• 沒有找到結果。

第二章 文獻探討

第四節 溫度詞研究

本節共分三部分探討。首先探討辭典中英語與華語溫度詞的詞義,視其是 否有多義用法;此外,也將討論前人對於溫度詞的隱喻研究。

2.4.1 英語的溫度詞詞義

下表二-4 為筆者根據線上辭典 Oxford Dictionaries23整理出之英語溫度詞 義與例句對應。

念(個人認知結構)交互作用,便能達到有意義的學習,其中新知識和已有概念都可能 受到對方影響而有新的不同的意義,此為同化理論。

22近年來,除了概念圖以外,心智圖於語言教學也頗為盛行,然,概念圖與心智圖不盡相 同,概念圖是一種由上而下(top-down)的圖表,主要用於教學;心智圖則是一種多彩、

圖像記的輻射狀(center-out)圖表,主要用於記事或複習(Eppler,2006)。

23 Oxford Dictionaries:http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/

表 二-4 英語溫度相關詞的詞義對應表24

溫度詞25 詞義 例句

冰 to be iced

(Of a drink or other liquid) cooled in or containing pieces of ice

I'm watching Meet the Press, as I drink iced coffee and eat an egg sandwich.

冷 寒

to be cold

Of or at a low or relatively low temperature, especially when compared with the human body

She was cold, and I put some more wood on the fire.

Lacking affection or warmth of feeling; unemotional

Their victory had been a triumph of cold logic over raw emotion.

(Of the scent or trail of a hunted person or animal) no longer fresh and easy to follow

Last night officers insisted the trail had not gone cold.

[AS COMPLEMENT] Without

preparation or rehearsal They went into the test cold.

[MASS NOUN] A low temperature; cold weather; a cold environment

They nearly died of cold

A common infection in which the mucous membrane of the nose and throat becomes inflamed, typically causing running at the nose, sneezing,

Suzie’s got a cold.

24 此表為筆者根據 Oxford Dictionaries 羅列之溫度詞語義所整理出的表。

25 翻譯參考線上英漢辭典:cdict.net 與奇摩字典:tw.dictionary.yahoo.com。由於本文研究 的溫度詞,部分涉及近義詞(溫、暖);有的雖常見於現代用法中,但其本義則為古代 用法(如:寒),因此,本欄中的八個溫度詞,並非一一對應於英語溫度詞,而是有相 同對應的狀況(如:溫、暖皆對應到 to be warm)。

and a sore throat

Completely; entirely We stopped cold behind a turn in the staircase.

涼 to be cool

Of or at a fairly low

temperature The wind kept them cool.

Showing no friendliness

towards a person or enthusiasm for an idea or project

He gave a cool reception to the suggestion for a research centre.

informal Fashionably attractive or impressive

Youngsters are turning to smoking because they think it makes them appear cool.

(a cool ——) informal Used to emphasize the size of an amount of money

It’s got a top speed of 185 and would cost you a cool

£110,000 to drive off the forecourt.

A fairly low temperature

She sat well back from the fire; the night cool had not set in yet.

Calmness; composure

His point guard play is a picture of composure and cool.

The quality of being fashionably attractive or impressive

Casual fashion from the 70s and 80s is the latest street cool, apparently.

Become or make less hot It started to cool off today, at last, much to Dolly's relief.

溫 暖

to be warm

Of or at a fairly or comfortably

high temperature a warm September evening Having or showing enthusiasm,

affection, or kindness

They exchanged warm, friendly smiles.

(Of a colour) containing red, yellow, or orange tones

There are also a range of hybrids in warm yellow and orange tones.

(Of a scent or trail) fresh;

strong

I smell the warm aroma of delicious fresh dung seeping through the heap.

Make or become warm I stamped my feet to warm them up.

short for British warm.

We were issued with British warms, Spine Pads, neck Protectors & goggles, evidently we were to have a

‘place in the sun’.

熱 燙

to be hot

Having a high degree of heat or

a high temperature It was hot inside the hall.

(Of food) containing or

consisting of pungent spices or peppers which produce a burning sensation when tasted

I think it has a lot more kick and tastes even better with hot cherry peppers instead.

