• 沒有找到結果。

第五章 結論與建議

第二節 建議

本節將根據研究結果與討論,以及實驗中研究對象所回饋的意見,試 圖提出建議供教學者及未來研究參考。

一、活用影片進行英語教學

數位資訊的快速進步,促使各種可運用於英語教學的影片產生,隨著 行動載具的普及與教學方式的演進,將學習的主導權移轉給學生,落實以 學生為中心的教學方式指日可待,若學生可在自己的閒瑕時間利用行動載 具進行英語學習,那麼教學者將有更多課堂時間可以靈活運用。

二、改變研究對象年齡層

本研究以 18 至 24 歲的大學生為研究對象,未來研究可將研究對象的 年齡範圍提高或降低,了解各個不同的年齡層對於無所不在學習結合影片 教學的影響是否會有不同。

三、增加研究對象人數

本研究以 80 名的大學生為研究對象,未來可增加研究對象人數,取得

80

更大量的數據,並使樣本更具代表性。

四、行動載具

行動載具的螢幕尺寸有許多選擇,在不同的行動載具上進行學習時,

造成的影響可能會有差別,可再進行研究。

五、字幕呈現內容的設計

本研究之字幕呈現內容為單純之語意翻譯,若能加上標記關鍵或困難 字彙等字幕呈現內容上的設計,並加以深入探討,相信更可促進英語教學 之發展。

81

參考文獻

一、中文部份

江惠蓮(1997)。看電影學大一英文:「全語教學」的應用。國立台灣師範 大學英語研究所博士論文,未出版,台北市。

江姃慈、黃培斌、蘇美旭(1997)。英文電影字幕在教學上之影響。嘉南學 報,23,133-143。

李勝富、房思平(1996)。資訊時代的教學新模式。美國教育新知選輯,

192-200。

宋曜廷(2000)。先前知識、文章結構與多媒體呈現對文章學習的影響。國 立台灣師範大學教育心理與輔導學系博士論文,未出版,台北市。

何詩欽(2009)。多媒體教材在行動載具上不同呈現方式之學習成效探討與 評估﹣以高一生活科技為例。國立交通大學理學院網路學習在職專班 碩士論文,未出版,新竹市。

林麗雲(1996)。大一英文教室使用影片輔助教學:中文字幕與中英文字幕 影片之比較。華崗外語學報,3,179-205。

張春興(1995)。現代心理學。台北:東華。

張謙楣(2005)。行動載具在支援高中國文科教室教學情境的應用。國立臺 灣師範大學資訊教育學系碩士論文,未出版,台北市。

洪美雪(2001)。字幕對外語學習成效影響之探究。國立成功大學教育研究 所碩士論文,未出版,台南市。

連寶靜、林朝清、周建宏、王曉璿(2011)多媒體之字幕呈現方式在英語 學習效益之研究。育達科大學報,26,1-30。

許耀升、羅希哲(2007)。智慧型PDA融入國民中學自然與生活科技領域教 學之行動研究。科學教育,296,2-17。

楊榮棠(2005)。不同字幕的英語卡通影片觀賞對學生聽力效果之研究。國

82

立台北教育大學兒童英語教育研究所碩士論文,未出版,台北市。

楊子奇、蔡佩珊、黃國禎(2006,4月)。U-Learning環境的建置與效益評 估-以單晶X光繞射研究人員培訓為例。論文發表於中央大學舉辦之「行 動與無所不在數位學習」學術研討會,桃園縣。

