֟ಃϖ௖֞ഏТܜኬ่݀...56

߄ 14Ǻ༝ξЎϯਔය༝ξᒪ֟ಃΒ௖֞ഏТ಍ी߄...57

߄ 15Ǻ༝ξᒪ֟ಃΒ௖֞ഏТܜኬ่݀...59

߄ 16ǺӚᡂኧၮҔޑ಍ीϩ݋฼ౣ...68

߄ 47Ǻεᦋ֞ᒪ֟ᆶ༝ξᒪ֟ޑ಍ीϩ݋่݀...71

߄ 18Ǻεᦋ֞ᒪ֟ X-1 ֞ᆶ VI-1 ֞ޑ಍ीϩ݋่݀...73

߄ 19Ǻ༝ξᒪ֟ P2 ᆶ P5 ޑ಍ीϩ݋่݀...74

߄ 20Ǻεᦋ֞ᒪ֟ X-1 ᆶ VI-1 ֞ഏТคݤ຾Չ಍ीϩ݋ޑឦ܄...76

߄ 21Ǻεᦋ֞ᒪ֟ X-1 ᆶ VI-1 ֞ഏТӧόӕቫՏޑ಍ी่݀...77

߄ 22Ǻ༝ξᒪ֟ P5 ᆶ P2 ഏТคݤ຾Չ಍ीϩ݋ޑឦ܄...78

߄ 23Ǻ༝ξᒪ֟ P5 ᆶ P2 ഏТӧόӕቫՏޑϩ݋่݀...79

߄ 24Ǻᏹբᗗޑ؁ᡯჹᔈډҁࣴزϩ݋ޑय़ӛ...82

߄ 25Ǻεᦋ֞ᒪ֟ᆶ༝ξᒪ֟ഏТύ֨፵ҡᆶցޑኧໆᆶКٯ...84

߄ 26Ǻεᦋ֞ᒪ֟ X-1 ֞ᆶ VI-1 ֞ഏТύ֨፵ҡޑኧໆᆶКٯ...87

߄ 27Ǻ༝ξᒪ֟ P2 ᆶ P5 ഏТύ֨፵ҡޑኧໆᆶКٯ...87

߄ 28ǺPratt ฻Ꮲޣ᏾౛όӕфૈޑഏᏔӧ׷፦ک߄य़ೀ౛ޑ੝܄...89

߄ 29Ǻ༝ξᒪ֟ P5 L3&L4 ᆶ L9 ഏТ֨፵ҡޑКٯ...90

߄ 30Ǻεᦋ֞ᒪ֟ᆶ༝ξᒪ֟஥દႬഏТᆶનय़ഏޑኧໆᆶКٯ....98

߄ 31Ǻεᦋ֞ᒪ֟όӕ֞Տનय़ഏᆶ஥દႬഏТޑኧໆᆶКٯ...99

߄ 32Ǻ༝ξᒪ֟όӕ֞Տનय़ഏᆶ஥દႬഏТޑኧໆᆶКٯ...99

߄ 33Ǻεᦋ֞ᒪ֟ X-1 ֞όӕቫՏનय़ഏᆶ஥દႬഏТޑኧໆᆶ Кٯ...101

߄ 34Ǻ༝ξᒪ֟ P5 όӕቫՏનय़ഏᆶ஥દႬഏТޑኧໆᆶКٯ....101

߄ 35ǺഋӀ઒ᆶഋᅦ࣓฻Γޑࣴزύឦܭ༝ξЎϯεᦋ֞ᒪ֟ᆶ༝ξ ᒪ֟ޑഏТ...102

߄ 36Ǻ༝ξЎϯεᦋ֞ᒪ֟ᆶ༝ξᒪ֟ഏТޑϾሜ౗ᆶ֎Н౗...102 ߄ 37Ǻа X ৔ጕᙅ৔ϩ݋௢ۓޑᐨᇙྕࡋ...103 ߄ 38Ǻεᦋ֞ᒪ֟ᆶ༝ξᒪ֟ഏՅޑᡂ౦߯ኧ...106

䬓ᷧ䫇˚䶹媽!

ಃ΋࿯ǵ߻ق!

ġ ġ ⛐冢䀋侫⎌⬠ᷕ炻℟㚱䚠Ụ䈑岒怢䔁䘬怢⛨炻㚫塓夾䁢⎴ᶨᾳ㔯⊾炻㎃妨ᷳ炻

⎴ᶨᾳ㔯⊾䘬怢⛨℞㔯⊾ℏ㵝ㅱ娚䚠Ụˤ䃞侴炻⚻Ⱉ㔯⊾㗪㛇䘬⣏⛴⛹怢⛨冯⚻

Ⱉ怢⛨炻╖⽆ℑ怢⛨昞☐堐朊䘬䲳梦⍲柷刚ṵ㗗㚱㇨ⶖ䔘炻㬌⢾炻㟡㒂⭂⸜䳸㝄炻 ℑ怢⛨晾㚱㭝㗪㛇慵䔲炻Ữ⣏农ᶲ⣏⛴⛹怢⛨䔍㘂㕤⚻Ⱉ怢⛨炻ᶼℑ怢⛨⹏句⛐

ᶵ⎴䘬⛘溆炻⚈㬌攳⥳㍊䨞昌Ḯ昞☐堐朊ᶵ⎴ᷳ⢾炻⚻Ⱉ㔯⊾㗪㛇䘬⣏⛴⛹怢⛨

␴⚻Ⱉ怢⛨⛐⎗傥ᶵ⎴䘬䑘⠫ẍ⍲㬟⎚忶䦳䘬⼙枧ᷳᶳ炻㇨䘤⯽↢Ἦ䘬墥昞㈨埻 橼䲣䁢ỽ烎德忶↮㜸ℑ怢⛨䘬墥昞㈨埻橼䲣炻妶婾ℑ怢⛨⛐墥昞忶䦳ᷕ炻㗗⏎➭

㊩㝸ṃ㈨埻⁛䴙炻ㆾ侭⛐ᶵ⎴䘬㬟⎚䑘⠫ᷳᶳ㈨埻橼䲣㚱Ḯ嬲䔘䘬䘤⯽烎⮵忁ṃ

⓷柴䘬䎮妋䔞㚱≑㕤㚜㶙ℍ⛘Ḯ妋⚻Ⱉ㔯⊾䘬ℏ㵝冯℞䘤⯽ˤ

ġ ġ ⮵㬌嬘柴䘬䞼䨞⮯㍉䓐㈨埻怠㑯炷technical choice炸ἄ䁢䞼䨞⍾⼹炻㬌㕡㱽婾

⺢➢㕤 Bourdieu 䘬⮎嶸䎮婾ẍ⍲㑵ἄ拲炷chaîne opératoire炸炻䥱㊩叿㈨埻㈋忋䣦㚫 橼䲣䘬婾溆炻忳䓐㑵ἄ拲㍸↢䘬墥昞㬍樇炻ᷣ⻝墥昞侭⛐墥ἄ昞☐䘬㭷ᶨᾳ㬍樇

ᷕ炻ὅ叿⁛䴙冯⍇Ἦ⚢㚱ᷳ橼䲣ἄ↢怠㑯炻忁ᶨ忋ᷚ㈨埻怠㑯䘬䷥␴㥳ㆸ㬌佌橼 䈡㚱䘬㈨埻桐㟤炷technical style炸炻㈨埻桐㟤栗䣢↢ẋẋ䚠⁛⮵㕤墥昞㈨埻䘬䝕妋炻

⏰䎦墥昞侭䘬㔯⊾㬟⎚側㘗炷Stark et al. 1998炸ˤ㈨埻橼䲣䘬⮎嶸傥⣈堐䎦ᶨᾳ佌 橼䘬桐㟤炻⍵㗈ᶨᾳ佌橼⮵⁛䴙䘬➭㊩ˣ忚侴⼘栗℞佌橼娵⎴炻ẍ⍲斄Ὢ䭬⚵䘬 堐⽝炻⚈㬌⎗啱䓙㈨埻桐㟤⛐䨢攻冯㗪攻ᶲ䘬忋临冯ᷕ㕟㍐㷔䣦佌䓴䶂炷social boundary炸ˤỮ㗗炻㈨埻桐㟤㗗↮㜸䣦佌䓴䶂䘬㕡㱽ᷳᶨ炻䣦佌怲䓴䘬⏰䎦⼨⼨

搚⳴⛐㔯⊾䘬⎬䧖朊⎹ᶲ炻╖ᶨ䘬㕡㱽冯↮㜸䃉㱽䓴⭂怲䓴䘬⬀⛐ㆾ℞シ佑 炷Goodby 1998炸炻⣂朊⎹冯㕡㱽䘬㍉䓐㗗⽭枰䘬炻㛔䞼䨞䔞⎒㗗ᶨᾳ崟溆侴朆ℐ 䃞䚖㧁ˤ

ಃΒ࿯ǵࣴزԑ፪

ġ ġ 侫⎌⬠ᷕ䘬㔯⊾忂ⷠ㟡㒂䈑岒㔯⊾⍵㗈↢䘬㔯⊾ℏ㵝侴⭂炻劍㚱䚠Ụ䈑岒㔯

⊾冯㔯⊾ℏ㵝䘬怢⛨㚫塓㬠䁢⎴ᶨ㔯⊾炻ἳ⤪烉䚠Ụ䘬昞☐䲳梦ˣ⎴㧋䘬䓇㤕✳

ン䫱ˤ⇵Ṣ䘬䞼䨞㊯↢炻⚻Ⱉ㔯⊾䘬昞☐ẍ䳈朊ˣ㶢㡽⣦䞪ˣℑ寶㈲⚰嵛仸ˣ暁

⎋⚰嵛仸ᷳ☐✳䁢䈡刚烊䞛☐⇯ẍ㚱偑䞛㕏ˣ㚱㭝䞛拃␴⋁⼊⣏抌䫱㚨℟䈡刚ˤ

⣏⛴⛹怢⛨䫔ᶱⰌ炷ỵ㕤妲⠀❼㔯⊾Ⰼᷳᶲˣ㢵䈑⚺㔯⊾ᷳᶳ炸䘬怢䈑栆✳炻冯

⚻Ⱉ怢⛨䘬㔯⊾怢䔁⚈㚱叿ᶲ徘⚻Ⱉ㔯⊾䈡刚䘬☐䈑炻侴悥塓䓴⭂䁢⚻Ⱉ㔯⊾ˤ Ữℑ怢⛨昞☐⛐䲳梦冯☐堐柷刚ᶲ栗䣢↢⼰⣏䘬ⶖ䔘⿏炻㕤㗗䫮侭攳⥳⿅侫ℑ怢

⛨昌Ḯ昞☐䘬䲳梦冯柷刚㚱⋨⇍炻ℑ怢⛨䘬℞Ṿ昞☐朊⎹冯㈨埻橼䲣㗗⏎Ṏ㚱ᶵ

⎴烎㎃⎍娙婒炻ℑ怢⛨⛐ᶵ⎴䘬冒䃞䑘⠫冯㬟⎚忶䦳ᷳᶳ炻㗗⏎➭㊩㝸䧖墥ἄ⁛

䴙炻㈹ㆾ㗗䘤⯽↢ᶵ⎴䘬㈨埻橼䲣烎⎎⢾炻劍ℑ怢⛨昞☐䘬㈨埻橼䲣㚱㇨ⶖ䔘炻

℞攻ⶖ䔘䓊䓇䘬忶䦳炻䔞㗗ᾳῤ⼿妶婾斄㲐䘬⛘㕡ˤ

ġ ġ 㛔䞼䨞⮯ẍ⚻Ⱉ㔯⊾Ṣ佌䘬㈨埻橼䲣䁢㍊妶䘬嬘柴炻᷎ẍ昞☐墥ἄ橼䲣ἄ䁢

↮㜸慵溆ˤ1970 ⸜ẋᷳ⼴炻⮵㕤㈨埻䘬妶婾䓊䓇慵⣏㓡嬲炻㈨埻ᶵℵ⎒㗗㺧嵛≇

傥ᶲ䘬暨㯪ㆾẍ䴻㾇䘬㤪⾝䁢㊯⮶⍇⇯炻䓂军旬≈㕤䈑岒ᶲ䘬䓊䈑炻墥ἄ☐䈑䘬

㈨埻⍲墥ἄ☐䈑䘬㬍樇悥Ⱄ㕤Ṣ䘬埴䁢㧉⺷炻侴Ṣ䘬埴䁢㧉⺷⍿㔯⊾㸾⇯⼊⟹

炷Lechtman 1977炸ˤLemonnier炷1993炸ᷣ⻝㈨埻㗗䣦㚫㚨⇅䘬䓊䈑炻墥ἄ☐䈑䘬 㕡⺷冯側⼴䘬⿅䵕怷廗㥳ㆸ忁ᾳ䣦佌䘬㈨埻橼䲣ㆾ䧙㈨埻䲣䴙炷technical system炸ˤ

㈨埻ᶵ⎒㗗≇傥⿏⛘妋㰢Ṣ栆䘬⓷柴炻⎴㗪⍿⇘䣦㚫㔯⊾䘬⼙枧炻㚱㗪῁炻㝸ṃ

㈨埻⛐㈨埻Ⰼ朊ᶲ䚳Ἦᶵ⎰怷廗炻Ữ⌣䫎⎰℞䣦㚫怷廗ˤ⚈䁢㈨埻䲣䴙⛐䣦㚫㔯

⊾ᷕ䘬慵天⿏炻⚈㬌⎗啱䓙㈨埻橼䲣䘬妶婾㍊䨞⚻Ⱉ㔯⊾㗪㛇⣏⛴⛹怢⛨冯⚻Ⱉ 怢⛨䘬㔯⊾ℏ㵝ˤ

ġ ġ 㫚妶婾㈨埻橼䲣炻⛐㬌婾㔯ẍ㈨埻怠㑯炷technical choices炸ἄ䁢䞼䨞㕡㱽炻怠 㑯㬌⍾⎹炻㗗⚈䁢㈨埻怠㑯㩊夾Ḯ墥ἄ忶䦳ᷕ䘬㭷ᶨᾳ㬍樇炻᷎ẍ㈨埻怠㑯䘬䷥

␴ʇ㈨埻桐㟤炷technical style炸妶婾㈨埻䲣䴙炻㍸ὃ妶婾㈨埻橼䲣㚜⬴㔜䘬朊⎹ˤ

㈨埻怠㑯䁢 90 ⸜ẋ䞼䨞☐䈑㕘䘤⯽↢Ἦ䘬嵐⊊炻ᷣ⻝墥昞侭⛐墥ἄ昞☐䘬㭷ᶨᾳ 㬍樇ᷕ悥㗗⛐䛦⣂䘬⎗傥⿏ᶲἄḮ怠㑯炻侴忁ᶨ忋ᷚ䘬怠㑯㗗⍿叿㔯⊾䳸㥳䘬⼊

⟹炻ẍ⍲ᾳṢ⛐ね⠫ᷕ⮎嶸䘬傥≽⿏㔜⎰侴ㆸ䘬㈨埻桐㟤ˤ⚈㬌炻㈨埻怠㑯⎗⍵

㗈㈨埻側⼴Ṣ佌佺⼿ˣ㟡㶙吪⚢䘬尉⽝䳸㥳␴埴䁢㧉⺷炻侴忁ṃ䳸㥳冯㧉⺷ḇ啱 叿ᾳṢ傥≽⿏䘬⮎嶸ℵ䓇䓊炻侴ᶼ炻㈨埻怠㑯㗗㬎㕟䘬炻⎬ᾳ㔯⊾㑩㚱冒幓䘬怷 廗炻㰢⭂䓂湤㧋䘬䓇䓊墥忈ㇵ㚱ˬシ佑˭炷Lemonnier 1993炸ˤġ

