• 沒有找到結果。

第五章 研究結論與建議

第二節 建議

經研究結果與結論後,研究者認為 CAP 效度方面仍有待探究的空 間,本節將對效度建立的方向提出建議,包含更合適的效標選擇與更 多元的效度建立,以期未來 CAP 的效度更臻完善,並供往後測驗相關 研究參考。

一、更合適的效標選擇

在創造傾向量表的效標選擇上,由於 IPF-PTCD 的四項因素和其 內容並不完全符應創造傾向量表的四項分量表,應尋找理論架構更為 相近的傾向或態度量表,然而國內架構相近的其他創造力傾向量表皆 過於久遠,現行仍有出版的測驗僅剩 CAP 第二次修訂的版本。過去國

48

內曾有許多中文修訂的國外測驗,如陳英豪和吳裕益(1984)的修訂賓 州傾向量表與丁興祥、陳明穗、蔡啟通、邱皓政和李宗沅(1991)中文 化修訂的羅賽浦創造傾向量表,但因時間的推移目前已無出版,且題 目用詞和常模可能不適用於現今,有重新檢視的需要,若未來有新修 訂的版本做為效標則將會是更佳的選擇。

二、更多元的效度建立

分析效度的方式有許多種類,除了本研究所採用的效標關聯效度,

常見的效度種類還有內容效度與建構效度,而國內亦還有對於鑑定工 具所提出的鑑定效度,由於標準化測驗的研究較不會檢驗內容效度,

以下將重要性較高的建構效度與鑑定效度提出相關建議:

(一)建構效度的建立

建構效度是許多標準化測驗採用的效度檢驗方式,尤其以結構方 程式(SEM)分析測驗分數為近代研究的趨勢,以檢驗分數結構是否與 理論結構相符,國外學者對 TTCT 的結構分析至今還仍有研究(Humble, Dixon, & Mpofu, 2018),對於 CAP 的結構分析則尚待探討,而從過去 對 TTCT 的 SEM 研究中,大致可將 TTCT 的測驗架構分為兩觀點,其 一 觀 點 認 為 TTCT 僅 有 一 個 構 面 ( Clapham, 1998 ; Heausler and Thompson, 1988;Hocevar, 1979a;Hocevar, 1979b;Hocevar and Michael, 1979),另一觀點則認為 TTCT 應有兩個構面(Bart, Hokanson, & Can, 2016;Humble et al., 2018;Kim, 2006b;Kim, Cramond & Bandalos, 2006;

Krumm, Lemos, & Filippetti, 2014),所謂兩個構面是指 Kirton(1976)

所提出的 A-I 理論(Adaptor-Innovator Theory),該理論認為人類在解 決問題時的認知風格並不相同,而這些不同的差異可組成一個連續性 的常態分配,分配的兩端即為適應性(Adaption)與創新性(Innovation)。 雖然 Kirton(1976, 1978, 2004)多次強調適應性與創新性是一條豎線上 的兩端,兩者應是同一構面,但 Isaksen 和 Puccio(1988)發現創新性

49

極高的人其流暢分數顯著高於適應性極高者,顯示創新性和適應性很 可能是兩項不同的構面。

CAP 原版是參考 TTCT 所編製,但原版及修訂後的測驗結構仍有 待探討,若往後有建立建構效度的可能,或許能以上述研究的結構模 型做為借鏡,對兩種不同構面的觀點進行試探。

