第三章 允許非商業性代孕之國家
4. 代孕子女 7 歲時
代孕家庭的親子關係,無論在正向或負向方面,和自然生育家 庭皆無差異。代孕子女表現正常,也沒有經歷心理問題,和一般孩 童無異。此時,超過九成的代孕家庭已告訴子女關於代孕事實,相 較之下,僅有四成的受贈卵子家庭告知子女受贈卵子之事實(Casey et al., 2008)。
九 代孕生殖實施相關之訴訟案例
英國對於代理孕母採「禁止商業性代孕」立場,介於完全禁止與完全開 放之間,代理孕母本身並非不合法,然其立法政策極力避免代孕的商業化,
而近年來此中庸路線逐漸受到挑戰,當委託夫妻越來越難在英國找到完全利 他的代理孕母時,國際間不同的立法規範,提供高知識的不孕夫妻向外尋找 治療的可能,其中許多國家提供商業性的代孕服務,如美國、印度及烏克蘭。
英國高等法院家事法庭(High Court of Justice Family Division)於 2008 年 十二月所作成的判決Re: X & Y (Foreign Surrogacy),正式回應英國夫妻到國 外尋求代理孕母所產生的問題。此案之委託夫妻為一對事業成功的夫妻,多 年來透過各式途徑欲為人父母,然這卻是一條充滿荊棘的道路,在考慮過許 多選擇與建議後,他們決定到烏克蘭尋求代理孕母,最終協議由一位已生過 小孩且已婚的烏克蘭婦女作為代理孕母,植入由委託夫妻之夫的精子與匿名 捐贈者的卵子受精的胚胎,雙方的關係也從委託昇華為朋友,最後代理孕母 產下一對雙胞胎。直到委託夫妻於英國提出親權聲請時,才揭開了問題的序 幕。
人類生殖與胚胎研究法(1990 版)第 27 條規定,不論是在英國或何處植 入胚胎,代理孕母即為子女法律上唯一的母親。可議之點在於誰為子女之父 親。基於人類生殖與胚胎研究法(1990 版)第 28 條第二項之規定,若受術時 該婦女有配偶,且胚胎非由其配偶之精子受精,除非其未同意該代孕協議,
否則該配偶視為所生子女之父。同條第四項更規定,當有人依第 2 項被視 為該子女之父時,其他任何人不再被視為其父。由於代理孕母之夫承認該代
孕協議,於英國法規範之下,其為子女法律上唯一父親。故法院所指派之臨 時監護人(與委託及代孕夫妻面談作成報告,協助法院核發親權令之人)認 為,基於同法第30 條第五項,法院必須確信烏克蘭夫婦皆同意該代孕協議,
而委託之夫無權聲請子女之親權,除非其依 1989 年兒童法案(Children Act 1989)第 10 條之規定先取得法院許可。在雙方備妥代理孕母之夫的同意後,
委託夫妻之夫取得合法聲請權,可進一步處理依據人類生殖與胚胎研究法 (1990 版)所為之聲請。
根據烏克蘭法律,當代理孕母產下子女並交付予委託者後,孕母與其丈 夫對該子女即無任何法律上義務,免除所有法律上父母親的責任,在子女出 生後代孕協議即完成。該子女無烏克蘭之公民權或居留權,故英國委託夫妻 為子女之父母,出生證明亦如此登記。如本案 Hedley 法官所述,沒有人預 見到這對雙胞胎將因兩國完全不同的規範,困於無國籍又無父母的處境。
回到英國人類生殖與胚胎研究法(1990 版)第 30 條之規定,委託夫妻為 合法結婚且由委託之夫提供精子;委託夫妻於子女出生之日起六個月內,向 法院聲請親權令;該子女與委託夫妻居於英國境內;委託夫妻皆為 18 歲以 上;代理孕母之同意於子女出生後六個星期作成,上述符合第一、二、三、
四及第六項之規定,另須討論的有兩點:
(一) 委託人聲請親權令是否需孕母之夫同意?
英國人類生殖與胚胎研究法(1990 版)第 30 條第五項規定,「法院必須確信 該子女之父親(包括依本法第 28 條之規定為父親之人,非委託之夫)及孕母皆已 完全瞭解該命令之內容,並自由地、無條件地同意該命令之作成。」雖然代孕夫 妻依烏克蘭法律對該子女並不需負任何責任,但孕母已基於此條表示其同意,孕 母之夫亦須表示其同意,然而於此,法官認為烏克蘭孕母之夫並未表示其同意。
委託夫妻主張,同法第28 條第二項「孕母之丈夫為子女之父親」之規定不 適用於國外,即委託之夫為子女的父親,故其聲請親權令不需孕母之夫同意。若 將孕母之丈夫視為子女之父親,因同法第28 條第三項之規定,若孕母為單身女 性,委託之夫則為子女法法律上之父親,如此一來,將使委託人傾向尋找單身女 性代孕,因委託之夫理所當然即為子女之父親。此將使未婚之代理孕母處於更弱 勢、更易被剝削之處境,且單身女性更有可能為了金錢而擔任代理孕母。另外,
孕母之丈夫不需負任何責任,極有可能濫用其身分,例如藉此要求提高代孕給付 等。
臨時監護人則認為,基於立法目的,國會有意將孕母的丈夫同意納入代孕協 議中,此目的並不因孕母的丈夫為外國人而不同。法官認同此看法,肯認烏克蘭 孕母之丈夫必須表示其同意,委託之夫才能聲請親權令。
(二) 代孕之對價給付是否合理?
同法第 30 條第七項規定:「法院必須確信:該夫妻除合理的必要 費用外,未付出或接受任何金錢或其他利益,作為下列事項之對價:(a) 命令之作成、(b)第五項之同意、(c)子女之交付於該夫妻、(d)為了作成 命令所達成之任何協議。」
英國委託夫妻總共給付烏克蘭夫妻 25,000 歐元,遠高於合理必要 之費用(expenses reasonably incurred),法院於此提出兩個難題:「合理 的必要費用」本身即難以認定;就算其超越合理必要費用,法院能否或 應否認可該給付?法官同意另一案中Wall J 法官的意見,法院可事後批 准該給付。([2002] 1FLR 909; [1987] 3WLR 31; [1996] 1FLR 369.)
雖 然 英 國 嚴 格 地 立 法 規 定 商 業 性 代 孕無 效 , 但 法 院 於 此 採 納 Adoption and Children Act 2002 中所強調之「孩童利益」,在考量到子 女的最佳利益時,僵硬的法律必須有所軟化,以「孩童利益」為作成親 權令的基準。故法院確信委託夫妻承諾子女將為家庭成員,並盡其可能 去符合英國及烏克蘭法律,而無欺騙法院之意,且真心對待代理孕母,
個案認定委託夫妻之給付為「合理的必要費用」,使該雙胞胎免於流落 孤兒院。Hedley 法官亦提出其個人看法:許多機構所提供的花費標準 可供參考,但委託夫妻更須謹慎考量其實際處境。
Gamble, 2009),但 2008 年的法案修正並未將此納入,英國二十年來在代孕 議題上一直維持著巧妙的平衡,將來必須更仔細考慮關於國籍、對商業型態 的控管、同意法則、合法父母的判斷及對單身孕母的剝削等問題,以法律作 更完善的規範。
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