第五章 討論
第三節 應用與建議
本研究結果顯示噪音及丁酮共同暴露會使勞工動態血壓上升，因 此相關航空製造業可以參考此結果，針對噪音和丁酮暴露實施進一步 的行政管理或工程改善。對於勞工則可以進行安全與衛生的教育訓 練，以期勞工能有具備正確的工作場所安全與衛生知識。此外為了保 護勞工的健康，也必須確實執行勞工個人聽力防護具
(
如耳塞或耳罩)
和呼吸防護具的配戴。本研究主要探討航空製造業勞工噪音及丁酮共同暴露對動態收 縮壓與舒張壓之影響，未來研究建議可以增加研究的樣本數目並控制 更多的干擾因子，以增加統計效力。我們也建議未來可以進一步探討 噪音及丁酮共同暴露對動態血壓的影響機制，以釐清共同暴露對航空 製造業勞工的動態收縮壓與舒張壓的影響。
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。表1、暴露組與控制組勞工之健康基本資料與生活習慣
Characteristics Exposure group Control group Total p-value
Subjects (no.) 52 93 145
Gender [no. (%)]
Male 51 (98.1) 59 (63.4) 110 (75.9) <0.001 c Age [years (mean±SD)] 48.0±5.6 48.0±5.5 48.0±5.5 0.698 b Employment duration [years (mean±SD)] 19.5±6.2
19.2±7.3
19.3±7.1
0.232 a BMI [kg/m2 (mean±SD)] 23.5±2.8
23.3±2.5
23.4±2.6
0.677 a Cholesterol [mg/dl (mean±SD)] 200.8±37.3
196.4±31.8
198.0±33.8
0.452 a Triglyceride [mg/dl (mean±SD)] 108.9±53.4
113.7±77.5
112.0±69.7
0.640 b Salt intake [no. (%)]
Yes (%) 8 (15.4) 15 (16.3) 23 (16.0) 0.885 c
Tea consumption [no. (%)]
Yes (%) 33 (63.5) 45 (48.4) 78 (53.8) 0.081 c
Coffee consumption [no. (%)]
Yes (%) 27 (51.9) 37 (39.8) 64 (44.1) 0.158 c
Smoking [no. (%)]
Yes (%) 9 (19.6) 8 (9.0) 17 (12.6) 0.079 c
Alcohol consumption [no. (%)]
Yes (%) 9 (19.2) 3 (3.4) 12 (8.8) 0.004 d
Regular exercise [no. (%)]
Yes (%) 21 (44.7) 36 (40.5) 57 (41.9) 0.634 c
Use of personal hearing protective equipment [no. (%)]
Never (%) 1 (2.0) 86 (96.6) 87 (62.1)
<2 hours working time (%) 22 (43.1) 0 (0) 22 (15.7) <0.001 d 2-4 hours working time (%) 15 (29.4) 1 (1.1) 16 (11.4) <0.001 d
4-6 hours working time (%) 4 (7.8) 0 (0) 4 (2.9) <0.001 d
≧6 hours working time (%) 9 (17.7) 2 (2.3) 11 (7.9) <0.001 d
Hypertension [no. (%)]
Yes (%) 11 (21.2) 14 (15.1) 25 (17.2) 0.351 c
Family history of hypertension [no. (%)]
Yes (%) 22 (46.8) 59 (66.3) 81 (59.6) 0.028 c
a t test of the difference compared with the control group.
b Wilcoxon rank sum test of the difference compared with the control group.
c Chi-square test of the difference compared with the control group.
d Fisher’s exact test of the difference compared with the control group.
