• 沒有找到結果。

第五章 結論與建議

第三節 建議

一、 教學建議

(一)、 環境教育概念多元化

學童年齡、知識增長,心理構面反減弱。教育可著重在情意面,增加學童的信心(許 世璋,2003a)。學童內化成個人規範的行為主要在節省水、減少固體垃圾。大人交待要 關水龍頭,帶餐具減少垃圾,丟垃圾要分類,他們應該要照著大人吩去做。節省水電、

垃圾減量的環境友善行為,這類型的環境教育,概念是把環境視為資源,教育的目的是 把環境資源作妥善管理。建議環境教育採更多元的概念,看到環境為大自然、棲身之處、

生物圈等多種面相,讓學童有機會了解自然,學習與自然共處,出主意解決周遭的環境 問題 (Sauvé, 1996)。

(二)、 讓學童在都市綠地場域也能接受環境教育

讓學童在相對自然的環境下接受教育,固然會給他們啟發。他們在夏令營中,會很 節制、減低環境衝擊,對生物友善。在夏令營結束後,回到都市中的家,他們是不是會 把在夏令營中學到的帶回家中,從此改變他們自己、甚至家人的環境行為,其實不見得 會如此。在相當自然,遠離都市的環境,在教師引導與同儕競爭氛圍下,學童會從環境 友善行為。但是回到了跟夏令營差距很大的都市環境,因為在夏令營的環境友善行為,

在都市中實行有困難。為此,他們待在夏令營中的確改變行為,但是他們不見得會把新 學到的行為模式帶回家中,回到家中仍是沿習舊有的習慣處理事物(Koger & Winter, 2011)。美國華盛頓州島木自然教育中心(Island Wood)John Haskin 教授在 2014 年於屏東 舉辦的環境教育研討會也提及這個問題,小朋友在夏令營期間會很關心環境,會從事環 境友善行為,但是回家以後復舊。教授就提出他的意見,西雅圖市區固然不像島木自然 教育中心的環境那麼自然,但是都市也是有生態系統存在的。都市中的綠地、棲身在其 中的動植物也是屬於生物圈。就近利用都市本來有的生態資源,教導孩子們認識、了解,

進而愛護周遭的生物,也是環境教育。環境教育不見得要跑到荒野才是,即使身在都市,

從身邊的事物開始也是可行。

二、 研究建議

主觀社會規範與描述社會規範,直接與間接對行為意向的影響,文獻仍有不同看 法。社會規範對環境行為意向的影響力不顯著,與文獻回顧的結論不牴觸,對正向環境 行為,心理變項會是重要的自變項。至於不作為、負面環境行為意向,社會規範影響仍 可探討的空間。

描述社會規範與主觀社會規範這兩種不同型式的社會規範,有的作為社會規範的構 面(Bamberg & Möser, 2007);也有研究是將兩種規範分別開來,觀察對心理因素與行為 意向的影響(Hernández et al., 2010; Thøgersen, 2006),這兩個變項影響行為意向的模式,

需要後續研究追踪。

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網路資料:

教育部綜合規劃司:國民教育

http://www.edu.tw/userfiles/url/20140530154319/6.%E5%9C%8B%E6%B0%91%E6%95%99%E8%82%

B2.pdf

新竹市政府城市行銷處

http://dep-tourism.hccg.gov.tw/web/SG?pageID=24946 新竹科學工業園區管理局

http://www.sipa.gov.tw/

兒童福利聯盟文教基金會

http://www.children.org.tw/news/advocacy_detail/1430

附錄

以下問題按照您的想法填寫:

在前面提過的戶外場所,當我待在那裡的時候,我會:

在前面提過的戶外場所,當我待在那裡的時候

圖:新竹科學工業園區周邊 8 所公立小學位置圖

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