ġ ġ ⎎⢾炻㈨埻怠㑯䘬䎮婾㤪⾝⻟婧炻㈨埻橼䲣䘬⮎嶸ᶵ⎒⍵㗈䣦㚫㔯⊾䳸㥳ˣ

⼘栗ᾳṢ⍲佌橼娵⎴炻ḇἄ䁢Ṣ佌㔯⊾娵⎴䘬㨇⇞冯堐⼘䘬⨺ṳ炻⚈㬌⎗忳䓐㈨ 埻桐㟤⛐㗪䨢ᶲ䘬ᶵ忋临⿏㍐婾䣦佌䓴䶂炷Stark et al. 1998炸ˤ晾䃞㈨埻桐㟤⎗ẍ

⍵㗈㔯⊾怷廗ẍ⍲䣦佌娵⎴炻Ữ╖⯙ᶨᾳ朊⎹䘬㈨埻桐㟤䃉㱽䓴⭂䣦佌䓴䶂䘬⬀

⛐冯⏎炻䔊䪇炻䣦佌䓴䶂㗗≽ン⛘⳴⛐㔯⊾䘬㭷ᶨᾳ朊⎹炻劍天㍊妶䣦佌䓴䶂枰 ẍ䈑岒㔯⊾䘬⎬ᾳ朊⎹≈ẍ妶婾㓗㊩炻⚈㬌炻㛔䞼䨞ἄ䁢ᶨᾳ攳䪗炻ẍ墥昞㈨ 埻㍊䨞⣏⛴⛹怢⛨冯⚻Ⱉ怢⛨Ṣ佌䘬㔯⊾ℏ㵝炻㛇㛃⮯Ἦ傥⛐㬌➢䢶ᶲ炻妶婾㬌 Ḵ䣦佌䘬䣦佌娵⎴␴⎗傥䘬Ḻ≽斄Ὢˤ

䬓ṳ䫇˚㕮䍢⛅桎

ġ ġ 侫⎌⬠嗽䎮䘬㛸㕁㗗忶⍣ṢᾹ㳣≽䘬䈑岒怢䔁炻侴忁ṃ怢䔁⤪䞛岒☐䈑ˣ昞 岒☐䈑ˣ慹Ⱄ☐䈑䫱悥冯ˬ㈨埻˭〗〗䚠斄炻㈨埻⎗婒㗗Ṣ栆䓇㳣䘬㟠⽫炷Dobres 2010炸ˤLechtman 冯 Lemonnier ㈡姽⃰⇵䘬䞼䨞⎒慵夾㈨埻橼䲣⮵㕤䣦㚫㔯⊾䘬ˬ㓰 䓐˭炻ㆾ侭╖䲼ẍ䴻㾇ㆾ≇傥⿏䘬奺⹎妶婾㈨埻炻ṾᾹ㈡姽忁㧋䘬婾徘忶㕤䊡晀ˤ Lechtmanᷣ⻝㈨埻橼䲣ᷕ墥ἄ䈑⑩䘬㭷ᶨᾳ㬍樇悥㗗Ṣ䘬埴䁢㧉⺷炻侴Ṣ䘬埴䁢 㧉⺷⼨⼨㗗㔯⊾㸾⇯⼊⟹↢Ἦ䘬炻⚈㬌㈨埻㵝味㔯⊾シ佑ˣ㔯⊾㸾⇯冯䣦㚫䳸㥳炻

⎗傥⎴㗪⍿⇘㔯⊾⚈䳈冯㔯⊾⮵冒䃞䑘⠫䘬娵䞍㇨⼙枧炷Lechtman 1977炸ˤ Lemonnier忚ᶨ㬍㈡姽炻⌛ὧ㗗Ṣ栆⬠⭞⛐妶婾䈑岒⤪ỽ⍫冯㔯⊾㗪炻ṵ旸㕤㈨ 埻䘬ˬ桐㟤˭炻侴㇨媪䘬桐㟤㊯㴱䈑䘬⼊䉨冯墅梦炻ᶼᶵ℟⮎晃≇䓐ˤLemonnier

⍵⮵忁㧋䘬婾徘炻ᷣ⻝㈨埻㗗䣦㚫㚨⇅䘬䓊䈑炻Ṣ栆䘬⽫㘢忶䦳⊭⏓⛐ᶨᾳ⺋⣏

䘬尉⽝䲣䴙ᷕ炻㚫⼙枧䈑岒ᶾ䓴ᷕṢ䘬埴䁢ˤ㈨埻ᶵ⎒㗗≇傥⿏⛘妋㰢Ṣ栆䘬⓷ 柴炻Ṏ⎴㗪⍿⇘䣦㚫㔯⊾䘬⼙枧炻㚱㗪῁炻㝸ṃ㈨埻⛐㈨埻Ⰼ朊ᶲ䚳Ἦᶵ⎰怷廗ˣ 䃉㱽忼ㆸ℞≇傥䚖㧁炻Ữ⌣䫎⎰℞䣦㚫怷廗炻㎃妨ᷳ炻䞼䨞㈨埻⽭枰侫慷朆㈨埻

⚈䳈炻᷎朆⎒㗗㺧嵛≇傥ᶲ䘬暨㯪侴⶚ˤġ

ġ ġ ⎎⢾炻Lemonnier 䈡⇍⻟婧炻㈨埻㗗ᶨ䧖⏓㊔尉⽝シ佑忳ἄ䘬墯暄䎦尉炻⚈㬌 䃉㱽⮯㈨埻冯䣦㚫⚈䳈↮暊炻⛐姙⣂ἳ⫸ᷕ悥⎗夳炻㭷ᶨᾳ䣦㚫Ụ᷶悥ˬ怠㑯˭

Ḯ䈡㚱䘬㈨埻䈡⽝ˤṢ佌嗽⛐䘬冒䃞䑘⠫ˣ㬟⎚⁛䴙ˣẍ⍲冯⢾Ṣ䘬㍍妠炻㍸ὃ

⣂䧖⎗ὃ怠㑯䘬墥ἄ⮎嶸冯℞嬲≽䘬ね⠫炻ṢᾹ⽆⣂䧖⎗傥⿏ᷕἄ↢怠㑯炻侴ᶼ 㚫㟡㒂忁ᶨ䲣↿䘬墥ἄ怠㑯䘤⯽↢㈨埻橼䲣炻忁䧖⮎嶸䘬怠㑯≽ἄ䧙䁢ˬ㈨埻怠 㑯炷technical choices炸˭炷Lemonnier 1993炸ˤᶨ凔侴妨炻⬠䓴㘖念娵䁢ˬ㈨埻怠 㑯˭忁ᾳ㤪⾝㸸冒㕤 Lemonnier炷1993炸炻ᶵ忶 Schiffer 䫱Ṣ炷2001炸娵䁢埴䁢侫

⎌⬠⭞㖑⛐ 1987 ⸜⛐⮎槿㮹㕷侫⎌⬠冯⎚⇵侫⎌⬠ᷕ⯙ἧ䓐Ḯ㈨埻怠㑯忁ᾳ奨⾝ˤ ᶵ婾ˬ㈨埻怠㑯˭䘬崟㸸㗗Ἦ冒 Lemonnier ㆾ侭埴䁢侫⎌⬠炻ˬ㈨埻怠㑯˭⛐Ḵˣ ᶱ⋩⸜䘬䘤⯽ᷳ⼴炻⶚ㆸ䁢䞼䨞☐䈑䘬嵐⊊炷Loney 2000炸ˤ⛐攳⥳妶婾ˬ㈨埻怠

㑯˭ᷳ⇵炻⃰婒㖶忁ᾳ㕡㱽婾䘬䎮婾➢䢶炻⤈➢㕤 Bourdieu 䘬⮎嶸䎮婾炷practice theory炸ẍ⍲㑵ἄ拲炷chaîne opératoire炸炻᷎⛐ᷳ⼴⚆栏昞☐⎬ᾳ朊⎹䘬↮㜸㕡⺷炻 ἄ䁢㒔⭂䞼䨞䫾䔍䘬⍫侫ˤ

ಃ΋࿯ǵמೌᒧ᏷ڗӛύޑჴ፬౛ፕ

ġ ġ ⮯䈑岒㔯⊾夾䁢䣦㚫䎦尉㗪炻枰㲐シ䳸㥳冯Ṣ䘬傥≽⿏炻᷎㍊妶䳸㥳冯⮎嶸

⤪ỽ德忶⮎嶸埴䁢婧␴炻㎃⎍娙婒炻枰㲐シ䳸㥳⤪ỽ㰢⭂⮎嶸炻ẍ⍲⮎嶸⤪ỽ德 忶ℵ䓇䓊䳸㥳Ἦ慵⟹䳸㥳炻㫚妶婾䳸㥳冯⮎嶸䘬Ḻ≽冯⋼婧炻Bourdieu 䘬⮎嶸䎮 婾ẍ⍲ㄋ佺炷habitus炸䘬㤪⾝㍸ὃᶨᾳ⼰⤥䘬➢䢶炷Dietler and Herbich 1998炸ˤ Bourdieu炷1992炸ᷣ⻝炻ㄋ佺冯⁦⎹炷disposition炸䫱⽭枰啱䓙⮎嶸ㇵ⼿ẍ⯽䎦炻

⮎嶸㗗ᶨ䧖幓橼䘬䉨ン炷state of body炸炻㇨媪䘬⮎嶸⽭枰啱䓙埴≽ㇵ傥⮯ㄋ佺ˣ⁦

⎹䫱⏰䎦↢Ἦˤ㈨埻怠㑯⍵㗈㈨埻側⼴佺⼿ˣ㟡㶙吪⚢䘬埴䁢冯⿅ょ炻⎗䓐 Bourdieu

㍸↢䘬ˬㄋ佺˭Ἦ妋慳ˤ

ġ ġ 㟡㒂 Bourdieu炷1992炸䘬婾徘炻ㄋ佺䓊䓇埴≽䘬℠䭬炻㗗䧖㬟⎚䘬䓊䈑炻㍸

ὃ⮎嶸䘬⍫侫炻᷎ᾅ晄⮎嶸䘬㬋䡢⿏ˤBonnewitz炷2002炸娵䁢炻Bourdieu ㇨媪䘬 ㄋ佺⎗婒㗗ᶨᾳ㊩ᷭ⿏䘬⁦⎹䲣䴙炻㚫⼙枧ᾳṢ娵䞍ˣデ奢ˣ ḳ⍲⿅侫䘬ン⹎炻 ᾳṢ⛐䣦㚫⊾䘬忶䦳ᷕ䌚⼿炻⎴ᶨ㔯⊾佌橼ㆾ⎴ᶨ昶䳂䘬ᾳ橼晾䃞㚱㇨怠㑯炻Ữ ḇᶵ㗗⬴ℐ冒䓙䘬炻忁ṃ怠㑯ṵ⍿⇞㕤昶䳂ㆾ䣦㚫ㄋ佺炻ἧ⼿⎴ᶨ昶䳂ˣ㔯⊾佌 橼䘬ᶵ⎴ㆸ⒉嵐⎹ἄ↢䚠Ụ䘬怠㑯炷Bonnewitz 2002: 100-104炸ˤ⎎⢾炻ㄋ佺㈧庱叿 㬟⎚冯䣦㚫ね⠫炻德忶⮎嶸䘬⯽䣢ℏ⊾䁢䫔Ḵᾳ㛔岒ˤ㖑⃰䘬䴻槿⮵ㄋ佺侴妨㗗 慵天䘬炻⚈䁢ㄋ佺⻟婧⺞临⿏ᶼ⍵㈿㓡嬲炻⬫嬻⇞⹎冯佺὿忼ㆸ℞㚨⣏㓰䓐ˤ㬟

⎚⛐ㄋ佺冯䳸㥳ᷕ℟橼⊾炻ㄋ佺婧㔜Ḯ⭊奨䘬㨇㚫冯ᷣ奨䘬≽㨇炻㇨媪䘬ˬ怠㑯˭

℞⮎㗗ㄋ佺㇨ῷ⤥䘬䴻槿炻᷎ᶼ≈⻟ㄋ佺炷Bourdieu 1992炸ˤ

ġ ġ ㈨埻橼䲣德忶ㄋ佺⼊⟹侴ㆸ炻⛐侫⎌⬠⭞䞼䨞䘬⎚⇵䣦㚫ᷕ炻ⶍ喅炷craft炸忂

ⷠ德忶奨⮇冯㧉ầ侴佺⼿炻᷎朆ᶨ⣿♜㟤䘬夷䭬炻㚱㗪ḇ㰺㚱⚢⭂䘬㔁⬠ㆾ⁛㈧ 㧉⺷炻䃞侴炻晾⬠佺ⶍ喅䘬忶䦳⎗傥⚈Ṣ侴䔘炻Ữ⬠佺㈨埻䘬㕡⺷冯䘤⯽⼨⼨⍿

⇘幓嗽䘬䣦㚫傰䴉⼙枧炷Bamforth and Finlay 2008: 10-12炸ˤ㬌⢾炻ṢᾹ⛐⬠佺㈨喅 䘬忶䦳ᷕ⺢㥳℞䣦佌娵⎴⍲䣦㚫奺刚炻᷎⼊ㆸ⮎嶸䣦佌炷communities of practice炸ˤ Wenger䫱Ṣ炷2002: 4炸⭂佑ˬ⮎嶸䣦佌˭䁢炻ᶨ佌Ṣ䁢Ḯ妋㰢㝸ẞḳねˣㆾ⮵䚠

Ụ䘬柀➇デ冰嵋炻侴䳬䷼崟Ἦ炻㈦↢ᶨ⣿妋㰢㬌⓷柴䘬䞍嬀炻ᶨ㭝㗪攻ᷳ⼴炻忁 佌Ṣ㚫䘤⯽↢⮵㕤㬌⓷柴䈡㚱䘬䞍嬀ˣ⮎嶸冯㕡㱽炻᷎⺢䩳䣦佌ᷕ䘬Ṣ晃斄Ὢ冯 Ḻ≽㧉⺷炻⼊⟹↢䚠Ụ䘬娵⎴ˤ⎎⢾炻忁⣿䞍嬀ḇ㚫⁛㈧䴎Ⱄ㕤忁ᾳ䣦佌䘬Ṣ炻 ᶼ㌺昌Ṿ佌橼炻侴㬌䞍嬀ㆾ㈨埻䘬⮎嶸ˣ⁛㈧冯⏎Ṏ∫↮↢䣦佌䓴䶂炷Wenger et al.