(二)鑑定效度的建立

鑑定效度的意涵如同字面所示,係指鑑定資優生的機制和方法能 否確實揀選出資優生(于曉平,2009;郭靜姿,1994;郭靜姿,1995),

CAP 從 Williams 於 1979 年的版本至今皆為教學、甄選與鑑定之用,

但是做為鑑定資優生的工具,CAP 是否能真正選出具創造力的資優生 仍尚待研究,同樣功能的 TTCT 在國外雖有預測效度和追蹤研究

(Torrance, 2002),但並不是作為鑑定工具而調查的結果,因此做為 鑑定工具的創造力測驗其鑑定成效是否良好還有待後人探究。

50

參考文獻

中文部分

丁興祥、陳明穗、蔡啟通、邱皓政、李宗沅(1991):羅塞浦創造傾向 量表修訂報告。測驗年刊,38,189-200。

于曉平(2009):高中學術性向優異鑑定效度之研究──以臺北市人文 社會資優班甄試爲例。特殊教育學報,29,1-32。

王文中、呂金燮、吳毓瑩、張郁雯、張淑慧(2005):教育測驗與評量

-教室學習觀點(第二版)。臺北市:五南。

王木榮、林幸台(1986):威廉斯創造力測驗修訂研究。特殊教育研究 學刊,2,231-250。

王木榮、林幸台(1994):威廉斯創造力測驗。臺北市:心理。

余民寧(2012):教育測驗與評量-成就測驗與教學評量(第三版)。

臺北市:心理。

吳靜吉(2003):創造力的評量—4P 觀點。民國 108 年 1 月 31 日,取自 http://class.pyps.ntpc.edu.tw/eweb/module/download/update/apple631013/fil e4809_6.pdf

李乙明(2006):陶倫斯創造思考測驗圖形與語文版指導手冊。臺北 市:心理。

林幸台(1995):威廉斯創造力測驗修訂報告。特殊教育研究學刊。

林幸台(2000):資優學生鑑定制度之研究。資優教育的全方位發展。

臺北市:心理。

邱皓政(2005):創造力的測量與共識衡鑑。教育集刊,30,50-73。

張世彗(2011):創造力教學、學習與評量之探究。教育資料與研究雙 月刊,100,1-21。

教育部(2002):創造力教育白皮書。臺北:教育部。

教育部(2013):身心障礙及資賦優異學生鑑定辦法。法務部全國法規

51

資料庫。民國 107 年 12 月 23 日,取自

http://law.moj.gov.tw/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?PCode=H0080065

教育部(2015):重編國語辭典修訂本。民國 107 年 2 月 23 日,取自

http://dict.revised.moe.edu.tw/cgi-bin/cbdic/gsweb.cgi?o=dcbdic&searchid=Z00000126571

郭靜姿(1994):資賦優異學生的鑑定問題探討。資優教育季刊,53,1-9。

郭靜姿(1995):資優生鑑定效度研究的省思──再談測驗在資優鑑定 的運用。資優教育季刊,56,4-12。

陳柏熹(2011):心理與教育測驗:測驗編製理論與實務。精策教育。

陳英豪、吳裕益(1984)。賓州創造傾向量表修訂報告。教育學刊,5,

225-254。

陳龍安(2006):創造思考教學的理論與實際(第六版)。臺北市:心 理。

葉玉珠(2005):影響國小學童科技創意發展的因素之量表發展。師大學

報,50(2),29-54。

葉玉珠、吳靜吉、鄭英耀(2000):影響科技與資訊產業人員創意發展的

因素之量表編製。師大學報,45(2),39-63。

葉重新(2010):心理與教育測驗。心理出版社股份有限公司。

英文部分

Abernathy, T. R. (1998). An analysis of selected creativity tests administered to students affiliated with the Cherokee tribe. Dissertation Abstracts International, 58(7-a), 2526.

Alacapinar, F. G. (2013). Grade level and creativity. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 50, 247-266.

Amabile, T. M. (1982). Social psychology of creativity: A consensual

52

assessment technique. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 43(5), 997-1013.

Anderson, J. E. (1960). The nature of abilities.Talent and education, 27-28.

Awamleh, H., Al Farah, Y., & El-Zraigat, I. (2012). The level of creative abilities dimensions according to Torrance formal test (B) and their relationship with some variables (sex, age, GPA). International Education Studies, 5(6), 138-148.

Baer, J. (2011). How divergent thinking tests mislead us: Are the Torrance Tests still relevant in the 21st century? The Division 10 debate. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 5(4), 309-313.

Baer, J., & Kaufman, J. C. (2008). Gender differences in creativity. The Journal of Creative Behavior, 42(2), 75-105.