表2、高噪音暴露組、低噪音暴露組及控制組勞工之健康基本資料與生活習慣
Characteristics Noise exposure groups Control group p-value
High Low
Subjects (no.) 26 26 93
Gender [no. (%)]
Male 25 (96.2) c 26 (100) c 59 (63.4) <0.001 k Age [years (mean±SD)] 47.6±5.6 48.4±5.6 48.0±5.5 0.635 j Employment duration [years (mean±SD)] 20.5±6.7 18.5±5.6 19.2±7.3
0.492 i BMI [kg/m2 (mean±SD)] 23.8±2.4 23.2±3.2 23.3±2.5
0.620 i Cholesterol [mg/dl (mean±SD)] 194.2.0±39.3 207.4±34.7 196.4±31.8
0.281 i Triglyceride [mg/dl (mean±SD)] 107.0±53.8 110.9±54.0 113.7±77.5
0.801 j Salt intake [no. (%)]
Yes (%) 4 (15.4) 4 (15.4) 15 (16.3) 0.999 l Tea consumption [no. (%)]
Yes (%) 15 (57.7) 18 (69.2) 45 (48.4) 0.154 k Coffee consumption [no. (%)]
Yes (%) 9 (34.6) g 18 (69.2) c 37 (39.8) 0.016 k Smoking [no. (%)]
Yes (%) 4 (16.7) 5 (22.7) 8 (9.0) 0.165 l
Alcohol consumption [no. (%)]
Yes (%) 5 (20.8) d 4 (17.4) d 3 (3.4) 0.005 l Regular exercise [no. (%)]
Yes (%) 12 (50.0) 9 (39.1) 36 (40.5) 0.672 k Use of personal hearing protective equipment [no. (%)]
Never (%) 1 (3.9) 0 (0) 86 (96.6)
<2 hours working time (%) 6 (23.1) d 16 (64.0) d 0 (0) <0.001 l 2-4 hours working time (%) 8 (30.8) d 7 (28.0) d 1 (1.1) <0.001 l 4-6 hours working time (%) 3 (11.5) d 1 (4.0) d 0 (0) <0.001 l
≧6 hours working time (%) 8 (30.8) d 1 (4.0) d 2 (2.3) <0.001 l Hypertension [no. (%)]
Yes (%) 8 (30.8) 3 (11.5) 14 (15.1) 0.146 l Family history of hypertension [no. (%)]
Yes (%) 10 (41.7) c 12 (52.2) 59 (66.3) 0.068 k
a t test of significant difference (p<0.05) compared with the control group.
b Wilcoxon rank sum test of significant difference (p<0.05) compared with the control group.
c Chi-square test of significant difference (p<0.05) compared with the control group.
d Fisher’s exact test of significant difference (p<0.05) compared with the control group.
e t test of significant difference (p<0.05) compared with the low exposure group.
f Wilcoxon rank sum test of significant difference (p<0.05) compared with the low exposure group.
g Chi-square test of significant difference (p<0.05) compared with the low exposure group.
h Fisher’s exact test of significant difference (p<0.05) compared with the low exposure group.
i One-way ANOVA test of differences between groups.
j Kruskal-Wallis test of differences between groups.
k Chi-square test of differences between groups.
l
Fisher’s exact test of differences between groups.
表3、高丁酮暴露組、低丁酮暴露組及控制組勞工之健康基本資料與生活習慣
Characteristics MEK exposure groups Control group p-value
High Low
Subjects (no.) 14 38 93
Gender [no. (%)]
Male 14 (100.0) c 37 (97.4) c 59 (63.4) <0.001 k Age [years (mean±SD)] 50.4±5.0 47.1±5.6 48.0±5.5 0.160 j Employment duration [years (mean±SD)] 21.3±8.1 18.9±5.3 19.2±7.3
0.361 i BMI [kg/m2 (mean±SD)] 23.0±2.3 23.7±3.0 23.3±2.5
0.636 i Cholesterol [mg/dl (mean±SD)] 197.2±34.7 202.1±38.6 196.4±31.8
0.679 i Triglyceride [mg/dl (mean±SD)] 100.5±49.1 112.0±55.2 113.7±77.5
0.731 j Salt intake [no. (%)]
Yes (%) 1 (7.1) 7 (18.4) 15 (16.3) 0.603 k Tea consumption [no. (%)]
Yes (%) 10 (71.4) 23 (60.5) 45 (48.4) 0.171 k Coffee consumption [no. (%)]
Yes (%) 10 (71.4) c 17 (44.7) 37 (39.8) 0.084 k Smoking [no. (%)]
Yes (%) 1 (9.1) 9 (22.9) 8 (9.0) 0.106 l
Alcohol consumption [no. (%)]
Yes (%) 2 (16.7) 7 (20.0) d 3 (3.4) 0.005 l
Regular exercise [no. (%)]
Yes (%) 3 (25.0) 18 (51.4) 36 (40.5) 0.248 k Use of personal hearing protective equipment [no. (%)]
Never (%) 1 (7.1) 0 (0) 86 (96.6)
<2 hours working time (%) 7 (50.0) d 15 (40.5) d 0 (0) <0.001 l 2-4 hours working time (%) 4 (28.6) d 11 (29.7) d 1 (1.1) <0.001 l 4-6 hours working time (%) 1 (7.1) d 3 (8.1) d 0 (0) <0.001 l
≧6 hours working time (%) 1 (7.1) 8 (21.6) d 2 (2.3) <0.001 l Hypertension [no. (%)]
Yes (%) 4 (28.6) 7 (18.4) 14 (15.1) 0.447 k Family history of hypertension [no. (%)]
Yes (%) 4 (33.3) 18 (51.4) 59 (66.3) 0.048 k
a t test of significant difference (p<0.05) compared with the control group.
b Wilcoxon rank sum test of significant difference (p<0.05) compared with the control group.
c Chi-square test of significant difference (p<0.05) compared with the control group.
d Fisher’s exact test of significant difference (p<0.05) compared with the control group.
e t test of significant difference (p<0.05) compared with the low exposure group.
f Wilcoxon rank sum test of significant difference (p<0.05) compared with the low exposure group.
g Chi-square test of significant difference (p<0.05) compared with the low exposure group.
h Fisher’s exact test of significant difference (p<0.05) compared with the low exposure group.
i One-way ANOVA test of differences between groups.
j Kruskal-Wallis test of differences between groups.
k Chi-square test of differences between groups.
l Fisher’s exact test of differences between groups.