賴信川(2005)。運用行動載具輔助空間幾何學習。國立臺灣師範大學資訊 教育學系在職進修碩士班碩士論文,未出版,台北市。

謝財旺 (2006)。適性化學習環境中學習者訊息處理能力與內容媒體型態 的適配性對學習成效的影響。國立中山大學資訊管理研究所碩士論文,

未出版,高雄縣。

蕭顯勝、吳姈蓉、洪琬諦(2009)。無所不在學習環境下的數學步道教學系 統之建置。理工研究學報,43(1),1-20。

蕭顯勝、蔡福興、游光昭(2005)。在行動學習環境中實施科技教育教學活 動之初探。生活科技教育月刊,38,40-57。

羅家珍(2004)。DVD 電影教學對大一學生聽力學習的成效探討。國立清 華大學外國語文系碩士論文,未出版,新竹市。

詹麗馨(1999)。英語聽力教學好書導讀。敦煌英語教學雜誌,20,16-19。

鍾思嘉、汪敏慧(1999)。談英文科學習輔導之策略-以專科學生為例。學 生輔導,63,102-111。

Sweller, J. (2003, November). Why understanding instructional design

principles requires an understanding of the evolution of human cognitive architecture。載於佛光人文社會學院舉辦之「第一屆全國教育資訊學術 研討會」會議論文集(頁1-22),宜蘭縣。

二、外文部份

Baddeley, A. D. (1999). Essentials of human memory. Hove, UK: Psychology Press.

83

Beale, R., & Lonsdale, P. (2004, September). Mobile context aware systems:

The intelligence to support tasks and effectively utilise resources. Paper

presented at the Mobile HCI, Glasgow, UK.

Bekkestua (2003). Mobile education - A glance at the future. Retrieved March 10, 2011 from

http://www.dye.no/articles/a_glance_at_the_future/introduction.html

BenMoussa, C. (2003). Workers on the move: New opportunities through mobile

commerce. Paper presented at the meeting of the Stockholm mobility

roundtable, Stockholm, SE.

Brown, G., & Yule, G. (1983). Discourse analysis. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

Bullimore, M. A., Fulton, E. J., & Howarth, P. A. (1990). Assessment of visual performance. In J. R. Wilson and E. N. Corlett (Eds.), Evaluation of human

work: A practical ergonomics methodology (pp. 804-839). Nottingham,

UK: Taylor & Francis.

Carroll, W. M. (1994). Using worked examples as an instructional support in the algebra classroom. Journal of Educational Psychology, 86(3), 360-367.

Cavus, N., & Ibrahim, D. (2008, August). A mobile tool for learning english

words. Paper presented at the 5th International Conference on Electrical

and Computer Systems, Lefke, North Cyprus.

Chabra, T., & Figueiredo J. (2002). How to design and deploy and held learning.

Retrieved July 8, 2012, from

http://www.empoweringtechnologies .net/eLearning/eLearning_expov 5_files/frame.htm

Chang, C. Y., Sheu, J. P., & Chan, T. W. (2003). Concept and design of ad hoc and mobile classrooms. Journal of computer Assisted Learning, 19,

336-346.

Chen, Y. S., Kao, T. C., & Sheu, J. P. (2005). Realizing outdoor independent learning with a butterfly-watching mobile learning system. Journal of

84

Educational Computing Research, 33(4), 395–417.

Cooper, G. (1998). Research into cognitive load theory and instructional design

at UNSW. Retrieved October 5, 2012, from

http://dwb4.unl.edu/Diss/Cooper/UNSW.htm

Danan, M. (1992). Reversed subtitling and dual coding theory: New directions for foreign language instruction. Language Learning, 42(4), 497-527.

Froehlich, J. (1988). German videos with German subtitles: a new approach to listening comprehension development. Die Unterrichtspraxis/Teaching

German, 21(2), 199-203.

Gardner, R. C. & Lambert, W. (1972). Attitudes and motivation in second

language learning. Rowley, MA: Newbury House.

Garza, T. J. (1991). Evaluating the use of captioned video materials in advanced foreign language learning. Foreign language Annuals, 24(3), 239-258.

Goh, C. (2000). A cognitive perspective on language learners’ listening comprehension problems. System, 28, 55-75.