Baer, J., & McKool, S. S. (2014). The gold standard for assessing creativity. International Journal of Quality Assurance in Engineering and Technology Education, 3(1), 81-93.

Barbot, B., Besançon, M., & Lubart, T. I. (2011). Assessing creativity in the classroom. The Open Education Journal, 4, 124-132.

Bart, W. M., Hokanson, B., & Can, I. (2016). An Investigation of the factor structure of the Torrance tests of creative thinking. Educational Sciences:

Theory and Practice, 17(2), 515-528.

Chase, C. I. (1985). Review of the Torrance tests of creative thinking. The ninth mental measurements yearbook, 2, 1631-1632.

Cicirelli, V. G. (1965). Form of the relationship between creativity, IQ, and academic achievement.Journal of Educational Psychology,56(6), 303-308.

Cropley, A. J. (2000). Defining and measuring creativity: Are creativity tests worth using? Roeper review, 23(2), 72-79.

53

Davis, G. A., & Subkoviak, M. J. (1975). Multidimensional analysis of a personality‐based test of creative potential. Journal of Educational Measurement, 12(1), 37-43.

Fishkin, A. S., & Johnson, A. S. (1998). Who is creative? Identifying children’s creative abilities. Roeper Review, 21(1), 40-46

George, D., & Mallery, P. (2016). IBM SPSS statistics 23 step by step: A simple guide and reference. New York: Routledge.

Glover, J. A., Ronning, R. R., & Reynolds, C. (Eds.). (2013). Handbook of creativity. Springer Science & Business Media.

Gough, H. G. (1979). A creative personality scale for the adjective check list. Journal of personality and social psychology, 37(8), 1398-1405.

Guilford, J. P. (1967). The nature of human intelligence. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Heausler, N. L., & Thompson, B. (1988). Structure of the Torrance tests of creative thinking. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 48(2), 463-468.

Hocevar, D. (1979a). Ideational fluency as a confounding factor in the measurement of originality. Journal of Educational Psychology, 71(2), 191-196.

Hocevar, D. (1979b). The unidimensional nature of creative thinking in fifth grade children. Child Study Journal. 9, 273-278

Hocevar, D., & Michael, W. B. (1979). The effects of scoring formulas on the discriminant validity of tests of divergent thinking. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 39(4), 917-921.

Humble, S., Dixon, P., & Mpofu, E. (2018). Factor structure of the Torrance tests of creative thinking figural form A in Kiswahili speaking children:

Multidimensionality and influences on creative behavior. Thinking Skills

54

and Creativity, 27, 33-44.

Isaksen, S. G., & Puccio, G. J. (1988). Adaption-innovation and the Torrance tests of creative thinking: The level-style issue revisited. Psychological reports, 63(2), 659-670.

Kaufman, J. C., & Sternberg, R. J. (Eds.). (2010).The Cambridge handbook of creativity. Cambridge University Press.

Kaufman, J. C., Lee, J., Baer, J., & Lee, S. (2007). Captions, consistency, creativity, and the consensual assessment technique: New evidence of reliability. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 2(2), 96-106.

Kim, K. H. (2006a). Can we trust creativity tests? A review of the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking (TTCT).Creativity research journal,18(1), 3-14.

Kim, K. H. (2006b). Is creativity unidimensional or multidimensional?

Analyses of the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking structure of Figural Forms A and B of the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 58, 275-283.

Kim, K. H. (2008). Meta‐analyses of the relationship of creative achievement to both IQ and divergent thinking test scores.The Journal of Creative Behavior,42(2), 106-130.

Kim, K. H. (2009). The two pioneers of research on creative giftedness: Calvin W. Taylor and E. Paul Torrance. International handbook on giftedness, 571-583.

Kim, K. H., Cramond, B., & Bandalos, D. L. (2006). The latent structure and measurement invariance of scores on the Torrance tests of creative thinking-figural. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 66, 459-477.

Kirton, M. (1976). Adaptors and innovators: A description and

55

measure. Journal of Applied Psychology, 61(5), 622-629.