2002: 4, 139-140烊Gowlland 2012: 359-360炸ˤ冱ἳἮ婒炻ᶨ佌Ṣ䁢Ḯ墥ἄ昞☐侴倂 普⛐ᶨ崟炻娎⚾㈦↢墥ἄ昞☐䘬㕡㱽炻侴⛐䘤⯽墥昞㈨埻䘬忶䦳ᷕ炻⺢㥳↢㬌䣦 佌䈡㚱䘬墥昞䞍嬀ˣ⮎嶸冯娵⎴炻ᶼ㬌墥ἄ昞☐䘬㈨埻䞍嬀⁛㈧䴎Ⱄ㕤忁ᾳ䣦 佌䘬Ṣ炻⚈㬌炻⎴ᶨ䣦佌㚫㊩㚱䚠Ụ䘬㈨埻䞍嬀␴娵⎴炻大朆䘬┨湍昮ḇ㚱忁㧋 䘬ἳ⫸炷David and Hennig 1972烊Gosselain 1992: 582炸ˤ

ġ ġ ┨湍昮⊿㕡㛹句 Bé ᷕ䘬⨎⤛Ἦ冒㕤ᶱᾳᶵ⎴䘬㕷佌炻㈧多叿ᶵ⎴䘬㈨埻䞍嬀 冯⁛䴙炻晾䃞䓇㳣␐怕⬀⛐䘬ᶵ⎴䘬墥昞㈨埻炻⨎⤛Ᾱṵ➭㊩⍇⃰佺⼿䘬墥昞㈨ 埻炻᷎⁛㈧䴎⼴ẋ炷David and Hennig 1972烊Gosselain 1992: 582炸ˤCarr ␴ Maslowski 炷1995: 321-322炸⮵㕤丑䳊䘬䞼䨞Ṏ栗䣢ᶵ⎴㬟⎚忶䦳冯䣦㚫傰䴉ᶳ䘬佌橼㚫㚱ᶵ

⎴䘬㈨埻怠㑯炻Hopi Ṣ冯 Navajo Ṣ䘮㑭攟䶐墥丑䳊炻Ữ Hopi Ṣ䶐忈丑⫸䘬㕡㱽㗗 S⎹炻Navajo Ṣ⇯㗗 Z ⎹炻晾ℑ佌Ṣ㚦Ṍ㳩忶炻Ữ⍇⃰佺ㄋ䘬䶐忈㕡⎹ṵ㰺㚱⚈Ṍ 㳩侴䓊䓇㓡嬲炻䶐忈丑⫸䘬㕡⎹晾㗗⼰䳘⽖䘬≽ἄ炻Ữḇ⎗䚳↢Ṣ佌⍿⇘幓嗽䘬 㔯⊾傰䴉冯䣦㚫⬠佺㧉⺷䘬⼙枧ˤ㮹㕷娴屯㕁㊯↢炻昞☐墥ἄ㈨埻䘬䚠Ụ冯⏎䴻

ⷠ冯䣦佌䓴䶂䚠䫎炻㎃妨ᷳ炻⎴ᶨ㕷佌䘬ṢᾹ㚫㚱䚠⎴䘬墥昞㕡⺷炻ᶵ⎴佌橼⇯

㍉⍾ᶵ⎴䘬墥昞㈨埻炷Gosselain 2000: 208炸ˤ侴ẍᶲℑᾳ㟰ἳḇ⎗䚳↢炻Ṣ佌晾冯

㊩㚱ᶵ⎴㈨埻桐㟤䘬Ṿ佌㍍妠Ṍ㳩炻Ữṵ怠㑯➭㊩冒幓䘬墥ἄ㕡⺷冯㈨埻⁛䴙炻

⍰炻Gosselain炷2000炸娵䁢炻ṢᾹ⮵㕤冒幓佌橼䘬娵⎴冯㬠Ⱄデ忂ⷠ搚⳴⛐㖍ⷠ䓇 㳣䘬⮎嶸炻墥ἄ☐䈑ὧ㗗℞ᷕᶨ䧖㖍ⷠ⮎嶸炻ṢᾹ㚫德忶㈨埻⁛䴙冯墥ἄ㕡㱽䘬

➭㊩⁛忼⮵㕤冒幓佌橼䘬娵⎴ˤ

ġ ġ ⶍ喅䘬⬠佺Ⱄ㕤㔯⊾⁛㈧䘬ᶨ悐ấ炻㈨埻ᶵ傥塓夾䁢䣦㚫㳣≽䘬㫉天䓊⑩炻

㈨埻䘬⮎嶸⎗䚳↢Ṣ佌䣦㚫䓇㳣䭬䔯ᷕ䘬埴≽ˤBourdieu 䘬⮎嶸䎮婾嬻ㆹᾹ⎗⮯

㈨埻㓦ℍ䣦㚫傰䴉ᷕ炻ἄ䁢ㄋ佺䘬䓊䈑冯䓇䓊侭炻侴ᾳṢ冒䓙ἄ↢䘬㈨埻怠㑯ḇ

⼨⼨⍿⇘䣦㚫冯昶䳂ㄋ佺㇨⼙枧᷎ᶼ䈥⇞炻ṵⷞ㚱㬌㔯⊾佌橼ㆾ昶䳂䈡㚱䘬㈨埻 桐㟤炷Dietler and Herbich 1998炸ˤ䃞侴炻劍天⮯ Bourdieu 䘬䎮婾忳䓐⇘䈑岒㔯⊾䘬 妶婾ᶲ炻枰慵⺢ᶨ⣿䈑岒桐㟤冯㈨埻㚜⬴㔜䘬㤪⾝㟮㝞炻℞ᷕ⊭⏓㑵ἄ拲㤪⾝䘬 忳䓐ˤ

ಃΒ࿯ǵᏹբᗗ!

ġ ġ 20 ᶾ䲨䞼䨞⎌ẋ㈨埻䘬嵐⊊↮䁢ℑ䧖炻㟡㒂 Sahlins炷1976炸⮵㕤Ṣ栆⬠䎮婾 䘬⋨↮炻⎗∫↮䁢叿慵ˬ⮎嶸⚈䳈炷practical reason炸˭冯ῷ⤥ˬ㔯⊾⚈䳈炷cultural reason炸˭ℑ栆䎮婾炻⇵侭ẍ⚈㝄斄Ὢ冯䎮⿏⍇⇯妋慳⎌ẋ㈨埻橼䲣炻ᷣ⻝忁栆⚈

㝄斄Ὢ䘬妋慳ᶵ旸㕤䈡⭂㗪䨢側㘗炻娵䁢㈨埻䁢Ṣ栆䘬怑ㅱ䫾䔍炻㟡㒂䴻㾇Ṣ栆

⬠ᷕ䘬⼊⺷婾炻⎌ẋ㈨埻橼䲣冯屯㛔ᷣ佑䘬䴻㾇怷廗䚠⎴炻䘮嫃㯪℞㓰䙲烊⼴侭

⇯⻟婧尉⽝シ佑䘬⺢㥳ˣ䔞⛘䘬㬟⎚␴Ṣ䘬傥≽⿏ˤˬ⮎嶸⚈䳈˭䘬䎮婾⮯㈨埻夾 䁢怑ㅱ䫾䔍炻夾㈨埻䁢㔯⊾冯冒䃞婧䭨䘬䳸㝄炻侴㲐慵ˬ㔯⊾⚈䳈˭䘬䎮婾娵䁢

㈨埻⮯冒䃞廱⊾䁢㔯⊾炻德忶㔯⊾炻⎚⇵Ṣ佌䌚⼿㚱斄冒䃞屯㸸䘬䞍嬀炻᷎ᶼㅪ

⼿⤪ỽἧ䓐冒䃞屯㸸炻⚈㬌炻㔯⊾䣦㚫⚈䳈⼊⟹Ḯ䈑䘬墥ἄˣἧ䓐㕡⺷炻ẍ⍲墥 ἄ忶䦳ᷕ䘬㭷ᶨᾳ㬍樇ˤ

ġ ġ ᷳ⼴炻⛐㪲堉⮎嶸⚈䳈冯㔯⊾⚈䳈ᷳ⼴炻㱽⚳⬠侭 Leroi-Gourhan ㍸↢㑵ἄ拲 炷chaîne opératoire炸忁ᾳ㤪⾝㟮㝞炷Leroi-Gourhan 1964烊Stark 1998: 5炸ˤ㑵ἄ拲 Ṽ䳘↮㜸䈑㭷ᶨᾳ墥ἄˣἧ䓐ˣᾖ⽑䘬㬍樇炻圵⎰Ṣ栆⮎晃⛐偊橼ᶲ⮵䈑䘬ἧ䓐 冯墥ἄ忈ㆸ䘬⼙枧炻ẍ⍲娵䞍ˣ尉⽝ˣ䣦㚫㔯⊾⚈䳈⮵㕤㈨埻䘬⼊⟹ˤ德忶㑵ἄ 拲ᶨ䲣↿䘬↮㜸炻侫⎌⬠侭⎗ẍˬ䚳↢˭Ṣ佌ℙ㚱䘬₡ῤˣ尉⽝シ佑冯䣦㚫⚈䳈 忈⯙䓂湤ㇵ㗗墥ἄㆾἧ䓐䈑岒ˬ怑䔞˭䘬㕡⺷炷Dobres 2010炸ˤ

ġ ġ ⬠侭ᶵ天↮㜸㑵ἄ拲ᷕ䘬㭷ᶨᾳ㬍樇炻ḇ⽭暨㍊䨞䁢ỽ天⛐㝸ᶨᾳ㬍樇ᶲ ἧ䓐忁ᶨ䧖㈨埻ㆾ侭ⶍ℟炻Cresswell炷1990炸⮯㑵ἄ拲⭂佑䁢ᶨ䲣↿䘬㈨埻㑵ἄ炻 ἧ⼿⍇㕁廱⊾䁢⎗䓐䘬䈑⑩ˤ䃞侴炻ᶵ傥⎒䞼䨞䈑墥ἄ䘬忶䦳炻㚜ㅱ娚侫慷㔜ᾳ 傰䴉炻⏓㊔䑘⠫␴㈨埻旸⇞ˣ䴻㾇冯䓇妰䘬➢䢶ˣ䣦㚫㓧㱣䳬䷼ˣẍ⍲シ嬀✳ン 䫱悥㚫⼙枧ṢᾹἄ䘬怠㑯ˤSillar ␴ Tite炷2000炸⮯墥昞㈨埻怠㑯↮䁢Ḽᾳᷣ天䘬 䭬䔯烉

1. 㛒≈ⶍ䘬⍇㕁烉⊭⏓㲍⛇ˣ㐣⎰㕁ˣ㯜ˣ䅫㕁䫱

2. 墥ἄ忶䦳ᷕ㇨暨䘬ⶍ℟烉掇⫸ˣ⇲⇖☐ˣㄊɬ⾓廒ˣ䆸ˣ昞⋈䘬ㇳ䫱

3. 傥慷Ἦ㸸烉ẍ≽䈑䘬≃慷ㆾ㯜≃䢐䠶㲍⛇ˣẍ⣒春㚔Ḧ昞☐ˣ䓐䅫㕁䅺墥昞☐

䫱炻㚨ᷣ天䘬≃慷Ἦ㸸ṵ㗗昞⋈䘬幓橼

4. ㈨埻烉㭷ᾳ㬍樇ᷕṢᾹ㍉⍾䘬㕡㱽炻⊭㊔⟹⼊ˣ堐朊嗽䎮ˣ墅梦ˣ䅺墥䫱 5. 墥ἄ⸷↿烉墥ἄ㬍樇䘬⃰⼴枮⸷ˣ⒒ᶨᾳ㬍樇暨天慵墯ˣ墥ἄ⛘溆

ġ ġ Stark 㓡䶐冒 Owen Rye炷1981炸㇨㔜䎮↢Ἦ䘬ㇳ墥昞☐墥ἄ㬍樇炻⣏农⎗↮䁢 ᶫᾳ㬍樇炷Stark 1999: table 3.1炸烉

ᶨˣ⍇㕁㍉普炻⊭⏓㲍⛇ˣ㐣⎰㕁ˣ慱⍲柷㕁䫱

Ḵˣ⍇㕁䘬㸾⁁ⶍἄ炻⊭⏓⡻䠶ˣ㶭㲿ˣ㶟⎰冯㋷⎰⍇㕁䫱

ᶱˣ⇅㬍⼊⟹㈨埻炷primary forming technique炸炻⊭⏓ㇳ㋷ˣ㲍㡅䚌䭱㱽䫱㈨埻

⚃ˣ㫉天⼊⟹㈨埻炷secondary forming technique炸炻⊭⏓㉵ㇻˣ⇖⇲䫱㈨埻 Ḽˣ墅梦⼊⟹㈨埻炻⊭⏓䢐⸛ˣ㉳⃱ˣ㕥䲳ˣ⼑丒ˣᶲ慱ˣ搚⳴䫱㈨埻 ℕˣ昘Ḧ冯䅺墥炻⊭⏓䓇䀓ˣ怬⍇䅺䫱

ᶫˣ䅺墥⼴䘬嗽䎮炻⊭⏓䄁䆣䫱㈨埻

ġ ġ ⎎⢾炻Stark 娵䁢⛐墥ἄ昞☐䘬㬍樇ᷕ炻ᶳ↿⸦ᾳ㬍樇㚫⚈ᶵ⎴䘬䣦㚫㔯⊾䈡 岒侴㚱庫⣏䘬嬲䔘炷Stark 1999: table 3.2炸烉

I. ⇅㬍冯㫉天䘬⼊⟹㈨埻炻昞☐Ⱄ⿏⊭㊔昞☐✳⇞ˣ昞☐怲䶋⼊䉨䫱 II. 墅梦⼊⟹㈨埻炻昞☐Ⱄ⿏⊭㊔⃱㽌䦳⹎ˣ壞䙢䫱

III. 䅺墥⼴䘬嗽䎮炻昞☐Ⱄ⿏⊭㊔䆣湹䘬堐朊䫱

ġ ġ 䔞䃞炻ᶵ⎗⏎娵䘬㗗炻墥ἄ㬍樇㇨㍸ὃ䘬㗗ᶨᾳ墥ἄ☐䈑䘬⣏䔍㟮㝞炻ᶵ⎴

㔯⊾ㆾᶵ⎴ᾳ橼ᷳ攻ṵㆾ⣂ㆾ⮹⬀⛐叿ⶖ䔘⿏炻㬌⢾炻Ṣᶵ㚫⬴ℐ㊱䄏ᶨ⭂䘬㬍 樇炻墥ἄ㬍樇ḇᶵ⬴ℐ㗗䶂⿏䘬炻⛐墥ἄ忶䦳ᷕ⎗傥⚈墥ἄ侭䘬冒幓暨㯪⮵ᷳ⇵

ἄ忶䘬㬍樇忚埴ṃ⽖䘬ᾖ㬋䓂军慵ἄ炻⎎⢾炻昞⋈ḇ⎗⻰⿏婧㔜㝸ṃ㬍樇炻ἳ⤪烉 昞☐⼑丒⎗傥⛐䅺墥昞☐ᷳ⇵炻ḇ⎗傥⛐昞☐䅺墥⬴ㆸᷳ⼴炻Ữ⍇⇯ᶲ炻ˬ⍇㕁⍾

⼿ɦ⼊⟹ɦ䅺墥˭⚈墥昞㈨埻ᶲ䘬暨㯪炻䁢ᶵ⎗晐シ㌱㎃冯㓡嬲䘬㳩䦳炷Mahias 1993: 158-161炸ˤ

ಃΟ࿯ǵמೌᒧ᏷ᆶמೌ॥਱

ġ ġ ㈨埻怠㑯䘬⇵㍸`姕㗗烉㬌䣦㚫朊⮵⸦ᾳ⎗⮎埴䘬怠㑯炻ᷳ㇨ẍἄ↢忁ᾳ怠 㑯炻ᶵ╖䲼ẍ㈨埻㓰䓐Ἦ侫慷炻㚜慵天䘬㰢⭂⚈䳈㗗㔯⊾㸾⇯炻㈨埻怠㑯㇨媪䘬 怠㑯⶚崭崲䈑岒䘬㓰䓐ˤ㈨埻冯⍇㕁䘬怠㑯ẍ側⼴䘬尉⽝䲣䴙䁢➢䢶炻ẍ姕妰梃 㨇䁢ἳ炻ⶍ䦳ⷓ⛐姕妰梃㨇㗪炻⽫墉㚫㚱ᶨ⣿梃㨇娚㗗Ṩ湤㧋⫸䘬⿅䵕炻忁㧋䘬

⿅䵕⎗傥㟡㒂⮵㕤梃㨇䘬⌘尉炻ㆾ㗗㔁做冯㔯⊾䴻槿炻⚈㬌炻德忶㈨埻怠㑯ⶴℨ 傥⣈䚳↢㔯⊾ㆾ䣦㚫䴎Ḱ䘬䴻槿冯娵⎴炻ẍ⍲側⼴䘬尉⽝䲣䴙炷Chilton 1997炸ˤ Chilton䘬婾溆⚆ㅱ Lemonnier ⮵㕤㈨埻怠㑯䘬妋慳炻Ṣ佌嗽⛐䘬冒䃞㬟⎚䑘⠫᷎

