第五章 結論、討論與建議
第四節 建議
一、在研究部分的建議
1. 關於研究的部分，往後以夫妻配對做為樣本，探討與婚姻滿意度相關的研究 者，或可以於研究初期設定研究對象時，便有更多限制，進而達成變項上的 控制，如，設定要探討年收入多少的夫妻、婚齡幾年的夫妻或年齡約多大的
夫妻，甚至學歷等，因婚姻滿意度變項為一種心理主觀因素，實受到太多來 自四面八方的影響因子交雜作用，若更能專注在某一族群做探索，雖在推論 更大的母群上有所限制，然而對於研究本身的效果則更加能夠顯現。
2. 承第 1 點，若無法收得純粹某一族群之樣本，則所收樣本中，這些交雜的因 子，或能進一步做共變異分析，以期控制混淆變項後，降低研究結果之誤差。
3. 在本研究的主要探討變項上，研究者認為「休閒興趣」及「休閒興趣相似程 度」兩概念實難以掌握，因而建議若後續欲對「個人興趣」相關變項做為研 究者，不妨可以嘗試以質性訪問的方式，探討其個人興趣，至於相似程度的 部分，除了以訪問外，甚可以加上雙方互評，自認對於彼此興趣的共同程度 為何。
二、在實務上的建議
(一)對諮商實務上的建議
1. 本次研究中，清晰可見雙方互動與關係的重要性，因而在諮商輔導工作中，
系統觀點的重要可以見得，尤以關係問題為主要困擾的來訪者，伴侶諮商的 方式效果會比對單一來訪者諮商，能夠得到更多互動的訊息，也更能夠促使 雙方修改關係的互動，更加保障案主的受益，因此實務工作者若於諮商情愛 關係議題之案主，需更加敏覺於「互動」本身，或加強伴侶諮商的相關技術，
應能對提升愛情/婚姻滿意度上，更加有所突破。
2. 再者，依附關係對於個人看待愛情/婚姻關係既是如此重要，然據系統觀點而 言，而這樣的關係又將影響著個人的自我概念，因而在輔導工作上，檢視個 人的依附類型就相對重要，如同我們帶著什麼樣的鏡子向外看世界，所見的 世界又影響著我們的內在心理。因此建議處理情感議題的諮商員，能夠對於 各依附類型所產生的可能認知及行為，有更全面的理解。
3. 依據本研究發現依附類型組合與休閒興趣相似性對於男性與女性的婚姻滿意 度有不同的預測力，因此在進行諮商實務工作時，諮商心理師亦要敏感於夫 與妻對婚姻期待的可能不同，或是敏感於個人對於依附關係是否過於重視，
而忽略了當事人對於休閒興趣相似性的重視度。
(二)對一般民眾的建議
1. 現今越來越多男女在「追尋結婚對象」上費盡苦心，往往嘗試交往了幾段戀 情，發現並不適合，對於自認已達適婚年齡或是想要找伴定下來者，或許可 以朝向找尋安全或是焦慮依附者，其對於關係的穩定或追尋較為渴望，而非 找尋性格上較為自我的逃避依附者。
2. 雖因為社會文化的期許，促使男女對於關係的追求並不相同，男性看似對於 雙方情感互動的追求不如女性熱衷，卻在研究中顯示，男性其實渴望與伴侶 之間的情感互動，如此而言，男女雙方其實在期待感情、期待對方為關係而 努力的部分是相同的，反之則反應男生藏匿了許多自己想要的情感，因而呼 籲社會可以另外一種角度來看待願意表達情感的男性，對於男性的教養社會 上往往希望其堅毅、勇敢，而非柔弱、哭泣的形象，進入婚姻後接受更多的 責任與壓力，此時其實希望身邊的女性是能夠理解自己的情感需求的，另一 面，如同上述男性不容易表達情感，因而同時也鼓勵男性能夠表現出自己對 情感的在乎、對情感交流的重視，往往可以獲得更多壓力的紓解，達到夫妻 相互理解，進而有更美滿的婚姻生活。因此，在助人工作上，使男性說出長 久藏匿的情感、使女性理解男性在關係中也是脆弱的，便格外重要。
參考文獻
心理學報 3。
周玉慧、謝雨生(2009)。夫妻間支持授受及其影響。中華心理學刊 51-2:215-234。
林秀慧(2004)。國內博碩士論文之婚姻滿意度研究的概況分析-以民 70-92 年為
張思嘉(1999)。婚姻適應過程的探討：以新婚夫妻為例的質性研究。中央研究院民
http://verywed.com/forum/wedlife/2149163-1.html
從「Google 學術搜尋」可整理台灣婚姻滿意度相關研究資料：
http://scholar.google.com.tw/
曹中瑋(1984)。自我狀態，夫妻溝通型態與婚姻滿意度之相關研究。國立台灣師範
曾由佳(2013)。愛在監控年代－兩性在 Facebook 上的嫉妒與關係滿意度研究。中 華傳播學會 2013 年年會論文。
楊懿恬、高淑芳(2012)。原生家庭與親密關係對成人依附風格的影響。諮商與輔導
劉凡嘉(2014)。共依附特質者的分手調適歷程案例報告。諮商與輔導 341:40-44+。
劉文琴(2006)。夫妻性格相似程度及互補性與婚姻滿意度及親密度的關係。佛光大
Abbey, A., Andrews, F. M., & Halman, L. J. (1995). Provision and receipt of social
support and disregard: what is their impact on the marital life quality of infertile and fertile couples?. Journal of personality and social psychology, 68(3), 455.