表4、共同暴露組、噪音暴露組、丁酮暴露組、低暴露組及控制組勞工之健康基本資料與生活習慣
a t test of significant difference (p<0.05) compared with the control group.
b Wilcoxon rank sum test of significant difference (p<0.05) compared with the control group.
c Chi-square test of significant difference (p<0.05) compared with the control group.
d Fisher’s exact test of significant difference (p<0.05) compared with the control group.
e t test of significant difference (p<0.05) compared with the low exposure group.
f Wilcoxon rank sum test of significant difference (p<0.05) compared with the low exposure group.
g Chi-square test of significant difference (p<0.05) compared with the low exposure group.
h Fisher’s exact test of significant difference (p<0.05) compared with the low exposure group.
i One-way ANOVA test of differences between groups.
j Kruskal-Wallis test of differences between groups.
k Chi-square test of differences between groups.
l Fisher’s exact test of differences between groups.
Characteristics Exposure groups Control group p-value
Co-exposure Noise exposure MEK exposure Low exposure
Subjects (no.) 7 19 7 19 93
Gender [no. (%)]
Male 7 (100.0) 18 (94.7) c 7 (100.0) 19 (100) c 59 (63.4) <0.001 l Age [years (mean±SD)] 52.4±5.7 45.8±4.5 b 48.4±3.5 48.0±5.8 48.0±5.5 0.085 j Employment duration [years (mean±SD)] 21.5±11.7 20.2±4.0 21.2±2.8 18.8±5.2 19.2±7.3 0.631 i BMI [kg/m2 (mean±SD)] 23.6±2.1 23.9±2.6 22.4±2.5 23.5±3.2 23.3±2.5 0.763 i Cholesterol [mg/dl (mean±SD)] 190.0±38.9 195.7±40.4 204.4±31.2 201.1±36.7 196.4±31.8 0.603 i Triglyceride [mg/dl (mean±SD)] 110.3±64.4 105.7±51.2 90.7±29.0 116.6±60.3 113.7±77.5 0.854 j Salt intake [no. (%)]
Yes (%) 0 (0.0) 4 (21.1) 1 (14.3) 3 (15.8) 15 (16.3) 0.900 l Tea consumption [no. (%)]
Yes (%) 5 (71.4) 10 (52.6) 5 (71.4) 13 (68.4) 45 (48.4) 0.361 l Coffee consumption [no. (%)]
Yes (%) 4 (57.1) 5 (26.3) 6 (85.7) d 12 (63.2) 37 (39.8) 0.022 l Smoking [no. (%)]
Yes (%) 1 (16.7) 3 (16.7) 0 (0) 5 (29.4) 8 (9.0) 0.144 l Alcohol consumption [no. (%)]
Yes (%) 1 (16.7) 4 (22.2) d 1 (16.7) 3 (17.7) 3 (3.4) 0.010 l Regular exercise [no. (%)]
Yes (%) 2 (33.3) 10 (55.6) 1 (16.7) 8 (47.1) 36 (40.5) 0.525 l Use of personal hearing protective equipment [no. (%)]
Never (%) 1 (14.3) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 86 (96.6)
<2 hours working time (%) 2 (28.6) d 4 (21.1) d 5 (71.4) d 11 (61.1) d 0 (0) <0.001 l 2-4 hours working time (%) 2 (28.6) d 6 (31.6) d 2 (28.6) d 5 (27.8) d 1 (1.1) <0.001 l 4-6 hours working time (%) 1 (14.3) d 2 (10.5) d 0 (0) 1 (5.6) d 0 (0) <0.001 l
≧6 hours working time (%) 1 (14.3) 7 (36.8) d 0 (0) 1 (5.6) d 2 (2.3) <0.001 l Hypertension [no. (%)]
Yes (%) 3 (42.9) 5 (26.3) 1 (14.3) 2 (10.5) 14 (15.1) 0.233 l Family history of hypertension [no. (%)]
Yes (%) 1 (16.7) 9 (50.0) 3 (50.0) d 9 (52.9) 59 (66.3) 0.103 l
表5、暴露組與控制組勞工暴露之噪音值與丁酮濃度
Variable Exposure group Control group Total p-value Noise (dBA)
a
Mann-Whitney test of the significant difference (p<0.05) compared with the control group.
