文獻蒐集 文獻蒐集 文獻蒐集
壹、各國文獻蒐集
一、瑞士
（一）、法規
瑞士公投憲法第121條，第一，憲法部份之增修得以公民創制或依聯邦立法 之方式予以進行。第二，倘若國會兩院同意一般性建議內容之創制案，則須進行 部份修憲事宜，並將該建議內容做成草案提交公民及各邦表決。第三，倘若國會 兩院對原創制草案意見相左，則國會可另行提出對案或建議人民否決原提草案，
同時亦將所提之對案及原提草案一併提交公民投票。第四，倘若國會提出對案，
則選票中應註明以下三個問題：是否較認同公民所提之創制案、是否較認同國會 所題之對案、倘若選民及各邦皆認同前兩項提案，則其中哪一項應付諸實施。第 123條，修正之聯邦憲法或聯邦憲法之修正部份，經參加投票之多數瑞士公民及 多數邦接受時才發生效力。計算邦之多數時，半邦應作半票計。每邦人民投票之 結果，視為該邦之投票結果。第120條，倘若國會兩院之一議決進行整部憲法之 增修，而國會另一院並不同意；或有十萬選民要求進行整部憲法之增修，在此情 況下，則須交由公民投票表決是否同意進行對整部憲法之增修。第118條，聯邦 憲法得對其整部或部份予以增修。
（二）、中文文獻
1、郭秋慶，1998，＜西歐公民投票的執行及其功能之分析＞
此篇文章談及咎因二次世界大戰以降，公民投票之於政治參與的原始功能在 於教育的意義，其能促成議題更加為人所通曉，公民從此更加的自足。本計畫將 採取功能研究途徑，評估公民投票置於執政政黨「控制下」與「非控制下」所產 生的功能變數，再利用西歐各國重要的例證輔助詮釋，以擴大國內對公民投票的 認識，並做為設計公民投票制度的參考。
2、張台麟，2006，＜直接民主與憲政體制：我國與瑞士、法國之比較＞
此篇文章以直接民主與憲政體制的比較政治及相互影響關係為研究重點。文 章中特別就法國與瑞士兩國在直接民主（公民投票）的法律層面及實證層面予以 研析，並進一步探討與研析我國未來在直接民主的立法建構與實際運作中，可能 遭遇的困難與解決之道。
3、喬玟敏，2007，＜由瑞士的公民投票制度檢視我國全國性公民投票之理論與 實踐＞
本篇文章以文獻分析、法條詮釋及比較研究途徑為主軸，建議如要在我國真
正建立起長久的公民投票制度，首先一定要掌握「平衡」原則－在立法的內容取 得朝野意見的平衡：目前在台灣唯一能取得朝野間對公投意見一致的方式，就是 如同瑞士，將公投的發動權完全回歸交付於人民之手；同時，為使直接民主的正 當性彰顯，應採「公投發動門檻寬，但通過門檻嚴」的方式；另外，若要使直接 民主真正在代議主流中發揮影響力，我國公投設計應仿照瑞士，排除「諮詢性公 投」的立法，另所有公投的結果皆具備實質拘束力。
4、張台麟，1996，＜瑞士的公民投票：理論與實踐＞
本篇先就瑞士的公民投票，可區分為強制性的公民投票、非強制性的公民投 票與創制權的行使，就此三種類型做概述之後，進一步的從瑞士公民投票的發展 沿革及法律規範予以探討之外，並就其實施的經驗與利弊得失作一評估。
5、郭秋慶，2008，＜瑞士公投加入聯合國的經驗與借鏡＞
本篇文章就瑞士以公投決定是否加入聯合國，綜觀這項入聯公投案。整體而 論，瑞士確實掌握到小國在全球化時代的重要性逐漸增加。因此，務必參與分享 國際利益，然而以台灣目前維持中華民國的「殘餘國家」，國際地位十分低落，
外交方針實在得考量補足不完備的國際法律手續，特別需注重外交策略的重要 性，多方探究優先與階段性的解決方案，向人民爭取認同與最大的支持。
6、湯紹成，2000，＜從直接與間接民權的角度檢視瑞士與法國的公民投票制度
＞
此篇文章綜觀瑞士的公民投票經驗可以得知，公民投票的立意良善，可以彌 補不少代議政治的缺失，若處理得當，對於國家的存續與民主的發展，可為貢獻 良多。但是，要發揮公投這種正面的效果，必須有相當的條件予以配合，譬如:
瑞士長年的直接民主傳統。否則，公投經由民粹的方式被濫用，將有形成獨裁的 可能。
7、蔡明螢，2004，＜瑞士中立政策轉變之研究 －以瑞士加入聯合國為例＞
此篇文章從瑞士公投經驗的角度切入，2002年的公投結果雖然僅以些微的差 距通過要求門檻，但是這對有百年中立歷史的瑞士而言卻是邁向國際社會的一大 步；本文主要在探究冷戰與後冷戰時代的國際情勢變化如何影響瑞士在中立外交 政策上的展現，並以其加入聯合國之過程做為說明，同時對影響瑞士加入聯合國 的因素加以分析。
8、李俊達，2009，＜歐洲國家公民投票經驗之跨國比較：議題、時程與結果＞
此文利用蘇黎世大學（University Zurich）建構的C2D（Center for Research in Direct Democracy）網站資料，彙整歐洲十五個民主國家1940 年以來所實施的全 國性公民投票經驗，試圖從中歸納普遍性及趨勢，同時與實施公民投票經驗歷史 最悠久、經驗最豐富的瑞士加以比較。
（三）、英文文獻
1 、 Bruno S. Frey, Direct Democracy: Politico-Economic Lessons from Swiss Experience, The American Economic Review, Vol. 84, No. 2, Papers and Proceedings of the Hundred and Sixth Annual Meeting of the American Economic Association, pp.338-342,1994.
Most scholars and lay people are biased against direct democracy and its use of popular initiatives and referenda. Americans normally think of New England town meetings , of school bond votes , and of California .While 26 states allow popular referenda, the United States is indeed one of the only democracies that does not permit referenda at the national level.