ᶼ冯⢾Ṣ㍍妠炻㍸ὃ⣂䧖⎗ὃ怠㑯䘬墥ἄ㕡⺷炻ṢᾹ⽆⣂䧖⎗傥⿏ᷕἄ↢怠㑯炻

᷎㟡㒂忁ᶨ䲣↿䘬怠㑯䘤⯽↢㈨埻橼䲣炻忁䧖怠㑯䘬≽ἄ䧙䁢ˬ㈨埻怠㑯炷technical choices炸˭炻ᷳ㇨ẍἄ↢忁ᾳ怠㑯䘬⍇⚈ᶵ⎒↢冒㕤忁枭㈨埻䘬㓰䓐炻䣦㚫㔯⊾

天䳈ḇỼ慵天䘬㰢⭂奺刚ˤ昌㬌ᷳ⢾炻Lemonnier ㍸⍲㈨埻怠㑯䘬ˬ㬎㕟⿏˭炻㚱 ṃ㈨埻⛐㈨埻怷廗䘬Ⰼ朊ᶲ䚳Ἦ㗗㰺㚱シ佑䘬炻Ữ䓙㈨埻怠㑯䘬㬎㕟⿏⎗㍐䞍炻 㭷ᾳ䣦㚫㑩㚱⎬冒䘬怷廗炻㰢⭂䓂湤㧋䘬䓇䓊墥忈ㇵ㚱ˬシ佑˭炻㈨埻㗗䣦㚫⿏

䘬炻ᶼ搚⳴⛐尉⽝䲣䴙ℏ炷Lemonnier 1993炸ˤ

ġ ġ Stark 䫱Ṣḇ⮵㈨埻怠㑯ἄ↢Ḯ⼰㶭㤂䘬婒㖶烉⛐墥ἄ忶䦳ᷕ炻㭷ᾳ忶䦳悥㴱

⍲墥ἄ侭⮵㕤墥ἄ㕡㱽␴埴䁢䘬怠㑯炻ᶵ⎴䣦㚫㔯⊾䘬墥ἄ侭⎗傥⛐墥ἄ忶䦳ᷕ

⮵墥ἄ☐䈑䘬㕡⺷ἄ↢ᶵ⎴䘬怠㑯炷Stark et al. 1998炸炻⌛䁢ˬ㈨埻怠㑯˭ˤSchiffer 䫱Ṣ忚ᶨ㬍妋慳㈨埻怠㑯炻㇨媪䘬㈨埻怠㑯ᶵ⎒⊭㊔墥ἄ☐䈑䘬㬍樇炻ḇ⊭⏓⬠

佺㈨埻䘬忶䦳ˣẍ⍲䈑⛐ἧ䓐忶⼴䘬᷇㡬忶䦳ㆾ侭ℵ⇑䓐炻忁ṃ悥ㅱ⊭⏓⛐㈨埻 怠㑯ᷳℏˤ埴䁢侫⎌⬠侭叿慵䈑䘬⮎䓐冯尉⽝≇傥炻⊭⏓㈨埻≇傥ˣ䣦㚫≇傥冯 シ嬀✳ン䘬≇傥炻忁ṃ≇傥栆⇍⎒㗗䞼䨞䘬ⶍ℟炻嬻䞼䨞侭䝕妋䈑冯Ṣᷳ攻䘬墯 暄斄Ὢ炻Ữᶵ枸㛇忶⍣䘬ṢᾹḇ㚫∫↮忁ṃ栆⇍炷Schiffer et al. 2001炸ˤ㮹㕷娴屯 㕁ḇ㓗㊩㈨埻怠㑯䘬婾溆炻墥ἄ侭墥忈䈑䘬忶䦳ᷕἄ↢䘬怠㑯冯䈑䘬䈡⿏⍿⇘䣦 㚫夷䭬ˣ䣦㚫⁛䴙⍲䤩⽴䘬⼙枧炻怈⣏㕤≇傥暨㯪䘬⼙枧炻忁ṃ㈨埻怠㑯⬀⛐㕤

墥ἄ侭ẍ⼨䘬䴻槿␴⮵ᶾ䓴䘬䎮妋ᷕ炷Berg 2007炸ˤ

ġ ġ Sillar ␴ Tite炷2000炸⮯⼙枧昞☐㈨埻怠㑯䘬⚈䳈↮䁢ℑ䧖炻℞ᶨ㗗䚜㍍⼙枧

⚈䳈炻冒䃞䑘⠫ˣ㈨埻䞍嬀冯䴻㾇䲣䴙⼨⼨䚜㍍⼙枧㈨埻䘬怠㑯炻ἳ⤪冒䃞䑘⠫

㚫⼙枧⍇㕁䘬⍾⼿ˤ⎎ᶨ㗗攻㍍⼙枧⚈䳈炻忳復㧉⺷冯↮惵㧉⺷悥Ⱄ㕤攻㍍⚈䳈炻 ἳ⤪䁢Ḯ旵Ỷ忳復䘬㎵⢆䌯炻昞⋈㚫墥ἄ↢䈡⇍⼊䉨冯⻟杴⹎庫檀䘬昞☐ˤ⤪㝄 傥⣈㔜⎰≇傥天䳈冯㔯⊾⚈䳈炻ㇵ㚱彎㱽妶婾㈨埻怠㑯炻恋湤炻婘ἄ↢Ḯ㈨埻怠 㑯烎昞⋈℟㚱℞傥≽⿏ἄ↢㈨埻怠㑯᷎ᶼ⮎埴炻昞⋈㟡㒂⃰⇵䘬䴻槿炻≈ᶲ⮵㕤

⎗埴㈨埻ˣ䣦㚫㛇㛃䘬䎮妋ẍ⍲墥ἄ䔞㗪䘬ね⠫墥ἄ昞☐炻䔞䃞炻昞⋈⮵㕤㈨埻 䘬䴻槿␴䎮妋⍿䔞⛘䑘⠫冯㔯⊾傰䴉⼙枧ˤ⛐㝸ṃἳ⫸ᷕ炻⬠侭Ᾱ傥⣈㊯↢ᾳṢ ἄ↢䘬怠㑯炻Ữ⛐侫⎌⬠ᷕ炻⼰暋⽆侫⎌㛸㕁ᷕ䚳↢╖ᶨᾳ橼䘬㈨埻怠㑯炻侴㗗

⮯妶婾䘬╖ỵ㓦⛐䈡⭂佌橼ㆾ㗗䣦㚫炻㈨埻怠㑯忂ⷠ䓐ẍ㩊夾䈡⭂⛘⋨攟㛇䘤⯽

䘬䈑岒㔯⊾冯㈨埻⁛䴙ᷕ䘬䣦㚫ˣ䑘⠫傰䴉ˤ⛐䃉㱽彐嬀ᾳṢ怠㑯䘬ね⼊ᷳᶳ炻 侫⎌⬠侭㘖念㈧娵㈨埻⁛䴙Ἦ冒㔯⊾怠㑯冯ᾳṢ∝㕘䘬㶟⎰炻劍侫慷㈨埻䘤⯽ᷕ

䘬ᾳṢ傥≽⿏炻⎗ẍ㍸ὃ㈨埻∝㕘ㆾ㕘㈨埻䘬㍉䲵⎎ᶨ䧖娖慳奺⹎ˤ㈨埻怠㑯䘬 妶婾ᷕ炻䴻ⷠῇ䓐冒䃞䥹⬠䘬↮㜸䞼䨞炻㛸㕁䥹⬠ˣ⛘岒⬠ˣ䣎䈑⬠ˣ䈑䎮⬠冯

⊾⬠䫱炻䃞侴炻冒䃞䥹⬠䘬䞼䨞ㆸ㝄枰㓦ℍ㔯⊾傰䴉ᷕㇵ⼿ẍἄ↢娖慳ˤỮ㗗炻

⛐忶⍣ 15-20 ⸜ẍἮ炻⮵㕤墥ἄ㈨埻䘬娖慳⌣Ὗ旸㕤≇傥冯䈑岒䘬妋慳炻ἳ⤪烉墥 ἄ䄖☐忂ⷠẍ居㭤ㆾ䞛䀘ⱑἄ䁢㐣⎰㕁炻ẍ⡆≈℞㈿䅙暯⿏炷thermal shock resistance炸炻忁㧋䘬䞼䨞⎒㲐慵䑘⠫ˣ㈨埻ˣ䴻㾇⚈䳈侴⾥䔍Ḯ㔯⊾⚈䳈炻ḇ⎗傥 㗗㔯⊾岎Ḱ居㭤䈡⇍䘬₡ῤἧ⼿昞⋈墥ἄ㗪⇣シ㐣ℍ居㭤ˤSillar 冯 Tite 䈡⇍㍸愺炻

㈨埻怠㑯㗗⛐䑘⠫ˣ㈨埻ˣ䴻㾇ˣシ嬀⼊ンˣ䣦㚫㔯⊾䘬傰䴉ᶳℙ⎴Ṍ䷼⼊ㆸ炻 ᶵ傥ẍ℞ᷕᶨᾳ朊⎹Ἦ娖慳℞怠㑯ˤ

ġ ġ ⛐㈨埻怠㑯䘬婾徘ᷕ↢䎦ᶨᾳ慵天䘬㤪⾝ʇ㈨埻桐㟤炷technical style炸炻㈨埻 桐㟤ᶵ⎴㕤⃰⇵⮵㕤ˬ桐㟤˭䘬㤪⾝炻昌Ḯᶵℵ⮵䩳㕤≇傥炻桐㟤ḇᶵ冯㈨埻冯 䓇䓊↮暊炻㈨埻ḇㅱ娚㚱℞桐㟤ˤẍ⼨侫⎌⬠⭞⼰冒䃞⛘⮯昞☐ᶲ䘬墅梦夾䁢桐

㟤炻Ữ㗗晐叿桐㟤㤪⾝䘬廱㎃炻Sackett炷1982炸㍸↢ˬ䨑⭂䘬嬲⊾˭炷isochrestic variation炸忁ᶨ㤪⾝ὧ㍸ὃḮ妋㰢䘬彎㱽ˤˬ䨑⭂䘬嬲⊾˭㍊妶䈑岒㔯⊾䘬㇨㚱⃫

䳈炻䈑䘬墥忈㈨埻ˣ≇䓐⍲⢾⛐⼊⺷䘮⏓㊔⛐ℏ炻桐㟤ᶵℵ㗗䚠⮵㕤≇傥䘬㤪⾝炻 侴㗗⬀⛐㕤墥ἄ侭ἄ↢䘬怠㑯ᷳᷕ炻ᶼ㚫塓⁛㈧␴⬠佺炻侴忁ṃ怠㑯℟㚱䚠⎴䘬

≇傥ˤ忁ṃ怠㑯䘬嬲⊾⼿ẍ⍵㗈↢䣦㚫Ḻ≽冯㬟⎚傰䴉炻堐忼↢䣦㚫妲〗炻᷎ᶼ 旸⭂㕤䈡⭂䘬㗪䨢炷Sackett 1982: 72-73烊Hegmon 1992: 522炸ˤ㬌⢾炻Lechtman 冯 Merrill炷1977炸忚ᶨ㬍妶婾ˬ㈨埻桐㟤˭䘬㤪⾝炻ℑỵ⬠侭ᶵ斄㲐☐䈑㛔幓炻ᶼ

ᷣ⻝☐䈑䘬墥忈忶䦳悥Ⱄ㕤桐㟤ˤHegmon炷1998炸娵䁢炻晾 Lechtman ␴ Lemonnier 悥㲐慵㈨埻桐㟤炻Ữ⛐妶婾䣦㚫␴㈨埻ᷳ攻䘬斄Ὢ㗪炻慵夾䘬朊⎹ᶵ⎴ˤLechtman 侫慷㈨埻⤪ỽ䓐㕤⋨↮䣦㚫⛘ỵ炻ẍ⍲シ嬀✳ン冯ᶾ䓴奨⤪ỽ⼊⟹㈨埻炻叿慵㕤 ˬㆸ⑩˭䘬↮㜸冯妶婾烊Lemonnier 斄㲐㕤㈨埻炷䈡⇍叿慵㕤㑵ἄ拲炸冯䣦佌ᷳ攻 䘬Ḻ≽炻䞼䨞慵溆㓦⛐ˬ墥ἄ忶䦳˭侴朆ㆸ⑩炷Hegmon 1998炸炻ᶼ㚜⻟婧ˬ㈨埻 䲣䴙˭炷Lemonnier 1986烊Hegmon 1992: 529炸ˤ⛐㈨埻怠㑯䘬婾徘ᷳᷕ炻㈨埻桐㟤

⏰䎦㈨埻怠㑯冯㈨埻忶䦳䘬䷥⎰炻⍵㗈↢ẋẋ䚠⁛⮵㕤墥ἄ⁛䴙䘬䝕妋炻Childs 炷1991炸⭂佑㈨埻桐㟤䁢⛐墥忈ㆾἧ䓐䈑岒㔯⊾㗪䘬埴䁢㔜⎰炻侴忁ᶨ栆䘬埴䁢 㔜⎰⎗⁛忼↢䣦㚫妲〗ˤ⎎⢾炻佌橼䘬墥ἄ㕡⺷冯⮎嶸炻ẍ⍲℞側⼴墥ἄ☐䈑䘬

⿅䵕怷廗炻㥳ㆸ忁ᾳ䣦佌䘬㈨埻橼䲣ㆾ䧙㈨埻䲣䴙炷technical system炸炷Lemonnier 1986烊Stark 1998: 6炸ˤ

ġ ġ 昌㬌ᷳ⢾炻Schiffer 䫱Ṣ炷2001炸㍸⍲㈨埻䘬廱嬲炻Ữ⛐妶婾㈨埻㓡嬲ᷳ⇵炻 Schiffer䫱Ṣ㍸↢⛐埴䁢侫⎌⬠ᷕˬ㓡嬲˭㘿䣢䘬シ佑ˤˬ㓡嬲˭堐忼ᶨ忋ᷚ䘬䣦㚫 忶䦳炻⽆忁ᾳ㓡嬲䘬䘤㖶⇘ṢᾹ徸㻠㍍⍿᷎㍉䲵炻㚨⼴⼊ㆸ攟㗪攻䘬㧉⺷ˤ㈨埻 㓡嬲䘬慵天㬍樇䁢姽Ộ㍍㓞⇘䘬゛㱽冯㤪⾝炻↮㜸晙啷㬟⎚炷crypto-history炸ˣ䔞

⛘Ṣ徘婒䈑䘬㬟⎚ˣ斄㕤䈑᷇㡬⛘䘬⁛婒ẍ⍲㈨埻㓡朑䘬シ嬀⼊ン䫱炻⎗䎮妋㈨ 埻㓡嬲䘬シ⚾冯シ嬀✳ンˤℵἮ炻㗗䈑䘬姕妰忶䦳炻䈑䘬姕妰忶䦳㰢⭂䈑堐䎦↢

Ἦ䘬㧋尴炻昌Ḯ墥ἄ侭䘬㈨埻㑵ἄᷳ⢾炻ḇ枰㲐シ䣦㚫⚈䳈ἳ⤪烉㪲≃斄Ὢˣ⿏

⇍ˣ昶䳂ˣ㕷佌ˣ⸜漉䫱炻⮵㕤姕妰忶䦳䘬⼙枧ˤ⎎⢾炻㈨埻ᶨ㖎䘤㖶炻⯙㚱⎗

傥塓墯墥炻᷎⛐墥ἄㆾṌ㎃徼ᷕ⁛㑕↢⍣炻⬠侭Ᾱ⮵㕤墯墥䘬忶䦳忂ⷠ斄㲐㕤ⶍ 㤕䣦㚫ᷕ⓮㤕⊾䘬忶䦳炻⍲䓇䓊␴Ṍ㎃䘬䳬䷼ˤ㍉䲵㈨埻䘬忶䦳䃉䔹㗗㈨埻㓡嬲 䘬慵天忶䦳炻㬌忶䦳䈥㴱姙⣂䣦㚫⚈䳈炷ἳ烉⿏⇍ˣ䣦㚫昶䳂ˣシ嬀⼊ンˣ㕷佌ˣ