SD: standard deviation; IQR: Interquartile range; MEK: methyl ethyl ketone.
表6、高噪音暴露組、低噪音暴露組及控制組勞工暴露之噪音值與丁酮濃度
Variable Noise exposure groups Control group Total p-value
High Low Median (IQR) 1.315 (1.543) 1.136 (1.973) NA 1.182 (1.921) Range 0.494 – 6.916 0.076 – 9.866 NA 0.076 – 9.866
a
Kruskal-Wallis test of the difference between the three groups.
b
Mann-Whitney test of the significant difference (p<0.05) compared with the control group.
c
Mann-Whitney test of the significant difference (p<0.05) compared with the low exposure group.
SD: standard deviation; IQR: Interquartile range; MEK: methyl ethyl ketone.
表7、高丁酮暴露組、低丁酮暴露組及控制組勞工暴露之噪音值與丁酮濃度
Variable MEK exposure groups Control group Total p-value
High Low Median (IQR) 2.489 (2.002) 0.568 (0.780) NA 1.182 (1.921) Range 1.186 – 9.866 0.076 – 1.178 NA 0.076 – 9.866
a
Kruskal-Wallis test of the difference between the three groups.
b
Mann-Whitney test of the significant difference (p<0.05) compared with the control group.
c
Mann-Whitney test of the significant difference (p<0.05) compared with the low exposure group.
SD: standard deviation; IQR: Interquartile range; MEK: methyl ethyl ketone.
表8、共同暴露組、噪音暴露組、丁酮暴露組、低暴露組及控制組勞工暴露之噪音值與丁酮濃度
Variable Exposure groups Control group p-value
Co-exposure Noise exposure MEK exposure Low exposure
Noise (dBA)
a
Kruskal-Wallis test of the difference between the five groups.
b
Mann-Whitney test of the significant difference (p<0.05) compared with the control group.
c
Mann-Whitney test of the significant difference (p<0.05) compared with the low exposure group.
SD: standard deviation; IQR: Interquartile range; MEK: methyl ethyl ketone.
表9、暴露組與控制組在工作日上班、下班、睡眠時間及 24 小時噪音暴露下收縮壓與舒張壓之差異性
Work time Off-duty time Sleep time 24-Hour average (07:30 a.m.-16:30 p.m.) (16:30 p.m.-23:00 p.m.) (23:00 p.m.-07:30 a.m.)
Mean ± SD (no.) a Mean ± SD (no.) a Mean ± SD (no.) a Mean ± SD (no.) a Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)
Exposure group 129.2±20.6 (742) d 125.5±19.4 (572) d 116.5±17.3 (420) 124.9±20.1 (1734) Control group 122.3±17.5 (1433) d 121.8±18.4 (1068) d 111.8±16.5 (738) 119.7±18.1 (3239)
Unadjusted p-value b 0.001 0.072 0.026 <0.001
Adjusted p-value c 0.022 0.247 0.083 0.056
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)
Exposure group 78.3±15.4 (742) d 76.0±13.5 (572) d 68.7±12.5 (420) 75.2±14.6 (1734) Control group 76.6±12.6 (1433) d 75.0±13.4 (1068) d 67.0±11.8 (738) 73.9±13.3 (3239)
Unadjusted p-value b 0.187 0.436 0.278 0.304
Adjusted p-value c 0.829 0.785 0.786 0.957
Noise (dBA)
Exposure group 70.8±10.0 (5311) d 61.4±16.2 (3986) d 41.3±19.1 (5096) 57.8±20.0 (14393) Control group 63.6±9.2 (9434) d 65.3±9.6 (6842) d 51.9±10.2 (8521) 60.1±11.3 (24797) Unadjusted p-value b <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.009 MEK (ppm)
Exposure group 1.854±2.145 (28) NA NA NA
Control group NA NA NA NA
a Number of measurements for systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure and personal noise exposure;
b Linear mixed-effects regression models were used to test the between-group without adjustments of potential confounders;
c The between-group differences were tested using linear mixed-effects regression models adjusted for sex, age, employment duration, BMI, cholesterol, triglyceride, salt intake, tea consumption, coffee consumption, smoking, alcohol consumption, regular exercise, and hypertension;
d The significant within-group differences of the mean values compared with those at sleep time (reference) by study group (p< 0.05).
SD: standard deviation; dBA: A-weighted decibel; MEK: methyl ethyl ketone.
表10、暴露組與控制組在非工作日白天、傍晚、睡眠時間及 24 小時噪音暴露下收縮壓與舒張壓之差異性
Day time Evening Sleep time 24-Hour average (07:30 a.m.-16:30 p.m.) (16:30 p.m.-23:00 p.m.) (23:00 p.m.-07:30 a.m.)