Harris, P. (2001). Going mobile. Retrieved May 12, 2012, from http://www.learningcircuits.org/2001/jul2001/harris.htm

Heuer, H., Hollendiek, G., Kröger, H., & Römer, T. (1989). Die Ruhelage der Augen und ihr Einfluß auf Beobachtungsabstand und visuelle Ermüdung bei Bildschirmarbeit[Resting position of the eyes and its influence on observation distance and visual fatigue during visual display work].

Zeitschrift für experimentelle und angewandte psychologie, 36(4),

538-566.

Holobow, N. E., Lambert, W. E., & Sayegh, L. (1984). Pairing script and

dialogue: combinations that show promise for second or foreign language learning. Language Learning, 34(4), 59-76.

Huang, H. C., & Eskey, D. E. (1999). The effects of closed-captioned television on the listening comprehension of intermediate english as a second

language students. Journal of Educational Technology Systems, 28(1),

85

75-96.

Huang, H. H. (2003). Application of videos of children’s literature in english

teaching in junior high school. Unpublished master’s thesis, National

Kaohsiung Normal University, Kaohsiung.

Katchen, J. E. (1996). First language subtitle: Help or hindrance? Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Japan association of language teachers. Hiroshima, Japan. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No.

ED 421873)

Keller, J. M. (1987). The systematic process of motivational design.

Performance & Instruction Journal, 26(9), 1-7.

Koshinen, P., Wilson, R., Gambrell, L., & Neuman, S. (1993). Captioned video and vocabulary learning: An innovative practice in literacy instruction. The

Reading Teacher, 47(1), 36-43.

Krashen, S. D. (1982). Principles and practices in second language learning.

New York: Pergamon.

Kramsch, C., & Anderson, R. W. (1999). Teaching text and context through multimedia. Language Learning & Technology, 2(2), 31-42.

Liu, T. Y., & Chu, Y. L. (2010). Using ubiquitous games in an english listening and speaking course: Impact on learning outcomes and motivation.

Computers & Education, 55(2), 630-643.

MacIntyre, P. D., & Donovan, L. A. (2002). Sex and age effects on willingness to communicate, anxiety, perceived competence, and L2 motivation among junior high school French immersion students. Language Learning, 52(3), 537-564.

Marcus, N., Cooper, M., & Sweller, J. (1996). Understanding instructions.

Journal of Educational Psychology, 88(1), 49-63.

Markham, P. L. (1989). The effects of captioned television videotapes on the listening comprehension of beginning, intermediate, and advanced ESL students. Educational Technology, 29(10), 38-41.

86

Mayer, R. E. (1997). Multimedia learning: Are we asking the right questions.

Educational Psychologist, 32(1), 1-19.

Mayer, R. E. (2001). Multimedia Learning. New York: Cambridge University press.

Mayer, R. E., & Sims, K. (1994). For whom is a picture worth a thousand words?

Extensions of a dual-coding theory of multimedia learning. Journal of

Educational Psychology, 86 (3), 389-401.

Megaw, T. (1990). The definition and measurement of visual fatigue. In J. R.

Wilson and E. N. Corlett (Ed.), Evaluation of human work (pp.

682-702). London, UK: Taylor & Francis.

Mousavi, S. Y., Low, R., & Sweller, J. (1995). Reducing cognitive load by mixing auditory and visual presentation modes. Journal of Educational

Psychology, 87, 319-334.

Newton, A. K. (1995). Silver screens and silver linings: Using theater to explore feelings and issues. Gifted child, 18(2), 14-20.

Ou, H. C. (1996). The effectiveness of teaching english listening comprehension.

Studies in English and Literature, 1, 30-39.

Oxford, R., & Shearin, J. (1994). Language learning motivation: Expanding the theoretical framework. Modern Language Journal, 78(1), 12-28.

Paas, F. G. W. C., & van Merriënboer, J. J. G. (1994). Instructional control of cognitive load in the training of complex cognitive tasks. Educational

Psychology Review, 6(4), 351-371.

Paivio, A. (1986). Mental representation: A dual coding approach. Oxford, UK:

Oxford University Press.

