• 沒有找到結果。

ҳ ࢇ ݽ σ Ᏸ

Ȇ

ŏŢ ŵŪŰůŢ

ŭġńũ ŦůŨŤũŪġŖůŪŷŦųŴŪŵź

((二)研究量表的選用與編制可能造成教學行為部分觀點未被呈現

本研究選用的量表為根據文獻探討自編的教師基本資料調查表、王南梅等人

(2011)翻譯台灣版的簡易版華語嗓音障礙指數量表 VHI-10,及改編自張德銳 等人(1996)研發的教學行為自我檢視表之教學行為量表,此三份問卷皆為自填 式作答,結果可能有受試者主觀認定之影響。另外,教學行為量表是以教學表現 五個領域因素探討整體教學行為,而非特別針對嗓音與教學之關聯探討,可能使 得教師的某些教學工作表現未被評量,例如:協同教學、請假天數等等。建議未 來研究者可針對嗓音嘗試自編教學行為問卷,使研究結果與討論能更深入。

(三)研究樣本來源使研究結果不宜廣泛推論

本研究僅以臺北市幼兒園現職教師為研究對象,部分因嗓音重度異常而辭職 的教師無法參與研究,提供寶貴的經驗;且問卷抽樣的樣本數與訪談的樣本數並 不大,加上部分教師不願受訪,使得研究結果僅供現況參考,不宜用作代表全臺 幼兒教師的自覺性嗓音狀況與教學行為之關聯的結果。

第三節 後記--研究者自我敘說

最初的動機是希望透過探究嗓音與教學的關係,改善自己的教學,使幼兒有 豐富多元及良好的學習。在研究當中,透過文獻閱讀與訪談其他教師,汲取相關 教學經驗,了解嗓音可能影響的因素及層面,以及教學上可以用什麼方式降低嗓 音帶來的負面影響,並嘗試改變。

透過反思教學及尋求醫療諮詢,除了改善平日不良的用聲習慣,及更注意要 多飲水、說話時間不要太長等等保養喉嚨的方式;雖然目前還在訓練自己的發聲 方式,但嗓音沙啞等症狀的確是減少許多之外,在教學上,開始會提醒自己要輕 聲細語,也更加意識到應更善用教學媒材,及聲情的豐富變化不等於錯誤的發聲 方式,例如之前在說故事時會自我要求不同的角色要用不同的聲音,雖然幼兒總

Ȇ

ҳ ࢇ ݽ σ Ᏸ

Ȇ

ŏŢ ŵŪŰůŢ

ŭġńũ ŦůŨŤũŪġŖůŪŷŦųŴŪŵź

能聽得津津有味,甚至會主動要求老師進行講故事等閱讀及語文課程,但不當的 發聲方式卻很傷喉嚨,有時候一整天教學後回家都會感到喉嚨不舒服、不想講話 等等,生活上的溝通也因此出現一些小麻煩;但現在說故事時,會學習其他教師 的經驗及建議,嘗試多用道具、手勢、影片等方式輔助教學,減少嗓音的使用,

結果發現幼兒對此改變接受度也很高,效果也還不錯。

另外,在教學清晰上,以前會覺得用講的配合示意圖等提示,幼兒會比較清 楚及更易引發其思考等等,甚至會在摺紙等行為養成時一直重複講述,深怕自己 哪一個步驟沒有說清楚,但從老師的分享及觀摩他人教學上,我卻驚喜地感受到 無聲的魅力,也很慚愧自己總是希望以幼兒為主體地教學,但卻不自覺地加入太 多擔憂與環境刺激,除了造成自己心理及嗓音負擔外,也可能反而分散幼兒的注 意力,使學習效果不如預期,有的幼兒還會因此聽到最後反而養成依賴習慣,要 做時就開口說「不會」或「不知道」,變成我又要再去提示,甚至說明,但幼兒 在主題課程中自己動手做及小組合作的過程中,反而執行力、投入程度、及作品 完成度等各方面表現水準又頗高,一度讓我在教學上很困惑,不明白為什麼會有 這樣的差異,不過在研究後,我有點恍然大悟,除了幼兒的興趣之外,我應該要 再多嘗試將說及做的部份讓幼兒互相交流及展現,這部份是我很需要好好調整及 反省的。