⸜漉䫱炸炻忁ṃ⚈䳈㚫姽Ộ᷎ᶼ㰢⭂㍉䲵㕘㈨埻冯⏎炻埴䁢侫⎌⬠侭娵䁢㍉䲵㕘㈨ 埻䘬佌橼㚫㟡㒂☐䈑䘬䈡⿏冯㓰䓐炷performance characteristics炸㰢⭂㗗⏎㍉䲵㕘

㈨埻炻䃞侴炻Schiffer ␴ Miller炷1999炸㈡姽忁㧋䘬`姕⮯ᾳṢ䘬怠㑯⬴ℐὅ旬㕤 佌橼䘬シ夳ˤ⛐↮㜸ẍᶲ䘬忶䦳ᷳ⼴炻枰㚜Ṽ䳘䞼䨞⣏夷㧉ˣ攟㛇䘬忶䦳炻ἳ⤪

⛐㕘㈨埻↢䎦㗪炻佌橼⮵㕤㍉䓐㕘㈨埻冯⏎䘬シ夳㗗⏎↮㬏炻劍㚱↮㬏炻㗗⏎⚈

㬌䘤⯽↢䚠䔘䘬㈨埻橼䲣炻⎎⢾炻ṵ枰㍊䨞㈨埻↮㬏䘬忶䦳冯䣦㚫⚈䳈⮵㕤㈨埻

↮㬏䘬⼙枧炷Schiffer et al. 2001炸ˤ

ಃѤ࿯ǵמೌᒧ᏷ᆶޗဂࣚጕ

ġ ġ ⤪ᶲᶨ䭨㇨妨炻Lemonnier ⻟婧㈨埻䘬㑵ἄ拲炻娵䁢忁ᶨ忋ᷚ䘬㑵ἄ拲㴱⍲㈨ 埻怠㑯炷technical choices炸炻忁ṃ怠㑯㗗䣦㚫⬠佺忶䦳冯䣦㚫埴≽䘬ㆸ⑩炻⚈㬌炻 㚱㗪⎗德忶㈨埻桐㟤⛐䨢攻ᶲ䘬ᶵ忋临㧁䣢ᶵ⎴䘬㈨埻橼䲣炻忚侴彐嬀佌橼䘬䓴 䶂炷Hegmon 1998炸ˤᶨ䚜ẍἮ炻⬠侭农≃㕤ẍ昞☐桐㟤冯墥ἄ㈨埻妶婾䣦㚫Ḻ≽炻 䃞侴炻役Ἦ䘬䞼䨞栗䣢炻昞☐桐㟤冯䣦㚫Ḻ≽ᷳ攻㰺㚱ᶨᾳ䳽⮵䘬斄Ὢˤ⛐忁ᾳ 嬘柴䘬妶婾ᶳ炻Bowser炷2000炸㩊夾ᶱ䧖昞☐↮㜸䘬嬲㔠炻↮⇍㗗墅梦䈡岒ˣ䓇 䓊㈨埻ẍ⍲ㆸấ炻Bowser ᷣ⻝ㅱ忳䓐忁ᶱᾳ嬲㔠娖慳䣦㚫忶䦳冯䴻㾇忶䦳ˤ⮵㕤

☐䈑桐㟤ˣ䓇䓊㈨埻冯ㆸ↮ᷳ攻䘬斄倗炻Longacre 䫱Ṣ炷2000炸晾⮯桐㟤旸㕤☐

䈑䘬墅梦炻Ữᷣ⻝☐䈑墅梦䃉㱽⽆䓇䓊㈨埻ᷕ㉥暊烊Arnold炷2000炸⇯㍸↢昞☐䘬 ㆸấᶵ⎒⚈䁢⛘岒⚈䳈炻㚜㗗䣦㚫䳬䷼冯䓇䓊㈨埻䘬ㆸ⑩ˤ⎴ᶨ㗪㛇炻侫⎌⬠⭞

ḇ㲐シ⇘⎎ᶨᾳ朊⎹烉昞☐䈡⽝冯䣦佌䓴䶂䚠斄炻䈑岒㔯⊾⎗ẍᷣ≽⛘⺢䩳᷎ᶼ 䵕㊩䣦佌䓴䶂炻侴䣦㚫ˣ㓧㱣䘬∫↮ḇ㚫⮶农䈑岒㔯⊾䘬ⶖ䔘ˤGosselain炷2000炸 冯 Stark 䫱⬠侭炷2000炸㍸↢Ḯ䚠Ụ䘬䳸婾烉䣦佌ɬ㓧㱣怲䓴冯㈨埻⁛䴙㚱斄炻Ữ 䃉㱽䡢⭂ᶵ⎴䘬㈨埻朊⎹㗗⏎⍵㗈佌橼娵⎴䘬ᶵ⎴朊⎹ˤGosselain 䘤䎦墅梦䈡岒 㚫晐叿⁛㑕忶䦳侴㒜㔋烊Bowser ᷣ⻝墅梦⎗䓐ẍ堐㖶昞⋈䘬㓧㱣娵⎴炻Hegmon 娵䁢ℑṢ䘬婾徘᷵䚳ᷳᶳ㚱䞃䚦炻Ữ⓷柴㗗ℑṢ㇨㊯㴱䘬ˬ墅梦˭㟡㛔ᶵ⎴炻⇵

侭叿慵㕤ᶵ⎴䘬ⶍ℟㇨忈ㆸ䘬墅梦ᶵ⎴烊⼴侭㲐慵墯暄ˣ℟㚱尉⽝シ佑ᶼẋ堐䤆 娙䘬墅梦ˤHegmon ⻟婧枰侫ㄖ昞☐ᶵ⎴䈡⿏冯Ⰼ㫉䘬嬲䔘炻ẍ⍲嬲䔘冯䣦佌娵⎴

忋䳸䘬㕡⺷炷Hegmon 2000炸ˤ

ġ ġ Hegmon炷1998炸ᶵ⏎娵㈨埻桐㟤⎗⁛忼䣦㚫シ佑ˣ䓴⭂䣦佌怲䓴炻䃞侴炻㈨ 埻橼䲣䘬㝸ṃ朊⎹冯℞䓇䓊↢Ἦ䘬☐䈑⎗傥∫↮↢䣦㚫↮Ⰼ炷ἳ⤪烉⸜漉ˣ⿏⇍ˣ 昶䳂䫱炸炻侴朆䣦佌ˤẍ墁⫸䘬攟⹎䁢ἳ炻ᶵ⎴攟⹎䘬墁⫸∫↮↢Ἦ䘬⎗傥㗗ᶵ⎴

䘬⸜漉Ⰼ炻侴朆ᶵ⎴䘬䣦㚫佌橼ㆾ㕷佌烊㈨埻䘬㝸ṃ朊⎹⎗傥䓙ᶨ⮷佌䘬墥ἄ侭 ℙṓ炻侴朆㔜ᾳ䣦㚫佌橼ㆾ㕷佌ˤ晾䃞㈨埻橼䲣↮㜸䣦佌䓴䶂⎗傥㚫䓊䓇⓷柴炻

Ữ忁ᾳ↮㜸㝞㥳ṵ㚱夷⇯⎗⽒炻Hegmon ⮯忁ṃ夷⇯↮ἄᶫ枭炻⤪ᶳ烉 ᶨˣ 墯暄䘬㈨埻炷ἳ炻拲慹埻炸⎗傥㈧庱叿尉⽝シ佑ˤ

Ḵˣ 朆ⷠ䯉╖䘬墅梦⎗栗䎦䓇䓊傰䴉冯䣦㚫Ḻ≽ˤ

ᶱˣ ㈨埻劍ẍ㬋⺷䘬㕡⺷⁛㈧炻⎗⯽䎦㬌䣦佌䘬⬠佺傰䴉ˤ

⚃ˣ 劍㝸䧖墅梦↢䎦⛐⎬䧖☐䈑ㆾ⁛怆⨺ṳᶲ炻⎗傥⭴㚱尉⽝シ佑ˤ Ḽˣ 劍䱦⽫墥ἄᶵ㖻夳䘬䈑⑩炻⎗傥ἄ䁢冯曰櫪ㆾ冒⶙㹅忂䘬⨺ṳˤ ℕˣ 䚠⍵⛘炻劍䱦⽫墥ἄ㖻夳䘬䈑⑩炻⎗傥䓐㕤冯Ṿ侭㹅忂ˤ

ᶫˣ 㖍ⷠ䓐⑩冯ㄋ佺炷habitus炸䚠斄炻⎗傥䓐㕤䓴⭂ṢᾹ䘬䣦㚫奺刚ˤ

ġ ġ ẍᶳ䘬㟰ἳ⎗䚳↢ Hosler炷1996炸⤪ỽ忳䓐㈨埻䈡岒㧁䣢arriba 冯 abajo 䘬䣦 佌䓴䶂ẍ⍲ℑ佌橼䘬䣦㚫䭬䔯ˤ

ġ ġ Las Animas 㗗⌘⛘⬱Ⱉ傰⊿悐䘬㛹句炻姙⣂㛹㮹ầ墥᷎ᶼ屑ⓖ侫⎌䘤㍀↢Ἦ䘬 昞☐ˤ䃞侴炻⛐忁ᾳ㛹⫸ℏ䘬昞☐墥ἄṵ㚱⛘⋨ˣ䣦㚫⛘ỵ冯⿏⇍䘬ⶖ䔘炻䓙ᶨ 㡅Ḧ㵠䘬㱛⸲∫↮↢ℑᾳ佌橼arriba炷upper barrio炸冯 abajo炷lower barrio炸炻⇵侭

℟㚱庫檀䘬䣦㚫⛘ỵ炻⼴侭⇯嗽㕤庫Ỷ䘬䣦㚫⛘ỵˤLas Animas 䘬㮹㕷娴㛸㕁栗䣢炻 ℑᾳ佌橼忂ⷠ忳䓐ᶵ⎴䘬㈨埻墥ἄ昞☐炻abajo ἧ䓐 prop method 墥ἄ昞☐炻arriba

⇯ἧ䓐 free-form method 墥ἄ昞☐炻晾䃞ℑ佌橼怠⍾䘬昞⛇䚠Ụ炻Ữẍ prop method 冯 free-form method 墥ἄ↢Ἦ䘬昞☐ṵ㚱㇨ⶖ䔘ˤ

ġ ġ abajo ἧ䓐 prop method 㚫⃰ẍ⚻㞙橼㑨⸛昞⛇ℵ↯ᶳℑᾳ⋲⚻炻㊤崟ᶨᾳ昞

☐炻忁栆䘬昞☐䚜⼹忂ⷠᶵ崭忶 12 ℔↮炻⬴ㆸ昞幓ᷳ⼴ℵ湷ᶲ⢢◜ㆾ侭℞Ṿ墅梦

⃫䳈炻昞⋈㚫⮯⬴ㆸ䘬昞☐昘Ḧᶱ⇘Ḽ⣑炻侴ᶼ⛐䅺墥ᷳ⇵ẍ䞛柕䢐⃱炻ㆾ侭⼑

丒烊arriba 忳䓐 free-form method 墥ἄ昞☐炻忂ⷠ㚫⮯昞⛇㴠㹤Ḽ⇘ᶫ⣑炻ẍ㲍䇯 層䭱㱽墥ἄ昞☐ˤ昌㬌ᷳ⢾炻abajo ␴ arriba ㍉䓐䘬䅺墥㈨埻ḇᶵ䚠⎴炻abajo ἧ 䓐 muyuyo 冯 seca ἄ䁢䅫㕁炻忁栆䘬㛐柕庫㖻䅫炻侴arriba 昞⋈⇯㶟⎰ jarangoˣ algarroboˣebano 䫱ㄊ䅫䘬䠔㛐冯⾓䅫䘬庇㛐ἄ䁢䅫㕁炻᷎⛐䅺墥⬴ㆸᷳ⼴炻⮯㹓

⹎ṵ䃞⼰檀䘬昞☐㱦㽽㓦ℍ㲍㻧ᷕ炻嬻昞☐䚳崟Ἦ㭼庫⎌侩炻ầ墥⎚⇵昞☐䘬㈨

ⶏḇ㭼abajo ⤥ˤabajo 墥ἄ䘬昞☐忂ⷠ⛐䔞⛘ⶪ⟜ㆾ庫Ỷ₡䘬奨⃱⓮⸿ᷕ屑ⓖ烊 arriba 墥ἄ䘬昞☐⣂岋䴎奨⃱⭊⯭⣂䘬ⶪ⟜炻㚱㗪䓂军扟⼨⚳晃ˤ

ġ ġ prop method 忂ⷠ冯䣦㚫⛘ỵ庫Ỷ䘬abajoˣ⤛⿏ˣ⸜⸤䘬Ṣˣ仢᷷㈨埻䘬Ṣ 䚠斄炻㬌㈨埻䓐㕤墥ἄ橼䧵⮷ᶼ⹱₡炻ㆾ侭⣏慷墥忈䘬䈑⑩烊free-form method ⼊ ㆸ䘬㈨埻桐㟤冯arriba ⍲檀䣦㚫⛘ỵ䘬Ṣ䚠斄炻䓐㕤墥ἄ橼䧵⣏ᶼ㔠慷⮹䘬☐䈑炻 abajo 䘬䓟⿏ㆾ侭䓙 abajo ⩩ℍ arriba 䘬⤛⿏䴻ⷠ德忶墥忈⣏✳昞☐⡆≈㓞ℍ冯㍸

⋯䣦㚫⛘ỵˤ

ġ ġ Hosler 㛇㛃ẍ㮹㕷娴屯㕁㍸ὃˬ㈨埻怠㑯˭忁ᾳ䞼䨞⍾⼹㚜⣂娖慳冯妶婾ˤṾ 㩊夾abajo ␴ arriba 䘬墥昞㈨埻炻䳸㝄栗䣢 arriba 冯 abajo ℑᾳ䣦㚫⛘ỵᶵ⎴䘬Ṣ 佌䘬䡢㚱叿ᶵ⎴䘬㈨埻怠㑯ˤℑᾳ佌橼ẍᶵ⎴䘬㈨埻䓊䓇ᶵ⎴䘬㈨埻桐㟤炻∝忈

᷎ᶼ≈⻟arriba炷upper barrio炸冯 abajo炷lower barrio炸䘬佌橼娵⎴冯䣦㚫ⶖ䔘炻 㬌⢾炻䓙㕤ℑ䧖㈨埻墥忈↢Ἦ䘬昞☐₡㟤ᶵ⎴炻Ṏ䓊䓇Ḯℑ佌橼䴻㾇䘬ⶖ䔘炻德 忶㈨埻怠㑯ℵ∝忈᷎⻟⊾⍇⃰⬀⛐䘬䣦㚫䭬䔯炷Hosler 1996炸ˤ