2、Lars P. Feld and Gebhard Kirchgassner, Public Debt and Budgetary Procedures:
Top Down or Bottom Up? Some Evidence from Swiss Municipalities,1999.
By the end of the eighties government deficits and public debt in relation to GDP had increased to a higher level than before in nearly all OECD countries. This development of public debt in OECD countries and deduce two stylized questions that a theoretical explanation should capture: Why are there large and persistent deficits in peacetime, and Why do deficits and debt differ significantly between countries？The existing theoretical explanations of public debt and establish that only a few political-economic models accord with the facts of increased public debt.
3、Luzius Mader, The Evaluation of The Swiss Gender Equality Act,2007.
Equal opportunities for women and men in the professional life.And In 1981 the Swiss people and the Cantons adopted a new article 4 paragraph 2 of the Constitution:
Men and women have equal rights. The law shall provide for their equal treatment, especially as regards family, education and work. Men and women are entitled to equal pay for equal work.
4、M. W. Hazeltine, The Referendum and Initiative in Switzerland, The North American Review, Vol. 185, No. 615, pp. 202-213,1907.
It is the pleasant duty of every Swiss, addressing an audience of American citizens on a subject of political science, to begin by acknowledging the debt of gratitude his country owes theirs, for I he benefit it has derived from the historical example of the United States.
5、Robert C. Brooks, Swiss Referendum on the League of Nations, The American Political Science Review, Vol. 14, No. 3, pp. 477-480,1920.
The Swiss referendum of May 16 on the League of Nations was the most important vote of its kind in the history of the republic. All other countries entering the league thus far have done so by parliamentary and executive action, that is, through purely representative means. To Americans, not only because of its thoroughly democratic character, but also because we are confronting the same question as the paramount issue of our domestic and foreign politics at the present time.
6、William E. Rappard, The Referendum and the Initiative in Switzerland, The American Political Science Review, Vol. 6, No. 3, pp. 345-366,1912.
This article would tell us it have the two institutions adopted in our Federal and State systems of government, but we presume that he has in mind the existing state of things in Switzerland, where, in both the Confederation and the Cantons the Referendum and Initiative are operative. It becomes interesting, therefore, to learn precisely what the Swiss forms of these institutions are, and how they work.