Ainsworth, M. S., Blehar, M. C., Waters, E., & Wall, S. (1978). Patterns of attachment:Observations in the strange situation and at home, Hillsdale, N.J.:Erlbaum.
Antill, J. K. (1983). Sex role complementarity versus similarity in married couples.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45, 145-155.
Baldwin, M. W. (1992). Relational schemas and the processing of social information.
Psychological Bulletin, 112(3), 461.
Bartholomew, K., & Horowitz, L. M. (1991).Attachment styles among young adults:A test of a four-category model. Journal of Personality and Social
Psychology,61(2),226-244.
Bowlby, J.(1969).Attachment and loss,volume i: Attachment.
Bowlby, J.(1973). Attachment and loss: Vol.2: 1.Separation. New York: Basic.
Bowlby, J.(1980). Attachment and Loss: Vol.3, Loss,sadness and depression. New York:
Basic.
Brassard, A., Shaver, P. R., & Lussier, Y. (2007). Attachment, sexual experience, and sexual pressure in romantic relationships: A dyadic approach. Personal
Relationships, 14(3), 475-493.
Brennan, K. A., & Shaver, P. R. (1998). Attachment styles and personality disorders:
Their connections to each other and to parental divorce, parental death, and perceptions of parental caregiving. Journal of personality, 66(5), 835-878.
Byrne, D., Clore, G. L., & Smeaton, G. (1986). The attraction hypothesis: Do similar attitudes affect anything?.
Carden, A. D. (1994). Wife Abuse and the Wife Abuser Review and Recommendations.The Counseling Psychologist,22(4),539-582.
Carnelley, K. B., Israel, S., & Brennan, K. A. (2007). The role of attachment in influencing reactions to manipulated feedback from romantic partners. European journal of social psychology, 37(5), 968-986.
Chang, BC. and Holt, GR. (1991). The concept of yuan and Chinese interpersonal relationships , in S. Ting-Toomey and F. Korzenny (eds), Cross-cultural interpersonal communication.Newbury Park, CA:Sage.
Collins, N. L., & Read, S. J. (1990). Adult attachment, working models, and relationship quality in dating couples. Journal of personality and social psychology, 58(4), 644.