Filled with passionate excitement, anger, or other strong emotion

Her reply came boiling out of her, hot with rage.

informal Involving much activity, debate, or interest

The environment has become a very hot issue

informal Very knowledgeable or skillful

Tony is very hot on local history.

informal Difficult to deal with He found my story simply too hot to handle.

Make or become hot He hotted up the flask.

除辭典詞義外,Deignan(2001)曾提出英語溫度詞的隱喻用法,根據其 icy stare evenly.

cold

冷的 不受恐懼或強烈的情緒影響

Mother’s col aloof manner meant capability and strength.

快,但並非明顯無理的不友好的行為 His coldness angered her.

chilly 寒

冷的 禮貌但不友好的行為 Wilson had remained chilly toward him.

cool 涼的

一人對另一人的行為彬彬有禮,但並 不友好或積極主動

He’s likely to receive a formal but cool reception.

cool

涼的 冷靜、說話做事都似乎經過深思熟慮

What I believe we have here is a cool and clever criminal.

Cool 涼的

感情變得冷淡,不如從前那麼熱烈 He thought she had cooled toward him.

tepid

From the first, the republic warmed to him.

He muttered a lukewarm congratulation.

hot

(熱的)

強烈的情緒,如:憤怒 This problem has been hotly debated.

heat

(熱)

非常強烈、常常是挑釁性的情緒

They directed the full heat of their rhetoric against Mr. Bush.

此外,根據 Deignan(2001:82-191)所述,英語的溫度詞還可用以表示:

(1) 恐懼,使人害怕/chill:The thought chilled him.

(2) 關係正在變得冷淡/cool:The formally warm relations between the two countries have cooled.

(3) 人們購買或銷售的物品比從前少/cool:The hope must be that the economy has cooled sufficiently to relieve inflationary pressure.

(4) 緊張的形勢等變得不那麼緊張/cool:I think that the Scottish Problem might cool off.

(5) 某事物的競爭很激烈或對某事有很多分歧/hot:This year’s final will be as hotly contested as ever.

(6) 事物很好、很強壯或很成功/hot:Now he runs the hottest nightclub in Hollywood.

(7) 人人對該事物感興趣/hot:There’s also home cinema, the hot topic of the moment .

(8) 在巨大的壓力下盡力把事情做好/heat:You need to perform well when the heat is on.

(9) 批判性的、讓人討厭的注意力/heat:He’s hoping that this will take the heat off criticism of his economic policy.

綜上所述,牛津線上辭典(Oxford Dictionaries)與 Deignan(2001)的研 究皆指出英語溫度詞可用以形容(1)態度(情緒或性格)(2)人們對某物 感不感興趣,可見,英語溫度詞不單用來描述溫度高低,反而有與態度(情 緒或性格)、普及度合用的用法26,而至於這樣的用法與華語的溫度詞隱喻 是否相同,則待第五章論之。

2.4.2 華語溫度詞的詞義研究

根據《教育部國語辭典》,本文欲探討之溫度詞義項如下表二-6:

表 二-6《教育部國語辭典》溫度詞義項27

(1)水在攝氏零度以下所凝結成的固體(2)姓(3)使用冰塊或 利用冰箱以防腐或減低溫度(4)比喻受人冷淡、不加注意,或不 受重用(5)寒冷(6)清高、純潔的(7)白嫩如冰的(8)冷酷、

沒感情

冷 (1)溫度低(2)淡漠、不熱烈(3)寂靜、寂寞(4)閒散(5)

鄙視、譏刺(6)不受歡迎的、無人過問的(7)突然(8)姓 寒 (1)冷(2)窮困(3)卑賤(4)秋冬寒冷的季節(5)國名(6)

