第五章 結論與建議
第二節 實務應用建議
第二節 實務應用建議
本研究結果發現，居住環境的改變是阻礙年長者參與園藝活動的主要 因素之ㄧ。然而，都市的年長者從事戶外的園藝活動機會越來越少，因 此，在設計園藝活動課程時，可增加室內植栽知識的學習與認識，滿足年 長者在日常生活中的需求。並且，運用有食用價值的植物增加年長者對於 活動的興趣。童年有園藝經驗的年長者，持續進行園藝活動的意願，較無 園藝經驗的年長者來得高，這表示童年時期接觸植物，對於個人在園藝活 動的休閒發展上有重要影響。園藝活動可以讓年長者獲得「冥思」的效益 與靈性的發展，幫助年長者在事情的思考上有另一種思維與觀點，能以開 放的心接受週遭環境與自身的變化，保持情緒的穩定。
園藝活動的個人動機主要以年長者在生活中的需求為主，其中包 括：改善週邊環境、肢體活動、植物的食用性與象徵意義。從事園藝活動 能美化環境，對環境產生影響力，並且帶給年長者成就感。植栽對環境的 改變能立即呈現，因此經常是「轉入」園藝活動的動機。從事園藝活動對 於生理機能日漸下降的年長者，能幫助他們維持身體的活動量。實務經驗 豐富的年長者，在活動中能獲得實質效益相當重要，藉由採收園藝作物，
他們能食用並與親友分享，獲得共同的話題。因此使用食用類植物於課程
61
中能增加他們對園藝的興趣。年長者也會受到節慶的影響或植物所象徵的 意義，產生個人活動的動機。因此在園藝活動的課程上加入與節慶相關的 植物，或是具有吉祥喜慶意義的植物較能引起年長者的共鳴，例如：金 吉、紅玫瑰、聖誕紅。
在活動動機中，年長者「轉入活動」的外部因素，經常受到親友或是 社區風氣的影響，讓他們關注園藝活動並產生興趣。然而，本研究發現在 開始活動後他們偏好單獨從事園藝活動，與他人互動並非「轉入」園藝活 動的動機。有學者也指出，社交效益並非從事園藝活動者的主要活動動機
（Ashton & Constant, 2006）。另外的影響因素為園藝活動的環境，是從事 園藝活動的主要條件，對園藝活動的發展具有重要的決定性。因此瞭解年 長者居住的環境並針對其需求，選擇在課程中使用的植物材料，能增加他 們維持園藝活動的參與。
在觀賞類植物中「會開花的植物」對年長者而言具有特別的吸引力，
能帶來美感體驗，以及對植物付出得到的回饋與成就感。退休前從事非農 業工作的年長者，較易選擇觀賞類植物，其活動年資越長，越偏好具有挑 戰性的植物與會開花的植物。偏好觀賞類植物的年長者，特別重視美感體 驗，因此在課程的設計上，也可搭配藝術繪畫活動增加課程的效益。
在「穩定階段」的年長者，植物發芽、成長、開花、結果等，這些正 向的改變對他們具鼓舞的作用，尤其是植物開花、繁殖時成就感更為強 烈，是年長者持續從事園藝活動的重要因素。年長者與相同嗜好者的交流 並受到他人的稱讚，能加強他們繼續從事活動的意願以及向心力。因此在 課程中可以選擇改變與成長速度易見的植物，並加強後續的鼓勵與互動。
園藝活動也能讓年長者展現個人的獨特性與園藝技能，因此可在園藝 活動課程後，加強成果發表的部份，讓他們發揮自我展現的空間。藉由分 享，年長者可獲得互相交流的機會，在園藝活動中也能擴展個人的社交
圈，藉著共同的話題認識彼此。因此，園藝活動不僅能顯現個人的獨特 性，也能增加年長者與人互動的機會。
本研究結果可運用在年長者的園藝活動課程上，作為設計的參考。同 時，對於年長者參與園藝活動所遇到的阻礙有更深入的暸解，進而幫助年 長者園藝活動的休閒發展。
63
參考文獻
中文部份
1. 中華民國內政部戶政司全球資訊網，（2010），近年臺灣老年人口數 一覽表，下載日期：2010/10/20，取自：http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 2. 呂建政，(1994)，休閒教育的發展，臺北：臺灣教育。
3. 李宗派，(2004)，老化理論與老人保健(二)，身心障礙研究季刊，
2(2)，77-93。
4. 莊明貞、陳怡如 譯，Corrine Glesne著，（2006），質性研究導 論，臺北：高等教育。
5. 涂宏明，(2010)，園藝活動參與者態度與行為關係之探討-以涉入為 中介之效果，碩士論文，國立臺灣大學園藝所，臺北。
6. 張建隆，(2006)，園藝活動提升慢性病精神病患認知功能，碩士論 文，國立臺灣大學園藝所，臺北。
7. 陳畹蘭，(1992)，台灣地區老人休閒活動參與影響因素之研究，碩 士論文，國立中正大學社會福利研究所，嘉義。
8. 陳惠美、許正典，(2008) 園藝治療對憂鬱症婦女介入之初探-個案研 究，造園景觀學報，13(4)，27-50。
9. 曾慈慧，(2001)，園藝治療活動與其場所之介紹，造園季刊，4(1)，
47-52。
10. 曾慈慧, 呂文贀, 何超然, & 林國青，(2007)，園藝治療活動對之護 理之家失能長者治療效果之研究，臺灣園藝，53(3)，345-360。
11. 葉智魁，(2004)，Aristotle 的休閒觀之探析-兼論善，幸福，與休閒