7、William E. Rappard, The Initiative, Referendum and Recall in Switzerland, Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol. 43, The Initiative, Referendum and Recall, pp. 110-145,1912.
There are two compelling reasons which make the Swiss experiment in direct democracy well worth considering in the United States. About: “The United States and Switzerland: A Parallel” and “ The Recent Adoption of Swiss Methods in the United States: A Case of Democratic Contagion”
二、美國
（一）、法規
美國聯邦憲法並未明文規定人民針對政治問題被徵詢以表示同意的權利，各 州關於創制、複決之規定，規定各州州憲法及其他州法令之中。
（二）、中文文獻
1、林建地，2005，＜直接民權與代議政體整合之研究：以各國公民投票制度分 析為基礎＞
本文第五章以美國各州的公民投票作為研究對象，企圖從實證的制度分析驗
證公民投票作為直接民權方式，在代議政體中運作的模式、功能與原則。
（三）、英文文獻
1、Allswang, John M. The Initiative and Referendum in California, 1898–1998. Palo Alto: Stanford University Press, 2000.
In this book about direct legislation, John M. Allswang has made another important contribution to California history, urban history, and American political history. For starters, the book is a wonderful reference work. The volume contains an appendix that lists in chronological order every initiative or referendum in California political history, together with the kind of initiative or referendum that it is and the result of the voting. There is a general introduction and an explanation of the origins of direct legislation, followed by a discussion of direct legislation in several periods of California political history.
2、Bowler, Shaun, Todd Donovan and Caroline J. Tolbert (eds.). Citizens as Legislators: Direct Democracy in the United States. Columbus: Ohio State University, 1998.
Citizens as Legislators examines direct democracy in America at the end of the twentieth century to see if it has lived up to these expectations. The seven contributors to this volume use the American experience with direct democracy to investigate some fundamental questions of politics: Can modern democracy have direct citizen participation in legislation? What are the consequences of more (or less) direct citizen access to government? The authors look at the context of initiative campaigns and detail the rise of the modern initiative campaign industry. They examine how campaigns affect voters and how voters deal with the array of decisions they face in direct democracy states. They go on to explain why certain policy outcomes are different in direct democracy states.
3、Broder, David S. Democracy Derailed: Initiative Campaigns and the Power of Money. Harcourt Brace, 2000.
A new form of government is sweeping across America: the initiative process, available in half the states and hundreds of cities. Ostensibly driven by public opinion, the initiative process is, in reality, manipulated by moneyed interests, often funded by out-of-state millionaires pursuing their own agendas. In this highly controversial book David Broder tells how this revolution came about. A movement that started with
Proposition 13 in California is now a multimillion-dollar business in which lawyers, campaign consultants, signature gatherers, and advertising agencies sell their expertise to interest groups or to do-gooders with private agendas. Broder takes the reader into the heart of these battles as he talks with the field operatives, lobbyists, PR spinners, labor leaders, and business executives, all of whom can manipulate the political process.
4、California Commission on Campaign Financing. Democracy by Initiative: Shaping California’s Fourth Branch of Government. Los Angeles: Center for Responsive Government, 1992.
This report is the summation of two years of study by the California Commission on Campaign Financing into the impact of the initiative process on California politics and policy. It is the fifth in a series of Commission reports on important policy problems confronting the State of California.
5、Cronin, Thomas E. Direct Democracy: The Politics of Initiative, Referendum, and Recall. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1989.
Americans have grown increasingly restive when dissatisfied with legislation or elected officials between elections. As a result, public interest in and use of the devices created to give voters a greater direct voice in our democracy, referendum, recall, and initiative, have proliferated in recent years. Cronin has thoroughly examined the development of recall petitions, local initiatives, and referenda and interviewed those involved in the recent growth of the direct democracy movement.
He finds that there are difficulties with direct democracy devices, yet he concludes that these procedures have been a lasting, and generally a positive, part of the American political landscape.
6、David Butler & Austin Ranney eds., Referendums around the World, Aei Press, 1994.
This book analyzes the strengths and weaknesses of the referendum and the initiative and how they fit the requirements of democratic ideals. Focusing primarily
on the experiences of the past fifteen years, it still seeks to provide a comprehensive
on the experiences of the past fifteen years, it still seeks to provide a comprehensive