Ecomaterial Design and Process Engineering Graduate School of Environmental Studies Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
YOKOYAMA Kazuyo NAGASAKA Tetsuya
17, January, 2007 Environmental & Energy International Conference , Taipei, Taiwan
The Case Study of National-scale Material Flow Assessment
－the Japan Experience
2
Resources
7.1
Domestic Resources
11.2 Import Products
0.7
Natural Resources 18.4
Total Material Input 21.3
Net Addition to Stock 11.5
Energy Consumption 4.2 Exports 1.0
Volatilization
& diffusion 0.9
Amount of cycle use 2.3
Municipal Waste 0.5 Industrial Waste 2.4
Food Consumption 1.3
Total Waste Generation 5.2
（Units ：×10 t ）
Final Disposal 28.3
11.0
Imports Hidden Flow
Natural Resources
Material flow of Japan（2000year basis）
Contemporary society is based on much resource input.
8
Population = 127 Million The total land area is
approximately 380,000 km2.
The islands stretch nearly 3,000 km from north to south.
3
Sendai 仙台
Transfer Resource
& products
Domestic resources
Net Addition to Stock
Energy consumption
Input of Natural resources
Total Material Input
Waste from other prefectures
Food Consumption
Transfer
Final disposal Total Waste
Generation
Amount of cycle use
Reduction of volume
Unit: 10 thousand ton Natural reduction
Material flow of Miyagi Prefecture（2003 FY basis）
4
• For sound social metabolism, or efficient and sustainable management of resources…
• We need more and more detail information about following questions.
• Where and how much the valuable materials exist in our society?
• When and how we can / should recover the materials from the durable commodities as secondary resources?
• How we should manage valuable materials in
our society?
5
Contents
• “Substance/material flows as sustainability indexes”
– funded by RISTEX-JST
Demand and supply of rare metal in Japan
SFA of molybdenum associated with iron and steel cycle in Japan
Material flow of Phosphorus in Japan
• “Development of Material Stock Account Framework and Its Application: Strategies for Waste / Resource Management”
– funded by Ministry of Environment
Development of MSA Framework that is consistent with Economy-Wide MFA Framework
Application of MSA and Scenario Analysis
6 NIMS
Base Metal Flow Analysis Group.
Nagoya Univ.
Kobe yamate Univ.
Substance Flow Analysis Group
Tohoku Univ, Headquarter group
Waseda Univ.
Modeling and Methodology Group.
Substance/material flows as sustainability indexes
as a Contract Research Program “The Study on Sustainable Society”
funded by RISTEX-JST (Research Institute of Science and Technology for Society - Japan Science and Technology Agency). : 2003~2006
7
Substance/material flows as sustainability indexes
RISTEX-JST : 2003~2006
Symposium on Advanced Material Flow Analysis for the Sustainable Society September 25 – 26, 2006
Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan Sponsored by
RISTEX (Research Institute of Science and Technology for Society), JST (Japan Science and Technology Agency)
8
（Include return scrap and industrial scrap）
Data；JATIS
Iron and steel cycle in Japan
Data: The Japan ferrous raw materials association
Iron and steel cycle in Japan（2003fy）
(unit: 1000t)
Crude steel production：111Mt Pig iron consumption：82Mt
Scrap consumption：39Mt
Steel sheet and strip steel
Steel sheet and strip steel, which have hig quality and high performance, are mainly made of pig iron in converter furnace.converter furnace.
（→ Motor vehicle, can,…
Section steel
Section steel and bar steelbar steel, which are recycled steel, are mainly made of scrap in electric arc furnaceelectric arc furnace.