的關係，戶外遊憩研究，17(1)，51-75。
12. 鄭琇芬(1996)，成功社區老年民眾參與衛生教育活動動機與障礙因 素探討，碩士論文，國立台灣師範大學衛生教育研究所，臺北。
13. 盧俊吉，(2009)，高齡者休閒與成功老化關係之研究，碩士論文，
國立台灣大學生物產業傳播暨發展所，臺北。
英文部份
1. Annerstedt, M., & Währborg, P. (2011). Nature-assisted therapy:
Systematic review of controlled and observational studies.
Scandinavian journal of public health, 39(4), 371-388.
2. Armstrong, D. (2000). A survey of community gardens in upstate New York: Implications for health promotion and community development.
Health & Place, 6(4), 319-327.
3. Ashton-Shaeffer, C., & Constant, A. (2006). Why do older adults garden?
Activities, Adaptation & Aging, 30(2), 1-18.
4. Bhatti, M. (2006). ‘When I’m in the garden I can create my own paradise’: Homes and gardens in later life. The Sociological Review, 54(2), 318-341.
5. Burgess, C. W. (1989). Horticulture and its application to the institutionalized elderly. Activities, Adaptation & Aging, 14(3), 51-62.
6. Bull, C. J., Hoose, J., & Weed, M. (2003). An introduction to leisure studies. Harlow: Prentice Hall.
7. Cox, E. O., & Parsons, R. R. (1996). Empowerment-oriented social work practice: Impact on late life relationships of women. Journal of Women & Aging, 8(3-4), 129-143.
65
8. Duane W. Crawford, Edgar L. Jackson & Geoffrey Godbey (1991): A hierarchical model of leisure constraints, Leisure Sciences: An
Interdisciplinary Journal, 13(4), 309-320.
9. Fabrigoule, C., Letenneur, L., Dartigues, J. F. & Zarrouk, M. (1995).
Leisure activities and risk of dementia: a prospective longitudinal study.
Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 43(5), 485-490.
10. Goff, K. (2004). Senior to senior: living lessons. Educational Gerontology, 30(3), 205-217.
11. Kaplan, R. (1973). Some psychological benefits of gardening.
Environment and. Behavior, 5(2), 145-162.
12. Kaplan, R., & Kaplan, S. (1989). The experience of nature: A psychological perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
13. Kaplan, S. (1995). The restorative benefits of nature: Toward an integrative framework. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 15(3), 169-182.
