• 沒有找到結果。

第五章 綜合討論

第二節 研究貢獻、限制與建議

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第二節 研究貢獻、限制與建議

一、研究貢獻與臨床應用

(一)研究貢獻

本研究之主要目的在探討台灣乳癌患者的苦惱自責式反芻與深思反省式反 芻對憂鬱症狀的影響,特別聚焦釐清深思反省式反芻之功能。多數文獻已證實苦 惱自責式反芻對憂鬱為不利的因子,然而在深思反省式反芻的結論上並不一致。

此不一致結果可能受到樣本特性、研究方法之不同影響。此外,亦有研究發現,

深思反省式反芻的適應性可能被苦惱自責式反芻的不利影響遮蔽掉了。

本研究以乳癌患者為研究對象,且控制時間點一的憂鬱症狀,欲瞭解深思反 省式反芻是否如同 Treynor 等人(2003)以一般大眾為樣本的發現,能帶來適應 性的結果。結果支持該研究發現,即深思反省式反芻能負向預測乳癌患者一年後 的憂鬱症狀,而患者越傾向苦惱自責式反芻,其憂鬱症狀也高。因此,本研究貢 獻在於,在癌症患者樣本上亦能發現兩類反芻具有不同的適應性功能,進一步支 持反芻反應風格(RRS)應區分為兩構念進行探討。深思反省式反芻雖與憂鬱具 同時關聯性,但此種問題解決的重複性思考,最終能帶來正向的心理適應結果。

本研究另一貢獻在於,以縱貫研究法並控制初始的憂鬱症狀,檢驗反芻對憂鬱之 影響。除了可以釐清深思反省式反芻對憂鬱的長期效果外,也考量 T1 憂鬱狀態 對反芻與 T2 憂鬱可能的貢獻,以考驗兩類反芻對憂鬱的獨特預測力。過去部分 研究未能控制先前的憂鬱狀態,較難以澄清反芻的功能性(e.g. Marroquin, et al., 2010)。

最後,本研究以 Takano 與 Tanno(2009)的模型為基礎,探索兩類反芻之 相互關係對憂鬱之影響。該研究模型未考量 T1 憂鬱對 T1 兩類反芻及 T2 憂鬱的 影響,也未檢驗 T1 兩類反芻的相互預測力及對 T2 兩類反芻的預測關係。本研

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究發現,對乳癌患者而言,苦惱自責式反芻並不全然為不適應性之反芻類型,其 能夠同時增加深思反省式反芻;深思反省式反芻對乳癌患者的適應性效果並非直 接展現在降低憂鬱症狀上,而是能抑制苦惱自責式反芻。因此,本研究貢獻即是,

在模型中納入了過去研究未考量之路徑,探索兩類反芻之間的互動關係,更能瞭 解憂鬱反芻之心理運作機制。

(二)臨床應用

本研究使用 Treynor 等人(2003)刪減後的 10 題 RRS 量表,相較於 24 題 RRQ 量表更具臨床篩檢的實用性。本研究也重新探索 RRS 量表在台灣乳癌患者 的因素結構,結果與國內以大學生為樣本的研究獲得一致的結果。不同於國外研 究區分為各五題,本研究發現苦惱自責式反芻由四題組成,而深思反省式反芻由 六題組成,且量表內部一致性良好。由於本研究發現兩類反芻對憂鬱的不同預測 力,因此在臨床上可針對乳癌患者進行反芻反應篩檢,以協助判斷患者在憂鬱症 狀之預後,並針對高自責式反芻的患者進行心理介入。

研究發現,能透過認知行為治療來改變反芻之自動化歷程,及使用注意力訓 練,練習轉移到與反芻無關之事件,並協助患者建立新的因應模式(Watkins, et al., 2007)。本研究發現深思反省式的反芻可能透過減少苦惱自責式反芻來降低乳癌 患者一年後的憂鬱症狀。深思反省式的反芻可讓患者重新賦予經驗意義,藉由認 知處理的過程降低現狀與目標間的落差,且可能可透過表達性書寫(expressive writing)來促進反思(Joseph, Murphy, & Regel, 2012)。將表達性書寫運用到癌症 患者的治療上,可分為三個階段:(一)指認與命名罹癌經驗及相關的想法與感 受;(二)思考癌症對自身的影響;(三)檢視負向信念的合理性,結合前兩階段 的自我發現,重新敘述自己的故事(Smyth, Hockemeyer, & Tulloch, 2008)。若表 達性書寫能促進患者的深思反省式反芻,則能進一步減緩乳癌患者的憂鬱症狀。

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二、研究限制與建議

(一)研究樣本

本研究樣本之追蹤時距為手術後的一年到兩年,因此對於剛確診之乳癌患 者、術後一年內的患者,本研究結果可能難以類推。對疾病之不確定性、對手術 之擔憂及術後治療之副作用對診斷後一年的患者可能為較大的壓力源。此外,縱 貫研究發現,乳癌患者的心理痛苦有不同的發展軌跡,可分為無痛苦、只在治療 期經驗到痛苦、治療結束後才經驗到痛苦及持續感到痛苦之四個組別

(Henselmans,et al., 2010)。或許在乳癌患者的不同組別中,兩類反芻與憂鬱之關 係不全然相同,建議後續研究可朝此方向繼續探討。

(二)研究工具

因素分析發現,刪減版的反芻反應風格量表與國外的因素組成題目並不一 致。與國內研究結論相同,在「想到『為何我總是用這樣的方式反應』」的題目 被歸為深思反省式反芻之下,而國外則被歸在苦惱自責式反芻。周嘉娸(2008)

將題目修改為「對於我這樣心煩意亂的傾向感到好奇」,欲減少評價性的文字描 述,結果發現深思反省式反芻與憂鬱的相關顯著下降。然而,此題在本研究中並 不是在苦惱自責式反芻因素中佔負荷量最高的一題,反而是第十題「獨自去某些 地方思考自己的感受」,於深思反省的因素負荷量為.50,在苦惱自責式反芻中則 是.13。建議未來研究在使用此量表時重新進行因素分析,考量是否在特定題項 要修正用字遣詞。

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附錄一 基本資料

基本資料 病歷號碼: 研究編碼:

姓名 填寫日期 年 月 日 出生日期 民國 年 月 日 性別:□ 女 □ 男 年齡: 歲

連絡電話 (白天) (晚上) 手機:

聯絡地址

目前您癌症的期數為: □ 零期 □ 第一期 □ 第二期 □ 第三期 其他_____

是否復發: □ 是 □ 否 復發狀況 (從乳癌診斷到現在) 診斷癌症的日期:民國 年 月

是否轉移? □ 是 □ 否 總共轉移____處

轉移部位:□肺 □骨頭 □ 肝 □ 腦 □ 腸道 □ 腹腔 □ 淋巴□脊椎□ 其他 乳癌的手術經驗

您接受乳癌手術的時間:民國 年 月 您接受手術的形式: □ 全部切除 □ 部分切除

您接受乳癌開刀手術共幾次? □ 一次 □ 兩次 □ 其他 關於乳癌的輔助性治療

您正在接受哪些輔助性治療:□ 無 □化療 □標靶 □藥物□放射治療□不知道 您預計接受哪些輔助性治療:□ 無 □化療 □標靶 □藥物□放射治療□不知道 您已經完成哪些輔助性治療:□ 無 □化療 □標靶 □藥物□放射治療□不知道

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