（→ construction, civil engineeri
9
Demand of rare metals in Japan
Demand of rare metal for steel making（2003）
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
Ni Cr Mｎ Co W Mo V Nb Sb Ti
Demand of metal for steel making, (1000t)
primary material recycled material
Ni ; heat resistance, oxidation resistance Cr ; high-strength, abrasion resistance
Mn ; high-tensile strength, abrasion resistance
Mo ;high-toughness, heat resistance, corrosion resistance
Rare metals (Ni, Cr, Mn, Mo, …etc.) are used for steel making process in order to…
10
Demand of rare metals in Japan (import)
http://www.jogmec.go.jp/j_resourse/index.html
China
W
Ferro Cr
South Africa
Pt
Ferro V
Indonesia
Australia Chile
Ni-ore
Mo-ore Cu-ore
Pb-ore Zn-ore
Japan has few domestic natural resources, Japan depends on imports for almost all of the non-ferrous metals and minerals.
11
Demand of rare metals in the world
(a)Ni, Consumption(World) : 1,253 ×103 Ni-t (2004)
others: 46% China: 12%
America: 11%
Korea: 8%
Germany: 8%
Japan: 15%
others: 44% China: 13%
Kazakhstan : 12%
South Africa: 14%
Germany: 6% Japan: 11%
others: 28%
China: 35%
Ukraine: 14%
India: 8%
Japan: 6%
South Africa: 9%
others: 18%
China: 13%
America: 21%
EU: 33%
Japan: 15%
(b)Cr, Consumption(World) : 4,695 ×103 Cr-t (2003)
(c)Mo, Consumption(World) : 175 ×103 Mo-t (2004)
(d)Mn, Consumption(World) : 19,630 ×103 t (2001)
Large amount of rare metals are consumed in Japan. On the other hand, it is expected to increase consumptions of rare metals in other Asian countries (China, Korea…) with industrial development.
12
National stockpiling program in Japan
Stockpiling program of non-ferrous materials in Japan
Since 1983, JOGMEC (Japan Oil, Gas and Metals National Corporation ) has managed the national stockpiling of rare metals to prevent any short-term supply shortage.
At present, JOGMEC stockpiles 7 materials : nickel, chromium, tungsten, cobalt, molybdenum, manganese, and vanadium.
Nickel Nickel
Chromium Chromium
Tungsten Tungsten
Cobalt Cobalt
Molybdenum Molybdenum
Manganese Manganese
Vanadium Vanadium
A management of these metals is important from the viewpoint of the material-cycle and the strategic resource utilization…
13
Material flow data in Japan
18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Md Tm Bi Sb As P N
Lr No Fm
Es Cf Bk Cm Am Pu Np U Pa Th actinoid Ac
Lu Yb Er
Ho Dy Tb Gd Eu Sm Pm Nd Pr Ce lanthanoid La
actino
Ra id
Fr
Rn At Po Pb
Tl Hg Au Pt Ir Os Re W Ta
lantha Hf Ba noid
Cs
Xe I Te Sn
In Cd Ag Pd Rh Ru Tc Mo Nb Zr Y Sr Rb
Kr Br Se Ge
Ga Zn Cu Ni Co Fe Mn Cr V Ti Sc Ca K
Ar Cl S Si
Al Mg
Na
Ne F O C
B Be
Li
He H
18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Md Tm Bi Sb As P N
Lr No Fm
Es Cf Bk Cm Am Pu Np U Pa Th actinoid Ac
Lu Yb Er
Ho Dy Tb Gd Eu Sm Pm Nd Pr Ce lanthanoid La
actino
Ra id
Fr
Rn At Po Pb
Tl Hg Au Pt Ir Os Re W Ta
lantha Hf Ba noid
Cs
Xe I Te Sn
In Cd Ag Pd Rh Ru Tc Mo Nb Zr Y Sr Rb
Kr Br Se Ge
Ga Zn Cu Ni Co Fe Mn Cr V Ti Sc Ca K
Ar Cl S Si
Al Mg
Na
Ne F O C
B Be
Li
He
H JOGMEC2)
NIMS et al.3)
Target elements (JOGMEC: 44, NIMS et al: 22)
M.SHIMADA, K.IJIMA, Y.SAWATANI, K.NAKAJIMA, T.NAGASAKA, T.TSUKIHASHI, Y.MORIGUCHI, and K.HALADA: “New Trend of Material Flow in the Era of Globalization”, Advance in Ecomaterials, pp.620-633, (2005)
3) NIMS, Tohoku Univ., University of Tokyo, and NIES 2) JOGMEC
JOGMEC: “Koubutsu Shigen Material Flow 2004 (in Japanese)”, (2005)
METI: “Yearbook of iron and steel, non-ferrous metals, and fabricated metals statistics”, (2005)
1) Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry Material flow data
