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目標公司是否擁有權利完整且可轉讓的專利權

五. 高科技企業併購案專利實地查核之法律分析

5.2 目標公司是否擁有權利完整且可轉讓的專利權

5.2.1 專利權歸屬之分析

買方投資人須確認目標公司對併購專利是否擁有完整之權利,若權利不完 整時,則須評估其他第三人對該等專利之權利將如何影響目標公司使用專利權 所產生的價值。最常見的專利權利歸屬之查核在於分析擬併購專利之發明是否

41 35 U.S.C. §302、35 U.S.C. §303 、35 U.S.C.§307(a)

42 See 37 CFR 1.56 Duty to disclose information material to patentability of Patent; 最典型的專利權人不正當行之 一為就是詐欺專利商標局(“fraud on patent office"), 積極證據顯示專利權人於申請專利時基於故意欺 騙,對於申請專利的可專利性,提供錯誤不實的重大資訊為不正當行,以致法院判決專利不可實施,see Ulead Systems, Inc. v. Lex Computer & Management Corp., 351 F.3d 1139, 1144 (Fed. Cir. 2003)。

43 Norian Corp. v. Stryker Corp., 363 F.3d 1321, 1329 (Fed. Cir. 2004), “Misleading statements by patent applicants, if intentionally made and material to patentability, can produce unenforceability, not invalidity.”

44 C.R. Bard, Inc. v. M3 Systems, Inc., 157 F.3d 1340, 1372 (Fed. Cir. 1998), “ holding of misuse renders the patent unenforceable until the misuse is purged; it does not, of itself, invalidate the patent.”

45 Mallinckrodt, Inc. v. Medipart, Inc., 976 F.2d 700, 704, (Fed. Cir.1992),“The policy of the patent misuse doctrine is to prevent patentee from using the patent to obtain market benefit beyond that which inheres in the statutory patent right.”

46 See Morton Salt Co. v. G.S. Suppiger Co., 314 U.S. 488, 491 (1942)

47 35 U.S.C. §282

48 See Bausch & Lomb, Inc., v. Barnes-Hind/Hydrocurve, Inc., 796 F.2d 443, 446 (Fed. Cir. 1986)

為受雇員工之發明,以及該發明是否涉及使用第三人的貢獻。

定,例如:Delaware Code, 19 Del.C. §805;Smith-Hurd Illinois Complied Statutes, 765 ILCS 1060/2;;Georgia, G.S. §66-57.1;Utah, U.C.A. 1953 §34-39-3;Washington, RCWA 49.44.140,.150。

51 參見 Teets v. Chromalloy Gas Turbine Corp., 83 F.3d 403, 38 USPQ2d 1695 (Fed. Cir. 1996), cert. denied, 117 S.Ct. 513, 136 L. Ed. 2d 402 (1996);United States v. Dubilier Condenser Corp., 289 U.S. 178 (1933);Standard Parts Co., v. Peck, 264 U.S. 52 (1924).

52 Teets v. Chromalloy Gas Turbine Corp., 83 F.3d 403, 38 USPQ2d 1695 (Fed. Cir. 1996), cert. denied, 117 S.Ct.

513, 136 L. Ed. 2d 402 (1996).

53 惟共同發明人之間某種程度的合作量仍是構成共同發明的要件, see Suarez v. Rooney, 53 Fed. Appx. 703 (4th Cir. 2003) (alleged join inventors’ contribution not sufficiently significant to entitle them to joint

申請專利之標的主題之每一請求項均付出部分貢獻,則此數發明人應共同申請

inventorship status; PHG Technologies, LLC v. Timemed Labeling Systems, Inc., 2006 WL 2052701 (M.D. Tenn.

2006) (no collaboration by alleged joint inventors therefore no joint inventorship found).

54 共同發明人之規定請參 35 U.S.C §116.

55 See 35 U.S.C. § 262 (providing: “In the absence of any agreement to the contrary, each of the joint owners of a patent may make, use, offer to sell or sell the patented invention within the United States, or import the patented invention into the United States, without accounting to the other owners.”).

56 35 U.S.C. § 261(providing: “patents, or any interest therein, shall be assignable in law by an instrument in writing.”)

57 Schering Corp. v. Roussel-UCLAF SA, 104 F.3d 341, 344 (Fed. Cir. 1997); Talbot v. Quaker-State Oil Refining Co., 104 F.2d 967, 968 (3rd Cir. 1939).