ġ ġ 䃞侴炻劍ẍᶵ⎴䘬㈨埻桐㟤∫↮↢Ἦ㔠ᾳ佌橼ㆾ娵⎴䭬䔯炻⤪ỽ䡢⭂∫↮↢

Ἦ䘬佌橼ᶵ㗗⿏⇍ˣ昶䳂ㆾ侭⸜漉㇨⼊ㆸ䘬烎Spector炷1983炸㟡㒂㮹㕷娴㛸㕁㔜 䎮↢䓟⤛↮ⶍ䘬ね⼊炻⎗傥㗗⛘䎮䨢攻ᶲ䘬↮ⶍね⼊炻⌛䓟⤛⛐ᶵ⎴䘬䨢攻ᷕⶍ ἄ炻ㆾ㗗ⶍἄ䘬㗪攻炷the scheduling of their task炸ᶵ⎴炻Ữ㗗ὅ㒂㈨埻桐㟤䘬䎮 婾炻⚈䁢㔯⊾⮶农㈨埻䘬怠㑯炻侴ᶵ⎴㔯⊾⚈ᶵ⎴䘬㈨埻怠㑯䓊䓇ᶵ⎴䘬㈨埻桐 㟤炻㇨ẍ炻ẍ㈨埻桐㟤∫↮↢Ἦ䘬䣦佌ᶵ㚫㗗⿏⇍炻⚈䁢⿏⇍⛐䈑岒ᶲ⯽䎦↢Ἦ 䘬ⶖ䔘⁦⎹㕤⊆≃䘬↮ⶍˤ军㕤⸜漉炻⸜漉䘬⣏⮷⏰䎦⛐䈑岒ᶲ䘬ⶖ䔘⎗傥㗗㈨ 埻䘬ㆸ䅇䦳⹎炻䔞䃞炻⬑䪍⎗ẍ㚱傥≽⿏炻Ữḇ⍿旸㕤㔯⊾炻⚈㬌㍐㷔㈨埻桐㟤

∫↮↢Ἦ䘬䣦佌ḇᶵ㚫㗗⸜漉䳬ㆸ䘬炷Spector 1983炸ˤ⚈㬌炻⿏⇍ˣ昶䳂ˣ⸜漉⎒

傥忈ㆸ㈨埻㛔幓㝸ᶨ䦳⸷䘬ⶖ䔘炻侴ᶵ军㕤⼙枧㔜ᾳ㈨埻橼䲣ˤ㈨埻桐㟤䘬ᶵ忋 临⿏⍵ㅱ↢ᶵ⎴䘬䣦佌炻恋湤炻ỽ媪䣦佌烎Murdock ⮵㕤䣦佌䘬⭂佑䴻忶⣂㫉䘬ᾖ 㬋炻Murdock 冯 Wilson ⮯䣦佌䓴⭂䁢烉炷1炸ᶨ佌Ṣℙṓ䓇㳣䨢攻ᶼ忚埴朊⮵朊䘬

Ṣ晃Ḻ≽烊炷2炸䣦佌ᷕ䘬ㆸ⒉㚫⭂㛇Ḻ≽烊炷3炸忁㧋䘬䣦佌傥⣈⼊ㆸ䣦佌娵⎴

炷Murdock and Wilson 1972炸ˤ

ġ ġ 㮹㕷侫⎌⬠⎴㧋斄㲐㕤昞☐䘬墥ἄ㈨埻ẍ⍲㈨埻桐㟤炻㮹㕷侫⎌⬠侭ᶵ㕟⛐

㍊妶炻⛐䓂湤㧋䘬ね㱩ᶳ炻昞⋈㚫㓡嬲ㆾ㗗䵕㊩⍇⃰䘬墥昞㈨埻ˤ䔞䃞炻昞⋈⎗

傥⚈䁢㕘䘬㈨埻墥ἄ↢㚜⤥䓐䘬昞☐侴㌐㡬⍇⃰䘬墥ἄ㈨埻炻Stark炷2003炸娵䁢炻 昌Ḯ㈨埻⃒≋䘬⚈䳈ᷳ⢾炻朆㈨埻⚈䳈ḇ⮵昞⋈䵕㊩ㆾ㌐㡬⍇⃰䘬墥ἄ㈨埻㈖㺼 㰢⭂⿏䘬奺刚ˤ⣏夷㧉䘬㓧㱣ね⊊㓡嬲炷ἳ烉㒢僓㬾㮹ˣ⚳⭞䴻㾇㓧䫾㓡嬲䫱炸

⯙㗗朆㈨埻⚈䳈炻㬌⚈䳈ḇ㚫忈ㆸ昞☐墥ἄ橼䲣䘤䓇㓡嬲ˤ昞☐䘬↮Ự␴㴰屣ḇ 㗗昞☐㮹㕷侫⎌⬠侭斄㲐䘬嬘柴炻⬠侭Ᾱ䴻ⷠ妶婾昞☐䘬㳩忂㨇⇞炻昞☐⛐⍇⯭

ỷ⛘䘬屑岋ˣⶍἄ⛲䘬屑岋ẍ⍲ⶪ⟜㨇⇞䘬屑ⓖ䘮⛐妶婾䭬⚵ℏ炻昞⋈㛔幓䘬䦣

≽ḇ忈ㆸ昞☐䘬㳩忂冯↮Ựˤ㟡㒂㮹㕷侫⎌⬠䘬㛸㕁栗䣢炻昞⋈㳩忂昞☐䘬䭬⚵

⛐暊⯭ỷ⛘⋲⼹ 15-50 ℔慴ᷳℏ炻劍ẍ㯜ἄ䁢忳復䘬⨺ṳ炻昞☐䘬㳩忂夷㧉㚫㒜⣏

⇘暊⯭ỷ⛘⋲⼹ 100 ℔慴ẍℏˤ军㕤昞☐䘬㴰屣埴䁢炻墥ἄ侭⎗傥㚫憅⮵ᶵ⎴㴰 屣佌墥ἄ↢ᶵ⎴佌䳬䘬昞☐炻侴昞⋈䘬䣦佌娵⎴ḇ㚫⼙枧㴰屣侭䘬䭬⚵炻⎎⢾炻 㴰屣侭䘬╄ッῷ⤥Ṏ㚫⼙枧昞⋈墥ἄ↢Ἦ䘬䓊⑩ˤ⛐昞☐㴰屣埴䁢䘬㮹㕷侫⎌⬠

䞼䨞ᷕ炻⬠侭⻟婧ṢᾹ⎗傥㚫⚆㓞冲昞☐᷎ᶼℵ⇑䓐炻⛐ℵ⇑䓐䘬忶䦳ᷕ炻⎗傥

⮯昞☐䓐㕤⎎ᶨᾳ傰䴉ᷕ炻㇨ẍ劍ẍ昞☐≇傥㍐婾ᶨᾳ䭬⚵䘬傰䴉ㆾ㳣≽㗪炻⎗

傥㚫↢䎦⓷柴ˤ昌㬌ᷳ⢾炻㮹㕷侫⎌⬠⭞㍊妶昞☐ㆸ⑩冯㈨埻怠㑯ᷳ攻䘬斄Ὢ炻 忳䓐㬌㤪⾝ẩ⚾㩊夾㔯⊾㝞㥳䘬㈨埻橼䲣ẍ⍲㬟⎚傰䴉炻⛐㬌㤪⾝ᷕ炻墥昞侭⛐

墥ἄ忶䦳㚱㤝⣏䘬冒䓙⎗ẍἄ↢ᶨ䲣↿䘬㈨埻怠㑯炻忁ᶨ䲣↿䘬㈨埻怠㑯㰢⭂Ḯ ㆸ⑩䘬㧋尴ˤ㔜ᾳ墥ἄ忶䦳炷㑵ἄ拲炸䓊䓇Ṣ佌冒㚱䘬ᶨ⣿墥ἄ橼䲣⯽䎦↢Ἦ䘬 䌐䩳桐㟤炻䧙ἄ㈨埻桐㟤炻役⸜Ἦ昞☐㮹㕷侫⎌⬠叿慵㕤忁ᶨ忋ᷚ䘬墥ἄ忶䦳ẍ

⍲⛐㬌忶䦳ᷕ䘬怠㑯炻㍸ὃ侫⎌⬠䞼䨞⍫侫䘬ὅ㒂ˤ昞☐㮹㕷侫⎌⬠㊯↢炻德忶

㈨埻桐㟤䘬䞼䨞傥⍵㗈╖ᶨ䣦佌ᷕ䘬䣦佌娵⎴炻Ṏ⎗⍵㗈⋨➇䓂军嶐㳚晃䫱⣏⋨

➇ᷳᷕ䘬䣦佌娵⎴炻⚈䁢Ṣ⎋怟䦣⼨⼨ⷞ≽㈨埻䦣≽炻ḇ⎗䓐㈨埻桐㟤㍐㷔㈨埻

Ἦ㸸炷Stark 2003炸ˤ䔞䃞炻Ṣ佌怟䦣⇘⎎ᶨᾳ⛘㕡ᶵᶨ⭂㚫➭㊩⍇⃰䘬㈨埻⁛䴙炻

⎗傥㚫㍉䓐䔞⛘䘬㈨埻炻ㆾ侭冯䔞⛘㈨埻圵⎰侴䘤⯽↢㕘㈨埻炻⚈㬌炻劍娎⚾ẍ

㈨埻桐㟤㍐㷔㈨埻Ἦ㸸㗪炻⽭枰㩊夾⣂ᾳ㔯⊾朊⎹ˤ

ಃϖ࿯ǵഏᏔᇙբמೌ

ġ ġ 㫚德忶昞☐墥ἄ㈨埻䘬䞼䨞㍊妶⎬䣦佌䘬㈨埻橼䲣冯怠㑯炻枰⃰↮㜸昞☐䘬

⎬䧖Ⱄ⿏炻昌Ḯẍ倱䛤奨⮇᷎㷔慷ᷳ⢾炻᷎ẍ䥹⬠↮㜸⍲⮎槿㚜忚ᶨ㬍⛘妶婾昞

☐䘬墥ἄ㈨埻ˤ⛐㬌⃰⯙昞☐⎬䧖Ⱄ⿏⛐↮㜸ᶲ䘬シ佑ἄ妶婾ˤ

2.5.1 ഏᏔচ਑!

ġ ġ ⛐䞼䨞昞☐䘬墥ἄ忶䦳㗪炻昞☐⍇㕁䘬ㆸ↮↮㜸⶚ㆸ䁢㘖念忳䓐䘬䞼䨞㕡㱽炻

⎗德忶昞☐䘬ㆸ↮↮㜸⋨彐昞☐墥ἄ忶䦳ᷕ⍇㕁⍾䓐䘬ⶖ䔘炻劍㭼⮵䔞⛘䘬⛘岒 屯㕁炻⎗㍐婾昞☐䁢䔞⛘墥ἄㆾ䓙⢾⛘⁛ℍ炻᷎忚ᶨ㬍慵⺢䔞㗪䘬䣦㚫傰䴉冯䴻 㾇Ṍ㖻橼䲣䫱ˤ昞☐ㆸấᶵ⍵㗈昞☐䘬⍇㕁Ἦ㸸炻ḇ栗䣢↢昞☐墥ἄ忶䦳ᷕ㴱

⍲䘬㈨埻ˣ㔯⊾埴䁢炻ἳ烉昞⛇䘬嗽䎮ˣ㐣⎰㕁䘬怠⍾⍲䅺墥䘬䀓῁䫱ˤㆸ↮↮

㜸䘬㕡㱽㇨䞼䨞䘬㗗昞☐冯⍇㕁䘬Ⱄ⿏炻⚈㬌⎗㍸ὃ侫⎌⬠⎬䧖嬘柴䘬↮㜸炻⯌

℞㗗㗪䨢ᶲ嬲䔘䘬↮㜸炻侴㬌↮㜸⏰䎦↢Ἦ䘬ㆸ㝄⮯昞☐ˣ昞⛇ˣ㐣⎰㕁ᷳἮ㸸 䘬屯妲䳸⎰⛐ᶨ崟炻㚱≑㕤㍊妶冯☐䈑墥忈䚠斄䘬䣦㚫ˣ䴻㾇ˣ㔯⊾䫱朊⎹䘬嬘 柴炷昛䐒䍚 2006炸ˤ

ġ ġ 侫⎌⬠ᷕ德忶昞☐↮㜸䞼䨞䣦佌怲䓴⶚ᶵ⮹夳炻昌Ḯ昞☐䘬桐㟤↮㜸ᷳ⢾炻 ẍ昞☐ㆸ↮䞼䨞䣦佌斄Ὢ䘬䞼䨞㕡㱽ḇ徸㻠䁢⬠侭Ᾱ㇨㍉䓐ˤNeff 䫱Ṣ炷1988炸 啱䓙䒄⛘楔㉱昞☐䘬ㆸ↮↮㜸炻妶婾ℑᾳ㫉佌橼㇨ἧ䓐䘬昞☐炻℞墥昞⍇㕁Ἦ㸸 㗗⏎ḇᶵ䚠⎴ˤ⇵⎌℠㗪㛇㘂㛇炻䒄⛘楔㉱檀⛘冯檀⛘旬役䘬㱧⣒⸛㲳✉⛘Ṣ佌 ἧ䓐䘬昞☐ᷕ炻悥↢䎦Ḯ䳘䲭昞炻ẍ⼨䘬䞼䨞娵䁢忁ℑᾳṢ佌ẋ堐ℑᾳᶵ⎴䘬昞

☐⁛䴙炻侴昞☐⁛䴙⊭⏓墥昞⍇㕁䘬⍾⼿ˣ⼊⟹冯墅梦昞☐䘬㕡㱽ẍ⍲䅺墥ㇳ㱽 䫱⸦ᾳ朊⎹ˤ䁢Ḯ妶婾㬌婾徘炻Neff 䫱Ṣ炷1988炸↮㜸䒄⛘楔㉱檀⛘冯㱧⣒⸛㲳

✉⛘䘬䳘䲭昞ㆸ↮㗗⏎㚱㇨ⶖ䔘ˤ↮㜸䳸㝄㊯↢炻䒄⛘楔㉱檀⛘冯㱧⣒⸛㲳✉⛘

昞☐ᷕ䘬㐣⎰㕁䡢⮎↢䎦ⶖ䔘炻檀⛘昞☐䘬㐣⎰㕁ẍ䀓Ⱉ䀘䁢ᷣ炻㱧⣒⸛㲳✉⛘

⇯↢䎦ᶵ⏓㐣⎰㕁ˣ⏓⮹慷䀓Ⱉ䀘ㆾ㐣℞Ṿ䣎䈑䘬昞☐炻冯檀⛘昞☐䘬㐣⎰㕁䳬

ㆸ㇒䃞ᶵ⎴ˤNeff 䫱Ṣ㍐㷔檀⛘冯㱧㴟✉⛘䘬Ṣ佌⎗傥Ⱄ㕤ᶵ⎴䘬䣦佌炻ᶼ⹏句

⛘溆ᶵ⎴炻⚈㬌㍉䓐ᶵ⎴䘬昞⛇␴㐣⎰㕁炻思⽒ᶵ⎴䘬昞☐桐㟤冯㈨埻炷Neff et al.