在班級經營上,現在也開始嘗試用古典音樂等比較優雅緩和的聲音來營造溫 和的氣氛,並且更有勇氣嘗試開口唱歌,以前會覺得自己聲音不好聽,所以很少 唱或用歌曲伴唱,但是從其他老師的分享和鼓勵,以及幼兒的反應,也慢慢增強 我的信心了。

很感謝教授、各位受試老師,及親朋好友等人的協助,使研究順利進行,除 了學習到如何進行研究,培養專業及謹慎的思考與做事態度外,亦使我對解決教 學上的問題能更有效率地去付諸行動,很開心我可以實際地學習如何在嗓音與教 學間取得平衡,今後,我將繼續盡力維持嗓音的良好狀態,也希望能透過不斷學 習使教學更進步!

Ȇ

ҳ ࢇ ݽ σ Ᏸ

Ȇ

ŏŢ ŵŪŰůŢ

ŭġńũ ŦůŨŤũŪġŖůŪŷŦųŴŪŵź

參 參考文獻

Assunção1, A. Á., Bassi, I. B., de Medeiros, A. M., Rodrigues, C. S., & Gama, A. C.

C. (2012). Occupational and individual risk factors for dysphonia in teachers.

Occupational Medicine, 62, 553-559.

Angelillo, M., Dimaio, G., Costa, G., Angelillo, N., & Barillari, U. (2009). Prevalence of occupational voice disorders in teachers. Journal of Preventive Medicine and Hygiene, 50, 26-32.

Åhlander, V. L., García, D. P., Whitling, S., Rydell, R., & Löfqvis, A. (2014).

Teachers’ voice use in teaching environments: A field study using ambulatory phonation monitor. Journal of Voice, 28(6), 841.e5-841.e15.

Amir, O., Tavor, Y., Leibovitzh, T., Ashkenazi, O., Michael, O., Fever, A. P., et al..

(2006). Evaluating the validity of the voice handicap index-10 (VHI-10) among Hebrew speakers. Otolaryngology-Head and Neck surgery, 135, 603-607.

Batalla, F. N., Santos, P. C., González, B. S., Pendás, J. L. L., Gil, C. G., & Nieto, C. S.

(2007). Adaptation and validation to the Spanish of the voice handicap index (VHI-30) and its shortened version (VHI-10). Acta Otorrinolaringol Esp. 58(9), 386-392.

Behlau, M., Zambon, F., Guerrieri, A. C., & Roy, N. (2012). Epidemiology of voice disorders in teachers and nonteachers in Brazil: Prevalence and adverse effects.

Journal of Voice, 26(5), 665.e9-665.e18.

Coughlin, S. S. (1990). Recall bias in epidemiologic studies. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 43(1), 87-91.

Cantor Cutiva, L. C., & Burdorf, A. Factors associated with voice-related quality of life among teachers with voice complaints. Journal of Communication Disorders (2014), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcomdis.2014.05.003

Ȇ

ҳ ࢇ ݽ σ Ᏸ

Ȇ

ŏŢ ŵŪŰůŢ

ŭġńũ ŦůŨŤũŪġŖůŪŷŦųŴŪŵź

Chen, S. H., Chiang, S. C., Chung, Y. M., Hsiao, L. C., & Hsiao, T. Y. (2010). Risk factors and effects of voice problems for teachers. Journal of Voice, 24(2), 183-192.

Colton, R. H., Casper, J. K., & Leonard, R. (2006). Understanding voice problems (3nd ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

Chen, J., & Du, Y. (2012). Research on the optimization strategy of normal students’

teaching behavior in classroom. Business, Economics, and Financial Science, Management, 143, 389-394.

Charn, T. C., & Mok, P. K. H. (2012). Voice problems amongst primary school teachers in Singapore. Journal of Voice, 26(4), e141-e147.

