• 沒有找到結果。

第五章 結論與建議

第四節 未來研究建議

一、 操弄訊息來源

本研究只使用文字做為論點訊息,未來研究可以更進一步探討不同訊息來源 的影響,例如直接以廣告內容呈現,或是以旁白方式呈現,搭配上懷舊音樂會不 會產生不同的結果。

二、 增加音樂類別

除了可用選用中文歌曲,比較其對音樂懷舊性及廣告效果的影響,也可以比 較不同曲風是否會造成不同的懷舊情感與廣告效果。此外,選用廣告原版的配樂 增加配適程度可能對廣告效果有不同影響。

三、 考慮可能影響產品能見度的因素

可能影響產品能見度判斷的因素包括生活形態、收入、姓別、年齡等等,不 同的產品對不同的人來說,產品能見度的程度也會不同,如果可以更明確掌握其

他影響因素,對於鎖定特定族群的產品的廣告策略,將有更實質的幫助。

四、 控制產品出現頻率

在挑選或製作廣告影片時,盡可能控制產品出現的頻率差異不要太大,讓受測者 可以受到相同程度的產品刺激,懷舊音樂與產品也可以有相同程度的連結,若產 生不同的廣告效果,因果關係也會較清楚。

參考文獻

1 Abbas, Ackbar (1997). “Hong Kong:Culture and The Politics of Disappearance.”, Minneapolis:University of Minnesota Press

2 Alpert, Judy I., and Mark I. Alpert (1988), “Background Music as an Influence in Consumer Mood and Advertising Responses,” Advances in Consumer Research, 16, Thomas K. Scrull, ed Honolulu, HI: Association of Consumer Research, 485-491.

3 Baars, J., and S. Lamme (1993), “Including social factors in the analysis of reminiscence in elderly individuals”, International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 37, 297-311.

4 Bagwell, L.S. & Bernheim B.D. (1996), “Veblen Effects in a Theory of

Conspicuous Consumption”, The American Economic review,86(3)(June), 349-373 5 Baker, S. M. & Kennedy, P. F. (1994)," Death by nostalgia: A diagnosis of

context-specific cases," Advances in consumer research, 169-174 6 Batra, R., and Stayman, D. M. (1990). "The role of mood in advertising

effectiveness." Journal of Consumer Research, 17(2), 203-214.

7 Baumgartner, M. Sujan, and J. R. Bettman (1992), “Autobiographical Memories, Affect, and Consumer Information Processing,” Journal of Consumer Psychology, 1(1), 53-82.

8 Belk, R. W. (1990). “The role of Possessions in Constructing and Maintaining A

Sense of Past.”, Advances in Consumer Research,vol.17, 669-676.

9 Belk, R. W. (1991), Possessions and the Sense of Past in Highways and Buyways, Russell W. Belk, ed., Provo, UT: Association for Consumer Research, 114-130 10 Biehal, Stephens and Crlo (1992), "Attitude Toward the Ad and Brand Choice,"

Journal of Advertising, 21(September), 19-36

11 Dai, J. (1997), Imagined Nostalgia, Boundary 2, Duke Univerisity Press, 143-161.

12 Davis, F. (1979). Yarning for yesterday. New York, NY: The Free Press.

13 Edell, J. A. and M. C. Burke (1987), “The Power of Feelings in Understanding Advertising Effects, ” Journal of Consumer Research, 14 (3), 421-433.

14 Freud, S. (1908), Bemerkungen Uber Einen Fall Von Zwangs Neuroses VIII, 350.

15 Gardner, M. P. (1985). Mood states and consumer behavior: A critical review.

Journal of Consumer Research, 12, 281-300

16 Gorn, Gerald J. (1982), “The Effects of Music in Advertising On Choice Behavior:

A Classical Conditioning Approach,” Journal of Marketing, 46(Winter), 94-101 17 Goulding (2001), “Romancing the Past: Heritage Visiting and the Nostalgia

Consumer,” Psychology and Marketing, 18 , 565-592

18 Hansen, M. (1987), “Benjamin, Cinema and Experience: The Blue Flower in the Land of Technology,” New German Critique, 40, 179-224.

19 Havlena, W. J., and S. L. Holak (1991),“The Good Old Days:Observations on Nostalgia and Its Role in Consumer Behavior,”Advances in Consumer Research, 18, 323-329.

20 Hecker, Sidney (1984), “Music for Advertising Effect,” Psychology and Marketing, 1(Fall/Winter), 3-8.

21 Hettinger, H. S. (1933). A decade of radio advertising. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

22 Hofer, J. (1688). Dissertatio medica de nostalgia. Bulletin of The History of Medicine, 2, 376-391.

23 Hobsbawm, E. (1983), Introduction:Inventing Tradition, The Invention of Tradition, ed. Eric Hobsbawm and Terence Ranger. Cambridge:Cambridge Univerisity Press, 1-14.