14. Lewis, C. A., & Sturgill, S. (1979). Comment: healing in the urban environment a person/plant viewpoint. Journal of the American Planning Association, 45(3), 330-338.
15. Longino, C. F., & Kart, C. S. (1982). Explicating activity theory: A formal replication. Journal of Gerontology, 37(6), 713-722.
16. McGuire, F. A., Boyd, R. K., & Tedrick, R. E. (2009). Leisure and aging: Ulyssean living in later life (No. Ed. 4). Champaign: Sagamore Publishing.
17. Neulinger, J. (1974). The psychology of leisure: Research approach to the study of leisure. Springfield: Charles C. Thomas.
18. Ottosson, J. (2001). The importance of nature in coping with a crisis: A photographic essay. Landscape Research, 26(2), 165-172.
19. Rodiek, S. D. (2002). Influence of an outdoor garden on mood and stress in older persons. Journal of Therapeutic Horticulture, 13, 13-21.
20. Relf, D. (1992). The role of horticulture in human well-being and social development. Portland: Timber Press.
21. Stebbins, R. A. (2001). New Directions in the Theory and Research of Serious Leisure. New York: Mellen Studies in Sociology.
22. Stebbins, R. A. (2007). Serious leisure: A perspective for our time. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Aldine Transaction.
23. Strauss, A., & Corbin, J. (1998). Basics of qualitative research:
Techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory. California:
Sage.
24. Soderback, I., Soderstrom, M., & Schalander, E. (2004). Horticultural therapy: The ‘healing garden’and gardening in rehabilitation measures at Danderyd Hospital Rehabilitaion Clinic, Sweden. Pediatric.
Rehabilitation, 7(4), 245-260.
25. Ulrich, R. S. and Parsons, R. (1992). 'Influences of passive experiences with plants on individual well-being and health'. In Relf, D. (Ed.), The Role of Horticulture in Human Well-being and Social Development.
(93–105). Portland, Oregon: Timber Press.
26. Wichrowski, M., Whiteson, J., Haas, F., Mola, A., & Rey, M. (2005).
Effects of horticultural therapy on mood and heart rate in patients participating in an inpatient cardiopulmonary rehabilitation program.
Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation 25(5), 270-274.
67
附錄一 部份文獻原文摘錄
Kaplan, R. (1973). Some psychological benefits of gardening. Environment and.
Behavior, 5(2), 145-162.
The philosophy was based on the evolutionary belief that human survival and ability to thrive and gain fulfilment depend upon one’s relationship with nature.
There are many signs of an increased interest in the benefits offered by gardening.
…it is a nature based activity, and nature per se has been shown to be the object of preference to a striking degree (Kaplan et al., 1972).
Ottosson, J. (2001). The importance of nature in coping with a crisis: A photographic essay. Landscape Research, 26(2), 165-172.
In situations of crisis the individual may need to revert to simpler relations. More complicated relations may be too much to handle.
Most complex are our relations to other people, and the simplest relations are those between us and inanimate objects, like stones.
Plants and animals fall somewhere in between. Searles argues that an individual in crisis needs to master the simpler relationships (objects, then plants) before, gradually, going on to take on more complex relationships (animals, then people). The higher up the scale, the more difécult and complex the relationship. (p.172)
Duane W. Crawford, Edgar L. Jackson & Geoffrey Godbey (1991): A
hierarchical model of leisure constraints, Leisure Sciences: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 13(4), 309-320.
Consistent with these propositions, Crawford and Godbey's (1987) models of constraints posited three categories: intrapersonal, interpersonal, and structural.
Structural barriers, represent constraints as they are commonly conceptualized, as intervening factors between leisure preference and participation.
Intrapersonal barriers involve individual psychological states and attributes which interact with leisure preferences rather than intervening between preferences and participation. Interpersonal barriers are the result of interpersonal interaction or the relationship between individuals'
characteristics. These barriers are either the product of the intrapersonal barriers, which accompany spouses into the marital relationship, thus affecting joint preference for specific leisure Activities, or those barriers, which arise as the result of spousal interaction. Barriers of this sort may interact with both preference for, and subsequent participation in, companionate leisure activities. In addition, the concept of interpersonal barriers is applicable to interpersonal relations in general. An individual may experience an interpersonal leisure barrier if he or she is unable to locate a suitable partner with which to engage in a particular activity.
