第五章 結論與建議
第四節 未來研究方向
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二、實務貢獻
在軟體專案管理中，承諾升級是企業不樂見卻又難以避免之現象，發生承諾 升級時，會造成更多資源的投入，然而繼續投資的專案並不一定會成功，最終若 仍舊失敗，則會造成更多資源的浪費，這也是為何企業主迫切想解決此一問題。
本研究發現引發承諾升級的主要原因為決策者直覺情緒化的決定，如果企業 不希望此一現象發生，可以將訊息以負面的方式描述給決策者知道，例如：經過 進一步分析發現，系統流程的問題有 60%的機會無法調整，且資料整合的問題有 50%的機會無法被克服。當決策者接受到負向框架的訊息後，推理思考的腦區較 容易出現活化，而當推理思考腦區出現活化時，選擇不繼續專案的可能性就會增 加，就能減少承諾升級發生的機率。
第三節 研究限制
本研究在過程中力求嚴謹，但仍有不足之處，主要為專案情境之限制。本研 究一共有八個不同類型的軟體專案，考量到實驗時間太長，受測者的體力可能會 無法負荷，因此在專案情境描述時，僅以較為簡短的語句形容，無法完整描述專 案內容。然而在實務軟體專案管理中，其專案內容描述會較為詳細，遭遇之問題 也會較為複雜。
第四節 未來研究方向
目前 fMRI 實驗還沒辦法進行太過繁複的因素分析，本研究只有先將訊息框 架以及訊息訴求納入實驗設計，然而造成承諾升級發生的原因可能不只有訊息框 架和訊息訴求，可能還會受其他因素影響，例如：已經投入的開發成本、專案目 前的完成度等。期許未來能夠把這些因素也納入實驗設計，將可以更全面地研究 承諾升級。
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參考文獻
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英文：Escalation of Commitment in Software Development - an fMRI Study 執行單位：政治大學資訊管理學系委託單位/經費來源：
主要主持人：梁定澎職稱：教授 協同主持人：顏乃欣職稱：教授
※聯絡人：梁定澎電話：02-29393091 #81124
一﹑研究目的：
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碼為：(02)29393091 # 66015。(二) 計畫主持人或研究人員已經向您說明研究相關之最新資訊，並已告知可能影響您
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附錄二 台灣心智科學腦造影中心實驗同意書
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附錄三 fMRI 實驗示意圖
專案描述 S1 專案描述 S2
專案描述 S3 專案描述 S4
專案描述 S5 專案描述 S6
專案描述 S7 專案描述 S8
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專案遇到難題 NR01 框架問項
NR01 繼續或中止專案-1 NR01 繼續或中止專案-2
NR02 框架問項 NR02 繼續或中止專案-1
NR02 繼續或中止專案-2 NR03 框架問項
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NR03 繼續或中止專案-1 NR03 繼續或中止專案-2
NR04 框架問項 NR04 繼續或中止專案-1
NR04 繼續或中止專案-2 NS01 框架問項
NS01 繼續或中止專案-1 NS01 繼續或中止專案-2
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NS02 框架問項 NS02 繼續或中止專案-1
NS02 繼續或中止專案-2 NS03 框架問項
NS03 繼續或中止專案-1 NS03 繼續或中止專案-2
NS04 框架問項 NS04 繼續或中止專案-1
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NS04 繼續或中止專案-2 PR01 框架問項
PR01 繼續或中止專案-1 PR01 繼續或中止專案-2
PR02 框架問項 PR02 繼續或中止專案-1
PR02 繼續或中止專案-2 PR03 框架問項
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PR03 繼續或中止專案-1 PR03 繼續或中止專案-2
PR04 框架問項 PR04 繼續或中止專案-1
PR04 繼續或中止專案-2 PS01 框架問項
PS01 繼續或中止專案-1 PS01 繼續或中止專案-2
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PS02 框架問項 PS02 繼續或中止專案-1
PS02 繼續或中止專案-2 PS03 框架問項
PS03 繼續或中止專案-1 PS03 繼續或中止專案-2
PS04 框架問項 PS04 繼續或中止專案-1
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PS04 繼續或中止專案-2
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附錄四 腦區活化座標以及叢集大小
分析方式 005 PX-NX (正向-負向) ( t=3.296，p=0.001，df=42，FWEc=241 )
腦區
MNI 座標
Cluster Size Correction X Y Z
Amygdala_L -64 -38 34 42 FWEc(241)
Anterior Cingulate_L -12 30 -2 4 FWEc(241)
Cingulate Gyrus_R 18 -26 44 630 FWEc(241) Cingulate Gyrus_L -16 -26 36 155 FWEc(241)
Claustrum_R 36 -16 -8 36 FWEc(241)
Culmen_R 24 -44 -22 536 FWEc(241)
Culmen_L -24 -38 -20 386 FWEc(241)
Declive_R 16 -56 -18 147 FWEc(241)
Declive_L -20 -60 -18 43 FWEc(241)
Extra-Nuclear_L -34 2 10 269 FWEc(241)
Fusiform Gyrus_R 38 -42 -14 91 FWEc(241)
Fusiform Gyrus_L -26 -42 -18 65 FWEc(241)
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Inferior Parietal Lobule_R 52 -28 28 1053 FWEc(241)