24 Holak, S. L. and W. J. Havlena (1997) ,“Nostalgia and nostalgia proneness:

Classification and measurement,”Working paper.

25 Holbrook, M. B. & Punam Anand (1988), “Aims, Concepts, and Methods in Marketing Research on Consumer Esthetics: The Effect of Tempo on Perceptual and Affective Responses to Musics,” unpublished working paper.

26 Holbrook, M. B. & Schindler, R. M.(1989). “Some Exploratory Findings on The Development of Music Tastes.”, Journal of Consumer Research, 16(1), 119- 124.

27 Holbrook, M. B. & Schindler, R. M. (1991). “Echoes of the Dear DepartedPast:

Some Work in Progress on Nostalgia,” Advances in Consumer Research, 18, 330-333.

28 Holbrook, M. B. & Schindler, R. M . (1994). “Age, Sex, and Attitude toward The Past as Predicators of Consumers’ Aesthetic Tastes for Culture Products.”, Journal of Marketing Research, 31(3), 412-422.

29 Holbrook, M. B. & Schindler, R. M. (1996). ”Market Segmentation Based on Age and Attitude toward The Past:Concept, Methods, and Findings Concerning Nostalgic Influences on Customer Tastes. ”, Journal of Business Research, 37(1), 27-39.

30 Holak, S. & Havlena, S. (1992). "Nostalgia: An exploratory study of themes and emotions in the nostalgia experience." Advances in consumer research, 19,380-387 31 Homer, Pamela M. (1990), “The Mediating Role of Attitude toward the Ad: Some

Additional Evidence,” Journal of Marketing Research, 27(February), 78-86.

32 Hirsch, A. R. (1992), "Nostalgia: A neuropsychiatric understanding," Advances in consumer research, 380-387

33 Ireland, Norman J. (2001), “Optimal income tax in the presence of status effects”, Public Opinion Quarterly 64(2), 125-148

34 Jacoby, M. (1985), The Longing For Paradise:Psychological Perspectives on an Archetype, Boston:Sigo press.

35 Kellaris, James J., and Anthony D Cox (1989), “The Effects of Background Music in Advertising: A Reassessment,” Journal of Consumer Research, 16(June), 113-118 36 Kellaris, James J., Anthony D Cox, and Dena Cox (1993), “The Effect of

Background Music on Ad Processing: A Contingency Explanation,” Journal of Marketing, 57(October), 114-125.

37 Knight, B. (1986). Psychotherapy with Older Clients. California: Sage.

38 Larson, C. U. (1998). Persuasion: Reception and responsibility (8th ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.

39 Lewis, J. D., and A. J. Weigert (1981), “ The Structure And Meanings of Social Time, ” Social Forces, 60, 432-462.

40 Lutz, Richard J. (1985), “Affective and Cognitive Antecedents of Attitude Toward the Ad: A Conceptual Framework,”Psychlogical Processes and Advertising Effects:

Theory, Research, and Application, 45-63.

41 MacInnis, Deborah J. and C. Whan Park (1991), “The Differential Role of

Characteristics of Music on High and Low Involvement Consumer’s Processing of Ads,” Journal of Consumer Research, 18(Septembet), 161-173.

42 MacKenzie, Scott B., R. J. Lutz, and G. E. Belch (1986), “The Role of Attitude toward the Ad as a Mediator of Advertising Effectiveness: A Test of Competing Explanations,” Journal of Marketing Research, 23(May), 130-143.

43 MacKenzie, Scott B., and Richard J. Lutz (1989), “An Empirical Examination of the Structural Antecedents of Attitude Toward the Ad in an Advertising Pretesting Context,” Journal of Marketing, 53(April), 48-65.

44 McQuire, S. (1998), Visions of Modernity: Reprsentation, Memory, Time and Space in the Age of the Camera. London: Sage.

45 Meyer, Leonard B. (1956), Emotion and Meaning in Music, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

46 Milliman, Ronald E. (1982), “Using Background Music to Affect the Behavior of Supermarket Shoppers,” Journal of Marketing, 46(summer), 86-91

47 Mitchell, Andrew A. (1986), “The Effect of Verbal and Visual Components of Advertisements on Brand Attitudes and Attitudes Toward the Advertisement,”

Journal of Consumer Research, 13(June), 12-24.