Supply and demand data
14
Contents
• “Substance/material flows as sustainability indexes”
– funded by RISTEX-JST
Demand and supply of rare metal in Japan
SFA of molybdenum associated with iron and steel cycle in Japan
Material flow of Phosphorus in Japan
• “Development of Material Stock Account Framework and Its Application: Strategies for Waste / Resource Management”
– funded by Ministry of Environment
Development of MSA Framework that is consistent with Economy-Wide MFA Framework
Application of MSA and Scenario Analysis
15 Production: 2,468
Roasted molybdenum ore
(Import: 21,300)
Molybdate
Metalic molybdenum
Ferro- molybdenum Production: 3,323
Import: 5,066
Bricket Molybdenum
(Production: 660)*
Inorganic chemicals
Wire, Plate, Bar, Powder, Sheet (Production: 660)*
Iron and steel products
(Production: 23,800)*
Catalysits
Moter Vehicle, Industrial equipment,
etc.
Electric apparatus Petroleum
refining, Petrochemicals
Pigments, Antirust additives Raw materials
Intermediate materials
Final products
Final demand
End of life catalysits (recycle: 886)
Scrap (recycle: 2,900)*
End of life products
(*: 2003fy data), Unit: Mo-t
Molybdenum flow in Japan(FY2004)
Data: http://www.jogmec.go.jpDemand of molybdenum was 27.0×103Mo-t in 2004fy. About 94% of molybdenum demand was used for steel materials, and another was used for a catalyst, an electronic industry
material, and an inorganic medicine, etc. Thus, the 94% of molybdenum flow associated with
iron and steel flow was uncertain.
16
Molybdenum flow in Japan(FY2004)
Data: http://www.jogmec.go.jpProduction: 2,468 Roasted molybdenum
ore
(Import: 21,300)
Molybdate
Metalic molybdenum
Ferro- molybdenum Production: 3,323
Import: 5,066
Bricket Molybdenum
(Production: 660)*
Inorganic chemicals
Wire, Plate, Bar, Powder, Sheet (Production: 660)*
Iron and steel products
(Production: 23,800)*
Catalysits
Moter Vehicle, Industrial equipment,
etc.
Electric apparatus Petroleum
refining, Petrochemicals
Pigments, Antirust additives Raw materials
Intermediate materials
Final products
Final demand
End of life catalysits (recycle: 886)
Scrap (recycle: 2,900)*
End of life products
(*: 2003fy data), Unit: Mo-t
Mo flow assosiated with iron and steel flow
17
(d)α =ProductionDemand
Demand of special steel materials, and Mo-content in steel materials
(a)Production amount of crude steel
(special steel: SS)
(b) Demand of steel materials(SS) by final commodity production
(c) Mo-content in steel materials
(e)Demand of Mo by final commodity
production
（originated from SS）
(h)Amount of Mo in crude steel (SS)
(g) Mo-content in final commodity (originated from SS)
(f) Yield ratio Flow chart and data source for estimation
0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000
Construction Industrial machinery
General machinery Household and office apparatus
Ship Moter vehicle Rolling stock Other transport
equipment Container
Others
Demand of steel, m/kt
Carbon tool steel Alloy tool steel
Carbon steel for stractual uses Alloy steel for structual uses Free cutting
steel
Spring steel
Bearing steel Stainless steel
Heat resisting steel Piano wire rods
High tensile strength steel Others
(b) D em and of special steel m aterials by final com m odity production (2 0 0 4 fy)
0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000
Construction Industrial machinery
General machinery Household and office apparatus
Ship Moter vehicle Rolling stock Other transport
equipment Container
Others
Demand of steel, m/kt
Carbon tool steel Alloy tool steel
Carbon steel for stractual uses Alloy steel for structual uses Free cutting