58 Rainbow Rubber Co v. Holtite mfg. Co., 20 F. Supp. 913, 35 U.S.P.Q. 237 (D.Md. 1937)

59 在有共同專利權人的情況下,專利權人極易受制於其他共同專利權人之擺佈,以 Ethicon Inc. v. U.S. urgical Corp.,為例,Ethicon 自唯一已知名的發明人 Yoon 受讓取得專利權,Ethicon 向專利侵權人提出侵權訴訟

時,被指侵權之被告因知悉該專利尚有未具名之共同發明人Choi,被告遂向 Choi 取得專利授權並同意若

該侵權訴訟被撤銷,將支付Choi 若干金額,被告以已取得授權故未侵權為由,使得 Ethicon 對被告之侵

權訴訟不成立而被撤回;另,由於共同專利權人Choi 拒絕參加 Ethicon 對被告之侵權訴訟,Ethicon 對於 被告於取得專利授權前之授權金亦無法求償,使得Ethicon 因專利權受侵害之損失無法得償;see Ethicon Inc. v. U.S. Surgical Corp., 135 F.3d 1456, 1468 (Fed. Cir. 1998).

60 35 U.S.C. §102(f), a company may not be issued a patent in the first instance – an applicant does not quality if

“he did not himself invent the subject matter sought to be patented. ".

61 35 U.S.C. §116 (providing:“Whenever through error a person is named in an application for patent as the inventor, or through error an inventor is not named in an application, and such error arose without any deceptive intention on his part, the Commissioner may permit the application to be amended accordingly, under such terms as he prescribes.")

62 被控侵權之一方常以主張專利權無效最為攻防,惟基於“專利推定有效"之原則下,其須舉反證推翻專利

權之效力,此一證據門檻必須是明確具說服力(clear and convincing )的證據;see Lamb-Weston Inc.

v. McCain Foods Inc., 818 F. Supp. 1376 (E.D. Washington, 1993 )

63 Ethicon, Inc. v. Surgical Corp., 135 F.3d 1456, 1467 (Fed. Cir. 1998). The court relied on the Supreme Court’s decision in Waterman v. McKenzie, 138 U.S.252, 255 (189)(the patentee may assign an undivided part or share of a paten and in that event the assignee has the right to sue infringers “jointly with assignor.”.)

5.2.2 授權他人使用專利之分析

授權係指專利權人給予被授權人有限制的製造、使用、和銷售權,亦可總 稱為一種專利侵權的免責權(a right not to sue)。授權人與被授權人間合既 作又競爭關係甚微妙,授權人一方面希望順利將技術移轉,藉以收取權利金報 酬,然而另一方面又希望避免助長被授權人使其成為授權人之競爭對手,對於 被授權人而言,一方面故然希望授權人將製程、技術傾囊相授,卻也擔心過度 倚賴他人技術,長期受制於授權人。

買方投資人於檢視目標公司之對外授權契約時,應察明授權範圍是哪些特 定國家或區域、授權使用的範圍與限制、是否為專屬授權64或非專屬授權。特 別是在專屬授權之下,被授權人因專屬授權而取得獨占特權,此時其是否與專 利權人一樣,有權以自己名義主張專利相關權(例如:直接向侵權人提起專利 侵權訴訟),一般法律解釋認為專利權人仍必須先正式的轉讓或售予相關專利 給專屬被授權人,屬被授權人始得伸張此專利權,實務界亦有即使授權合約 中賦予以被授權人名義伸張專利權,該條款仍被視為無效之見解65。故若目標 公司為授權人時,買方投資人應評估因被授權人引發之侵權訴訟及進行訴訟之 成本並判斷目標公司或授權人是否應承擔進行訴訟之風險。

至於非專屬授權在本質上僅是被授權人取得相關被授權事項被指控專利 侵害的免責權,除此之外,由於是非專屬授權,被授權人之競爭對手亦可取得 授權,故非專屬被授權人之商業利益遠不如專屬被授權人,若被授權人被控侵 權時,其更不得為該專利權之所有權而為主張,故目標公司或授權人可能仍將 承擔被授權人引發之侵權訴訟之可能性及進行訴訟之成本。

併購案中,買方投資人應謹慎審閱目標公司之授權契約中既存之權利授 予與限制條款,據以評估其專利權使用的範圍與限制。值得注意的是,國際間 高科技產品或服務的交易與授權,多以英美契約法作為契約解釋的準據法,買 方投資人應審核目標公司之專利或專利組合對外授權之重要契約之約款,以了 解因對外授權對於其專屬權利內容造成何種之限制。

64 專屬授權是指授權人僅提供單一被授權人其專利使用權,由於其為專屬性質,授權權利金較非專屬授權為

高,專屬授權對發明人或權利人而言,透過被授權人致力(best efforts clauses)開發新市場,竭盡所能地增 進專利產品之銷售,故多以被授權人的企圖心及銷售實績計算權利金的多寡。一般而言,在高科技業界,

專屬授權較為罕見。

65 See Agrashell Inc. v. Hammons Products Co., 352 F.2d 443 (8th Cir. 1965); see also Cold Metal Process Co. v.

Aluminum Company of America, 200 F.Supp. 407 (E.D.Tenn. 1961).