Pintrich, P., Smith, D., Garcia, T., & McKeachie, W. (1993). Predictive validity and reliability of the motivated strategies for learning questionnaire

(MSLQ). Educational and Psychological Measurement, 53, 801-813.

Reder, L. M., & Anderson, J. R. (1982). Negative judgments in and about

semantic memory. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 13(6),

87

664-681.

Reese, S. D. (1983, August). Improving audience learning from television news

through between-channel redundancy. Communication presented at the

66th Annual Meeting of the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication, Corvallis, OR.

Rost, M. (1990). Listening in language learning. New York: Longman.

Sinclair, M. A. (1990). Subjective assessment. In J. R. Wilson and E. N. Corlett (Ed.), Evaluation of human work (pp. 58-88). London, UK: Taylor and Francis.

Sweller, J. (2004). Instructional design consequences of an analogy between evolution by natural selection and human cognitive architecture.

Instructional Science, 32, 9-31.

Sweller, J., & Chandler, P. (1994). Why some material is difficult to learn.

Cognition and Instruction, 12, 185-233.

Sweller, J., van Merriënboer, J. J. G., & Paas, F. (1998). Cognitive architecture and instructional design. Educational Psychology Review, 10(3), 251-296.

Tindall-Ford, S., Chandler, P., & Sweller, J. (1997). When two sensory modes are better than one. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 3(4), 257-287.

Vanderplank, R. (1988). The value of teletext sub-titles in language learning.

ELT Journal, 42, 272-281.

Yang, M. Y. (2004). The influence of subtitles on english listening

comprehension and strategies using in freshmen of Taiwan. Unpublished

master’s thesis, National Changhwa Normal University, Changhwa.

1

附 錄

2

This listening comprehension test will test your ability to understand spoken English. In this test, each conversation, short talk and question will be spoken JUST ONE TIME. They will not be written out for you.

Part A

In part A, you will hear 15 questions. After you hear a question, read the four choices in your test book and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.

Example:

You will hear: Ms. Lewis has worked here for a long time, hasn’t she?

You will read: A. Yes, at three o’clock.

B. No, I don’t have a watch.

C. Yes, more than twenty years.

D. No. She’s working overtime.

The best answer to the question “Ms. Lewis has worked here for a long time, hasn’t she?” is C: “Yes, more than twenty years.” Therefore, you should choose answer C.

3

D. Yes, it’s an interesting lesson.

7. A. Yes, she’s in good shape.

B. No, rich desserts are bad for you.

C. Yes, you should quit smoking.

D. No, just exercise every day.

B. Yes, the staff has been very helpful.

C. Yes, it’s in the downtown area.

D. Yes, we’ll arrange a convenient time.

10. A. Yes, it turned out to be a sunny day.

B. Oh! I completely forgot about that.

C. No, I was too tired on Friday night.

C. Sorry, the show has been cancelled.

D. In fact, he gave the money to me.

14. A. You should run faster.

B. More guests are coming.

C. But I just filled up the tank.

D. Let’s try to reduce expenses.

15. A. In the large conference room.

B. The date hasn’t been finalized yet.

C. About issues related to AIDS.

D. He seemed quite impressed.

先備能力測驗結束,感謝您的填答!

4

5

6

題 號

非 常 同 意

同 意

普 通

不 同 意

非 常 不 同 意

31 考慮到這次學習的困難程度和我的個人技巧,我想我

會表現良好

問卷結束,感謝您的耐心填答!

7

附錄三 英語學習成就測驗

Newsquiz - October 11, 2012

Part A 在正確的發音下打勾

1. consulate cancer late 2. affirmative action affective action

3. el lagarto alligator 4. articulate articular

5. courageous courage 6. judgment chargement

7. spreading spread 8. Congress Congressman

9. policies pathes 10. cheese cheesy

Part B 選出正確的答案

( )1. On September 11th, how many Americans including the U.S. ambassador to Libya were killed in a violence?