steel
Spring steel
Bearing steel Stainless steel
Heat resisting steel Piano wire rods
High tensile strength steel Others
(b) D em and of special steel m aterials by final com m odity production (2 0 0 4 fy)
(c)Mo-content in steel materials
Mo-content（％） Mo-content（％）
Carbon tool steel 0 Bearing steel 0.05
Alloy tool steel 1.5 Stainless steel 0.2
Carbon steel for
stractual uses 0.02 Heat resisting
steel 0.5
Alloy steel for
structual uses 0.08 Piano wire rods 0
Free cuttingsteel 0 High tensile
strength steel 0.01
Spring steel 0.03 Others 0.01
18
(d)α =ProductionDemand
Demand of Mo by final commodity production (Estimated result)
(a)Production amount of crude steel
(special steel: SS)
(b) Demand of steel materials(SS) by final commodity production
(c) Mo-content in steel materials
(e)Demand of Mo by final commodity
production
（originated from SS）
(h)Amount of Mo in crude steel (SS)
(g) Mo-content in final commodity (originated from SS)
(f) Yield ratio Flow chart and data source for estimation
(e) D em and of M o by final com m odity production (originated from special steel) (2 0 0 4 fy)
0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 3,500 4,000 4,500
Construction Industrial machinery
General machinery Household and office apparatus
Ship Moter vehicle Rolling stock Other transport
equipment Container
Others
Demand of molybdenium with steel, m/Mo-t
Carbon tool steel Alloy tool steel
Carbon steel for stractual uses Alloy steel for structual uses Free cutting
steel
Spring steel
Bearing steel Stainless steel
Heat resisting steel Piano wire rods
High tensile strength steel Others
19
Crude steel (special steel)： 23,820 kt (18,500 Mo-t)
Hot-rolled steel materials: 20,000 kt (15,500 Mo-t)
Steel materials: 18,420 kt (14,310 Mo-t)
Domestic: 12,360 kt (9,600 Mo-t)
Steel in final products : 10,930 kt (8,490 Mo-t)
hot-rolling
Scrap: 3,820 kt (2,950 Mo-t)
Inventory: 1,580 kt (1,240 Mo-t)
Production amount of crude steel
Scrap: 1,430 kt (1,110 Mo-t) Production
Export: 4,370 kt (3,400 Mo-t) Production amount
of hot-rolled steel
Demand
of steel materials
Domestic: 6,560 kt (5,090 Mo- t) Demand of steel
in final products
Export: 6,060 kt (4,710 Mo-t)
Demand of steel materials(SS) in final commodity is 18.4×106t (domestic: 12.4×106t), and that contains 14.3×103 Mo-t (domestic: 9.6×103Mo-t) of molybdenum.
Crude steel for special steel (23.8×106t) contains 18.5×103Mo-t of molybdenum
Demand of Mo associated with iron and steel cycle(2004fy)
20
Molybdenum parts used in motor vehicle
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Weight of parts (g / Moter vehicle)
Mo-content in parts (%)
Engine valve
it seems that a dismantling process to remove automobile parts contains molybdenum is needed in order to promote molybdenum recycling. One of the specific pars is engine valve in
automobile whose Mo-content is 0.7%.
21
Contents
• “Substance/material flows as sustainability indexes”
– funded by RISTEX-JST
Demand and supply of rare metal in Japan
SFA of molybdenum associated with iron and steel cycle in Japan
Material flow of Phosphorus in Japan
• “Development of Material Stock Account Framework and Its Application: Strategies for Waste / Resource Management”
– funded by Ministry of Environment
Development of MSA Framework that is consistent with Economy-Wide MFA Framework
Application of MSA and Scenario Analysis
22
Present status of the world phosphorus resources
・Main use： raw materials for fertilizer
・It completely depends on import.
Ministry of finance Japan “Trade Statistics”
Fig. The amount of phosphate rock imported.