Chhetri, D. K., Mendelsohn, A. H., & Blumin, J. H. (2006). Long term follow up results of selective laryngeal adductor denervation reinnervation surgery for adductor spasmodic dysphonia. The Laryngoscope, 116(4), 635-642.

Carroll, T. L., & Rosen, C. A. (2011). Long term results of calcium hydroxylapatite for vocal fold augmentation. Laryngoscope, 121, 313-319.

Cutiva, L. C. C., Vogel, I., & Burdorf, A. (2013). Voice disorders in teachers and their associations with work-related factors: A systematic review. Journal of

Communication Disorders, 46, 143-155.

Da Costa, V., Prada, E., Roberts, A., & Cohen, S. (2012). Voice disorders in primary school teachers and barriers to care. Journal of Voice, 26(1), 69-76.

Da Rocha, L. M., & Souza, L. D. M. (2013). Voice handicap index associated with common mental disorders in elementary school teachers. Journal of Voice, 27(5), 595-602.

Deary, I. J., Webb, A., Mackenzie, K., Wilson, J. A., & Carding, P. N. (2004). Short, self-report voice symptom scales: Psychometric characteristics of the voice handicap index-10 and the vocal performance questionnaire.

Ȇ

ҳ ࢇ ݽ σ Ᏸ

Ȇ

ŏŢ ŵŪŰůŢ

ŭġńũ ŦůŨŤũŪġŖůŪŷŦųŴŪŵź

Otolaryngology –Head and Neck surgery, 131(3), 232-235.

Eadie, T. L., & Doyle, P. C. (2005). Classification of dysphonic voice: Acoustic and auditory-perceptual measures. Journal of Voice, 19(1), 1-14.

Flanders, N. A. (1970). Analyzing teching behavior (1nd ed.). Philippines, PA:

Addison-Wesly.

Gurbuzler, L., Inanir, A., Yelken, K., Koc, S., Eyibilen, A., & Uysal, I. O. (2013).

Voice disorder in patients with Fibromyalgia. Auris Nasus Larynx, 40, 554-557.

Hooper, C. R. (2004). Treatment of voice disorders in children. Language, Speech, and Hearing services in schools, 35, 320-326.

Hakkesteegt, M. M., Brocaar, M. P., & Wieringa, M. H. (2010). The applicability of the dysphonia severity index and the voice handicap index in evaluation effects of voice therapy and phonosurgery. Journal of Voice, 24(2), 199-205.

Houtte, E. V., Claeys, S., Wuyts, F., & Lierde, K. V. (2011). The impact of voice disorders among teachers: vocal complaints, treatment-seeking behavior,

knowledge of vocal care, and voice-related absenteeism. Journal of Voice, 25(5), 570-575.

Helou, L. B., Solomon, N. P., Henry, L. R., Coppit, G. L., Howard, R. S., &

Stojadinovic, A. (2010). The role of listener experience on consensus auditory perceptual evaluation of voice ratings of psotthyroidectomy voice. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 19, 248-258.

Kreiman, J., & Gerratt, B. R. (2011). Comparing two methods for reducing variability in voice quality measurements. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 54, 803-812.

Krischke, S., Weigelt, S., Hoppe, U., Köllner, V., Klotz, M., Eysholdt, U., et al..

(2005). Quality of life in dysphonic patients. Journal of Voice, 19(1), 132-137.

Lam, P. K. Y., Chan, K. M., Ho, W. K., Kwong, E., Yiu, E. M., & Wei, W. I. (2006).

Ȇ

ҳ ࢇ ݽ σ Ᏸ

Ȇ

ŏŢ ŵŪŰůŢ

ŭġńũ ŦůŨŤũŪġŖůŪŷŦųŴŪŵź

Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the Chinese voice handicap index-10.

The Laryngoscope, 116, 1192-1198.

Li, H., Huang, Z., Hu, R., Zhang, L., & Xu, W. (2012). Study on the simplified Chinese version of the voice handicap index. Journal of Voice, 26(3), 365-371.

