研究建議

第五章結論與建議

第三節研究建議

古代的蒙古族，在實際的生產、生活中，形成了人類與自然環境平衡的發展關係，具有永續發展的精神。環境保護的觀念，不僅僅在一般老百姓的生活中，

起了指導性的作用；並且影響了整個蒙古社會的經濟管理制度，甚至形成了環境保護的自覺行動(寶貴貞，2002)。然而，工業文明興起之後，以人類中心思考的工業文明，產生了種種弊端。現代的人類中心主義，將樹木、動植物及生態環境，

進行資源的濫用，往往沒有意識到人類也是自然的一員，忽略了生態倫理道德，

甚至遺忘了蒙古祖先的遺訓，導致了現代蒙古人民對於美好的自然資源並不珍惜，

造成自然環境的破壞。

目前蒙古國人民的環境覺知，已經有起步，集中在空氣跟水的公害問題上，

但是現在要怎麼處理問題，還沒有頭緒，需要發展相關的規劃與管理專業，或是參考其他國家的經驗來處理問題。減輕空氣跟水的公害，居民對此配合的行為意向當高。但是垃圾減量跟資源回收知識，還在發展階段，行為意向則傾向於消極。

本研究的對象以市民為主，由於鄉下搬進城市的居民他們參與研究的意願不高，他們占烏蘭巴托一半的人口，所以還沒辦法呈現全體蒙古國國民的環境知識、

態度與行為意向。同時他們也是受環境問題影響最深的一群人，所以掌握他們的狀況，是日後研究室可更深入探討的議題。本論文分析了蒙古永續發展教育的歷史價值和永續目標，希望發展蒙古永續社會，將環境永續的目標朝向人道目標，

希望蒙古社會邁向趨向於尊重、團結、和充滿責任感的永續社會。

參考文獻

中文部分

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蒙古文部分

Т.Оюун И.Мөнхзул Ц.Цэрмаа. Хүн байгаль хичээлийн зөвлөмж. 2004.

Улаанбаатар.

Т.Оюун И.Мөнхзул. Хүн амьдралын орчин багшийн зөвлөмж. 2006. Улаанбаатар Г.Жавзанхорлоо. Байгалийн шинжлэлийн боловсролын стандарт хэрэгжүүлэх

арга зүй бага ангийн багшийн гарын авалгав. 2006.

Доктор Оюунцэцэгийн Болормаа.Монгол Улсын Их сургуулийн Хими, химийн инженерчлэлийн сургууль, Ерөнхий, аналитик химийн тэнхим. 2012.

9.( ) 蒙古具有很多能源可用來發電，用下列哪一種能源發電對環境影響最小?

石油 煤 水力 太陽 以上皆是。

10.( )請選出 3 件你覺得最嚴重的問題是環境汙染問題失業沒有工作沒有錢貧富相差太大男女不平等交通不便就醫不便。

貳、環境品質滿意度調查(請勾選一個符合你的感覺的答案)

項目非常好很好普通不好很不好

1. 我覺得蒙古冬天空氣品質 2. 我覺得蒙古溪流河川水質

3. 我覺得蒙古草原生態豐富還是一樣美麗 4. 我覺得蒙古居家環境及生活品質

5. 我覺得蒙古政府環保策略與作為，表現 6. 我覺得蒙古民間團體(NGOs)環保作為，表現 7. 我覺得學校在推動環境教育上的表現

8. 我覺得中小學生環保行為比大學生及大人好

叁、環境行為意向調查(請勾選一個符合你的想法的答案)

項目總是經常有時候很少不曾

1. 我能明白我居住地區面臨的環境問題。

2. 如果政府推動垃圾分類及資源回收等，我會配合。

3. 我會和朋友討論蒙古空氣、水汙染等的相關議題。

4. 我會注意政府對於解決環境問題的相關做法。

5. 參加廟會等活動，我會盡量減少產生垃圾。

6. 我會參加打掃街道、社區、公園等環境保護行動。

7. 我會參加政府或民間單位舉辦的環保相關活動。

肆、受訪民眾基本資料 一、性別：1.□男 2.□女

二、年齡：1. □20 歲以下 2.□20-29 歲 3.□30-39 歲 4.□40-49 歲 5.□50-59 歲 6.□60 歲以上

三、教育程度：1.□小學 2.□中學 3.□高中職 4.□大學（專） 5.□研究所及以上四、職業別：1.□農林業 2.□工業及製造業 3.□商業及服務業 4.□軍公教

5.□宗教業 6.□退休 7.□家管 8.□學生 9.□游牧人口 10.□其他______________

五、個人平均月收入(蒙古幣)：1. □無 2.□1 萬以下 3.□1 萬~3 萬 4.□3 萬-5 萬 5.□5 萬以上

六、居住地區 1.□烏蘭巴托市 2.□ 其他城市地區 3.□ 其他鄉下地區 七、居住地點分區

1.□商業區 2.□高級住宅區 3.□文教區 4.□一般住宅區 5.□工業區 6.□郊區 7.□鄉下地區 8.□喇嘛廟附近 9.□其他___________

八、最近兩年是否曾經捐款支持推動環保或是環境教育? 1.□是 2.□否 九、您曾經捐款支持推動環保或是環境教育? 1.□無 2.□1.000 元以下

3.□1.001~5.000 元 4.□5.001~10.000 元 5.□10,000 元以上

十、您曾經捐款支持推動環保或是環境教育? 1.□無 2.□政府(含政黨)

3.□民間環保社團(NGOs) 4.□紅十字會 5.□宗教團體 6.□個人 7.□學校 8.□社區 9.□其他

十一、您最近兩年是否曾經擔任環保義工以協助改善環境問題? 1.□是 2.□否

附錄三英文蒙古環境保護法

（ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION LAW OF MONGOLIA）

Chapter One General Provisions

Article 1. Purpose of this law

The purpose of this law is to regulate relations between the State, citizens, business entities and organisations in order to guarantee the human right to live in a healthy and safe environment, an ecologically balanced social and economic development, the protection of the environment for present and future generations, the proper use of natural resources and the restoration of available resources.