Crawford, D. W., Houts , R. M., Huston, T. L., and George, L. J. (2002)
Compatibility,leisure, and satis faction in marital relationships,Journal of Marriage and Family, 64:433-449.
Davis, D., Shaver, P. R., Widaman, K. F., Vernon, M. L., Follette, W. C., & Beitz, K.
(2006). “I can’t get no satisfaction”: Insecure attachment, inhibited sexual
communication, and sexual dissatisfaction. Personal Relationships, 13(4), 465-483.
Dinero, R. E, Conger, R. D., Shaver, P. R., Keith F., Widaman, K. F.& La r s en-Rife, D.(2008).Influence of family of origin and adult romantic partners on romantic attachment security. Journal of Family Psychology, 22(3), 622-632.
Dryer, D. C., & Horowitz, L. M. (1997). When do opposites attract? Interpersonal complementarity versus similarity. Journal of personality and social psychology, 72(3), 592.
Edenfield, J. L., Adams, K. S., & Briihl, D. S. (2012). Relationship maintenance strategy use by romantic attachment style. North American Journal of Psychology, 14(1), 149.
Eysenck, H. J. (1991). Dimensions of personality: 16, 5 or 3? —Criteria for a taxonomic paradigm. Personality and individual differences, 12(8), 773-790.
Fehr, B., & Russell,J.A.(1991).The concept of love viewed from a prototype perspective.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60 (3), 425-438.
Ferguson, L. R., & Allen, D. R. (1978). Congruence of parental perception, marital satisfaction, and child adjustment. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 46(2), 345.
Fraley, R. C., & Waller, N. G. (1998). Adult attachment patterns. Attachment theory and close relationships, 77-114.
Fraley, R. C., & Waller, N. G.(1998). Adult attachment patterns: A test of the
typological. In J. A. Simpson & W. S. Rholes (Eds.), Attachment theory and close relationship (pp.77-114). NY: he Guilford Press.
George, C., Kaplan, N., & Main, M. (1996). Adult attachment interview. Department of Psychology, University of California.
Glenn, N. D. (1975) The contribution of marriage to the psychological well-being of males and females, Journal of Marriage and the Family, 594-601.
Glenn, N. D. (1998) The course of marital success and failure in five American 10 year marriage cohorts. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 60: 569-576.
Gould, M. S., King, R., Greenwald, S., Fisher, P., Schwab-Stone, M., Kramer, R., ... &
Shaffer, D. (1998). Psychopathology associated with suicidal ideation and attempts among children and adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child &
Adolescent Psychiatry, 37(9), 915-923.
Hankin, B. L., Kassel, J. D., & Abela, J. R. Z. (2005). Adult Attachment Dimensions and Specificity of Emotional Distress Symptoms: Prospective Investigations of
Cognitive Riskand Interpersonal Stress Generation as Mediating Mechanisms.Pers Soc Psychol Bull,31(1),136-151.
Hazan, C., & Shaver, P. R. (1987). Romantic love conceptualized as an attachment process.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59, 270-280.
Hazan,C., & Shaver, P. (1987). Romantic love conceptualized as an attachment process.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,52(3),511-524.
Hendel, D. D., & Harrold, R. D. (2004). Undergraduate student leisure interests over three decades. College Student Journal, 38(4), 557.
Henderson, K. A., & Hickerson, B. (2007). Women and leisure: Premises and performances uncovered in an integrative review. Journal of Leisure Research, 39(4), 591.
Hendrick, S. S.,Hendrick, C., & Adler, N. L. (1988). Romantic relationships:
Love,satisfaction, and staying together. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,54(6),980.
Huston, T. L., McHale, S. M., & Crouter, A. C. (1986). When the honeymoon’s over:
Changes in the marriage relationship over the first year. The emerging field of personal relationships, 109-132.
Kobak, R. R., & Hazan, C. (1991). Attachment in marriage: effects of security and accuracy of working models. Journal of Personality and social Psychology, 60(6), 861.
