建議

1. 由於排放污染物對於海域影響為生態環境及人體健康之衝擊，而本研究主要是 以人體健康風險作為評估架構，並未將生態環境之衝擊納入架構中討論，此部 分建議後續相關研究可將生態風險納入探討。

2. 由於海洋環境相當複雜，污染物排放到海域會受到物理、化學、生物作用的影 響，而目前的海洋模式雖然在物理、化學作用上已發展成熟，但對於生物作用 影響較少探討，此部分建議後續在模式研究中可更深入探討。

3. 整體評估架構是以排放前進行評估的方法，皆以模擬及估算公式為主。在估算 生物體內濃度時，是以 BCF 及 BSAF 累積因子計算生物體內濃度，由於兩種 參數會隨環境、物種、暴露時間長短等因素導致兩種參數分布範圍廣，故本研 究僅能不分物種別作計算，此部分建議我國應建立完整的數據資料庫，以便在 進行估算時更能接近實際生物體暴露濃度推估。

4. 在進行海域環境相關資料收集時，國內在此部分的資料較為缺乏，因此建議我 國能建立台灣各區域的海域參數資料庫，才能更精確的評估及管理海域環境。

5. 污染物排放到海域對人體較大的影響，主要以污染物具生物累積特性導致生 物體內蓄積濃度較高，而人類食用導致危害影響，此部分建議應對生物體作 定期的檢測及持續追蹤，才能確保人類飲食的健康安全。

118

參考文獻 英文部分

Aagaard, A., Warman, C. G., Depledge, M. H., & Naylor, E. (1995). Dissociation of heart rate and locomotor activity during the expression of rhythmic behaviour in the shore crab Carcinus maenas. Marine & Freshwater Behaviour & Phy, 26(1), 1-10.

Angerville, R., Joseph, O., Emmanuel, E., & Perrodin, Y. (2005, May). Ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in paint manufacturing effluents of Port-au-Prince.

In 15th Annual Meeting of SETAC Europe, Lille, pp. CD ROM.

Connell, D.W. (1998). Bioaccumulation of Chemicals by Aquatic Organisms. Chapter 14 from Schϋϋrmann, G. and Markert, B. (1998). Ecotoxicology. Ecological Fundamentals, Chemical Exposure, and Biological Effects. John Wiley & Sons Inc and Spektrum Adaemischer Verlag Co- Publication.

Cook, P. M., & Burkhard, L. P. (1998). Development of bioaccumulation factors for protection of fish and wildlife in the Great Lakes. In National Sediment

Bioaccumulation Conference Proceedings (Vol. 823).

Drew, R., Frangos, J., Consultants, P. (2006).Human Health Risk Assessment- Bell Bay Pulp Mill Effluent. Toxikos Document: TR081205-RJF.

Emmanuel, E., Perrodin, Y., Keck, G., Blanchard, J. M., & Vermande, P. (2005).

Ecotoxicological risk assessment of hospital wastewater: a proposed framework for raw effluents discharging into urban sewer network. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 117(1), 1-11.

ENSR Corporation. (2005). Remedial investigation/feasibility study work plan: human health risk assessment work plan pines area of investigation AOC II Docket.Research Report No. V-W-04-C-784 of Human Health Risk Assessment.

Fischer, H. B. (1979). Mixing in inland and coastal waters. New York.

Ford, T. E. (2000). Response of marine microbial communities to anthropogenic stress. Journal of Aquatic Ecosystem Stress and Recovery,7(1), 75-89.

Gad, S. C. (Ed.). (2014). Animal models in toxicology. CRC Press.

Grandjean, P., Weihe, P., White, R. F., Debes, F., Araki, S., Yokoyama, K., ... &

Jørgensen, P. J. (1997). Cognitive deficit in 7-year-old children with prenatal exposure to methylmercury. Neurotoxicology and teratology, 19(6), 417-428.

119

Knap, A., Dewailly, É ., Furgal, C., Galvin, J., Baden, D., Bowen, R. E., ... & Unluata, U.

(2002). Indicators of ocean health and human health: developing a research and monitoring framework. Environmental Health Perspectives,110(9), 839.

Lee, C. L., Chen, H. Y., & Chuang, M. Y. (1996). Use of oyster, Crassostrea gigas, and ambient water to assess metal pollution status of the charting coastal area, Taiwan, after the 1986 green oyster incident. Chemosphere,33(12), 2505-2532.

Leung, K. M., Dewhurst, R. E., Halldorsson, H., & Svavarsson, J. (2005).

Metallothioneins and trace metals in the dogwhelk Nucella lapillus (L.) collected from Icelandic coasts. Marine pollution bulletin, 51(8), 729-737.

Lee, K., Neff, J., & DeBlois, E . (2011). Produced Water: Environmental Risks and Advances in Mitigation Technologies.

Produced water. Springer.

Lim, P. E., Lee, C. K., & Din, Z. (1995). Accumulation of heavy metals by cultured oysters from Merbok Estuary, Malaysia. Marine pollution bulletin,31(4), 420-423.

Marsh, D. O., Turner, M. D., Smith, J. C., Allen, P., & Richdale, N. (1994). Fetal methylmercury study in a Peruvian fish-eating population.Neurotoxicology, 16(4), 717-726.