Mean ± SD (no.) a Mean ± SD (no.) a Mean ± SD (no.) a Mean ± SD (no.) a Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)
Exposure group 126.4±19.7 (768) d 128.5±18.2 (587) d 117.6±16. 7 (395) 125.1±19.0 (1750) Control group 122.2±19.4 (1401) d 122.4±17.7 (1077) d 113.2±15.2 (736) 120.3±18.4 (3214)
Unadjusted p-value b 0.062 0.004 0.030 0.008
Adjusted p-value c 0.554 0.369 0.740 0.399
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)
Exposure group 75.1±14.0 (768) d 76.9±12.6 (587) d 68.4±11.5 (395) 74.2±19.4 (1750)
a Number of measurements for systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure and personal noise exposure;
b Linear mixed-effects regression models were used to test the between-group without adjustments of potential confounders;
c The between-group differences were tested using linear mixed-effects regression models adjusted for sex, age, employment duration, BMI, cholesterol, triglyceride, salt intake, tea consumption, coffee consumption, smoking, alcohol consumption, regular exercise, and hypertension;
d The significant within-group differences of the mean values compared with those at sleep time (reference) by study group (p< 0.05).
SD: standard deviation; dBA: A-weighted decibel.
表11、高噪音暴露組、低噪音暴露組及控制組在工作日上班、下班、睡眠時間及 24 小時噪音暴露下收縮壓與舒張壓之差異 性
Work time Off-duty time Sleep time 24-Hour average (07:30 a.m.-16:30 p.m.) (16:30 p.m.-23:00 p.m.) (23:00 p.m.-07:30 a.m.)
Mean ± SD (no.) a Mean ± SD (no.) a Mean ± SD (no.) a Mean ± SD (no.) a Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)
High-exposure group 129.8±21.9 (385) f 125.4±19.1 (294) f 117.2±18.1 (206) 125.4±20.8 (885)
Unadjusted p-value b 0.791 0.313 0.646 0.776
Adjusted p-value c 0.608 0.950 0.545 0.412
Unadjusted p-value d 0.009 0.179 0.046 0.032
Adjusted p-value e 0.101 0.980 0.388 0.321
Low-exposure group 128.5±19.2 (357) f 125.6±19.7 (278) f 115.9±16.5 (214) 124.4±19.4 (849) Control group 122.3±17.5 (1433) f 121.8±18.4 (1068) f 111.8±16.5 (738) 119.7±18.1 (3239) Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)
High-exposure group 79.1±15.2 (385) f 76.8±13.2 (294) f 69.3±13.0 (206) 76.1±14.6 (885)
Unadjusted p-value b 0.613 0.357 0.517 0.446
Adjusted p-value c 0.726 0.553 0.693 0.636
Unadjusted p-value d 0.184 0.331 0.220 0.217
Adjusted p-value e 0.912 0.517 0.926 0.819
Low-exposure group 77.4±15.6 (357) f 75.2±13.7 (278) f 68.1±12.0 (214) 74.3±14.7 (849) Control group 76.6±12.6 (1433) f 75.0±13.4 (1068) f 67.0±11.8 (738) 73.9±13.3 (3239) Noise (dBA)
High-exposure group 75.0±8.0 (2664) f 62.9±13.9 (2028) f 44.0±17.9 (2562) 60.7±19.1 (7254)
Unadjusted p-value b <0.001 0.234 0.089 <0.001
Unadjusted p-value d <0.001 0.018 <0.001 0.385
Low-exposure group 66.5±9.9 (2647) f 59.8±18.1 (1958) f 38.5±19.8 (2534) 54.8±20.4 (7139) Control group 63.6±9.2 (9434) f 65.3±9.6 (6842) f 51. 9±10.2 (8521) 60.1±11.3 (24797) MEK (ppm)
High-exposure group 2.007±1.844 (11) NA NA NA
Low-exposure group 1.755±2.369 (17) NA NA NA
a Number of measurements for systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure and personal noise exposure;
b Linear mixed-effects regression models were compared with the low-exposure group without adjustments of potential confounders;
c Linear mixed-effects regression models were compared with the low-exposure group adjusted for sex, age, employment duration, BMI, cholesterol, triglyceride, salt intake, tea consumption, coffee consumption, smoking, alcohol consumption, regular exercise, and hypertension;
d Linear mixed-effects regression models were compared with the control group without adjustments of potential confounders;
e Linear mixed-effects regression models were compared with the control group adjusted for sex, age, employment duration, BMI, cholesterol, triglyceride, salt intake, tea consumption, coffee consumption, smoking, alcohol consumption, regular exercise, and hypertension;
f The significant within-group differences of the mean values compared with those at sleep time (reference) by study group (p< 0.05).