(Crawford & Godbey, 1987)
Soderback, I., Soderstrom, M., & Schalander, E. (2004). Horticultural therapy:
The ‘healing garden’and gardening in rehabilitation measures at Danderyd Hospital Rehabilitaion Clinic, Sweden. Pediatric. Rehabilitation, 7(4), 245-260.
The philosophy was based on the evolutionary belief that human survival and ability to thrive and gain fulfilment depend upon one’s relationship with nature.
Rodiek, S. D. (2002). Influence of an outdoor garden on mood and stress in older persons. Journal of Therapeutic Horticulture, 13, 13-21.
… psychological outcomes show substantially more positive change for the garden group (outdoor) than for the combined non-garden groups (indoor). The mean anxiety level was reduced about twice as much outdoors as indoors.
Lewis, C. A., & Sturgill, S. (1979). Comment: healing in the urban environment a person/plant viewpoint. Journal of the American Planning Association, 45(3), 330-338.
The beneficial qualities of plants and gardening are also being used to heal and rehabilitate individuals in mental hospitals, physical rehabilitation centers, drug centers, prisons, and geriatric centers. Called Horticultural
69
Therapy, it brings together individuals specially trained in the skills of therapeutic horticulture with those needing personal help.
Wichrowski, M., Whiteson, J., Haas, F., Mola, A., & Rey, M. (2005).
Effects of horticultural therapy on mood and heart rate in patients participating in an inpatient cardiopulmonary rehabilitation program.
Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation 25(5), 270-274.
… HT improves mood state, suggesting that it may be a useful tool in reducing stress. Therefore, to the extent that stress contributes to coronary heart disease, these findings support the role of HT as an effective component of cardiac rehabilitation.
Kaplan, S. (1995). The restorative benefits of nature: Toward an integrative framework. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 15(3), 169-182.
Soft fascination-characteristic of certain natural settings-has a special advantage in terms of providing an opportunity for reflection, which can further enhance the benefits of recovering from directed attention fatigue (Kaplan, 1993). the proposed integration points to the existence of two distinct, albeit interacting, benefits of restorative experiences. Both of these benefits have an important role in an individual’s life.
Cox, E. O., & Parsons, R. R. (1996). Empowerment-oriented social work practice: Impact on late life relationships of women. Journal of Women &
Aging, 8(3-4), 129-143.
Participants share problem solution strategies with one another and promote a respect for individual strengths. The impact of this process on late life relationships is often two fold. First, elderly group members are often more likely to share problems with they understand the
environmental political aspect of their situation…
Bhatti, M. (2006). ‘When I’m in the garden I can create my own paradise’:
Homes and gardens in later life. The Sociological Review, 54(2), 318-341.
Thus working within the horticultural therapy framework Ryan (1992) sets out in detail gardening activities that can provide health and social gains if
they are managed appropriately.
Goff, K. (2004). Senior to senior: living lessons. Educational Gerontology, 30(3), 205-217.
They all indicated that they were looking for something to do that was mentally stimulating and was something they could do at home as well.
These elders appreciated the opportunity to show that elders are capable and knowledgeable. They felt this program was an excellent way for students to access their wisdom and experience.
Burgess, C. W. (1989). Horticulture and its application to the institutionalized elderly. Activities, Adaptation & Aging, 14(3), 51-62.
The program is a beneficial tool for the seniors, in that it gives them a chance to interact with their peers in a more structured learning
environment; that helps them rekindle their earlier years of horticulture skills that they have forgotten.
Horticulture, or gardening, can provide the setting in which activity directors and their staff can work toward goals, both physical and emotional, appropriate for their residents.
Part of the benefit results from being able to sit back and soak in the beauty of a lush green garden, knowing that your skill and work made it possible.
Part of the benefit results from being able to sit back and soak in the beauty of a lush green garden, knowing that your skill and work made it possible.