Laukkanen, A. M., Ilomäki, I., Leppänen, K., & Vilkman, E. (2008). Acoustic measures and self reports of vocal fatigue by female teachers. Journal of Voice, 22(3), 283-289.

Ma, E. P. M., & Yiu, E. M-L. (2001). Voice activity and participation profile:

Assessing the impact of voice disorders on daily activities. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing research, 44, 511-524.

Nguyen, D. D., Kenny, D. T., Tran, N. D., & Livesey, J. R. (2009). Muscle tension dysphonia in Vietnamese female teachers. Journal of Voice, 23(2), 195-208.

Pizolato, R. A., Rehder, M. I. B. C., Meneghim, M. C., Ambrosano, G. M. B., Mialhe, F. L., & Pereira, A. C. (2013). Impact on quality of life in teachers after

educational actions for prevention of voice disorders: A longitudinal study.

Retrieved February 14, 2015, from http://www.hqlo.com/content/11/1/28 Rogerson, J., & Dodd, B. (2005). Is there an effect of dysphonic teachers’ voices on

children’s processing of spoken language? Journal of Voice, 19(1), 47-60.

Rosen, C. A., Lee, A. S., Osborne, J., Zullo, T., & Murry, T. (2004). Development and validation of the voice handicap index-10. Laryngoscope, 114, 1549-1556.

Roy, N., Merrill, R. M., Thibeault, S., Parsa, R. A., Gray, S. D., & Smith, E. M.

(2004). Prevalence of voice disorders in teachers and the general population.

Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing research, 47, 281-293.

Russell, A., Oates, J., & Greenwood, K. M. (1998). Prevalence of voice problems in teachers. Journal of voice, 12(4), 467-479.

Rantala, L., Vilkman, E., & Bloigu, R. (2002). Voice changes during work: subjective

Ȇ

ҳ ࢇ ݽ σ Ᏸ

Ȇ

ŏŢ ŵŪŰůŢ

ŭġńũ ŦůŨŤũŪġŖůŪŷŦųŴŪŵź

complaints and objective measurements for female primary and secondary schoolteachers. Journal of Voice, 16(3), 344-355.

Souza, C. L., Carvalho, F. M., Araújo, T. M., dos Reis, E. J. F. B., Lima, V. M. C., &

Porto, L. A. (2011). Factors associated with vocal fold pathologies in teachers.

Rev Saúde Pública, 45(5), 1-7.

Stemple, J. C., Glaze, L. E., & Klaben, B. (2010). Clinical voice pathology: Theory and management (4nd ed.). San Diego, CA: Plural

Smith, E., Kirchner, H. L., Taylor, M., Hoffman, H., & Lemke, J. H. (1998). Voice problems among teachers: Differences by gender and teaching characteristics.

Journal of Voice, 12(3), 328-334.

Schmidt, J. G. & Rosen, C. (2011). Treatment success for age related vocal fold atrophy. Laryngoscope, 121, 585-589.

Sampaio, M. C., dos Reis, E. J. F. B., Carvalho, F. M., Porto, L. A., & Araújo, T. A.

(2012). Vocal effort and voice handicap among teachers. Journal of Voice, 26(6), 820.e15-820.e18.

Simberg, S., Sala, E., Vehmas, K., & Laine, A. (2005). Changes in the prevalence of vocal symptoms among teachers during a twelve year period. Journal of Voice, 19(1), 95-102.

Titze, I. R., Hunter, E. J., & Švec, J. G. (2007). Voicing and silence periods in daily and weekly vocalizations of teachers. Journal of Acoustical Society of America, 121(1), 469-478.

Tavares, E. L. M., & Martins, R. H. G. (2007). Vocal evaluation in teachers with or without symptoms. Journal of Voice, 21(4), 407-414.

Wang, C. T., Lai, M. S., Liao, L. J., Lo, W. C., & Cheng, P. W. (2013). Transnasal endoscopic steroid injection: A practical and effective alternative treatment for benign vocal fold disorders. Laryngoscope, 123, 1464-1468.