SD: standard deviation; dBA: A-weighted decibel; MEK: methyl ethyl ketone.
表12、高噪音暴露組、低噪音暴露組及控制組在非工作日白天、傍晚、睡眠時間及 24 小時噪音暴露下收縮壓與舒張壓之差 異性
Day time Evening Sleep time 24-Hour average (07:30 a.m.-16:30 p.m.) (16:30 p.m.-23:00 p.m.) (23:00 p.m.-07:30 a.m.)
Mean ± SD (no.) a Mean ± SD (no.) a Mean ± SD (no.) a Mean ± SD (no.) a Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)
High-exposure group 125.9±20.5 (381) d 129.9±17.4 (291) d 118.5±17.9 (190) 125.6±19.4 (862)
Unadjusted p-value b 0.747 0.494 0.802 0.767
Adjusted p-value c 0.600 0.843 0.953 0.787
Unadjusted p-value b 0.182 0.005 0.051 0.017
Adjusted p-value c 0.819 0.587 0.857 0.873
Low-exposure group 127.2±19.0 (372) d 127.7±19.1 (283) d 117.1±15.5 (196) 125.0±18.8 (851) Control group 122.2±19.4 (1401) d 122.4±17.7 (1077) d 113.2±15.2 (736) 120.2±18.3 (3214) Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)
High-exposure group 75.4±14.7 (381) d 78.2±12.2 (291) d 70.2±12.7 (190) 75.2±13.8 (862)
Unadjusted p-value b 0.851 0.326 0.195 0.352
Adjusted p-value c 0.479 0.949 0.523 0.902
Unadjusted p-value b 0.942 0.658 0.247 0.548
Adjusted p-value c 0.029 0.032 0.132 0.025
Low-exposure group 75.1±13.3 (372) d 75.8±13.1 (283) d 66.9±10.1 (196) 73.4±13.1 (851) Control group 75.6±13.4 (1401) d 77.1±13.1 (1077) d 68.0±11.2 (736) 74.4±13.3 (3214) Noise (dBA)
High-exposure group 62.4±17.0 (2534) d 63.0±14.5 (1852) d 41.4±18.3 (2448) 55.0±19.7 (6834)
Unadjusted p-value b 0.855 0.879 0.155 0.656
Unadjusted p-value d 0.436 0.462 0.317 0.139
Low-exposure group 62.2±18.1 (2195) d 62.9±14.9 (1633) d 36.3±19.1 (2142) 53.1±21.7 (5970) Control group 63.8±13.3 (8975) d 64.0±11.6 (6428) d 44.0±15.0 (8282) 56.9±16.5 (23685)
a Number of measurements for systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure and personal noise exposure;
b Linear mixed-effects regression models were compared with the low-exposure group without adjustments of potential confounders;
c Linear mixed-effects regression models were compared with the low-exposure group adjusted for sex, age, employment duration, BMI, cholesterol, triglyceride, salt intake, tea consumption, coffee consumption, smoking, alcohol consumption, regular exercise, and hypertension;
d Linear mixed-effects regression models were compared with the control group without adjustments of potential confounders;
e Linear mixed-effects regression models were compared with the control group adjusted for sex, age, employment duration, BMI, cholesterol, triglyceride, salt intake, tea consumption, coffee consumption, smoking, alcohol consumption, regular exercise, and hypertension;
f The significant within-group differences of the mean values compared with those at sleep time (reference) by study group (p< 0.05).
SD: standard deviation; dBA: A-weighted decibel; MEK: methyl ethyl ketone.
表13、高丁酮暴露組、低丁酮暴露組及控制組在工作日上班、下班、睡眠時間及 24 小時噪音暴露下收縮壓與舒張壓之差異 性
Work time Off-duty time Sleep time 24-Hour average (07:30 a.m.-16:30 p.m.) (16:30 p.m.-23:00 p.m.) (23:00 p.m.-07:30 a.m.)