1988炸ˤNeff 䫱Ṣ⮵㕤䒄⛘楔㉱昞☐ㆸấ䘬䞼䨞栗䣢↢炻昞⛇冯㐣⎰㕁䘬ᶵ⎴⎗傥

∫↮↢ℑᾳᶵ⎴䘬佌橼炻⯽䎦ᶵ⎴䘬昞☐⁛䴙ˤ

ġ ġ 䃞侴炻ℑ䣦佌ᷳ攻䘬䓴䶂ḇ⎗傥ᶵ㗗䓙昞⛇ㆸ↮䘬䔘⎴Ἦ∫↮ˤStark 䫱Ṣ 炷2000炸娎⚾ẍ昞☐ㆸ↮↮㜸䘬屯㕁妶婾㈨埻䘬⋨⇍忚侴㍊妶䣦佌怲䓴炻ẍ厚⼳

屻⊿悐 Pasil 㱛察ℑᾳ Kalinga 㛹句ʇDalupa ␴ Dangtalan 䘬昞☐炻↮㜸ℑ㛹句⮵㕤 昞⛇怠㑯冯昞⛇ἧ䓐䘬㕡⺷炻晾䃞ℑ㛹句䘬⛘䎮䑘⠫䚠役ᶼ䚠Ụ炻昞⋈ḇ悥⎒⍫

冯╖ᶨ䘬Ṍ㎃㳣≽炻Stark 䫱Ṣ゛天Ḯ妋⛐ℑ㛹句⎬冒㑩㚱ᶵ⎴䘬昞☐桐㟤冯✳ン ᶳ炻㗗⏎⛐昞☐⍇㕁䘬怠⍾冯ἧ䓐ᶲḇ㚱㇨ᶵ⎴ˤ晾䃞⶚㚱䍣䐫ˣ⟹先ˣ慹Ⱄ傥

⣈㚧ẋ昞☐䘬≇傥炻Kalinga ⛘⋨䘬ṢᾹṵẍ昞☐ἄ䁢ᷣ天䘬䂡䄖☐℟ㆾ㗗㖍ⷠ䓇 㳣䓐䘬☐䙧炻᷎ᶼ Kalinga 䘬昞☐墥ἄṵ䵕㊩ㇳ墥炻㰺㚱㍉䓐廒墥ㆾ侭㧉墥ˤDalupa

␴ Dangtalan ℑ⛘⎒嶅暊ℑ℔慴炻ᶼ⼤㬌Ṍ㳩柣䷩炻Ữ↮⇍Ⱄ㕤ᶵ⎴䘬䣦㚫㓧㱣倗 䚇炻悐句㇘䇕冯㓧㱣⚈䳈䘬㇘⼡⮶农 Dalupa ␴ Dangtalan ᷳ攻䘬↮慶㚜≈㖶栗ˤ Dalupa␴ Dangtalan ᷳ攻䘬ⶖ䔘⿏㖶栗⏰䎦⛐昞☐䘬桐㟤ᶲ炻㭼崟 Dalupa炻Dangtalan 㚜≈⻟婧昞☐ᶲ䘬晽⇣墅梦炻᷎ᶼ佺ㄋ⛐昞☐䘬偑悐∫ᶲ䲭刚㡅䲳烊Dalupa ⛐ 1980

⸜ἄ↢昞☐桐㟤䘬∝㕘炻⮯⸦ỽ⚾㟰冯剙䘬⼑丒⚾㟰ㅱ䓐⛐墅㯜䘬昞仸ᶲˤ㟡㒂 1987-88⸜䘬㮹㕷娴婧㞍ㆸ㝄炻Dalupa 䘬昞⋈ἧ䓐ℑᾳ⛘⋨䘬昞⛇⍇㕁炻侴 Dangtalanῷ⤥㕤╖ᶨ⛘⋨䘬⍇㕁炻Dalupa ␴ Dangtalan 昞⋈⍾䓐䘬昞⛇䡢⮎㚱㇨

ᶵ⎴炻侫慷Ḯ昞⛇䘬⎗ἧ䓐⿏ˣ嶅暊⚈䳈⍲㓧㱣⚈䳈ˤ

ġ ġ 䁢Ḯ槿嫱妶婾㮹㕷娴䘬婧㞍䳸㝄炻Stark 䫱Ṣ⇑䓐ᷕ⫸㳣⊾↮㜸炷INAA炸炻䞼䨞 Dalupa冯 Dangtalan 昞☐␴昞⛇䘬⊾⬠冯ⱑ尉䈡⿏ˤ䓙㕤㮹㕷娴婧㞍㊯↢ℑ⛘䘬昞

⋈⛐墥ἄ朆⁛䴙䘬昞☐㗪㚫㍉䓐冯墥ἄ⁛䴙昞☐ᶵ⎴䘬昞傂炻⚈㬌⛐⍾㧋䘬忶䦳

ᷕ㌺昌朆⁛䴙䘬昞☐炻䷥ℙ⍾Ḯ 312 ᾳ㧋㛔炻305 ᾳ昞仸炻7 ᾳ昞⛇炻Ữ㗗 Stark 䫱Ṣ゛天㍊妶昞☐冯昞⛇䘬ㆸ↮㗗⏎⏣⎰ㆾ㗗ᶵ⎴炻䃞侴忁㧋䘬昞仸ɬ昞⛇㭼ἳ

⣒忶ㆠ㬲炻⚈㬌婳䔞⛘Ṣ㸾⁁墥ἄ昞☐䘬昞⛇墄嵛昞⛇㔠慷䘬ᶵ嵛ˤẍ⼨䘬䞼䨞 䴻ⷠ塓岒䔹⮯㛒䅺忶䘬昞⛇⍇㕁冯⶚䅺忶䘬昞☐ἄ㭼庫㗗⏎怑䔞炻䁢Ḯ妋㰢忁ᾳ 䞼䨞仢⣙炻⮯昞⛇㧋㛔⼊⟹ㆸ㔠ᾳ䢂⼊昞⛇䃞⼴㓦⇘䩗ᷕ䅺⇘ 750ɗ炻⼭军䩗⅟⌣

⼴⮯昞⛇⍾↢炻ℵἄ↯䇯ἄㆸ↮↮㜸ˤⱑ尉↮㜸䳸㝄栗䣢炻Kalinga 昞⛇冯昞☐䘬 䣎䈑䳬ㆸ⼰䚠Ụ炻⎗傥⚈䁢㬌⋨䘬昞⋈⛐墥ἄ昞☐㗪㰺㚱㶟⎰℞Ṿ⛘⋨䘬昞⛇炻

ẍ䔞⛘䘬昞⛇墥ἄ昞☐炻⚈㬌 Kalinga 䘬昞⛇冯昞☐䣎䈑ㆸ↮䚠Ụ炻⎎⢾炻㟡㒂

⊾⬠↮㜸䘬䳸㝄炻Dalupa 冯 Dangtalan 昞⛇ㆸ↮㚱ṃ⽖ⶖ䔘炻Ữ㗗ℑ⛘昞⋈㍉䓐⍇

㕁䘬㕡⺷ˣ㸾⁁⍇㕁䘬㕡⺷ˣ墥ἄⶍ℟䫱墥ἄ㈨埻⸦᷶䚠⎴炻⚈㬌㍐㷔㗗⚈䁢ℑ

⛘䘬⛘岒ⶖ䔘忈ㆸ昞⛇䘬ㆸ↮㚱ṃ⽖ⶖ䔘炻䷥侴妨ᷳ炻ℑ⛘ᷳ攻䘬䣦佌怲䓴ᶵ㗗 䓙昞⛇ㆸ↮∫↮炻侴㗗䓙昞☐ᶲ䘬䲳梦⏰䎦↢䣦佌䘬怲䓴炷Stark et al. 2000炸ˤ

2.5.2 ഏᏔל዗᎜܄!

ġ ġ 昞☐䘬㈿䅙暯⿏炷thermal shock resistance炸㗗昞☐↮㜸ᷕ䴻ⷠ妶婾䘬嬘柴炻 晾ᶵ䲵ℍ㛔䞼䨞䘬↮㜸Ⱄ⿏ᷕ炻Ữ⎗傥冯昞☐䘬≇傥⍲䅺墥㈨埻㚱斄炻⚈㬌䯉䞕

⚆栏昞☐䘬㈿䅙暯⿏ˤ

ġ ġ Schiffer 䫱Ṣ炷1994炸⇑䓐⮎槿娎⚾㩊夾昞☐堐朊嗽䎮冯昞☐侸䅙䦳⹎ᷳ攻䘬 斄Ὢˤ䄖梇䓐䘬昞☐䴻ⷠ伖㕤䀓ᶲ炻㹓⹎䘬㓡嬲嬻昞☐䴻㬟⻝≃䘬⡻≃炷tensile stress炸⎗傥⚈㬌侴䟜塪炻天性⃵昞☐䟜塪㚱姙⣂㕡⺷炻⊭㊔昞⛇冯㐣⎰㕁䘬怠㑯ˣ

☐⡩⍂⹎ˣ昞☐⣏⮷冯⼊䉨ˣ䀓⼴䘬㹓⹎炻昞☐堐朊䘬嗽䎮ḇ㗗℞ᷕᶨ䧖徼⼹ˤ 昞☐☐堐冯ℏ⡩䘬嗽䎮悥⎗ẍ⼙枧昞☐䘬㈿䅙暯⿏炻⯌℞㗗⁛䴙Ỷ㹓䅺墥䘬䄖☐炻 ḇ⎗㓡嬲䅙䓙䀓⁛⇘ℏ⡩䘬㕡⺷炻⎗ẍ旵Ỷ昞☐䟜塪䘬⎗傥⿏ˤ䁢Ḯ㍊妶昞☐堐 朊嗽䎮⮵㕤昞☐侸䅙䦳⹎䘬⼙枧炻枰㍏⇞℞Ṿ⎗傥⼙枧㈿䅙暯⿏䘬嬲㔠ˤ军㕤墥 昞⍇㕁冯㐣⎰㕁炻怠䓐㈿䅙暯⿏Ỷ䘬昞⛇炻侴㐣⎰㕁䘬ἧ䓐㗗䁢Ḯ枸旚昞☐⚈Ḧ 䆍侴䟜㎵炻Ữ᷎ᶵ㚫㍸檀昞☐䘬侸䅙䦳⹎ˤ⎎⢾炻昞☐䘬⣏⮷冯⼊䉨ḇ㗗⼙枧㈿

䅙暯⿏䘬慵天⚈䳈炻昞☐グ⣏グ⭡㖻⍿⇘䅙䘬堅㑲冯⼙枧炻䃞侴⣒⮷䘬昞☐䃉㱽

䚳↢⮵㕤䅙堅㑲䘬⍵ㅱ炻⚈㬌ẍ Kalinga 䘬䄖☐䁢➢㸾炻墥ἄ↢䚜⼹䲬 19.5 ℔↮炻

⭡慷 2 ℔⋯䘬昞☐炻⎎⢾䁢Ḯ嬻昞☐䘬⣏⮷ẍ⍲⼊䉨⏰䎦ᶨ农⿏炻ẍ㧉墥㏕惵ㇳ 墥䘬㕡⺷墥ἄ昞☐ˤ䔞䃞炻䅺墥㹓⹎⮵㕤昞☐䘬㈿䅙暯⿏⼙枧枿⣏炻Schiffer 䫱Ṣ

⮯䅺昞䘬㹓⹎㍏⇞⛐ 700ɗ炻⚈䁢劍崭忶 800ɗᶵ婾㗗⒒䧖昞☐悥⼰⭡㖻䅺塪炻ὧ

⣙⍣Ḯ㭼庫䘬シ佑炻⎎⢾炻曚⣑䅺昞⼰暋㍏⇞㹓⹎炻䁢Ḯ天㍏⇞䅺昞䘬㹓⹎炻⚈

㬌㓦⛐䩗ᷕ䅺墥ˤ㍏⇞⍇㕁ˣ㐣⎰㕁ˣ☐✳ˣ☐䈑⣏⮷冯䅺墥㹓⹎䫱嬲㔠炻Schiffer 䫱Ṣ⮯昞☐䅺墥⋩ᾳ⽒䑘炻ᷳ㇨ẍ䅺墥⋩ᾳ⽒䑘炻⚈䁢忂ⷠ⛐䫔ᶨᾳ⽒䑘⯙㚫嬻 昞☐䓊䓇塪䕽炻Ữ天⇘䫔Ḽ⇘⋩ᾳ⽒䑘㗪ㇵ㚫↢䎦䠶䇯炻侴昞☐㈿䅙暯⿏䘬妰䬿 㕡⺷䁢塪䕽䷥ℙ䘬攟⹎炻ẍ⍲㚨攟怲⣏㕤 2mm 䘬䠶䇯ᷳ䷥㔠炻㬌⢾炻⎗䓐⽖⮷䘬 塪䕽㷔慷昞☐䘬侸䅙⻟⹎㗗⏎旵Ỷˤ⚃䧖昞☐ἄ䁢忁㫉䘬⮎槿㧋㛔炻↮⇍䁢烉(1) ℏ⢾䘮⃱㹹䘬昞☐烊(2)⢾悐㚱䲳梦ˣℏ悐⃱㹹䘬昞☐烊(3)⢾悐⃱㹹ˣℏ悐⟿ᶲ PAM 炷PAM 㶟⎰Ḯ㝄㟠䘬㱡傪ˣ䧨䈑墥ㆸ䘬惺䱦ẍ⍲⌝䢟傪炻㷃Ỷ昞⡩䘬㺚德⿏炸烊(4)

⢾悐㚱䲳梦ˣℏ悐⟿ᶲ PAM炻忁ṃ昞☐⛐䓐䀓䅺ᷳ⼴䘬䳸㝄栗䣢烉ℏ悐㚱⟿ᶲ PAM 䘬㭼崟⃱㹹䘬堐朊怬天⣂塪䕽炻Ữ㗗㰺㚱塪䕽䘬堐朊℞侸䅙⻟⹎ᶵ嬲炻⚈㬌⎗ẍ

㍐㷔塪䕽⎗ẍ嬻䅙䘬⡻≃㷃Ỷ炻侴⸛㹹䘬堐朊晾䃞崟⇅㰺㚱塪䕽炻Ữ⛐䅺Ḯ⸦ᾳ

⽒䑘ᷳ⼴攳⥳䠶塪䓊䓇䠶䇯炻⍵奨⟿㚱 PAM 䘬堐朊炻晾䃞㚱ṃ⽖塪䕽Ữᶵ军㕤塪 ㆸ䠶䇯炻⎎⢾炻⢾悐㕥䲳冯⏎ḇ⼙枧⇘昞☐䘬侸䅙䦳⹎炻㚱㕥䲳䘬㭼⸛㹹䘬昞☐

堐朊㚜ᶵ⭡㖻䟜䠶ˤ䃞侴炻ᶵ婾㗗侫⎌㛸㕁ㆾ㮹㕷娴㛸㕁悥ᶵ夳⮯ PAM ⟿⛐昞☐

堐朊䘬ね⼊炻ẍ Kalinga 䁢ἳ炻⎒㚱⟿㜦楁⍲䄁䆣昞☐堐朊䘬ね⼊炻⟿㚱㜦楁䘬昞

☐堐朊℞≇䓐冯 PAM 㤝䁢䚠Ụ炻悥傥⡆⻟昞☐䘬㈿䅙暯⿏炻Ữ䄁䆣䘬昞☐⮎槿䳸 㝄⌣⼰ᶵᶨ农炻㚱ṃ䄁䆣昞☐䘬䡢㚱≈⻟昞☐侸䅙⹎䘬㓰傥炻侴㚱ṃ⇯⬴ℐ㰺㚱 㓰㝄炻Schiffer 䫱Ṣ娵䁢忁㗗⮎槿⯂⼭㓡忚ᷳ嗽ˤ㬌⢾炻㚱㨇岒⛐侫⎌㛸㕁ᷕᶵ㖻 夳炻㇨ẍ昞☐堐朊⎗傥⟿㚱㜦楁ㆾ侭℞Ṿ㚱㨇岒ẍ⡆≈昞☐䘬㈿䅙暯⿏炻Ữ䃉㱽 夳㕤侫⎌㛸㕁炷Schiffer et al. 1994炸ˤ

ġ ġ Tite 䫱⬠侭炷2001炸㭼庫ᶵ⎴㐣⎰㕁ㆸ↮冯ᶵ⎴䅺墥㹓⹎䘬昞☐炻℞⻟⹎

炷strength炸ˣ杴⹎炷toughness炸冯㈿䅙暯⿏炷thermal shock resistance炸㗗⏎㚫䓊 䓇ⶖ䔘炻℞䳸㝄㊯↢⏓⮹慷㐣⎰㕁᷎ᶼ䴻䓙檀㹓䅺墥䘬昞☐⻟⹎㚫⡆⻟炻Ữ杴⹎

冯㈿䅙暯⿏⇯㚫嬲⮷炻シ⌛忁栆䘬昞☐侸㏼炻Ữ䃉㱽㈧⍿䅺墥㗪㹓⹎䘬⿍忇⋯旵烊 侴⏓㚱⣏慷㐣⎰㕁ᶼỶ㹓䅺墥䘬昞☐⻟⹎庫⮷炻Ữ杴⹎冯㈿䅙暯⿏㚫嬲⣏炻劍≈

ℍ䘬㐣⎰㕁䁢㜧䉨ㆾ举䵕䉨炻昞☐杴⹎冯㈿䅙暯⿏㚫㚜Ἓˤ㟡㒂ẍ⼨䘬奨⮇炻Ṣ Ᾱ⛐墥ἄ䓐Ἦ⃚⬀冯忳復䘬昞☐㗪炻ᶵ㚫䈡⇍⛐シ℞杴⹎冯㈿䅙暯⿏炻䚠⍵⛘炻 䓐Ἦ䄖梇䘬昞☐暨天庫檀䘬㈿䅙暯⿏炻⚈㬌昞⋈⛐墥ἄ䄖☐㗪㚫⇣シ㐣ℍ⣏慷㐣

⎰㕁᷎ẍỶ㹓䅺墥ˤ⤪㝄ẍ䚠⎴䘬昞⛇ˣ⚢⭂檀㹓䅺墥䘬昞☐ᷕ炻ᶵ⏓ảỽ㐣⎰

㕁䘬昞☐⻟⹎㚨檀炻℞㫉䁢㐣暄居㭤ˣ暚㭵ˣ䞥䣎䞛⍲䠶昞䇯炻㐣㚱䞛劙䘬昞☐

⻟⹎㚨⮷Ữ杴⹎㚨⣏炷Tite et al. 2001烊恙㕗▱冯昛ẍ䏛 2009炸ˤ

2.5.3 ഏᏔ߄य़းႬ!