Inferior Parietal Lobule_L -66 -28 30 740 FWEc(241)
Insula_R 42 -6 -8 468 FWEc(241)
Insula_L -40 0 10 555 FWEc(241)
Lateral Ventricle_L -14 28 6 27 FWEc(241)
Lingual Gyrus_R 14 -74 -4 359 FWEc(241)
Lingual Gyrus_L -12 -72 -10 105 FWEc(241)
Medial Frontal Gyrus_R 16 0 56 98 FWEc(241)
Medial Frontal Gyrus_L -20 6 56 338 FWEc(241)
Middle Temporal Gyrus_R 54 -56 -6 281 FWEc(241)
Middle Temporal Gyrus_L -54 -62 -4 137 FWEc(241)
Paracentral Lobule_R 16 -34 50 464 FWEc(241)
Parahippocampa Gyrus_L -26 -8 -14 101 FWEc(241)
Postcentral Gyrus_R 60 -28 44 682 FWEc(241)
Postcentral Gyrus_L -68 -24 26 660 FWEc(241)
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Precuneus_R 16 -46 54 447 FWEc(241) Precuneus_L -8 -56 58 447 FWEc(241) Sub-Gyral_R 42 -2 -10 500 FWEc(241)
Sub-Gyral_L -12 32 4 304 FWEc(241) Superior Frontal Gyrus_L -20 10 56 726 FWEc(241) Superior Temporal Gyrus_R 68 -24 12 119 FWEc(241)
*說明：_R 表示該腦區在右腦有出現活化反應；_L 表示該腦區在左腦有出現活 化反應。
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分析方式 006NX-PX (負向-正向) ( t=3.296，p=0.001，df=42，FWEc=993 )
腦區
MNI 座標
Cluster Size Correction X Y Z
Inferior Frontal Gyrus_L -46 32 -14 788 FWEc(993)
Medial Frontal Gyrus_L -8 34 38 338 FWEc(993)
Middle Frontal Gyrus_L -54 24 30 132 FWEc(993) Sub-Gyral_L -44 20 22 23 FWEc(993)
Superior Frontal Gyrus_R 6 28 58 726 FWEc(993) Superior Frontal Gyrus_L -6 18 62 726 FWEc(993)
*說明：_R 表示該腦區在右腦有出現活化反應；_L 表示該腦區在左腦有出現活 化反應。
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分析方式 007XR-XS (理性-感性) ( t=3.296，p=0.001，df=42，FWEc=749 )
腦區
MNI 座標
Cluster Size Correction X Y Z
Anterior Cingulate_R 10 24 24 532 FWEc(749) Anterior Cingulate_L -14 32 18 532 FWEc(749)
Caudate_R 8 4 2 393 FWEc(749)
Caudate_L -4 8 0 393 FWEc(749)
Cingulate Gyrus_R 4 22 46 693 FWEc(749) Cingulate Gyrus_L -12 16 44 693 FWEc(749)
Culmen_R 14 -34 -22 1602 FWEc(749)
Culmen_L -10 -64 -12 1602 FWEc(749)
Cuneus_R 10 -80 28 3066 FWEc(749)
Cuneus_L -10 -72 10 3066 FWEc(749)
Declive_R 32 -56 -18 1460 FWEc(749)
Declive_L -26 -68 -20 1460 FWEc(749)
Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex_R 42 42 12 164 FWEc(749) Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex_L -36 36 16 164 FWEc(749)
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Extra-Nuclear_R 10 2 4 1357 FWEc(749)
Extra-Nuclear_L -18 22 6 72 FWEc(749)
Fusiform Gyrus_R 38 -54 -20 1267 FWEc(749)
Fusiform Gyrus_L -30 -66 -12 1267 FWEc(749)
Inferior Frontal Gyrus_R 56 14 28 1279 FWEc(749)
Inferior Frontal Gyrus_L -42 38 4 289 FWEc(749)
Inferior Occipital Gyrus_R 38 -74 -12 337 FWEc(749)
Inferior Parietal Lobule_R 48 -44 46 2864 FWEc(749)
Inferior Parietal Lobule_L -42 -46 52 2864 FWEc(749)
Insula_R 34 18 2 289 FWEc(749)
Insula_L -32 16 4 67 FWEc(749)
Lateral Ventricle_R 2 10 2 206 FWEc(749)
Lateral Ventricle_L -16 24 10 206 FWEc(749)
Lentiform Nucleus_R 22 4 14 322 FWEc(749)
Lentiform Nucleus_L -24 -2 18 10 FWEc(749)
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Lingual Gyrus_R 8 -88 -2 3181 FWEc(749)
Lingual Gyrus_L -14 -82 -14 3181 FWEc(749)