26 尚有其他多義用法,此僅以辭典與前人研究之共同部分論述。

27 此表為筆者跟據《教育部辭典》所整理之表格。

姓使受冷(7)戰慄、害怕(8)終止、停止

涼 (1)冷、微寒(2)冷清、不熱鬧(3)愁悵、悲苦(4)淡薄、不 善(5)失望、灰心(6)感冒、風寒(7)朝代名(8)姓

溫 (1)不冷不熱(2)柔和(3)做事不爽快(4)使暖和(5)複習

(6)冷熱的程度(7)姓

暖 (1)溫和、溫暖(2)使冷的變溫熱

(1)高溫度,與「冷」相對(2)物體溫度升高所釋出的一種能(3)

熱氣、暑氣(4)某一種受人喜愛的潮流(4)姓(5)加熱、使溫 度升高(6)溫度高的(7)親切、情意濃厚(8)受人喜愛的(9)

心中著急(10)強烈的、非常的

燙 (1)被高熱的東西或火所傷(2)用熱水或火溫物(3)利用高熱 使物體產生變化(4)一種烹調方法(5)溫度高

以語言實際使用情形來看,上述許多義項(如:姓、心中著急、朝代名)

皆屬低頻,不全然適用於本研究,故本文再引任曉艷(2006)研究之華語「冷、

涼、溫、熱」的義項與詞族以進一步分析華語溫度詞詞義,任曉艷根據《漢 語大詞典》和《現代漢語大辭典》等辭典整理出華語溫度詞的詞義種類,詳 如表二-7:

表 二-7 華語溫度詞詞義分類28

種類 詞義範例 詞例

表溫詞:標記溫度感覺概念的意義 涼:溫度低 涼爽 涉溫詞:表示與溫度感覺相關的動作行為的

意義 溫:使溫暖 加溫

含 溫 詞

表 示 心 理 感 覺 的 意 義

1.由客觀事物引起 冷:寂靜 冷清 2.由主觀態度引起 熱:情深意厚 熱情

28 此表為筆者根據任曉艷(2006)所提出之溫度詞種類所整理的表格。

表 示 一 般

2.4.3 華語溫度詞的隱喻研究

本文因欲以概念隱喻理論解釋溫度相關多義現象,故將再引前人的華語溫 度詞隱喻範疇研究(高航、嚴辰松30,2008)與隱喻目標域研究(陳建祥31, 2012)(整理如表二-8),此與任曉艷(2006)之研究同為本文語料分析之依 據。

(4)不衝動,如:冷靜

(5)不受歡迎、不受關注、少見,如:冷門

(6)不熱鬧,如:冷清

(7)突然、意想不到,如:冷不防

(8)暫時擱置,如:冷處理

(9)不強烈的顏色,如:冷色系

(10)兵器和戰爭,如:冷戰

(11)令人發寒的疾病

(1)興奮、激情,如:熱忱

(2)親密,如:親熱

(3)對人友好、關心別人,如:熱心

(4)衝動,如:頭腦發熱

(5)備受歡迎、受關注,如:熱門

(6)場面活躍,如:熱鬧

(7)權勢大,如:炙手可熱

(8)生活艱難,如:水深火熱

(9)強烈的顏色,如:熱色調

(10)兵器和戰爭,如:熱兵器

(11)令人發熱的疾病,如:猩紅熱

歸結上述兩篇文獻之共同點,可整理出在華語溫度詞可形容(1)疾病(2)

色彩、色調(3)受歡迎或關注(興趣、注意力、流行)(4)事物(場面、

狀態)的活躍程度(5)性格或情感33。其中第三、四、五類的概念更存在

33 在陳建祥(2012)的研究中,並沒有直接指出「性格、情感」或其他相似的詞彙來表 示漢語溫度詞的隱喻,他是以「無情、不衝動、興奮、激情、對人友好、衝動」等詞彙 來表示,但本文認為此與「性格、情感」屬同一概念,故將「性格、情感」列為 3 篇文

於任曉艷(2006)所述之溫度感覺詞的四種語義分類的詞例中34。由此可見,

幾份文獻對於華語溫度詞的多義現象解釋或概念隱喻解釋可以說是大致相 同,故,本文在分析語料時,將再次驗證上述文獻之研究結果,觀察是否與 之吻合或有新發現,進而繪製語義延伸概念圖並提出相關之教學應用。

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