5.2.3 專利權是否可轉讓的分析

專利權是否可轉讓的查核與法律分析- 查核目標公司的專利權是否為受 讓取得專利或僅取得授權、調查專利權是否已讓與他人或是已授權他人實施、

調查專利授權使否可順利轉讓

目標公司除可將其自己之發明申請專利原始取得專利權外,亦可以契約自 其受雇人或其他第三人受讓取得或以繼承取得專利權。專利權的讓與一般是指 發明人或專利權人將專利申請權或專利權之全部讓與他人,原權利人於移轉其 全部權利後即喪失權利,由受讓人取得專利申請權人或專利權人的地位。

買方投資人在查核時須確認目標公司受讓取得專利權之讓與符合法律要 式,依美國專利法66之規定,專利權具有動產之性質,專利申請權、專利權,

或任何與其有關之權益之讓與,均須以書面方式為之,以口頭約定而為之讓與 行為無效67

此外,讓與、授與、移轉發明專利權須向美國專利商標局登記後始得對抗 第三人68,故買方投資人於查核時須確認目標公司所有以受讓取得之專利權都 以書面為之,並有妥適的讓與登記,否則,當善意第三人主張其有較目標公司 自前手受讓該等權利之優先效力、或主張因其未獲通知、或目標公司受讓該專 利權時未及時登記,以致目標公司自前手受讓專利權之行為無效時,將使目標 公司無法對抗該善意第三人69

目標公司或可自他人受讓全部專利權或由專利授權之方式來實施專利 權,專利權「讓與」須以專利權的「全部權利」為之,當專利權人或其受讓人 以書面移轉

(1)該專利之全部專屬權利,包括製造、使用、販售,並於美國全境實施專利 專屬權、或

(2)該專屬權利不可分離之權利、或

(3)該專利之全部專屬權利,包括於美國境內得以製造、使用或販售,但僅得

66 35 U.S.C. §261 (providing: “Applications for patent, patents, or any interest therein, shall be assignable in law by an instrument in writing.”).

67 Enzo APA & Son, Inc. v. Geapag A.G., 134 F.3d 1090, 45 USPQ2d 1368 (Fed.Cir. 1998).

68 35 U.S.C. §261 (providing: “An assignment, grant or conveyance shall be void as against any subsequent purchaser or mortgagee for a valuable consideration, without notice, unless it is recorded in the Patent and Trademark Office within three months from its date or prior to the date of such subsequent purchase or mortgage.”).

69 BROWNLEE L.M., INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY DUE DILIGENCE IN CORPORATE TRANSACTIONS at p. 5-64 (Egan West Group) (2007).

於美國境內部分特定區域內實施等三者任一種利益時,是為「讓與」70; 推出產品而不致侵犯他人之專利權,一般稱為"Freedom to operate"(簡稱 FTO)。企業可委任專利律師協助進行 FTO 檢索,清查其專利產品使否侵犯已核 assigns may, by instrument in writing, assign, grant, and convey, either (1) the whole patent, comprising the exclusive right to make use and vend the invention throughout the United States; or (2) an undivided part or share of that exclusive right, or (3) the exclusive right under the patent within and throughout a specified part of the United States….”).

71 同前揭註 53;see also Enzo APA & Son, Inc. v. Geapag A.G., 134 F.3d 1090, 45 USPQ2d 1368 (Fed. Cir.

1998)(“﹝t﹞he assignment of legal title in a patent can be conveyed in the form of the entire patent, an undivided part or share of the entire patent, an undivided part or share of the entire patent, or all rights under the patent in a specified geographical region of the United States (a so-called `grant'). …Anything less than a complete transfer of these rights is merely a license” ).

72 See Spindelfabrik Suessen-Schurr, Stahlecker & Grill GmbH v. Schubert & Salzer Maschinenfabrik

Aktiengesellschaft, 829 F.2d 1075, 1081, 4 USPQ2d 1044, 1048 (Fed. Cir. 1987) ("[A] patent license agreement is in essence nothing more than a promise by the licensor not to sue the licensee."), cert. denied, 484 U.S. 1063, later proceeding, 865 F.2d 268, 9 USPQ 2d 1743 (Fed. Cir. 1988).

73 Everex Sys., Inc. v. Cadtrak Corp., 89 F.3d 673 (9th Cir. 1996).

74 此係因在美國專利法制下,申請中的專利的相關資訊有18 個月保密期之保護,使得並非所有先前技術皆

可被清查,也使專利清查的效能大受限制,see 35 U.S.C. §122.

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