Article 2. Legislation on environmental protection

1. The legislation on environmental protection is comprised of the Constitution of Mongolia, this law, and other relevant legislation which is consistent with them.

2. If an international treaty to which Mongolia is a party is inconsistent with this law then the provisions of the international treaty shall prevail.

Article 3. Resources protected by law and relevant definitions

1. This law shall protect the following conservation resources from any adverse effects in order to prevent ecological imbalance:

(1) land and soil;

(2) underground resources and mineral wealth;

(3) water;

(4) plants;

(5) animals;

(6) air.

2. For the purposes of this law these terms have the following meaning:

1) the term “environment” shall include the geosphere, water, biosphere, and atmosphere within the territory of Mongolia directly or indirectly affecting the lives and activities of human beings, and the relationships between them;

2) the term “water” shall include surface and ground water resources including rivers, springs, ponds, mineral waters, and glaciers, as well as natural and manmade water courses within the territory of Mongolia;

3) the term “plants” shall include natural and planted forests, trees, and all types of higher and lower plants that grow within the territory of Mongolia;

4) the term “animals” shall include any mammal, bird, amphibian, fish, reptile, crustacean, insect, mollusc, protozoon or other invertebrate that temporarily or permanently inhabits the territory of Mongolia;

5) the term “air” shall mean the air strata above the territory of Mongolia;

6) the term “adverse environmental impact” shall mean the result of any action (or non-action) which has a polluting, detrimental, adverse, hazardous or destructive effect on nature and environment and its resources.

3. All relationships in respect of the ownership, possession, and use of items referred to in paragraph 1 of this article are subject to regulation by the relevant laws of Mongolia.

Article 4. The rights and duties of citizens in protecting the environment 1. Citizens shall have the following rights in protecting the environment:

1) to bring claims for compensation for damage to their property or health resulting from adverse environmental impact against the person responsible for causing the damage;

2) to commence legal action against persons whose conduct may cause adverse environmental impact or jeopardise the enforcement of legislation on environmental protection;

3) to establish non-Governmental organisations and capital funds for protection of the environment;

4) to obtain accurate information about the environment from relevant organisations;

and

5) to require relevant authorities to restrict or prohibit actions which may cause adverse environmental impacts and to prohibit the establishment of new business entities or organisations whose activities may cause adverse environmental impacts.

2. Citizens shall have the following duties to protect the environment:

1) to comply with legislation on environmental protection;

2) to acquire and use traditional knowledge and skills to protect the environment and to educate their children on ecology;

3) to prevent adverse environmental impacts and to restore or compensate for any damage or loss in the form of adverse environmental impacts arising from their conduct.

Article 5. State environmental guidelines and principles

1. In order to ensure the human right to live in a healthy and safe environment, the State shall prevent adverse environmental impacts and maintain ecological balance.

2. In following its guidelines on environmental protection, the State shall act in accordance with the following principles:

1) the creation of favourable environmental conditions for people to live, work, and rest;

2) the development of an ecologically sustainable economy and maintenance of ecological balance;

3) the provision of conditions for the proper and scientifically-sound use of natural resources;

4) public access to activities and decisions in respect of environmental protection and the use of natural resources.

Article 6. Ownership of natural resources

1. The land, its underground resources, forests, water, animals, plants and other natural resources shall be protected by the State and the authority of the people and the land, its underground resources, their wealth, forests, water and animals, unless owned by citizens of Mongolia, shall be the property of the State.

2. Unless otherwise provided by law, citizens, business entities, organisations, foreign citizens and legal persons may use natural resources upon the payment and collection of relevant fees in accordance with any contract, special permit, or licence.

Chapter Two Environmental Assessments, Databanks, and Research Article 7. Environmental assessments

1. Natural resource assessments and environmental impact assessments shall be conducted in order to preserve the natural State of the environment, to develop and carry out activities aimed at sustaining environmental balance, and to regulate the use of natural resources.

2. Citizens, business entities, and organisations which intend to use natural resources for commercial purposes shall conduct the assessments referred to in paragraph 1 of this article at their own expense, or, if such assessment has previously been conducted, then they shall meet the costs incurred.

3. Environmental assessments shall be conducted by business entities or organisations authorised pursuant to paragraph 4 of this article and approved by the central State administrative body in charge of the relevant natural resource.

4. Business entities and organisations must obtain a licence to conduct natural resource assessments from the central State administrative body in charge of the protection and proper use of the relevant natural resource and authorisation to conduct environmental impact assessments shall be given by the central State administrative

body in charge of nature and environment (hereinafter referred to as “central State administrative body”).

5. Business entities and organisations meeting the following requirements shall be authorised to conduct such environmental assessments:

1) adequately qualified staff;

2) possession of necessary measuring and research tools, instruments, and equipment;

3) approved methods and procedures for carrying out environmental assessments;

4) possession of databanks for conducting assessments.

6. The Government shall establish procedures for the certification of business entities and organisations that may conduct environmental impact assessments and for the conduct of environmental impact assessments.

Article 8. Natural resource assessments

1. The term “natural resource assessment” shall include quantitative and qualitative assessments and financial valuations of the natural resource in question.

2. Natural resource assessments shall determine the quantity of natural resources and identify measures for the protection, proper use, and restoration of renewable resources

在文檔中蒙古國烏蘭巴托市環境教育推動策略之研究 (頁 66-108)

第五章 結論與建議

第三節 研究建議