Ȇ

ҳ ࢇ ݽ σ Ᏸ

Ȇ

ŏŢ ŵŪŰůŢ

ŭġńũ ŦůŨŤũŪġŖůŪŷŦųŴŪŵź

Young, V. V. N., Smith, L. J., & Rosen, C. (2013). Voice outcome following acute unilateral vocal fold paralysis. Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology, 122(3), 197-204.

全國法規資料庫。(2013)。幼兒教育及照顧法。線上檢索日期:2015 年 2 月 21 日。網址:

http://law.moj.gov.tw/Law/LawSearchResult.aspx?p=A&t=A1A2E1F1&k1=%E 5%B9%BC%E5%85%92%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E5%8F%8A%E7%85%

A7%E9%A1%A7%E6%B3%95

王南梅、黃國祐、蘇茂昌、辛宗翰(2011)。華文版「嗓音障礙指數量表」(VHI-10)

發展與驗證。台灣耳鼻喉頭頸外科雜誌,46(4),190-196。

李卿菲(2010)。高雄市國中、國小教師嗓音狀況與使用麥克風的現狀之探討(未 出版碩士論文)。國立高雄師範大學,高雄市。

李松林(2005)。論教學研究中的教學行為分析方法。首都師範大學學報(社會 科學版),162,109-113。

李莉、白雲閣、徐少網、王耘(2010)。教師課堂教學行為與學生課堂參與的關 係─基於問卷調查的心理學實證研究。教學研究,33(5),13-16。

吳明隆(2014)。論文寫作與量化研究(4 版)。臺北市:五南圖書。

吳明隆、涂金堂(2012)。SPSS 與統計應用分析(2 版)。臺北市:五南圖書。

林峯全(2009)。「教師嗓音」系列研究:第三部分台北市小學女性教師自覺嗓 音異常與聲學分析之研究(未出版碩士論文)。臺北市立教育大學,臺北市。

林進財(2004)。教學原理(初版)。臺北市:五南圖書。

周淑惠(1998)。正式與非正式幼兒教師之教學行為現況研究。新竹師院學報,

11,229-261。

周淑惠(1997)。幼兒教師之教學行為研究。新竹師院學報,10,23-45。

洪智萍(1995)。幼稚園大班教師教學行為與幼兒社會行為之關係研究(未出版 碩士論文)。國立師範大學,臺北市。

Ȇ

ҳ ࢇ ݽ σ Ᏸ

Ȇ

ŏŢ ŵŪŰůŢ

ŭġńũ ŦůŨŤũŪġŖůŪŷŦųŴŪŵź

姜逸群、黃雅文、連海生(2000)。父母教養型態、家庭支持、教師教學行為、

學生自尊與健康行為之研究。國立臺北師範學院學報,13,149-176。

孫志麟(2001)。教師自我效能與教學行為的關係-實徵取向的分析。國立台北 師範學院學報,14,109-140。

徐映慈(2009)。幼稚園教師數學教學信念、教學行為與幼兒數概念發展之研究

(未出版碩士論文)。朝陽科技大學,台中市。

唐衛海、韓維瑩、同文(2010)。專家教師與新手教師教學行為的比較。天津師 範大學學報(社會科學版),208,77-80。

陳麗鈴(2009)。「教師嗓音」系列研究:第一部分台北市小學教師嗓音異常盛行 率(未出版碩士論文)。臺北市立教育大學,臺北市。

陳淑敏、張玉倫(2004)。幼兒教師教學信念與教學行為之探究。屏東師院學報,

21,1-36。

粘舒愉(2008)。幼稚園關懷氣氛與教師品格教育信念、教學行為相關之研究。

耕莘學報,6,65-81。

張明星、溫武、周水淼、鄭宏良、耿麗萍(2010)。單側聲帶麻痺患者嗓音主、

張明星、溫武、周水淼、鄭宏良、耿麗萍(2010)。單側聲帶麻痺患者嗓音主、