Lee, J. A. (1973). The colors of love: An exploration of the ways of loving. Don Mills, Ontario: New Press.
Lettieri, C. J., Nathan, S. D., Barnett, S. D., Ahmad, S., & Shorr, A. F. (2006).
Prevalence and outcomes of pulmonary arterial hypertension in advanced idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. CHEST Journal, 129(3), 746-752.
Levy, K. N., Blatt, S. J., & Shaver, P. R. (1998). Attachment styles and parental representations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,74(2),407-419.
Levy, K. N., Blatt, S. J., & Shaver, P. R. (1998).Attachment styles and parental representations.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,74(2), 407-419.
Levy, K. N., Meehan, K. B., Kelly, K. M., Reynoso, J. S., Weber, M., Clarkin, J. F., &
Kernberg, O. F. (2006). Change in attachment patterns and reflective function in a randomized control trial of transference-focused psychotherapy for borderline personality disorder. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology, 74(6), 1027.
Lewis, R. A., & Spanier, G. B. (1979). Theorizing about the quality and stability of marriage. Contemporary theories about the family: research-based theories/edited by Wesley R. Burr...[et al.].
Lopez,F.G., & Brennan,K.A.(2000).Dynamic processes underlying adult attachment organization: Toward an attachment-theoretical perspective on the healthy and effective self. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 47, 283-300.
Luo, S., & Klohnen, E. C. (2005). Assortative mating and marital quality in newlyweds:
a couple-centered approach. Journal of personality and social psychology, 88(2), 304.
Madey, S. F., & Rodgers, L. (2009). The effect of attachment and Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love on relationship satisfaction. Individual Differences Research.
Main, M. & Goldwyn,R.(1985).Adult attachment classification and rating
system.Unpublished manuscript, University of California, Berkeley, Department of Psychology.
Mattingly, M. J., & Blanchi, S. M. (2003). Gender differences in the quantity and quality of free time: The US experience. Social Forces, 81(3), 999-1030.
Meens,L.D., & Bugaighis, M.A.(1986)."Concurrent and discriminated validity of the Kansas Marital Satisfaction Scale.ience. Social Foiage and the Family, 48: 381-387.
Meyers, S. A., & Landsberger, S. A. (2002). Direct and indirect pathways between adult attachment style and marital satisfaction. Personal Relationships, 9(2), 159-172.
Mikulincer, M., & Nachshon, O. (1991). Attachment styles and patterns of self-disclosure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61(2), 321.
Milne, L. C. & Lancaster,S.(2001).Predictors of depression in female adolescents.Adolescents, 36, 207-223.
Murstein, B. I., & Williams, P. D. (1985). Assortative matching for sex-role and marriage adjustment. Personality and individual differences, 6, 15-201.
Myers , S. M. and Booth, A. (1999) Marit al strains and marital quality: The role of highand low locus of control, Journal of Marriage and the Family, 61: 423-436.
Newcomb, T. M. (1961). The acquaintance process.
Olsen, G. J., Larsen, N., & Woese, C. R. (1991). The ribosomal RNA database project.
Nucleic acids research, 19(Suppl), 2017.
Olson, D. H., & McCubbin,H.I.(1983).Families. Thousand Oaks,CA,:Sage White,J.M.,&
Klein,D.(2002).Family theories: An introduction (2nded.).Thousand,CA: Sage.
Pineo, P. C. (1961). Disenchantment in the later years of marriage. Marriage and Family Living, 3-11.
Reedy, M. N., Birren, J. E., & Schaie, K. W. (1981). Age and sex differences in
satisfying love relationships across the adult life span. Human Development, 24(1), 52-66.
Richard, L. S., Wakefield Jr. J., A., & Lewak, R. (1990). Similarity of personality variables as predictors of marital satisfaction: A Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) item analysis. Personality and Individual Differences, 11, 39-43.