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600
1993 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002
Other country Jordan
China
South Africa Morocco U.S.A
Phosphate rock kt/year
Fig. Phosphate rock production rate year
in the world. (2002)
24%
17%
16%
13%
5%
5%
4%
3%2% 11% United State
Morocco China Russia Jordan Tunisia Brazil Israel
South Africa other countries
Total:
44,100 kt
24%
17%
16%
5%
13%
23
Fig Material flow of phosphorus in Japan, 1993 Fertilizer
350
Stock- breeding
10
Crop 130
Industrial material
40
Marine product
170
Farm 610
Human
90 detergent 40
Livestock 260
Soil Accumulation 530
Water system
90
Disposal 50
Food Export 10
Sewage 6
Domestic Activity
1000 Import
700
Unit：1000t- P/year
H. Mishina “Saisei to Riyou” Vol. 26 No. 98 2003/1
Domestic material flow of phosphorus ( Conventional type)
Diffusion
24
Dephosphorization of steel with slag
coal ore lime raw materials
coke sinter
blast furnace
torpedo car
hot metal
scrap
BOF steelmaking
continuour casting
RH
De-P
Phosphorus is a natural enemy for steel, because it enhances cold brittleness of steel product.
Iron- and steelmaking process
One of the most important roles of steelmaking slag is
dephosphorization of molten steel.
The slag after the
dephosphorization contains approximately 2 to 10 mass% of P2O5 together with FetO, CaO and SiO2.
25
Iron ore
Lime stone
Coals cokes
Cokes furnace Sinteringfacilities
Blast furnace
EF Blast furnace
slag
Hot metal
pre-treatment slag Torpedo Car
LD slag
LD
EFslag
Secondary refining
Steelmaking process outline
Steelmaking slag
LD slag Pre treatment slag EF slag Not pre deP After pre de P de S/ de Si de P 3329 kt
956 kt 1553 kt 4431kt
1899 kt
12168 kt
The amount of slag generation based on slag emission intensity
LD slag Pre treatment slag EF slag Not pre de P After pre de P de S/ de Si de P 2.9 kt
2.7 kt 33.9kt 29.0kt
24.9kt
The amount of P emission with slag emission
Total : 93.4 kt
3.0% 1.5% 0.2% 5.0% 0.2%
26 Products/
by-products
Waste
Nature River/
Coast area River/
Coast area
Soil accumulation
Slag Steel
110.6 155.9 141.3
110.6 155.9 141.3
Phosphate rock Chemical substance Fertilizer
22.2
Domestic products
155.2
395.2
Fertilizer
173.4 Trade/Fishery
24.5 224.9
Chemical industry
Other 88.2
industry
112.8
Other mineral resources
4.7 92.39
Steelmaking industry
129.2 145.2
Livestock
42.0 17.5 111.8
Food & Feed
356.1
Farm/Ranch Farm/Ranch
54.5
13.8
Human
17.4
Sludge
42.8
miscellaneous drainage
トータルフロー
Material flow of Phosphorus in Japan: Part 1
27
Fertilizer
Fig. 6 Domestic material flow of phosphorus. No.2
110.6
Livestock
Sludge
Chemical
industry Fertilizer
Phosphorus ore
Soil accumulation
Farm/
Ranch Food & Feed
Human
Other
industry Products/
by-products
Steelmaking industry Other mineral
resources Steel
Slag
Sludge Livestock
miscellaneous drainage
Waste River/
Coast area
Concentration
Amount of Phosphorus
Material flow of Phosphorus in Japan: Part 2
28
Substance/material flows as sustainability indexes RISTEX-JST : 2003~2006
• Our main outcomes are
– to quantitatively investigate flows of base materials, such as Fe, Al, Cu and associated substances, such as Mo, In, P by using the methods of material flow analysis (MFA), substance flow analysis (SFA), and waste input-output analysis,
– to develop WIO-MFA model as a mathematical model
that enables integrative assessment and analysis of
these data from temporal and spatial axes.