Kirton, M. J. (1978). Have adaptors and innovators equal levels of creativity?

Psychological Reports, 42, 695-698.

Kirton, M. J. (Ed.). (1989). Adaptors and innovators: Styles of creativity and problem solving. New York: Routledge.

Krumm, G., Lemos, V., & Filippetti, V. A. (2014). Factor structure of the Torrance tests of creative thinking figural Form B in Spanish-speaking children: Measurement invariance across gender. Creativity Research Journal, 26, 72-81.

Millar, G. W. (2002). The Torrance kids at mid-life: Selected case studies of creative behavior. Westport, CT: Ablex.

Ng, T. W., & Feldman, D. C. (2012). A comparison of self-ratings and non-self-report measures of employee creativity. Human Relations, 65(8), 1021-1047.

Oxford Dictionary (2018). Oxford living dictionaries. Oxford University Press,

February 23, 2018, retrieved from

https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/creativity

Plucker, J. A. (1999). Is the proof in the pudding? Reanalyses of Torrance’s (1958 to present) longitudinal data. Creativity Research Journal, 12, 103-114.

Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J. Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003).

Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of applied psychology, 88(5), 879-903.

Raudsepp, E. (1981). How creative are you? New York: Perigee.

Rhodes, M. (1961). An analysis of creativity. The Phi Delta Kappan, 42(7), 305-310.

56

Roskos-Ewoldsen, B., Black, S. R., & Mccown, S. M. (2008). Age-related changes in creative thinking. Journal of Creative Behavior, 42(1), 33-59.

Runco, M. A., & Acar, S. (2012). Divergent thinking as an indicator of creative potential. Creativity Research Journal, 24(1), 66-75.

Runco, M. A., & Albert, R. S. (1986). The threshold theory regarding creativity and intelligence: An empirical test with gifted and nongifted children.Creative Child and Adult Quarterly,11(4), 212-218.

Runco, M. A., & Bahleda, M. D. (1986). Implicit theories of artistic, scientific, and everyday creativity. The Journal of Creative Behavior, 20(2), 93-98.

Runco, M. A., & Jaeger, G. J. (2012). The standard definition of creativity.Creativity Research Journal,24(1), 92-96.

Runco, M. A., & Pritzker, S. R. (Eds.). (1999).Encyclopedia of creativity(Vol.1). San Diego: Academic Press.

Said-Metwaly, S., Kyndt, E., & Van den Noortgate, W. (2017). Approaches to measuring creativity: A systematic literature review. Creativity. Theories - Research - Applications, 4(2), 238–275.

Silvia, P. J., Wigert, B., Reiter-Palmon, R., & Kaufman, J. C. (2012). Assessing creativity with self-report scales: A review and empirical evaluation. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 6(1), 19-34.

Torrance, E. P. (1962). Guiding creative talent. Englewood Cliffs, NJ, US:

Prentice-Hall, Inc.

Torrance, E. P. (1974). The Torrance tests of creative thinking-norms-technical manual research edition-verbal tests, forms A and B- figural tests, forms A and B. Princeton, NJ: Personnel Press.

Torrance, E. P. (1981). Predicting the creativity of elementary school children (1958-80) and the teacher who “made a difference.” Gifted Child Quarterly, 25, 55-62.

57

Torrance, E. P. (2002). The manifesto: A guide to developing a creative career.

West Westport, CT: Ablex.

Torrance, E.P. (1972). Predictive validity of the Torrance tests of creative thinking.The Journal of Creative Behavior,6(4), 236-262.

Williams, F. E. (1969). Models for encouraging creativity in the classroom by integrating cognitive-affective behaviors. Educational Technology, 9(12), 7-13.

Williams, F. E. (1979). Assessing creativity across Williams" cube"

model.Gifted Child Quarterly,23(4), 748-756.

Williams, F. E. (1980).Creativity Assessment Packet. Buffalo, NY: DOK Publishers.

Williams, F.E. (1993). Creativity assessment packet examiner's manual. Austin, TX: Pro-Ed, Inc.

相關文件