Richard, L. S.,Wakefield, J. A.,& Lewak, R. (1990). Similarity of personality variables as predictors of marital satisfaction: A Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) item analysis. Personality and Individual Differences, 11(1), 39-43.
Rollins, B. C., & Feldman, H. (1970). Marital satisfaction over the family life cycle.
Journal of Marriage and the Family, 20-28.
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American psychologist, 55(1), 68.
Schindler, I., Fagundes, C. P., & Murdock, K. W. (2010). Predictors of romantic relationship formation: Attachment style, prior relationships, and dating goals.
Personal Relationships, 17(1), 97-105.
Schumn, W. R., Paff-Bergen, L. A., Hatch, R. C., Obiorah, F. C., Copeland,J.M., Scott, D., & Willits, F. K. (1998). Adolescent and adult leisure patterns: A reassessment. Journal of Leisure Research, 30, 319-330.
Shi, L. (1999). Conflict resolution in romantic relationships: An examination of adult attachment and early attachment experience.
Simon, R. W. (2002) Revisiting the relationships among gender, marit al status, and mental health, American Journal of Sociology, 107: 1065-1096.
Simpson, J. A., Rholes, W. S., & Phillips, D. (1996). Conflict in close relationships: an attachment perspective. Journal of personality and social psychology, 71(5), 899.
Smith, W. O., Ainley, D. G., & Cattaneo-Vietti, R. (2007). Trophic interactions within the Ross Sea continental shelf ecosystem. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 362(1477), 95-111.
Sternberg, R. J. (1986). A triangular theory of love. Psychological review, 93(2), 119.
Thompson, S. M., Grant, B. C., & Dharmalingam, A. (2002). Leisure time in midlife:
what are the odds?. Leisure Studies, 21(2), 125-143.
Tiedens, L. Z., & Fragale, A. R. (2003). Power moves: complementarity in dominant and submissive nonverbal behavior. Journal of personality and social psychology, 84(3), 558.
Tzeng, O. C. (Ed.). (1992). Theories of love development, maintenance, and dissolution:
Octagonal cycle and differential perspectives. Praeger Publishers.
Walker, G. J., Jackson, E. L., & Deng, J. (2007). Culture and leisure constraints: A comparison of Canadian and mainland Chinese university students. Journal of Leisure Research.
Wamboldt, F. S., & Reiss, D. (1989). Defining a family heritage and a new relationship identity: Two central tasks in the making of a marriage. Family Process, 28, 317-335.
Wang, T., Zhang, Z., Wallace, O. B., Deshpande, M., Fang, H., Yang, Z., ... &
Meanwell, N. A. (2003). Discovery of 4-benzoyl-1-[(4-methoxy-1 H-pyrrolo [2, 3-b] pyridin-3-yl) oxoacetyl]-2-(R)-methylpiperazine (BMS-378806): a novel HIV-1 attachment inhibitor that interferes with CD4-gp120 interactions. Journal of medicinal chemistry, 46(20), 4236-4239.
Wei, M., Russell, D. W., & Zakalik, R. A. (2005). Adult attachment, social self-efficacy, self-disclosure, loneliness, and subsequent depression for freshman college students:
A longitudinal study. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 52(4), 602.
Wilkie, J. R., Ferree, M. M., and Rat cl ff, K. S. (1998) Gender and fairness: Marital satisfaction in two-earner couples, Journal of Marriage and the Family, 60: 577-594.
Yardena, S. I., Boaz, F., Ruth, O. W., Yoav, G., Aliza, N., David, S., & Michael, G.
(2002). Reappraisal of community-acquired bacteremia: a proposal of a new classification for the spectrum of acquisition of bacteremia. Clinical infectious diseases, 34(11), 1431-1439.
Zeanah,C. H.,& Zeanah , P. D.(1989).Intergenerational transmission of
maltreatment:Insights from attachment theory and research.Psychiatry:Interpersonal and Biological Processes,52(2),177-196.
附錄一
附錄二