(A) 7 (B) 13 (C) 4 (D) 41

( )2. According to the video, CNN quick poll results were pretty definitive. 94 percent of spectators said race should not be a factor in college admissions.
What that race mean?

(A) Biology a population within a species that is distinct in some way, especially a subspecies.

(B) A competition between runners, horses, vehicles, boats, etc., to see which is the fastest in covering a set course.

(C) All of the above.

(D) None of the above.

( )3. What day is the 11th of October?

(A) International Day of the World's Indigenous Peoples (B) International Day of Rural Women

(C) International Day for the Elimination of Violence against Women (D) the International Day of the Girl

8

( )4. Malala is a blogger and an ______ for education and women`s rights. One Pakistani official described Malala as an icon of courage and hope.

(A) educationalist (B) activist (C) athlete (D) academic

( )5. how old is malala ? (A) 8

(B) 12 (C) 14 (D) 18

( )6. The area where Malala lives, had experienced a lot of violence from the Taliban, it’s a _______ group, and one of its goals is to stop girls from going to school.

(A) minority (B) conservative (C) financial (D) militant

( )7. Originally, the U.S. vice president was the runner-up in the presidential election. Is that correct?

(A) Partially correct (B) Correct

(C) Incorrect (D) Not mentioned

( )8. Who are the Democratic nominees for vice president?

Joseph Biden(D) (A) Paul Ryan (B) Patrick Ryan (C) Jacob Biden (D) Joseph Biden

( )9. Who is chairman of the House Budget Committee (A) Paul Ryan

(B) Patrick Ryan (C) Jacob Biden (D) Joseph Biden

9

( )10. According to the video, what is the Mouse Trap?

(A) The Mousetrap is a murder mystery play.

(B) A specialized type of animal trap designed primarily to catch mice.

(C) A classic board game that has been enjoyed by kids.

(D) None of the above.

測驗結束,感謝您的耐心填答!

10

Newsquiz - October 15, 2012

Part A 在正確的發音下打勾

1. uncongennes unconscious 2. estableless established

3. nobel noble 4. anon announced

5. historic history 6. endeavour andever

7. earned hurdled 8. sheatering shattering

9. fiber viber 10. squires squirrels

( )1. Is the following sentence true or false? On October 9, Malala was targeted and shot by the Taliban. Thousands of people showing their support for Malala and speaking out against the Taliban and its strict policies.

(A) True.

(B) False.

(C) Not mentioned.

( )2. According to the video, the European Union have __ member countries.

(A) 7 (B) 17 (C) 27 (D) 37

( )3. Chairman of the Nobel Committee: Over a 70 year period, ___ and ___ had fought three wars. Today, war between ___ and ___ is unthinkable. This shows of true well aimed efforts and while building mutual confidence, historic enemies can become close parties.

Which country are these two historic enemies?

(A) Italy and France.

(B) United Kingdom and Italy.

(C) Germany and United Kingdom.

(D) Germany and France.

( )4. Interest rates to austerity measures and unemployment eventually leads Spain’s economy _________.

11

(A) getting better and better.

(B) went from boom to bust.

(C) has taken off.

(D) never change.

( )5. Hispanic heritage month introduced tomato, chocolate latté and ‘atun’. What’s

‘atun’ mean in English?

(A) Chicken (B) Cow (C) Fish (D) Sheep

( )6. According to the video, the space shuttle Endeavour was crawling along the roads of ____.

(A) Arizona (B) California (C) Kentucky (D) Virginia

( )7. Felix Baumgartner set the record for the highest jump, he broke the speed of sound as he hurdled toward earth. Is that correct?

(A) Correct (B) Incorrect (C) Partially correct (D) Not mentioned

( )8. How many years did Felix Baumgartner and his team spent of exhaustive testing?

(A) 3 (B) 9 (C) 7 (D) 5

( )9.Did Felix Baumgartner set a record for the lowest jump ever?

( )9.Did Felix Baumgartner set a record for the lowest jump ever?

相關文件