Maier, K. J., & Knight, A. W. (1994). Ecotoxicology of selenium in freshwater systems.

In Reviews of environmental contamination and toxicology (pp. 31-48). Springer New York.

Moore, M. N., Depledge, M. H., Fleming, L., Hess, P., Lees, D., Leonard, P., ... &

Viarengo, A. (2013). Oceans and human health (OHH): a European perspective from the Marine Board of the European Science Foundation (Marine Board-ESF). Microbial ecology, 65(4), 889-900.

Mulvad, G., Pedersen, H. S., Hansen, J. C., Dewailly, E., Jul, E., Pedersen, M. B., ... &

Middaugh, J. P. (1996). Exposure of Greenlandic Inuit to organochlorines and heavy metals through the marine food-chain: an international study. Science of the total

environment, 186(1), 137-139.

NRC(National Research Council).(1983), Risk assessment in the Federal Government:

Managing the Process. NAS-NRC Committee on the Institutional Means for Assessment of Risks to Public Health, National Academy Press, Washington, DC.

Perrodin, Y., Donguy, G., Bazin, C., Volatier, L., Durrieu, C., Bony, S., ... & Moretto, R.

(2012). Ecotoxicological risk assessment linked to infilling quarries with treated dredged seaport sediments. Science of the Total Environment,431, 375-384.

120

Rainbow, P. S. (2007). Trace metal bioaccumulation: models, metabolic availability and toxicity. Environment international, 33(4), 576-582.

RWDI. (2005). Roberts Bank Container Expansion Project, Deltaport Third Berth, File:W04-127.

Saiki, M. K., Jennings, M. R., & Brumbaugh, W. G. (1993). Boron, molybdenum, and selenium in aquatic food chains from the lower San Joaquin River and its tributaries, California. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 24(3), 307-319.

Salgueiro-González, N., Turnes-Carou, I., Viñas-Diéguez, L., Muniategui-Lorenzo, S., López-Mahía, P., & Prada-Rodríguez, D. (2015). Occurrence of endocrine disrupting compounds in five estuaries of the northwest coast of Spain: Ecological and human health impact. Chemosphere, 131, 241-247.

Sany, S. B. T., Hashim, R., Rezayi, M., Salleh, A., Rahman, M. A., Safari, O., &

Sasekumar, A. (2014). Human health risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from consumption of blood cockle and exposure to contaminated sediments and water along the Klang Strait, Malaysia. Marine pollution bulletin,84(1), 268-279.

Spacie, A., & Hamelink, J. L. (1985). Bioaccumulation. In: Rand, G.M. and Petrocelli,S.R., Editors, 1985. Fundamentals of Aquatic Toxicology: Methods and Applications.Hemisphere Publishing Corporation Washington Dc, 495-525.

USEPA. (1992). Guidelines for Exposure Assessment. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Risk Assessment Forum, Washington, D.C.

USEPA. (1999). Screening Level Ecological Risk Assessment Protocol for Hazardous Waste Combustion Facilities Peer Review Draft. Appendix C: Media-toreceptor bioconcentration factors (BCFs), Washington, D.C.

Vieira, C., Morais, S., Ramos, S., Delerue-Matos, C., & Oliveira, M. B. P. P. (2011).

Mercury, cadmium, lead and arsenic levels in three pelagic fish species from the Atlantic Ocean: intra-and inter-specific variability and human health risks for consumption. Food and chemical Toxicology, 49(4), 923-932.

Windom, H. L., & Smith, R. G. (1972). Distribution of iron, magnesium, copper, zinc, and silver in oysters along the Georgia coast. Journal of the Fisheries Board of

Canada, 29(4), 450-452.

Woodwell, G. M. (1967). Toxic substances and ecological cycles (Vol. 1066). WH Freeman.

121

Zhao, L., Chen, Z., & Lee, K. (2008). A risk assessment model for produced water discharge from offshore petroleum platforms-development and validation.Marine

pollution bulletin, 56(11), 1890-1897.

122

中文部分

蔡嘉一、楊磊、邱文彥、董正釱，2000，「研訂海洋污染相關法規-研訂海洋污染防 治法施行細則草案暨緊急應變計畫及海域水質分類基準」。

范光龍，2006，「台灣沿海環境特色與油污擴散」。台北：台灣西書出版社。

行政院勞工委員會勞工安全衛生研究所，2004，「勞工作業場所化學危害暴露之風 險評估」。

吳冠儀，2007，「沿海地區健康風險評估模式建立-以麥寮工業區為例」，國立台灣 大學環境工程研究所碩士論文。

陳正龍，2013，「桃園海淡廠鹵水擴散數值計算之研究」，國立臺灣海洋大學河海 工程學系碩士論文。

郭順儒，2010，「氏布河二維與三維水質擴散數值模擬研究」，國立臺灣海洋大學 河海工程學系碩士論文。

行政院衛生署，2008，「台灣一般民眾暴露參數彙編」， 國立台灣大學公共衛生學 院健康風險及政策評估中心。

行政院衛生署，1999，「海洋水污染擴散環境影響評估技術之研究」。

行政院衛生署，2006，「人體血液中汞濃度背景值調查研究計畫」。

漁業署，2013，沿近海漁船全年出海天數平均值