48 Mitchell, Andrew A., and Jerry C. Olson (1981), “Are Product Attribute Beliefs the only mediator of Advertising Effects on Brand Attitude?” Journal of Marketing Research, 18(August), 318-332.

49 Muehling, D. D. and D.E. Sprott ( 2004) , “The Power of Reflection: An Empirical Examination of Nostalgia Advertising Effects ,” Journal of Advertising, 33(3), 25-36.

50 Neeb, Diane M., John A. Faier, and Lynette S. Unger(1989),"The Effect of

Nostalgic Advertising:AnExperiment," in Advances in Marketing, peter G. Gordon and Bert j. Kellerman, eds., New Orleans: Southwestern Marketing Association, 128-132.

51 Ori Heffetz, (2006), “Conspicuous Consumption and the Visibility of Consumer Expenditures”, Cornell University Johnson School of Management, 2-30

52 Pascal, Vincent J., David E. Sprott, and Darrel D. Muehling(2002),"The Influence of Evoked Nostalgia on Consumers' Responses to Advertising: An Exploratory Study," Journal of Current Issues and Research in Advertising, 24(1),39-49.

53 Park, C. Whan and S. Mark Young (1986), “Consumer Response to Television Commercials: The Impact of Involvement and Background Music on Brand Attitude Formation,” Journal of Marketing Research, 23(February), 11-24.

54 Petty, R.E., and Cacioppo, J.T.(1981). Attitude and persuasion: Classic and contemporary approach. IA: Brown.

55 Petty, R. E., and Cacioppo, J. T. (1981), “Issue Involvement as a Moderator of Effects on Attitude of Advertising Content and Context,” in Kent B. Monroe(ed), Advances in Consumer Research, 8, 20-24.

56 Petty, R. E., and Cacioppo, J. T. (1986). Communication and Persuasion: Central and Peripheral Routes to Attitude Change. New York: Springer-Verlag.

57 Petty R. E., Cacioppo ,J.T.,and Schumann,D.(1983),"Central and Peripheral Routes

to Advertising Effectiveness:The Moderating Role of Involvement,"of Consumer Research,10(December),138-148.

58 Scott, L. M. (1990). Understanding Jingles and needle drop: A Rhetorical approach to Music in Advertising. Journal of Consumer Research, 17, 223- 236

59 Stayman, Douglas M., and David A, Aaker (1988), “Are All the Effects of Ad-Induced Feelings Mediated by AAd?” Journal of Consumer Research, 15(December), 368-373.

60 Stern, B. B. (1991) , “Historical and personal Nostalgia in Advertising Text:The Fin de Stecle Effect,” Journal of Advertising, 21, 11-22.

61 Stern, B. B. (1992), “Nostalgia in Advertising Text:Romancing the Past,” Advances in Consumer Research, 19, 388-389.

62 Stout, Patrica, and John D. Leckenby (1988), “Let the Music Play: Music as a Nonverbal Element in Television Commercial,” in Nonverbal Communication in Advertising, Sidney Hecker and David W. Stewart, eds. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, 207-233.

63 Veblen, Thorstein. (1899), "The Theory of heisure class: An economic study of institutions." London: Unwin Books; (1994) reprinted New York, Dover Publications

64 Wood, W., Kallgren, C. A., and Preisler, R. M. (1985). "Access to attitude-relevant information in memory as a determinant of persuasion: The role of message attributes." Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 21, 73-85.

65 Zajonc, Robert J. (1980), "Feeling and Thinking:Preferences Need No Inferences,"

American Psychologist, 35(2),151-175

66 Zhang, Y.(1996).”Responses to humorous advertising: the moderating effect of need for cognition,”Journal of Advertising, 25(1), 15-32

67 Zuwerink, L. J. & Devine, G. P. (1996). "Attitude Important and resistance to persuasion: It’s not just the thought that counts," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 931-944.

附錄 1:前測問卷—論點

不在意 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 很在意

附錄 2:前測問卷—音樂懷舊感

附錄 3: 前測問卷—廣告音樂配適度(1)

請配合影片播放順序填答下列問題

※廣告歌曲 1

我不喜歡 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 我喜歡 不適合這支廣告 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 很適合這支廣告

※廣告歌曲 2

我不喜歡 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 我喜歡 不適合這支廣告 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 很適合這支廣告

※廣告歌曲 3

我不喜歡 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 我喜歡 不適合這支廣告 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 很適合這支廣告

※廣告歌曲 4

我不喜歡 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 我喜歡 不適合這支廣告 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 很適合這支廣告

※廣告歌曲 5

我不喜歡 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 我喜歡 不適合這支廣告 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 很適合這支廣告 親愛的同學您好:

這是一份廣告配樂的研究,所有的回答資料僅供本研究分析使用,絕不對外公 開,敬請放心填答。非常感謝您的協助與合作。

國立台灣大學 商學研究所 指導教授:練乃華 博士 研究生:商研二 林安妮

附錄 4: 前測問卷—廣告音樂配適度(2)

請配合影片播放順序填答下列問題

※廣告 1

該廣告歌曲適合搭配該廣告

非常同意 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 非常不同意

※廣告 2

該廣告歌曲適合搭配該廣告

非常同意 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 非常不同意

※廣告 3

該廣告歌曲適合搭配該廣告

非常同意 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 非常不同意

※廣告 4

該廣告歌曲適合搭配該廣告

非常同意 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 非常不同意 問卷完畢,感謝您的熱心作答!

親愛的同學您好:

這是一份廣告配樂的研究,所有的回答資料僅供本研究分析使用,絕不對外公 開,敬請放心填答。非常感謝您的協助與合作。

國立台灣大學 商學研究所 指導教授:練乃華 博士 研究生:商研二 林安妮

附錄 5:正式問卷—牛仔褲

填答注意事項

1. 當主持人請您開始作答時,才翻至第一頁開始作答 2. 每頁作答完畢後,才翻至下一頁繼續作答

3. 翻頁前請先確認無遺漏作答之處

4. 問卷作答結束後,請確實繳回給主持人。

【感謝您的合作】

親愛的同學您好:

這是一份關於電視廣告效果的研究,問卷中所有題目皆無任何標準答案,僅需 依個人感覺填寫及可,所有的回答資料僅供本研究分析使用,絕不對外公開,

敬請放心填答。非常感謝您的協助與合作。

國立台灣大學 商學研究所 指導教授:練乃華 博士 研究生:商研所 林安妮

◎請就您個人意見選擇最適合的答案

5. 整體而言,該廣告引發了您什麼感覺?

8. 請閱讀下列定義,並回答相關問題

我覺得牛仔褲是屬於

低能見度產品 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 高能見度產品

9. 廣告中品牌”Diesel”對我來說…

很不好的 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 很好的 不喜歡的 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 喜歡的 很不熟悉 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 很熟悉 很不了解 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 很了解

10. 我對於牛仔褲…

很不熟悉 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 很熟悉 很不了解 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 很了解

11. 觀看廣告時,我…

很不專心 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 很專心 很不投入 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 很投入 個人基本資料

1. 性別 □男 □女

2. 就讀系級 3. 學號 4. 年齡 歲

問卷完畢,感謝您的熱心作答!

高能見度產品:使用時常是在公眾場合,例如餐廳、學校 ,即使是陌生人也 會看到我使用這項產品,並且我會在意別人對於這項產品的看 法及評估

附錄 6:正式問卷—印表機

填答注意事項

1. 當主持人請您開始作答時,才翻至第一頁開始作答 2. 每頁作答完畢後,才翻至下一頁繼續作答

3. 翻頁前請先確認無遺漏作答之處

4. 問卷作答結束後,請確實繳回給主持人。

【感謝您的合作】

親愛的同學您好:

這是一份關於電視廣告效果的研究,問卷中所有題目皆無任何標準答案,僅需 依個人感覺填寫及可,所有的回答資料僅供本研究分析使用,絕不對外公開,

敬請放心填答。非常感謝您的協助與合作。

國立台灣大學 商學研究所 指導教授:練乃華 博士 研究生:商研所 林安妮

◎請就您個人意見選擇最適合的答案

5. 整體而言,該廣告引發了您什麼感覺?

8. 請閱讀下列定義,並回答相關問題

我覺得印表機是屬於

低能見度產品 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 高能見度產品

9. 廣告中品牌”Epson”對我來說…

很不好的 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 很好的 不喜歡的 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 喜歡的 很不熟悉 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 很熟悉 很不了解 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 很了解

10. 我對於印表機…

很不熟悉 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 很熟悉 很不了解 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 很了解

11. 觀看廣告時,我…

很不專心 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 很專心 很不投入 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 很投入 個人基本資料

4. 性別 □男 □女

5. 就讀系級 6. 學號 7. 年齡 歲

問卷完畢,感謝您的熱心作答!

高能見度產品:使用時常是在公眾場合,例如餐廳、學校 ,即使是陌生人也 會看到我使用這項產品,並且我會在意別人對於這項產品的看 法及評估

低能見度產品:使用時常是在私人場合,例如家裡,會看到我使用產品的多半 是熟人,我也不太在意別人對於這項產品的看法及評估

附錄 7:牛仔褲廣告截圖

附錄 8:印表機廣告截圖

相關文件