29
Contents
• “Substance/material flows as sustainability indexes”
– funded by RISTEX-JST
Demand and supply of rare metal in Japan
SFA of molybdenum associated with iron and steel cycle in Japan
Material flow of Phosphorus in Japan
• “Development of Material Stock Account Framework and Its Application: Strategies for Waste / Resource Management”
– funded by Ministry of Environment
Development of MSA Framework that is consistent with Economy-Wide MFA Framework
30
R esources
7 .1
D om estic R esources
1 1 .2 Im port P roducts
0 .7
N atural R esources 1 8 .4 T otal M aterial Input 2 1 .3
N et A ddition to Stock 1 1 .5
E nergy C onsum ption 4 .2 E xports 1 .0
V olatilization
& diffusion 0 .9
A m ount of cycle use 2 .3
M un icip al W aste 0 .5 In dustrial W aste 2 .4
Food C onsum ption 1 .3
T otal W aste Generation 5 .2
（U nits ：× 1 0 t ）
Final D isposal
R esources
7 .1
D om estic R esources
1 1 .2 Im port P roducts
0 .7
N atural R esources 1 8 .4 T otal M aterial Input 2 1 .3
N et A ddition to Stock 1 1 .5
E nergy C onsum ption 4 .2 E xports 1 .0
V olatilization
& diffusion 0 .9
A m ount of cycle use 2 .3
M un icip al W aste 0 .5 In dustrial W aste 2 .4
Food C onsum ption 1 .3
T otal W aste Generation 5 .2
（U nits ：× 1 0 t ）
Final D isposal 2 8 .3
1 1 .0 Im ports Hidden Flow
N atural R esources
2 8 .3
1 1 .0 Im ports Hidden Flow
N atural R esources
M aterial flow of Japan（2 0 0 0year basis）
8
Most materials which have been exploited in the past centuries are still “hibernating” somewhere in the anthroposphere.
Brunner (1999,2004)
Development of Material Stock Account Framework and Its Application: Strategies for Waste / Resource Management
1. Development of MSA Framework that is consistent with Economy-Wide MFA Framework
2. Application of MSA and Scenario Analysis
Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research for Waste treatment:2006~2008
Base Metal
Material Stock Accounting (MSA)
Construction building and civil engineering
structure
Rare metal
Accounting framework
and methodology Hibernating stock
Landfilled waste Carbon stock
(biomass, plastics)
32
Seiji Hashimoto National Institute for Environmental Studies Tomohiro Tasaki National Institute for Environmental Studies Shinsuke Murakami National Institute for Environmental Studies Osamu Umezawa Yokohama National University
Hiroki Tanikawa Wakayama University Ichiro Daigo The University of Tokyo Ken-ichi Nakajima Tohoku University
Kazuyo Yokoyama Tohoku University
Masaaki Fuse National Institute for Advanced Industrial Science and technology
Eiji Yamasue Kyoto University
Development of Material Stock Account Framework and Its Application: Strategies for Waste / Resource Management
Base Metal
Material Stock Accounting (MSA)
Construction building and civil engineering
structure
Rare metal Accounting framework
and methodology Hibernating stock
Landfilled waste Carbon stock
(biomass, plastics)
33
What is “material stock”?
Unused infrastructures Unused/left
products
Dissipated/left wastes
Unknown export of used products Landfilled wastes
Taiwan High Speed Rail
Taipei 101
34
What is “material stock”?
Taiwan High Speed Rail
Taipei 101
Potential wastes
Potential Resources
35
What is “material stock”?
Unused infrastructures Unused/left
products
Dissipated/left wastes
Unknown export of used products Landfilled wastes
Collectability?
Value?
Market?
36
Objective of “Material Stock Accounting”
• Accurate estimation of materials that come out of hibernation for
– Appropriate management of discarded wastes from stocks – Improvement of resource productivity through recovery of
secondary resources from stocks
Unused infrastructures Unused/left
products
Dissipated/left wastes
Unknown export of used products Landfilled wastes
Taiwan High Speed Rail
Taipei 101
Framework of Economy-Wide Material Flow Accounts
Source: Some modifications of Eurostat (2001)
Economy
Domestic Environment Imports
Domestic Extractions
Unused Domestic Extractions (Domestic Hidden Flows) Indirect Flows
Associated to Imports
(Foreign Hidden Flows)
Net Additions to Stock
Exports Emissions to
Nature
Exhaust Gases Waste Liquids
Solid Waste Dissipative flows
Indirect Flows Associated to Exports
Definition and Categories of Stocked Materials
Time Space
Stocked materials are defined by
system boundary
Some vagueness remains in the Economy-Wide MFA. But it is difficult to define the clear boundary between the
economy and the environment.