Medial Frontal Gyrus_R 6 22 50 670 FWEc(749) Medial Frontal Gyrus_L -16 8 54 670 FWEc(749) Middle Frontal Gyrus_R 38 4 60 1854 FWEc(749) Middle Frontal Gyrus_L -24 6 50 1854 FWEc(749)
Middle Occipital Gyrus_R 32 -80 14 1971 FWEc(749)
Middle Occipital Gyrus_L -28 -78 12 1971 FWEc(749) Middle Temporal Gyrus_R 54 -52 -14 421 FWEc(749) Middle Temporal Gyrus_L -54 -54 -12 421 FWEc(749)
Paracentral Lobule_L -12 -38 56 23 FWEc(749)
Parahippocampa Gyrus_R 20 -34 -8 273 FWEc(749)
Postcentral Gyrus_R 40 -30 32 560 FWEc(749) Posterior Cingulate_R 24 -68 6 521 FWEc(749) Precentral Gyrus_R 42 0 32 521 FWEc(749)
Precuneus_R 16 -76 52 2765 FWEc(749) Precuneus_L -22 -70 40 2765 FWEc(749) Sub-Gyral_R 32 -52 40 5337 FWEc(749)
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Sub-Gyral_L -22 -76 -6 5337 FWEc(749) Superior Frontal Gyrus_R 22 10 58 767 FWEc(749) Superior Frontal Gyrus_L -6 12 56 767 FWEc(749)
Superior Parietal Lobule_R 30 -62 44 1140 FWEc(749)
Superior Parietal Lobule_L -20 -66 58 1140 FWEc(749)
Supramarginal Gyrus_L -46 -40 36 356 FWEc(749)
Thalamus_R 2 -6 4 549 FWEc(749) Thalamus_L -24 -28 0 549 FWEc(749)
*說明：_R 表示該腦區在右腦有出現活化反應；_L 表示該腦區在左腦有出現活 化反應。
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分析方式 008XS-XR (感性-理性) ( t=3.296，p=0.001，df=42，FWEc=244 )
腦區
MNI 座標
Cluster Size Correction X Y Z
Medial Frontal Gyrus_R 10 58 8 475 FWEc(244) Medial Frontal Gyrus_L -6 64 16 475 FWEc(244)
Middle Temporal Gyrus_R 54 2 -24 608 FWEc(244)
Middle Temporal Gyrus_L -52 6 -26 2036 FWEc(244)
Orbitofrontal Cortex_L -6 54 -14 129 FWEc(244) Precuneus_L -40 -76 42 1079 FWEc(244)
Superior Frontal Gyrus_R 18 46 46 213 FWEc(244)
Superior Frontal Gyrus_L -8 54 36 723 FWEc(244)
Superior Temporal Gyrus_R 48 14 -30 396 FWEc(244)
Superior Temporal Gyrus_L -56 -58 22 1032 FWEc(244)
Supramarginal Gyrus_R 62 -56 24 271 FWEc(244)
*說明：_R 表示該腦區在右腦有出現活化反應；_L 表示該腦區在左腦有出現活 化反應。
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分析方式 023AY-AN (繼續-不繼續) ( t=3.296，p=0.001，df=42，FWEc=184 )
腦區
MNI 座標
Cluster Size Correction X Y Z
Anterior Cingulate_R 14 28 -4 115 FWEc(184) Anterior Cingulate_L -12 30 -6 115 FWEc(184)
Caudate_R 12 22 0 70 FWEc(184)
Extra-Nuclear_R 16 24 6 110 FWEc(184)
Extra-Nuclear_L -28 -40 10 110 FWEc(184)
Lateral Ventricle_R 22 -36 12 62 FWEc(184)
Lateral Ventricle_L -16 -34 14 101 FWEc(184)
Medial Frontal Gyrus_L -12 34 -8 2 FWEc(184) Parahippocampa Gyrus_L -34 -44 -8 2 FWEc(184)
Sub-Gyral_L -14 38 -8 25 FWEc(184)
*說明：_R 表示該腦區在右腦有出現活化反應；_L 表示該腦區在左腦有出現活 化反應。
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分析方式 024AN-AY (不繼續-繼續) ( t=3.296，p=0.001，df=42，FWEc=238 )
腦區
MNI 座標
Cluster
Size Correction X Y Z
Angular Gyrus_L -52 -62 34 164 FWEc(238) Anterior Cingulate_R 10 36 28 7 FWEc(238)
Cingulate Gyrus_R 10 32 30 33 FWEc(238)
Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex_R 10 40 26 319 FWEc(238) Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex_L -8 52 30 319 FWEc(238) Inferior Frontal Gyrus_R 56 22 -2 229 FWEc(238) Inferior Frontal Gyrus_L -38 22 -8 407 FWEc(238)
Inferior Parietal Lobule_L -48 -64 38 457 FWEc(238)
Inferior Parietal Lobule_L -48 -64 38 457 FWEc(238)