Mean ± SD (no.) a Mean ± SD (no.) a Mean ± SD (no.) a Mean ± SD (no.) a Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)
High-exposure group 136.9±21.9 (218) f 129.6±22.1 (167) f 121.4±22.3 (115) 130.9±22.8 (500)
Unadjusted p-value b 0.011 0.157 0.120 0.029
Adjusted p-value c 0.056 0.383 0.089 0.071
Unadjusted p-value d 0.001 0.029 0.013 0.002
Adjusted p-value e <0.001 0.003 0.035 <0.001 Low-exposure group 126.0±19.2 (524) f 123.8±18.0 (405) f 114.7±14.6 (305) 122.5±18.3 (1234) Control group 122.3±17.5 (1433) f 121.8±18.5 (1068) f 111.8±16.5 (738) 119.7±18.1 (3239) Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)
High-exposure group 81.3±16.9 (218) f 77.1±15.5 (167) f 70.6±16.7 (115) 77.5±16.9 (500)
Unadjusted p-value b 0.174 0.523 0.363 0.228
Adjusted p-value c 0.279 0.952 0.243 0.313
Unadjusted p-value d 0.073 0.348 0.200 0.146
Adjusted p-value e 0.670 0.189 0.141 0.082
Low-exposure group 77.0±14.6 (524) f 75.5±12.5 (405) f 68.0±10.4 (305) 74.3±13.5 (1234) Control group 76.6±12.6 (1433) f 75.0±13.4 (1068) f 67.0±11.8 (738) 73.9±13.3 (3239) Noise (dBA)
High-exposure group 71.2±8.3 (1457) f 60.5±18.8 (1086) f 30.4±18.5 (1428) 53.6±23.8 (3971)
Unadjusted p-value b 0.683 0.511 <0.001 0.004
Unadjusted p-value d <0.001 0.001 <0.001 <0.001
Low-exposure group 70.6±10.5 (3854) f 61.7±15.1 (2900) f 45.5±17.5 (3668) 59.3±18.1 (10422) Control group 63.6±9.2 (9434) f 65.3±9.6 (6842) f 51. 9±10.2 (8521) 60.1±11.3 (24797) MEK (ppm)
High-exposure group 3.090±2.471 (14) NA NA NA
Low-exposure group 0.618±0.396 (14) NA NA NA
a Number of measurements for systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure and personal noise exposure;
b Linear mixed-effects regression models were compared with the low-exposure group without adjustments of potential confounders;
c Linear mixed-effects regression models were compared with the low-exposure group adjusted for sex, age, employment duration, BMI, cholesterol, triglyceride, salt intake, tea consumption, coffee consumption, smoking, alcohol consumption, regular exercise, and hypertension;
d Linear mixed-effects regression models were compared with the control group without adjustments of potential confounders;
e Linear mixed-effects regression models were compared with the control group adjusted for sex, age, employment duration, BMI, cholesterol, triglyceride, salt intake, tea consumption, coffee consumption, smoking, alcohol consumption, regular exercise, and hypertension;
f The significant within-group differences of the mean values compared with those at sleep time (reference) by study group (p< 0.05).
SD: standard deviation; dBA: A-weighted decibel; MEK: methyl ethyl ketone.
表14、高丁酮暴露組、低丁酮暴露組及控制組在非工作日白天、傍晚、睡眠時間及 24 小時噪音暴露下收縮壓與舒張壓之差 異性
Day time Evening Sleep time 24-Hour average (07:30 a.m.-16:30 p.m.) (16:30 p.m.-23:00 p.m.) (23:00 p.m.-07:30 a.m.)
Mean ± SD (no.) a Mean ± SD (no.) a Mean ± SD (no.) a Mean ± SD (no.) a Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)
High-exposure group 129.9±19.9 (233) f 133.1±19.3 (182) f 124.2±19.1 (122) 129.7±19.8 (537)
Unadjusted p-value b 0.203 0.095 0.012 0.064
Adjusted p-value c 0.390 0.185 0.081 0.148
Unadjusted p-value d 0.037 0.003 0.001 0.003
Adjusted p-value e 0.169 0.034 0.024 0.021
Low-exposure group 124.9±19.4 (535) f 126.4±17.4 (405) f 114.6±14.6 (273) 123.1±18.3 (1213) Control group 122.2±19.4 (1401) f 122.4±17.7 (1077) f 113.2±15.2 (736) 120.3±18.4 (3214) Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)
High-exposure group 75.2±15.4 (233) f 77.2±14.8 (182) f 70.6±13.7 (122) 74.9±15.0 (537)
Unadjusted p-value b 0.966 0.806 0.213 0.737
Adjusted p-value c 0.839 0.813 0.118 0.666
Unadjusted p-value d 0.781 0.968 0.266 0.858
Adjusted p-value e 0.286 0.188 0.961 0.329
Low-exposure group 75.1±13.4 (535) f 76.8±11.6 (405) f 67.4±10.3 (273) 73.9±12.7 (1213) Control group 75.6±13.4 (1401) f 77.1±13.1 (1077) f 68.0±11.2 (736) 74.4±13.3 (3214) Noise (dBA)
High-exposure group 58.3±20.8 (1501) f 60.6±17.0 (1069) f 29.2±16.8 (1428) 48.5±23.4 (3998)
Unadjusted p-value b 0.037 0.089 <0.001 <0.001
Unadjusted p-value d 0.014 0.077 <0.001 <0.001 Low-exposure group 64.2±15.3 (3228) f 64.0±13.4 (2416) f 43.5±18.0 (3162) 56.7±18.7 (8806) Control group 63.8±13.3 (8975) f 64.0±11.6 (6428) f 44.0±15.0 (8282) 56.9±16.5 (23685)
a Number of measurements for systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure and personal noise exposure;
b Linear mixed-effects regression models were compared with the low-exposure group without adjustments of potential confounders;
c Linear mixed-effects regression models were compared with the low-exposure group adjusted for sex, age, employment duration, BMI, cholesterol, triglyceride, salt intake, tea consumption, coffee consumption, smoking, alcohol consumption, regular exercise, and hypertension;
d Linear mixed-effects regression models were compared with the control group without adjustments of potential confounders;
e Linear mixed-effects regression models were compared with the control group adjusted for sex, age, employment duration, BMI, cholesterol, triglyceride, salt intake, tea consumption, coffee consumption, smoking, alcohol consumption, regular exercise, and hypertension;
f The significant within-group differences of the mean values compared with those at sleep time (reference) by study group (p< 0.05).