Categorization of stocked materials by condition of usage is useful. This will make a framework of MSA consistent
with the framework of Economy-Wide MFA.
In the environment On boundary between
the economy and the environment
Within the economy
Materials now accounted as stock in Economy-Wide MFA
Definition and Categories of Stocked Materials
Time Space
Stocked materials are defined by
system boundary
Considering the objectives of Material Stock Accounts, what have short life spans are not stocked materials that we are concerned with.
Categorization of stocked materials by condition of usage is useful.
> 1 yr life span
< 1 yr life span
Materials now accounted as stock in Economy-Wide MFA
Categories of Stocked Materials
Infrastructure, building foundations,
etc.
Buildings, machineries,
cars, etc.
Inventories, foods at home,
etc.
> 1 yr life span
Dissipated/
left waste
< 1 yr life span
In use Unused/
Dead Unused/ Dissipated
In use Left
In the environment On boundary
between the economy and the environment Within the economy
Materials now accounted as stock in Economy-Wide MFA
Categorization by condition of usage (tentative)
Hibernating
Categories of Stocked Materials
In the environment On boundary
between the economy and the environment Within the economy
Materials now accounted as stock in Economy-Wide MFA
Categorization by condition of usage (tentative)
Not possibly used as secondary resources Technologically
Institutionally Economically
Used as secondary resources
Not possibly collected as waste
Collected as waste
Categorization by possibility of reutilization
How much waste will be generated from stock?
0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200
Input
Wooden
Reinforced concrete
Steel reinforced concrete Steel
Landslide control / flood control
Agriculture / forestry / fishery Road
Harbors / airports Sewerage / park Land development
Others Buildings
Infrastructure
Waterworks Electricity / gas
Railway / track / car traffic Recovery from disaster
Buildings Infrastructure
Output
Year 1995 (million t)
Construction minerals
Net Additions to Stock
How much secondary resources can be recovered from stock?
Steel stock in Japan 1.26 billion tons (2003)
Estimated by the Japan Ferrous Raw Materials Association
How much steel in stock can be
reutilized?
（Include return scrap and industrial scrap）
Data；JATIS
Data: The Japan ferrous raw materials association
Iron an d steel cycle in Japan（2 0 0 3 fy）
(unit: 1 0 0 0 t)
44
How we should manage such secondary resources in future?
High Quality
Low Quality
Production Process
Quantity of ferrous material
Shindachi / Return scraps High-grade scrap
Heavy / Shredded / Pressed scrap Low-grade scrap
Production Material Input
Usage
Disposal
Material industry・
Precision instruments manufacturer
Electric machinery・
Automobile industry
Construction, Civil engineering
A griculture M aterials C onstruction Incineration Landfilled Final dem and O utput A griculture
M aterials C onstruction G arbage M etal scrap Incineration ash A dded value Em ission
Industry W aste treatm ent Industry
W aste
SN A IO Table (M onetary based table)
P hysical based table
Extension
Extension
WIO Table
System of National Account (SNA) and Material stock Accounting (MSA) Hybrid Accounting sysytem
• System for Integrated Environmental and Economic Accounting(SEEA)
• Physical Input Output Table(PIOT)
• Waste Input Output Table
・・・etc
45
Summery
• MFA of Mo:
– from Upstream
• MFA of P:
– from Downstream
• Material Stock Accounting:
– Proposal of new framework
Ecomaterial Design and Process Engineering Graduate School of Environmental Studies TOHOKU University
YOKOYAMA Kazuyo
E-mail: [email protected]