ġ ġ 昞☐堐朊墅梦ᶨ䚜㗗昞☐↮㜸䘬慵溆ᷳᶨ炻ᶵ婾㬌墅梦㗗㚱シㆾ䃉シ䘬炻䘮

⎗⍵㗈ⶍ⋈䎮゛ᷕ䘬⼊⺷姕妰炻⏰䎦䣦佌䘬墅梦姕妰桐㟤ˤ昞☐堐朊䲳梦ḇ㚦䓐 㕤 䁢㗪攻㖑㘂䘬⇌㕟ὅ㒂炻Ford炷1936炸⇑䓐昞☐ᶲ䲳梦䘬廱嬲∫↮㗪㛇炻Ṿ娵 䁢䲳梦⍿⇘㔯⊾⼙枧炻㕘䘬䲳梦⎗傥㘿䣢叿㕘䘬㔯⊾↢䎦侴⍾ẋ⍇㚱㔯⊾炻ᶼ㔯

⊾䘬㓡嬲㗗㊩临ᶼ㻠忚䘬ˤFord ↮㜸嶗㖻㕗⬱恋ⶆ昞☐ᶲ䘬䶂㡅㧋⺷炻⽆ Marksville complexˣDeasonville complex ⇘ Caddo complex炻Ford ㍐㷔忁ᶱ䧖㧋⺷ẋ堐䓙㖑⇘

㘂ᶱᾳᶵ⎴䘬㗪㛇炻侴忁ṃ䲳梦䘬㓡嬲⎗傥㘿䣢叿㔯⊾ℏ㵝䘬廱嬲炷O'Brien and Lyman 1999: 210-212炸ˤ军㕤↮㜸䲳梦䘬㕡㱽炻Plog炷1980炸⻟婧炻⛐↮㜸墅梦姕 妰ㆾ侭䲳梦ᷳ⇵炻枰婒㖶᷎⭂佑㶭㤂ỽ媪姕妰⃫䳈炷design element炸ˣ姕妰ᷣ柴 炷design motif炸䫱炻⚈䁢䲳梦䘬↮栆冯⭂佑䴻ⷠ⚈Ṣ侴䔘炻ḇ枰㲐シ⇵Ṣ䞼䨞䲳 梦冯墅梦姕妰䘬㟮㝞㗗⏎怑⎰冒幓䘬䞼䨞ˤPlog ↮㜸 Chevelon 䘬昞䇯䲳梦炻昌Ḯ

㉥㧋⎬⋨➇䘬昞䇯㧋㛔炻䁢性⃵怢㺷↢䎦⛐䈡⭂㗪㛇䘬䲳梦炻ḇ㉥㧋Ḯᶵ⎴㗪 㛇䘬昞䇯ˤ↮㜸㕡⺷⇯㍉䓐昶Ⰼ⊾䘬㟮㝞炻椾⃰炻㈦↢䲳梦ᷣ天䘬⼊⺷炻ℵ䚳℞

ᷣ天⚾㟰䁢⮎⽫⠓㺧ㆾ㗗䶂㡅炻劍䁢䶂㡅炻䲨抬䶂㡅䘬✳⺷炻㚨⼴炻⇌㕟䲳梦䘬 㫉天✳⺷ˤPlog ᷣ⻝忁ᶨ䲣↿䘬㕥䲳㬍樇栗䣢↢昞⋈⮵㕤䲳梦䘬怠㑯炷Plog 1980:

40-53炸ˤ

⚾ 2. Plog ගрޑ໘ቫϯદႬϩᜪس಍ȐPlog 1980: Figure 4.4ȑ

ġ ġ 昌㬌ᷳ⢾炻Rice炷1987炸ḇ妶婾Ḯ昞☐堐朊䘬墅梦姕妰桐㟤炻Ṿὅ䄏姕妰⚾㟰 䘬䛇⮎⿏⍲␴䈑䘬䚠⁷䦳⹎↮䁢ℑ⣏栆ˤ䫔ᶨ栆姕妰⚾㟰ᷣ天㍷丒Ṣḳ䈑炻䧙䁢

℟尉ˣ冒䃞ㆾ⮓⮎㳦烊䫔Ḵ栆姕妰⚾㟰ᷣ天堐䎦尉⽝䘬ℏ⭡炻䧙䁢㉥尉ˣ倾⁷ㆾ

⸦ỽ⚾⼊㳦炷Rice 1987: 246-247炸ˤ

堐 5. ഏᏔ߄य़ޑးႬ೛ी॥਱-1炷Rice 1987: 246-247炸

⎵⎵䧙 䈡⽝

℟尉㳦䘬炷representational炸 冒䃞䘬炷naturalistic炸

䛇⮎䘬炷realistic炸

㍷丒Ṣˣḳˣ䈑

㉥尉䘬炷abstract炸 倾⁷䘬炷iconic炸

⸦ỽ⚾⼊䘬炷geometric炸

怠㑯䈡⭂䘬䈡⽝炻忂ⷠ⏰䎦尉⽝䘬ℏ⭡

ġ ġ ℞ᷕ炻℟尉⺷䘬姕妰桐㟤⍰ὅ㒂⚾㟰䚠⁷䘬䦳⹎↮ἄ烉⼊ン姕妰ˣ↮惵⺷姕 妰冯㒜⻝⺷姕妰ˤ⼊ン姕妰㚫䚉慷ᶵ⣙䛇⛘㍷丒Ṣˣḳˣ䈑烊↮惵⺷姕妰⽭枰⠓

墄姕妰䨢攻炻䴻ⷠ忈ㆸ㝸悐ấ䘬姕妰⣙䛇烊㒜⻝⺷姕妰⚈ᶵ➭㊩⠓㺧㇨㚱姕妰䨢 攻炻㚫↢䎦⮷悐ấ䘬⣙䛇ˤ

堐 6. ഏᏔ߄य़ޑးႬ೛ी॥਱-2炷Rice 1987: 247-248炸

⎵

⎵䧙 䈡⽝

⼊ン姕妰炷configurative design炸 䚉慷冯゛天㍷丒Ṣˣḳˣ䈑䚠Ụ

↮惵⺷姕妰炷distributive design炸 ⚈⽭暨⬴ℐ⠓墄姕妰䨢攻炻㝸悐ấ㚫⣙䛇 㒜⻝⺷姕妰炷expansive design炸 䦵⽖⣙䛇炻ᶵ➭㊩⠓㺧㇨㚱姕妰䨢攻 ⎎⢾炻Rice ∫↮∝ἄ姕妰⚾㟰冯⠓㺧姕妰䨢攻䘬⃫䳈炷component炸炻忁 ṃ⃫䳈⊭㊔天䳈ˣᷣ柴ˣ惵伖㕡⺷冯䳸㥳ˤ天䳈㗗姕妰⚾㟰䘬㚨⮷╖ỵ炻 天䳈䳸⎰ㆸᷣ柴炻ᷣ柴䘬⬱㌺㕡⺷ὧ㗗姕妰⚾㟰䘬惵伖㕡⺷炻䳸㥳⇯㗗ẍ ᶲ㇨㚱⃫䳈䘬㔜⎰ˤ

堐 7. ഏᏔ߄य़ޑးႬ೛ी॥਱-3炷Rice 1987: 248-249炸

⎵䧙 シ佑

天䳈炷element炸 㚨⮷╖ỵ炻⎗傥㗗ᶨᾳᶱ奺⼊ㆾ㬋㕡⼊䫱╖ᶨ⚾⼊

ᷣ柴炷motif炸 ˬ天䳈炷element炸˭䘬䳸⎰炻庫䁢墯暄炻⎗ẍ⠓㺧 姕妰䨢攻炻㗗佌䳬侴朆╖ᶨ⚾⼊

惵伖㕡⺷

炷design configuration炸

ˬᷣ柴炷motif炸˭⬱㌺䘬㕡⺷炻⎗⠓㺧姕妰䨢攻炻⼊

ㆸᶨᾳˬ姕妰˭

䳸㥳

炷layout ㆾ structure炸

墅梦⃫䳈↢䎦䘬ỵ伖ˣ墅梦⃫䳈㗗⏎⸛堉炻layout 忂ⷠ䓐㕤␴℞Ṿ䣦㚫䘬姕妰⚾㟰ἄ㭼庫

ġ ġ 昛䐒䍚炷2010炸䞼䨞洅搦滣昞☐ᶲ䘬丑䲳炻娵䁢丑䲳䳘⽖䘬䲳梦Ⱄ⿏炻⎗⍵

㗈昞⋈娵䁢㚜㬋䡢ˣ㚜䎮゛䘬丑䲳✳⺷炻᷎⏰䎦↢ˬㆹᾹ䘬˭䲳梦桐㟤⼊⺷ˤ昛 䐒䍚㷔慷Ḯ丑䲳䘬⮔⹎ˣ攻昼⮔⹎ˣ⭮⹎ˣṌ拗奺⹎ˣṌ拗⭮⹎冯丑䳸⭮⹎炻啱 䓙丑䲳䘬䳘⽖䈡⿏娎⚾妶婾ᶵ⎴倂句昞☐䲳梦䘬嬲䔘冯シ佑炻㬌䧖䞼䨞㕡㱽㍸ὃ 䲳梦䞼䨞㚜䳘䶣䘬↮㜸䫾䔍ˤ

2.5.4 ഏᏔᐨᇙמೌ!

ġ ġ 墥ἄ昞☐㗪炻⮵㕤䀓䘬㍏⇞㗗⼰慵天䘬㰢⭂⚈䳈炻䔞䃞炻䅺昞㗪攻冯㹓⹎䘬

㍏⇞炻ẍ⍲㯏⊾ˣ怬⍇忶䦳炻ḇ㗗㰢⭂䅺昞ㆸ≇冯⏎䘬斄挝炻侴昞☐䘬柷刚㚫⍿

⇘䅺墥㹓⹎ˣ㗪攻⍲䀓䆸ℏ䘬㯋⡻⼙枧ˤ忶⍣䘬䅺昞䑘⠫冯㈨埻᷎ᶵ䎮゛炻䴻ⷠ

⮶农ᶵ⎴䘬昞☐䅺墥㹓⹎䚠ⶖ 50-100ɗ炻䃞侴炻㭼庫⎚⇵昞䇯䘬䈡⿏冯䎦ẋ昞⛇

䘬䈡⿏⎗姽Ộˬ䅺墥㗪㚨檀䘬䚠⎴㹓⹎˭炷Te炸炻Teẋ堐䎦ẋ㈨埻㇨䅺↢䘬昞⛇㹓⹎

冯⎚⇵昞䇯䘬䅺墥㹓⹎炻㚨㍍役䘬㔠ῤ炻Te᷎ᶵᶨ⭂䫎⎰⎚⇵䅺墥䘬㚨檀㹓⹎ˤ 㚱姙⣂⮎槿悥⛐䞼䨞⎚⇵昞☐䘬䅺墥㈨埻炻ἳ⤪烉㷔慷⫼晁䌯ˣ忳䓐㌫㍷暣⫸栗

⽖掉↮㜸⫼晁炷pore炸䘬⣏⮷冯⼊䉨炻㷔慷䅙児僡䫱䞼䨞炻Mirti炷1998炸冯 Davit 炷2004炸⮯昞䇯冯昞⛇䓐ᶨ⮷㗪䘬㗪攻䶑ㄊ䅺⇘ 400ɗ炻ℵ徸㻠≈㹓⇘ 500ɗ炻忼

⇘ 500ɗ⼴ℵ㭷⮷㗪旵㹓 200ɗˤ䅺䎦ẋ昞⛇㗪炻䆸炷䩗炸ℏ忼⇘㚨檀㹓㗪枰䵕㊩

ℓ⮷㗪炻侴䅺⎚⇵昞䇯㗪炻䆸ℏ忼⇘㚨檀㹓⼴⎒枰䵕㊩⚃⮷㗪炻䅺ㆾℵ䅺昞䇯冯 昞⛇⼴炻奨⮇ℑ侭㚨㍍役䘬㹓⹎㔠ῤˤ䞼䨞䘬䳸㝄栗䣢炻⛐㹓⹎崭忶 Te⼴柷刚ὧ 㚫䘤䓇㓡嬲炻⚈㬌⎗ẍ德忶柷刚䘬㓡嬲㍐婾㹓⹎崭忶 Teˤ䃞侴炻㬌⮎槿枰⛐㯏⊾

䅺䘬ね⼊ᷳᶳ炻侴⎚⇵䘬昞☐ḇ枰⛐㯏⊾䅺䘬ね⼊ᷳᶳㇵ傥⣈ἄ忁ᾳ⮎槿炻⚈㬌 劍ẍ怬⍇䅺⮯䃉㱽㓗㊩忁ᾳ⮎槿䳸㝄ˤ⎎⢾炻㗗⏎⏓㚱䡛愠懋ḇ㚫⼙枧昞☐柷刚

⛐㹓⹎㓡嬲㗪䓊䓇䘬嬲⊾炻Ữ⏓㚱䡛愠懋䘬昞☐ㆾ昞⛇ḇᶵᶨ⭂傥⣈⏰䎦⎴㧋䘬

⮎槿䳸㝄ˤ昌㬌ᷳ⢾炻⍾ᶵ⎴昞⛇墥ㆸ䘬昞䇯炻ㆾ㗗⍾⎴㧋昞⛇Ữᶵ⎴㍉普忶䦳 悥㚫⼙枧昞䇯䘬柷刚炷Mirti 1998烊Mirti and Davit 2004炸ˤ

ġ ġ 昌Ḯ慵䅺昞䇯炻奨⮇䳬䷼晐㹓⹎嬲⊾䘬ね⼊炻⮳㈦冐䓴溆炷⌛䅺ㆸ㹓⹎炸炻奨

⮇㊯㧁䣎䈑䘬⬀⛐冯㴰⣙炻㷔⼿昞䇯䅺⇞㹓⹎䘬ᶲᶳ䓴炻ḇ㗗昞䇯䀓῁㷔⭂䘬℞

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