SD: standard deviation; dBA: A-weighted decibel; MEK: methyl ethyl ketone.
表15、共同暴露組、噪音暴露組、丁酮暴露組、低暴露組及控制組在工作日上班、下班、睡眠時間及 24 小時噪音暴露下收縮 壓之差異性
Work time Off-duty time Sleep time 24-Hour average (07:30 a.m.-16:30 p.m.) (16:30 p.m.-23:00 p.m.) (23:00 p.m.-07:30 a.m.)
Mean ± SD (no.) a Mean ± SD (no.) a Mean ± SD (no.) a Mean ± SD (no.) a Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)
Co-exposure group 141.4±23.7 (101) f 133.9±23.4 (85) 127.2±26.1 (55) 135.5±24.7 (241)
Unadjusted p-value b 0.026 0.160 0.116 0.041
Adjusted p-value c 0.084 0.672 0.496 0.216
Unadjusted p-value d <0.001 0.016 0.004 0.002
Adjusted p-value e <0.001 0.013 0.052 0.002
Noise-exposure group 125.7±19.7 (284) f 121.9±15.9 (209) f 113.5±12.2 (151) 121.6±17.7 (644)
Unadjusted p-value b 0.697 0.356 0.530 0.548
Adjusted p-value c 0.670 0.274 0.359 0.456
Unadjusted p-value d 0.233 0.838 0.471 0.430
Adjusted p-value e 0.807 0.213 0.840 0.685
MEK-exposure group 133.0±19.4 (117) f 125.2±20.0 (82) f 116.0±16.7 (60) 126.6±20.1 (259)
Unadjusted p-value b 0.226 0.986 0.999 0.465
Adjusted p-value c 0.017 0.320 0.132 0.049
Unadjusted p-value d 0.028 0.393 0.386 0.113
Adjusted p-value e <0.001 0.022 0.092 0.003
Low-exposure group 126.3±18.7 (240) f 125.8±19.7 (196) f 115.9±16.5 (154) 123.4±19.0 (590)
Control group 122.3±17.5 (1433) f 121.8±18.4 (1068) f 111.8±16.5 (738) 119.7±18.1 (3239) Noise (dBA)
Co-exposure group 74.4±7.7 (721) f 63.1±17.1 (546) f 31.5±18.7 (714) 55.8±24.1 (1981)
Unadjusted p-value b <0.001 0.672 0.044 0.625
Unadjusted p-value d <0.001 0.205 <0.001 0.150
Noise-exposure group 75.3±8.0 (1943) f 62.8±12.6 (1482) f 48.9±15.0 (1848) 62.5±16.5 (5273)
Unadjusted p-value b <0.001 0.566 0.068 0.024
Unadjusted p-value d <0.001 0.032 0.142 <0.001
MEK-exposure group 68.1±7.7 (736) f 57.9±20.1 (540) f 29.3±18.2 (714) 51.4±23.3 (1990)
Unadjusted p-value b 0.038 0.424 0.015 0.132
Unadjusted p-value d <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001
Low-exposure group 65.9±10.6 (1911) f 60.6±17.2 (1418) f 42.2±19.2 (1820) 56.0±19.1 (5149) Control group 63.6±9.2 (9434) f 65.3±9.6 (6842) f 51. 9±10.2 (8521) 60.1±11.3 (24797)
a Number of measurements for systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure and personal noise exposure;
b Linear mixed-effects regression models were compared with the low-exposure group without adjustments of potential confounders;
c Linear mixed-effects regression models were compared with the low-exposure group adjusted for sex, age, employment duration,
c Linear mixed-effects regression models were compared with the low-exposure group adjusted for sex, age, employment duration,